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Student:___________________________________ Teacher: Carmen Santos-Leao Date: ____________ DAYS/TIME: _________________ LEVEL: ________

LOGICAL CONNECTORS

Prepositions / Conjunctions / Transitions

Addition * Contrast * Causality * Sequence * Other * Practice

Prepositions: (followed by a NOUN) P + N (Preposition + Noun)

Coordinating conjunctions: (between clauses or other equal structures) SV, conj SV

Subordinating conjunctions: (at beginning of dependent adverb clause)

(clauses can be reversed) SV conj SV or Conj SV, SV

Sentence connectors: (In second clause)

SV. Conn, SV. SV; Conn, SV.

or SV. S, Conn, V. SV; S, Conn, V.

or SV. SV, Conn. SV; SV, Conn.

MEANING

WITHIN

1 CLAUSE

Prepositions

2 MAIN

CLAUSES Coordinating and Correlative conjunctions

ADVERB CLAUSES Subordinating conjunctions

SECOND SENTENCE Sentence connectors (adverbials / transitions

conjunctive adverbs)

ADDITION

ADDITION - Besides/ - In addition to

- And - Nor

- Not only ... but (also)

- Neither ... nor - Both ... and

.

-Also -Furthermore

-Besides -What is more

-In fact

-Certainly

-In addition -Moreover

-As well

-Actually -Above all

-Indeed

-As a matter of fact

EXAMPLES - Such as - Like

. .

-For example (e.g.)

Especially

-To illustrate

-For instance

-In particular

-As an example

IDENTIFICATION . . . -Namely -Specifically

CLARIFICATION . . . -That is (i.e.) -In other words

-I mean

SIMILARITY -Like . -As .. as

-The same ..as

-Similarly -In the same way

-Likewise

ALTERNATIVES . -Or

-Either ... or .

- On the other hand - Alternatively

CONTRAST

CONTRAST /

OPPOSTION

-In contrast to -Instead of -Unlike

-Different from

-But

-Where(as) -While

-Not as .. as -er/more/Less ..than

-However -In contrast

-Though -Instead

-On one hand -On the other hand

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-In fact -However

CONCESSION /

INSUFFICIENT

REASON

-Despite -In spite of

-Regardless of

-But..(anyway/still) -Yet

-Although -(Even) Though

-In spite of the fact that -Despite the fact that

-Even so -However -Admittedly -After all

-Nonetheless -Nevertheless -Still -Of course

-On the other hand

CONTRADICTION . . . -On the contrary

CAUSALITY

REASON/CAUSE

-As a result -Because of -In view of

-On account of -Due to

or

-As -As long as -Inasmuch as

-Because -Since -Now that

-In view of the fact that -Due to the fact that

.

RESULT . -So -So ... that -Such ... that

-As a result -Therefore

-Hence -Thus

-Consequently

PURPOSE -For . -So that

-In order that/to -With this in mind -For this purpose

SEQUENCE

SEQUENCE

-- time

-After -During -Before -Up to -Since -Within -Until -From -By -For

etc.

-When(ever) -While -Before -After -Until -As

-Since -Once -As long as -As soon as -Now that

-Every time (that) -By the time (that)

-Up to the time (that)

-(At) first -Once -To start with -Now

-Eventually -Then -After that -Later

-At last -In the end

-First of all -Originally -At present

-Subsequently -Next -Meanwhile

-Finally -Lastly

SEQUENCE

-- logic . . .

First (of all) To start with

-Next -In the second place

-Finally -To conclude

In the first place To begin with

-Then -Secondly

-Lastly -In conclusion

SUMMARY . . .

-In summary -All in all -Briefly

-To summarize -Overall -In short

-As has been said /mentioned ..

OTHER

PLACE

-In -On -At

-Under -Over -Between etc.

.

-Where -Wherever .

MANNER -As . -As

the way (that) .

CONDITION -In case of -Regardless of

-Or (else) -Either .. or

-(Even)if -In case -Unless

-As long as -Provided that

-Whether…or not

-Otherwise

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Connectors are usually written in specific places in a sentence:

� At the beginning of a sentence: • In addition, furthermore, moreover, however, nevertheless, on the one hand, on

the other hand.

� Either at the beginning or in the middle: • Despite, in spite of, although, even though.

� Only in the middle of a sentence: • And, but, also, as well as

Some connectors have got similar meanings but are followed by different structures. Despite and in spite of are followed by a noun phrase or a gerund.

• We did not wear coats despite the cold weather. (Noun phrase)

• I tried to look happy in spite of feeling terrible. (gerund)

Even though and although are followed by a clause.

• My car constantly needs repairs even though it’s new.

• My cousin and I aren’t very close, although we’re the same age.

FIXING EXERCISES

Connectors of Addition and Contrast

I - Read the pairs of sentences below. Which pair expresses similar ideas? Which pair expresses contrasting ideas? Use the chart to help you.

1. Their team has got the best players. Moreover, their coach is fantastic. ______________________ 2. Their team has got the best players. Nevertheless, they lost the last game. ___________________

II - Choose the correct connector:

1. Lorena seems to be quite clever. __________________________, she often gets low marks.

(Nevertheless/ Furthermore) 2. The service at this restaurant is excellent. __________________________, the food is delicious.

(However / In addition) 3. I've never been to Argentina, ________________________ having relatives there.

(As well as / Despite) 4. Jordi is a careful driver. __________________________, he’s had several accidents.

(Moreover / However) 5. Cristina loves playing sport, _________________ she’s not very good at it. (and / but) 6. Anna is talented at music ________________________________ art. ( As well as / In spite of)

III - Choose the correct connector.

1. We're studying now __________________ there's an interesting film on TV. (Despite / Even though)

2. I’d like to talk to you _________________________ I know you’re busy. (Although / In spite of)

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3. ______________________ her efforts, she failed the exam. (Despite / Although)

4. ______________________ we were having difficulties, we felt optimistic. (Even though / In spite of)

5. We didn’t win the game ________________________ all our hard work. (Although / In spite of)

IV - Rewrite the following sentences using the connector in brackets.

1. Isabel apologized several times. Nevertheless, Paul wouldn’t speak to her. (But) _____________________________________________________________________________________

2. We decided to walk even though it was raining. (In spite of) _____________________________________________________________________________________

3. Roger works very hard to help his parents. He’s also a good student. (In addition) (Two different

sentences)

______________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________________

4. I’m keen on Ice cream. In addition, I’m keen on chocolate. (As well as) ______________________________________________________________________________________

5. You’re late again. Furthermore, you haven’t brought your books. (And) ______________________________________________________________________________________

6. On the one hand, I’d love to come. On the other hand, I really haven’t got the time. (However) ______________________________________________________________________________________

7. Rome is a great place to visit, but it has got terrible traffic problems. (Despite) ______________________________________________________________________________________

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Always bear in mind that your own resolution to succeed is more important than any

other one thing.

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