logical reasoning made simple1

7/23/2019 Logical Reasoning Made Simple1

1/83

LOGICAL REASONING

SYLLOGISMSGATE ACADEMY

THALAYOLAPARAMBU


2/83

INTRODUCTION

LOGIC IS A MATTER OF PROFOUND HUMAN

IMPORTANCE, PRECISELY BECAUSE IT ISEMPIRICALLY FOUNDED AND EXPERIMENTALLYAPPLIED - John Dewe

In !o"# o$ #he %o!&e#'#'(e e)*!'n*#'on" +'e PO",M*n*e!en# T.*'nee" *n/ A/!'n'"#.*#'(e O$$'%e.",* #e"# 'n +o'%*+ .e*"on'n h*" 0e%o!e *n 'n#e.*+&*.# o$ #he w.'##en #e"#1

A !*2o.'# o$ #he %*n/'/*#e" *&&e*.'n $o. "3%he)*!" *.e 0ew'+/e.e/ #o "ee #he &.o0+e!" o$

+o'%*+ .e*"on'n1 Be%*3"e #he *&&e*. #o #he! no# on+ "'++ 03#

#o#*++ *+'en #o #h'" wo.+/ *+"o1 Th'" '" !o.e %o!!on 'n %*"e o$ %*n/'/*#e" who

ne(e. h*/ *n o&&o.#3n'# #o "#3/ +o'% *# *n"#*e 'n #he'. *%*/e!'% %*.ee.1


3/83

Contd. The 43e"#'on" 0*"e/ on +o'%*+ .e*"on'n h*(e

* /e$'n'#e &*##e.n1

Yo3 %*n "o+(e *++ o$ #he! *%%3.*#e+ '$ o3 h*(e'/en#'$'e/ e*%h #&e *n/ !*"#e.e/ #he #e%hn'43e#o "o+(e #he!1

Yo3 nee/ #o /e(e+o& %o..e%# 'n#e.&.e#*#'on o$

43e"#'on" *n/ #he *.# o$ .e*"on'n #o "o+(e *++#&e"1 Yo3 nee/ #o now En+'"h +*n3*e .e*"on*0+

we++ $o. #he %o..e%# 'n#e.&.e#*#'on o$ e wo./"

'n #he 43e"#'on"1 Un/e."#*n/'n #he +'#e.*+ !e*n'n *n/ #he%on#e)#3*+ !e*n'n '" (e. '!&o.#*n#1

The e)*!'ne." w*n# #o #e"# o3. *0'+'# #o /.*w%o..e%# 'n$e.en%e" *n/ %on%+3"'on" 0 !*'no3 "o+(e #he"e 43e"#'on"1


4/83

DEFINITION Lo'% '" /e$'ne/ *" #he "%'en%e o$ (*+'/ .e*"on'n1

I# '" * "%'en%e wh'%h /e*+" w'#h #he %*non" *n/%.'#e.'* o$ (*+'/'# o$ 'n$e.en%e" *n//e!on"#.*#'on"1

Re*"on'n '" * "&e%'*+ 'n/ o$ /'.e%#e/, &.o0+e!

"o+('n #&e o$ #h'n'n1 The 43e"#'on" *.e "o+(e/ 0 .e+*#'n #h'" #oe#he.1

An *n/ e(e. 'n/ o$ #h'n'n '" no# .e*"on'n1

The wo./ +o'% %o!e" $.o! #he G.ee .oo# 5Lo3"6

wh'%h !e*n" e)&.e""'on o$ #ho3h# 'n +*n3*e1 So, #he +o'% '" #he "%'en%e o$ #ho3h#" e)&.e""e/

'n +*n3*e1

Pe.%e'on, %on%e'on *n/ 23/!en# *.e #he #h.ee"#*e" o$ ene.*+ .e*"on'n1


5/83

IN LOGICAL REASONING PORTION OF TEST OF

REASONING THERE ARE FOUR TYPES OF

PROBLEMS

71 PROBLEMS ON COMMON SENSE 8MISCELLANEOUS REASONING SUCH AS9-

CODING:DECODING

ANALOGIES

CLASSIFICATION

SERIES ETC1

;1 P.o0*0'+'"#'% .e*"on'n


6/83

SYLLOGISMS SYLLOGISMOR 5THE MEDIATE ARGUMENT6IS A

DEDUCTIVE ARGUMENT CONTAINING TWO PREMISESON THE BASIS OF WHICH THE INFERENCE:CONCLUSIONIS TO BE DRAWN.

The meanin o! the "o#d SYLLOGISM '" #o 5.e*"on61

S++o'"!, wh'%h '" 'n#.o/3%e/ 0 A.'"#o#+e, '" *$o.! o$ /e/3%#'(e +o'%*+ *.3!en# #h*# /e.'(e" *%on%+3"'on $.o! #wo &.o&o"'#'on" >&.e!'"e"?"h*.'n * %o!!on #e.!1

O.A SYLLOGISM '" %o!&o"e/ o$ &.o&o"'#'on" wh'%h 'n#3.n *.e %o!&o"e/ o$ #e.!"1

P.e!'"e'" * "#*#e!en# 3"e/ 'n *n *.3!en# #h*# &3.&o.##o &.o('/e e('/en%e1

O. '(e * .e*"on $o. #he *%%e*n%e o$ *no#he. "#*#e!en#

%*++e/ * %on%+3"'on.


7/83

A SYLLOGISM HAS NUMERICALLY SIX

TERMS

BUT IN FACT, THERE ARE THREE TERMS, EACHOCCURING T@ICE1

The &.e!'"e" >o. "#*#e!en#"? *.e "e+e%#e/ $.o!$o3. 0*"'% #&e" o$ "#*#e!en#"9

'1 The 3n'(e."*+ *$$'.!*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 A++A*.e B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5A6?

''1 The 3n'(e."*+ ne*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 NoA'" B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5E6?

'''1 The &*.#'%3+*. *$$'.!*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 So!eA*.e B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5I6?

'''1 The &*.#'%3+*. ne*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 So!eA*.e no#B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5O6?


8/83

SYLLOGISMS11

The #&e" o$ "#*#e!en#" #h*# o%%3. 'n *n &*.#'%3+*.

"++o'"! "&e%'$ '#6" !oo/

E1, So!eo$ #he "#3/en#" *.e &3n%#3*+1 Noneo$ #he "#3/en#" *.e .e3+*.1 The.e$o.e, "o!e o$ #he .e3+*." *.e no# &3n%#3*+. I# '" * "++o'"! 'n IEO !oo/1 S'n%e e*%h o$ #he #h.ee "++o'"!" %*n 0e A,E,I, o. O, #he.e

*.e = &o""'0+e !oo/"1 The %on%+3"'on '" ene.*++ *n*+e/ 'n #o S302e%# *n/

P.e/'%*#e >S- P? *n/ #he"e #e.!" !3"# 0e .e+*#e/ 0 *!'//+e #e.! 5M6 wh'%h o%%3." 'n 0o#h #he &.e!'"e"1

E1 M*n '" !o.#*+1 M*n '" "302e%#8 !o.#*+ '" &.e/'%*#e wh'%h *.e

2o'ne/ 0 is, * %o&3+*1 E1 Le# h'! *##*'n +o.1 She +oo" %hee.$3+1 +*%" %o&3+* *n/ hen%e,

no# &.o&o"'#'on"1 In &.o&o"'#'on" .e+*#'on"h'& o$ &.e/'%*#e w'#h "302e%# '" *$$'.!e/ o.

/en'e/1

The #.*/'#'on*+ *n*+"'" .e%on'e" #h*# #he o./e. o$ #he#wo &.e!'"e" '" +o'%*++ '!!*#e.'*+1


9/83

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS In %o!&e#'#'(e e)*!'n*#'on", o3 *.e no# e)&e%#e/ #o h*(e

3n/e.one * "&e%'*+ "#3/ o$ #he "302e%# o$ +o'% 03# *"o3 *.e "ee'n en#. *# * h'he. +e(e+ 'n #he o.*n'*#'on,#he e!&+oe." e)&e%#o3 #o h*(e * we++-o./e.e/ *n/%ohe.en# !en#*+ $.*!e *n/ #he.e$o.e e(en w'#ho3# *"&e%'*+ "#3/ o$ #he "302e%# o$ +o'%, o3 "ho3+/ 0e 'n *&o"'#'on #o "*'+ #h.o3h1

@e *.e *+"o *##e!'n #o "'!&+'$ #he "302e%# "o #h*# *n.*/3*#e !*2o.'n 'n *n "302e%# w'++ 0e 'n * &o"'#'on #o.*&&+e w'#h #he &.o0+e!" 'n #he e)*!'n*#'on"1

A++ #he "*!e, '$ we *%43*'n# o3 w'#h * $ew $3n/*!en#*+%on%e" 'n +o'%, '# w'++ en*0+e o3 #o 3n/e."#*n/ *n//'e"# #he /'"%3""'on" #h*# $o++ow 'n #he ne)# "+'/e" on

*%#3*+ &.o0+e!" The $3n/*!en#*+ %on%e" o$ +o'% *.e #he (*.'o3" 5#e.!"6

Un+e"", #he.e$o.e, we 3n/e."#*n/ wh*# '" * 5#e.!6 *n/ wh*#'" #he /'"#.'03#'on o$ * 5#e.!6 '# w'++ 0e /'$$'%3+# #o $o++ow"o!e o$ #he e)&+*n*#'on" wh'%h *.e o$$e.e/ 'n #he +*#e. &*.#

o$ #he &.e"en#*#'on1


10/83

Con%e" F'."#, +e# 3" 3n/e."#*n/ #he wo./ 5%on%e= The.e *.e #h.ee "#*e" o$ ene.*+ .e*"on'n '1e1 &e.%e'on, %on%e'on *n/

23/!en#1

@hen * %h'+/ "#*.#" on #he +e*.n'n &.o%e"", 'n #he 'n'#'*+ e*.", %on%e" *.e*%43'.e/ 0 $*!'+'*.'*#'on1

The %h'+/ "ee" * 0*.'n /o *n/ #he &*.en#" &o'n# o3# #he 5/o6 #o #he %h'+/(e. o$#en *n/ h*('n "een #he 5/o6 'n#e.!'##en#+ on * n3!0e. o$ o%%*"'on",!o('n 'n * n3!0e. o$ /'$$e.en# &o"'#'on", *$#e. * +*&"e o$ #'!e, #he %h'+/ "#*.#"'/en#'$'n #he 5/o61

A" !on#h" *n/ e*." .o++ 0, #he &.o%e"" o$ '/en#'$'%*#'on +e*/" #o * &.o%e"" o$5'!*e.61

Now #he %h'+/ '" "o $3++ $*!'+'*. *n/ "o !3%h h*0'#3*#e/ #o "ee'n *n/'/en#'$'n #he 5/o6 #h*# '$ 'n !e.e %on(e."*#'on, #he wo./ 5/o6 '" !en#'one/,#he %h'+/ "#*.#" %on23.'n 3& 0e$o.e '#" !'n/6" ee * &'%#3.e o. *n '!*e o$ *5/o61

Now #he %h'+/ h*" &*""e/ $.o! #he &.o%e"" o$ '/en#'$'%*#'on #o #he &.o%e"" o$

'!*e.1 The wo./ 5/o6 '" no +one. * &h"'%*+ &.e"en%e $o. #he %h'+/ 03# #h*# wo./5/o6 h*" now *%43'.e/ wh*# we %*n %*++ * 5!en#*+ %on#en#6 $o.!'n *n '!*eo$ #he 5/o61

Th3", when * wo./ *%43'.e" * !en#*+ %on#en#, '# e+e(*#e" '#"e+$ #o #he &o"'#'ono$ * 5%on%e= 5Con%e #hen '" * ene.*+ no#'on o. '/e* o. #ho3h#1

5T.'*n+e6, 5*n'!*+6, 5!o#'on6, 5"&*%e6, 5+*"e.6, 5S#*. @*."6, *n/ 5&e.e"#.o'*6 *.e

no# !e.e wo./" 03# *.e 5%on%e"6 on+ '$ o3 !en#*++ 3n/e."#*n/ wh*# #he!e*n1


11/83

Te.!" Le# 3" now 3n/e."#*n/ wh*# %on"#'#3#e" * #e.!1 A %on%e e)&.e""e/ 'n +*n3*e %on"#'#3#e" * 5#e.!61

The wo./ 5#e.!6 '" /e.'(e/ $.o! #he L*#'n wo./ 5#e.!'n3"6 wh'%h !e*n"* 0o3n/*.1 A 5#e.!6 %*n 0e * "'n+e wo./ o. %*n 0e * .o3& o$ wo./"1 e11 !en e+e(en !en e+e(en #ho3"*n/ !en

e+e(en #ho3"*n/ .e/-"h'.#e/ !en e+e(en #ho3"*n/ .e/-"h'.#e/ 0.*(e-he*.#e/ !en *++ #he *0o(e *.e 5#e.!"61 A #e.! '" e'#he. #he 5"302e%#6 o. #he 5&.e/'%*#e6 o$ * +o'%*+ &.o&o"'#'on1 Howe(e., #ho3h *++ #e.!" *.e wo./", *++ wo./" %*nno# 0e #e.!"1

e11 (e.0", &.e&o"'#'on", *.#'%+e" 'n #he En+'"h +*n3*e %*nno# 0e%*++e/ #e.!"1

@e h*(e #o *+"o 0e*. 'n !'n/ #he 43*n#'# o$ #e.!"1 In +o'%, #he #e.!" %*n 0e /'"#'n3'"he/ on+ 'n /'$$e.en# 43*n#'#'e" - '1e1

#he 5&*.#'%3+*.6 *n/ #he 53n'(e."*+61 Th'" 43*n#'# %h*.*%#e.'"#'% '" &*""e/ on 0 #he"e #e.!" #o #he

"en#en%e" *n/ &.o&o"'#'on" o$ wh'%h #he *.e * &*.#1


12/83

Un'(e."*+ #e.!" Men, wo!en, $*.!e.", e+e&h*n#", #e*%he.", "ho&ee&e.", #*0+e",

%h*'.", e#%1 e#%1 *.e *++ 3n'(e."*+ #e.!" 'n *" !3%h *" 0 #he #e.! 5!en6,we '!&+ *++ !en 0 #he #e.! 5wo!en6, we '!&+ *++ 5wo!en6 0 #e.!

5$*.!e."6, we '!&+ *++ 5$*.!e."6 0 #he #e.! 5e+e&h*n#"6, we '!&+ *++5e+e&h*n#"6 0 #he #e.! #e*%he."6, we '!&+ *++ 5#e*%he."6 0 #he #e.!5"ho&ee&e."6, we '!&+ *++ 5"ho&ee&e."6 0 #he #e.! 5#*0+e"6, we'!&+ *++ 5#*0+e"6 0 #he #e.! 5%h*'."6, we '!&+ *++ 5%h*'."6 e#%1

In o#he. wo./", when #he.e '" no */2e%#'(e, no %on%e o. no 43*n#'$'e.#o 43*+'$ * #e.!, "3%h * #e.! !*'n#*'n" '#" 3n'(e."*+ 43*n#'#*n/ 'n

#3.n, '# +en/" #h'" 43*n#'# #o #he &.o&o"'#'on o. "en#en%e 'n wh'%h '# '"3"e/1

P*.#'%3+*. #e.!" Te.!" wh'%h *.e no# 3n'(e."*+ *.e *++ &*.#'%3+*. #e.!"1 e11 "o!e !en1 1 wo!en, one +*h $*.!e.", n3!e.o3" e+e&h*n#", *++ 03# one

#e*%he.", ene.*++ e(e. "ho&ee&e., * $ew #*0+e", !*n %h*'." *++ #he *0o(e *.e &*.#'%3+*. #e.!"1 A "'!&+e w* #o .e%on'e * 3n'(e."*+ #e.! '" #o *&&+ #he #e"# whe#he.

#he #e.! /eno#e" *++ o$ #he '#e!", e*%h *n/ e(e.one o$ '#" %+*""w'#ho3# e)%e'on1

E(en '$ #h'" "!*++e"# $.*%#'on o$ #h*# %+*"" - !en, $*.!e.", e+e&h*n#",

e#%1, '" !'""'n, #he #e.! '" .en/e.e/ * &*.#'%3+*. #e.!1


13/83

The te#m $%&''oi%m( )ome% !#om the G#ee* 'an+ae and mean% ,to %a& toethe#-hen)e i/in the %en%e o! 0+ttin t"o tho+ht% o# t"o 0#o0o%ition toethe# in o#de# tod#a" a 'oi)a' )on)'+%ion !#om them. He#e i% a /a'id %&''oi%m 12

71 A++ '!&o.#e/ %*." *.e "!*++1 ;1 A++ "&o.#" %*." *.e '!&o.#e/ %*."1


14/83

S#.3%#3.e o$ * "++o'"! I# '" 'n#e.e"#'n #o "#3/ #he "#.3%#3.e o$ * "++o'"!1 Le# 3" #*e *n e)*!&+e M*n '" !o.#*+1

7 ;

G*ne"h '" * !*n1< 7

G*ne"h '" !o.#*+1!'//+e #e.!? !'no. #e.!? >!*2o. #e.!?

A" "hown *0o(e, #he !'//+e #e.! /oe" no# o%%3. 'n #he %on%+3"'on, wh'+e '# '"* #e.! +'n'n 0o#h #he &.e!'"e"1


15/83

UESTIONS ON SYLLOGISMS CAN BE SOLED BY

ANY ONE OF THE FOLLO@ING THREE METHODS

7?1 enn D'*.*!"

;?1 R3+e" o$SYLLOGISMS


16/83

enn D'*.*!" Mo"# o$ #he .e+*#'on"h'&" 0e#ween "e#" %*n 0e .e&.e"en#e/ 0 !e*n"

o$ en D'*.*!"1

en D'*.*! '" n*!e/ *$#e. #he En+'"h Lo'%'*n, John enn >7K


17/83

I++3"#.*#'on - ;

=

;

7

K

7

*? 7 >0? ; >%? /? = >e? ''? How !*n "#3/en#" h*(e &*""e/ $o. on+ M*#h"Q

>*? ; >0? 7 >%? 7K >/? 7 >e? *? ; >0? %? 7 >/? ; >e? =

'(? '''? How !*n "#3/en#" h*(e &*""e/ $o. En+'"h *n/M*#h" *n/ $*'+e/ $o. H'n/'Q

>*? = >0? %? ; >/? 7 >e?


21/83

@e %*n e*"'+ $'n/ o3# #he *n"we. w'#h

#he he+& o$ * en D'*.*!

To#*+ S#3/en#" 7

An"1 n1>'? / = n1>''? 0 7

n1>'''? * ;

n1>'(? / 7


22/83

S#3/ #he $o++ow'n /'*.*! %*.e$3++ *n/ '/en#'$

#he &eo&+e who %*n "&e* on+ one +*n3*e1

>*? D,B,G >0? A,E,G >%? ABCDEFG >/? BCDF >e? BCDAn"1 >0? A,E,G

In * .o3& o$ 7 &eo&+e


23/83

In * .o3& o$ 7 &eo&+e,


24/83


25/83

An"we. e

n1;1 An"1>


26/83

D'"#.'03#'on o$ #e.!" D'"#.'03#'on '" * #e%hn'%*+ wo./ he.e, 03# '# h*" *

(e. "'!&+e !e*n'n1 @he#he. * #e.! '" $3++ /'"#.'03#e/ o. no# w'++

/e&en/ 3&on #he 43*n#'# o$ #he #e.! *n/ #he w*'n wh'%h '# '" .e+*#e/ #o #he o#he. #e.!1 Le# 3" #*e * &.o&o"'#'on9 A++ !en *.e !o.#*+1 The *0o(e &.o&o"'#'on %on#*'n" #wo #e.!" 9 >'? !en

*n/ >''? !o.#*+1 The #e.! 5!en6 '" #he "302e%# *n/#he #e.! 5!o.#*+6 '" #he &.e/'%*#e1

Now, #he &.o&o"'#'on 5A++ !en *.e !o.#*+6 $3++/'"#.'03#e" #he "302e%# #e.! 5!en61 I# !e*n" #h*# #he.e '" no# * "'n+e !en who '" no#

!o.#*+1 B3# '# /oe" no# $3++ /'"#.'03#e #he &.e/'%*#e #e.!

5!o.#*+61

In o#he. wo./", *++ !en *.e !o.#*+ wo3+/ no# !e*n*++ !o.#*+ #h'n" *.e !en1 The.e *.e o#he. !o.#*+ #h'n" *+"o1 Th3", o$ #he #wo #e.!" 5!en6 *n/ 5!o.#*+6, !o.#*+ '"

* +*.e. #e.! *n/ !en '" * "!*++e. #e.!1 5A++ !en *.e !o.#*+6 w'++ #he.e$o.e 0e "hown 'n *

enn /'*.*! w'#h * "!*++e. %'.%+e o$ !en 'n *+*.e. %'.%+e o$ !o.#*+ #h'n" *" $o++ow"1

S- !en

P- !o.#*+

> The "302e%# #e.!

'" *00.e('*#e/ *"

5S6 *n/ #he

&.e/'%*#e #e.! '"*00.e('*#e/ *" 5P6?1

Le# 3" #*e *no#he. e)*!&+e


27/83

Le# 3" #*e *no#he. e)*!&+e

So!e !en *.e !o.#*+1 He.e *+"o, #he.e *.e #wo #e.!", !en *n/ !o.#*+1

5Men6'" #he "302e%# #e.! *n/ 5!o.#*+6'" #he &.e/'%*#e1

B3# ne'#he. o$ #he! '" $3++ %on"3!e/, $3++ 3#'+'e/

o. $3++ /eno#e/1

The.e$o.e, 0o#h o$ #he! w'++ 0e w'#h #wo

o(e.+*&&'n %'.%+e" $o.!'n * "e# *" $o++ow"9

In #h'" e)*!&+e, '# '" #he "h*/e/ &*.# wh'%h'n/'%*#e" #he !en who *.e !o.#*+1 @e /o no# now

*0o3# #he .e"# o$ #he !en o. .e"# o$ #he !o.#*+

#h'n"1In #h'" e)*!&+e, ne'#he. o$ #he #wo #e.!" *.e

/'"#.'03#e/

The !e*n'n o$ e(e. #e.! h*" #wo *"&e%#", >'?wh*# '" %onno#e" *n/ >''? wh*# '# /eno#e"1 Fo. e11,

'n #he *0o(e e)*!&+e, #he #e.! 5!en6 /eno#e" *++

h3!*n 0e'n" *n/ '# %onno#e" *n'!*+'#1

I$ #he '#e!" 'n '#" %o!&+e#e /eno#*#'on, wh'%h

!e*n" '# .e$e." #o *++ o$ '#" %+*"" w'#ho3# e)%e'on#he #e.! '" /'"#.'03#e/1

S- !en

P- !o.#*+

> The "302e%# #e.!

'" *00.e('*#e/ *"

5S6 *n/ #he

&.e/'%*#e #e.! '"*00.e('*#e/ *" 5P6?1

In/3%#'(e Re*"on'n


28/83

In/3%#'(e Re*"on'n S3&&o"e * $.'en/ o$ o3.", "* An23, #*e" * #.'& #o H/e.*0*/1 She "#*" #he.e

$o. one !on#h1 D3.'n he. "#*, on #he $'."# Mon/*, "he ('"'#" * ho#e+ *n/ $'n/"#h*# #he $oo/ "e.(e/ #he.e '" (e. "&'%1

On T3e"/*, "he ('"'#" *no#he. ho#e+ 'n * /'$$e.en# *.e* *n/ $'n/" #he $oo/ (e."&'%1 On @e/ne"/*, "he oe" #o * #h'./ ho#e+ 'n * /'$$e.en# +o%*+'# *n/ he.e#oo "he $'n/" #h*# #he $oo/ '" (e. "&'%1

@'#h #he"e e)&o"3.e" #o #he $oo/ 'n H/e.*0*/ $o. #h.ee /*" 'n #h.ee /'$$e.en#+o%*+'#'e", An23 %*n %on%+3/e #h*# *++ An/h.*'#e" +'e (e. "&'% $oo/1 An*.3!en# 'n #h'" $o.! '" %*++e/ *n 'n/3%#'(e *.3!en#1

It mo/e% !#om %0e)i!i) indi/id+a' !a)t% to a ene#a' )on)'+%ion. It i% not that An>+ ha%

/i%ited e/e#& hote' and home in Andh#a 7#ade%h. She doe% not %a& that a'' the hote'%%he ha% /i%ited %e#/e /e#& %0i)& !ood 3+t %he %a&% that a'' Andh#aite% 'i*e /e#& %0i)&!ood i.e. An>+ no" 3e'ie/e% that the ne4t hote' %he /i%it% and that e/e#& hote' %he "i''/i%it in Andh#a "i'' de!inite'& %e#/e on'& %0i)& !ood.

Ind+)ti/e a#+ment di!!e#% !#om the ded+)ti/e a#+ment? in that in the ind+)ti/ea#+ment the )on)'+%ion oe% 3e&ond "hat i% %tated in the 0#emi%e%.

Fo. #h'" .e*"on w'#h 'n/3%#'(e *.3!en#" we /o no# h*(e * 3*.*n#ee #h*# #he'.%on%+3"'on" *.e *0"o+3#e+ #.3e when #he'. &.e!'"e" *.e #.3e1

On #he o#he. h*n/, 'n /e/3%#'(e *.3!en#, '$ #he &.e!'"e" *.e #.3e, #he%on%+3"'on" 0*"e/ on #ho"e &.e!'"e" w'++ *+"o 0e #.3e1

Th'" '" how, wh'+e #he #.3#h o$ #he &.e!'"e" o$ *n 'n/3%#'(e *.3!en# &.o('/e""3&&o.# $o. *n/ oo/ .e*"on #o 0e+'e(e #he %on%+3"'on '# /oe" no# *%#3*++#e"#'$ #he #.3#h o$ #he %on%+3"'on.

A ma>o#it& o! the ene#a' 0#o0o%ition% e40#e%%in %)ienti!i) 'a"% and ene#a' t#+th%a3o+t the "o#'d and ind+)ti/e Gene#a'i@ation% a#e 3a%ed on e40e#ien)e.

De/3%#'(e Re*"on'n


29/83

De/3%#'(e Re*"on'n S&e*'n "'!&+, * 5&.o&o"'#'on6 !e*n" 'n +o'%, one &3#" one6"

#ho3h#" 'n#o "en#en%e" 'n "o!e +*n3*e *n/ "o!e o$ #he"e"en#en%e" !*e &.o&o"'#'on"1

Con"'/e. #he e)*!&+e o$ o.*ne", %'#.3" $.3'# *n/ ('#*!'n C171 A++ o.*ne" *.e %'#.3" $.3'#

;1 A++ %'#.3" $.3'# %on#*'n" ('#*!'n C1


30/83

P.o&o"'#'on" Peo&+e #h'n *0o3# #he"e o02e%#" *n/ %+*""'$'%*#'on"1

S#*#e!en#" o$ *n/ *.3!en#" *0o3# %+*""'$'%*#'on" *.e "*'/#o e)&.e"" 5&.o&o"'#'on"6 *0o3# "3%h %+*""'$'%*#'on"1 A %*#eo.'%*+ &.o&o"'#'on h*" #wo #e.!" *n/ e)&.e""e" *

.e+*#'on"h'& 0e#ween #he %+*""e" .e$e..e/ #o 0 #he"e #wo#e.!"1

Con"'/e. #he *0o(e #h.ee &.o&o"'#'on" **'n1 Le# 3" #*e *"e# o$ #h'n" %on#*'n'n ('#*!'n C61 The *0o(e "en#en%e"#e++ 3" #h*# %'#.3" $.3'# '" *!on #he #h'n" %on#*'n'n('#*!'n C1

O$ %o3."e, #he.e *.e o#he. #h'n" #h*# %on#*'n ('#*!'n C"3%h *" &o#*#oe"1

@e *.e *+"o #o+/ #h*# *++ o.*ne" 0e+on #o #he %+*"" o$%'#.3" $.3'#1

I# #he.e$o.e $o++ow" #h*# o.*ne" %on#*'n ('#*!'n C1 Yo3 %*n now "ee #he "#.3%#3.e o$ #h'" *.3!en# '$ o3

%on"'/e. *n *..*ne!en# o$ %'.%+e" 'n wh'%h e*%h %'.%+e.e&.e"en#" * %+*"" o$ #h'n" !en#'one/ 'n #he *.3!en#1

D / #' A #


31/83

De/3%#'(e A.3!en# An *.3!en# +'e #he one we $o3n/ '" %*++e/ * /e/3%#'(e

*.3!en#1 @e /e/3%e "o!e#h'n, * %on%+3"'on, $.o! "o!e o#he. $*%# o. $*%#"1

Then, wh*# #h'" *.3!en# "*" '" 5"'n%e %'#.3" $.3'# %on#*'n('#*!'n C *n/ *++ o.*ne" *.e %'#.3" $.3'#, '# $o++ow" #h*# *++o.*ne" %on#*'n ('#*!'n C61

De/3%#'(e .e*"on'n o$ #h'" "o.# *.e %o!!on *" *.e #he%+*""'$'%*#'on 3&on wh'%h #he *.e 0*"e/1

E1, A /e"%.''on o$ e$$e%#'(e w.'#'n9 A++ oo/ w.'#'n *'!" *# %o!!3n'%*#'n e$$e%#'(e+1 S'n%e,

e$$e%#'(e %o!!3n'%*#'on .e43'.e" %+*.'#, oo/ w.'#'n '" %+e*.w.'#'n1

The %on%+3"'on '" "#*#e/ *# #he en/ o$ #he "e%on/ "en#en%e1

The wo./ 5"'n%e6 'n #he ;n/

"en#en%e %3e" * &.e!'"e *n/ #he $'."#"en#en%e "#*#e" *no#he. &.e!'"e1 The &*""*e #he.e$o.e, &.o('/e" #he $o++ow'n /e/3%#'on

*.3!en#1 71 A++ oo/ w.'#'n '" w.'#'n #h*# e$$e%#'(e+ %o!!3n'%*#e"1 ;1 A++ w.'#'n #h*# e$$e%#'(e+ %o!!3n'%*#e" '" %+e*. w.'#'n1


32/83

Lo'%*+ enn D'*.*!" In #he"e #e"#" #he .e+*#'on"h'& '" #o 0e e"#*0+'"he/ 0e#ween #wo o.

!o.e '#e!" .e&.e"en#e/ 0 /'*.*!"1

The '#e!" .e&.e"en#e/ 0 /'*.*!" !* 0e 'n/'('/3*+", * &*.#'%3+*..o3& :%+*"" o$ &eo&+e >'#e!"? e#%1

I$ o3 *.e '(en * .o3& o$ #h.ee '#e!"9-

71 I$ #he '#e!" e('/en#+ 0e+on #o #h.ee /'$$e.en#

.o3&", #he en /'*.*! '" *" $o++ow"9-

E1, Do%#o., En'nee., A.%h'#e%#

A1 Do)to#%

B1 Eninee#%

C1 A#)hite)t%The"e #h.ee '#e!" 0e*. no

Re+*#'on"h'& #o e*%h o#he.

So #he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ 0

/'"2o'n# $'3.e"

; I$ '# 0 + # #h + $ / / /


33/83

;1 I$ one '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ "e%on/ *n/ "e%on/

0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ #h'./, #he .e&.e"en#*#'on 'n #he $o.! o$

#h.ee %on%en#.'% %'.%+e" '" *" $o++ow"

E. Da&% "ee*% month%

A2 Da&%

B2 Wee*%

C2 Month%

He.e /*" *.e &*.# o$ #he wee

*n/ wee" *.e &*.# o$ #he !on#h1

So #he %'.%+e" *.e .e&.e"en#e/ 0

En%.o*%h'n #he $'3.e"

< I$ # # '# 0 + # #h + $ #h' / #h


34/83


35/83

=1I$ #wo '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ #h'./ "3%h #h*# "o!e

'#e!" e*%h o$ #he"e .o3&" h*(e * %o!!on .e+*#'on"h'&, #hen

#he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ 0 #wo 'n#e."e%#'n %'.%+e" 'n"'/e *

0'e. %'.%+e *" $o++ow"

E. Men Fathe#% B#othe#%

A- F*#he.

B- B.o#he. C- Men

He.e F*#he. *n/ B.o#he. *.e#wo "e&*.*#e '#e!" 03# 0o#h

*.e '#e!" o$ Men1 Tho3h no#

*++, "o!e F*#he." !* 0e

0.o#he." *+"o1 So #he *.e

.e&.e"en#e/ *" 'n #he $'3.e"

"hown he.e1

Th ' # #' ' + # # '# #h #


36/83

1 Th.ee 'n#e."e%#'n %'.%+e" .e&.e"en# #wo '#e!" #h*# *.e

&*.#+ .e+*#e/ #o #he #h'./ *n/ 'n/e&en/en# o$ e*%h o#he.

E1 Do, &e#", C*#"A- Do

B-C*#"

C- Pe#"He.e "o!e Do *n/ C*#" !*0e &e#" 03# *++ *.e no# &e#"1

So #he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ *" 'n

#he $'3.e" "hown he.e1

Th #+ + # / '#


37/83

1Th.ee &*.#+ .e+*#e/ '#e!" *.e

.e&.e"en#e/ *" $o++ow"

E. Bo&% St+dent% Ath'ete%

A- Bo"

B-S#3/en#"

C-A#h+e#e"

He.e Bo" *n/ S#3/en#" *n/

A#h+e#e" *.e &*.#+ .e+*#e/1 So

#he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ *" 'n #he

$'3.e" "hown he.e1

I$ one '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ "e%on/ h'+e #he '#e! '"


38/83

1 I$ one '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ "e%on/, wh'+e #he '#e! '"

en#'.e+ /'$$e.en# $.o! #he #wo, #he *.e .e&.e"en#e/ *"

$o++ow"

E. S0a##o"% Bi#d% Mi)e

A2 S0a##o"%

B2 Bi#d%

C2 Mi)e

He.e S&*..ow" *.e &*.# o$ #he B'./

B3# M'%e no# &*.# o$ 0o#h

S&*..ow" and B'./"1So #he%'.%+e" *.e .e&.e"en#e/ *" "hown

he.e

K I$ '# 0 + # #h + $ / / #h


39/83

K1 I$ one '#e! 0e+on" #o #he %+*"" o$ "e%on/ *n/ #he

#h'./ '#e! '" &*.#+ .e+*#e/ #o #he"e #wo, #he *.e

.e&.e"en#e/ *" $o++ow"1

E. Men Ne0he"% Co+%in%

A2 Ne0he"%

B2 Men C2 Co+%in%

He#e Ne0he"% and Co+%in%a#e 0a#t'& #e'ated and 3e'on% to

Men

Sh # # #h / $ '#'


40/83

Sho.# %3# !e#ho/ $o. &o"'#'(e

%on%+3"'on"

,Method o! minim+m )+ttin o# en)#oa)hment.- The method %a&% that "e t#& not to )+t o#

en)#oa)h %ome othe# )i#)'e a% !a# a% 0o%%i3'e.

C+ttin i% not on'& 0h&%i)a' )+ttin 3+ten)#oa)hin +0on the %0a)e a'%o.

E1, The /'*.*! 7 *0o(e '" * 0'e. %3##'n

#h*n ;1

EAM78E


41/83

EAM78E I$ #he "#*#e!en#" *.e9-

71 So!e %*#" *.e /o"1 ;1 So!e /o" *.e e+e&h*n#"1

@e %*nno# *(o'/ %3##'n :en%.o*%h'n %*#" *n//o"%'.%+e"1 @e %*nno# *(o'/ %3##'n

:en%.o*%h'n /o" *n/ e+e&h*n#"%'.%+e" *+"o1 B3# we %*n *(o'/ %3##'n %*#" *n/ e+e&h*n#"o.

en%.o*%h'n #he "&*%e o$ %*#" 0 e+e&h*n#"1

Th3" #he /'*.*! o0#*'ne/ 0 #he Me#ho/ o$!'n'!3! %3##'n'"

C D E

C %*#", D- /o", E- e+e&h*n#"

O#he. &o""'0+e /'*.*!" *.e '(en 0e+ow


42/83

O#he. &o""'0+e /'*.*!" *.e '(en 0e+ow

C D

E

B3# 'n o./e. #o /e%'/e on &o"'#'(e %on%+3"'on", we nee/ no#

h*(e #o /.*w #he *0o(e /'*.*!"1 Th3" we %*n /.*w 23"# one /'*.*! o0#*'ne/ 0 #he

Me#ho/ o$ !'n'!3! %3##'n:en%.o*%h!en#

I$ #he %on%+3"'on $o++ow"'n #h*# &*.#'%3+*. /'*.*!, #hen '#$o++ow"'n *++ o#he. &.o0*0+e /'*.*!"1 J3"# "* Fo++ow"1@e nee/ no# %he% '# 3&1

I$ '# /oe" no# $o++ow 'n #he /'*.*! o0#*'ne/ #hen


43/83

I$ '# /oe" no# $o++ow 'n #he /'*.*! o0#*'ne/, #hen

o3. %on%+3"'on "ho3+/ 0e9 /oe" no# $o++ow1

E(en '$ '# /oe" no# $o++ow 'n one, o3. %on%+3"'on

"ho3+/ 0e9 /oe" no# $o++ow1

ERY IMPORTANT NOTE

THIS METHOD IS TO BE APPLIED ONLY FOR POSITIE

CONCLUSIONS1 SINCE MAJORITY OF THE CONCLUSIONS

GIEN @ILL BE POSITIE CONCLUSIONS, MAJORITY OF THE

CONCLUSIONS CAN BE DRA@N FROM DRA@ING ONLY ONEDIAGRAM

NEGATIE CONC USIONS


44/83

NEGATIE CONCLUSIONS @HENEER @E COME ACROSS NEGATIE

CONCLUSIONS, SEE @HETHER THE CONCLUSIONSFOLLO@S IN THE DIAGRAM DRA@N.

IF IT DOES NOT FOLLO@, SAY IT/oe" no# $o++ow ANDPROCEED TO THE NEXT CONCLUSION1

IF IT FOLLO@S, DO NOT DECIDE THE ANS@ER AS 5FOLLO@S61

D.*w #he o#he. &.o0*0+e /'*.*!1 IF IT FOLLO@S D.*w #he ne)#&.o0*0+e /'*.*! #'++ *++ &.o0*0+e /'*.*!" *.e e)h*3"#e/1

IF IT FOLLO@S, 'n *++ #he /'*.*!" #hen on+ #he ANS@ER '"5FOLLO@S61

O#he.w'"e *# wh*#e(e. "#*e o3 e# * /'*.*!

whe.e '# /oe" no# $o++ow o3 "* /oe" no#$o++ow *n/ &.o%ee/ #o #he ne)# %on%+3"'on1

A..'(e *# * $oo+ &.oo$ *n"we. 'n %*"e o$ ne*#'(e%on%+3"'on"1


45/83

An%"e# ,eithe#-

@hen we h*(e #o "* e'#he. 7 o. ;$o++ow", '# !e*n", when 7 $o++ow", ; /oe"no# $o++ow1

At the %ame time "hen !o''o"% : doe% not!o''o".

It i% #e0#e%ented a%12

:. 1V

: ). 1 ) V:

Thi% enti#e )om3ination i% )a''ed ,eithe# : o# !o''o"%-

@hen #o +oo $o. #he &o""'0'+'# o$


46/83

@hen #o +oo $o. #he &o""'0'+'# o$

#he *n"we. e'#he. Q

The.e '" * &o""'0'+'# when #he.e *.e #wo%on#.*/'%#o. %on%+3"'on"1

E1'? Con%+3"'on 7 9 P'n#3 '" %*#1

Con%+3"'on ; 9 P'n#3 '" no# %*#1

Anothe# e4am0'e

''? Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e %*#" *.e /o"1

Con%+3"'on ; 9 No %*# '" /o1


47/83

E)*!&+e #o '++3"#.*#e *n"we. e'#he.

S#*#e!en# 7 9 So!e %*#" *.e /o"1

S#*#e!en# ; 9 P'n#3 '" %*#1

Con%+3"'on 7 9 P'n#3 '" /o1

Con%+3"'on ; 9 P'n#3 '" no# /o1

Cat%

S'n%e P'n#3 '" /o *n/ P'n#3 '" no# /o *.e %on#.*/'%#o. %on%+3"'on" we


48/83

S'n%e P'n#3 '" /o *n/ P'n#3 '" no# /o *.e %on#.*/'%#o. %on%+3"'on", we

"ho3+/ +oo $o. &o""'0'+'# o$ *n"we. e'#he.1 A" "hown 'n #he /'*.*!

P'n#3 %*n 0e e'#he. *# &o"'#'on 7 o. *# Po"'#'on ;1

Con)'+%ion Con%ide#in7int+ at 0o%ition :

Con%ide#in7int+ at 0o%ition

P'n#3 '" /o Doe" no# $o++ow >)?O3#"'/e #he /o

%'.%+e

Fo''o"% 5 6

P'n#3 '" no# /o Fo''o"% 5 65O3#"'/e #he /o%'.%+e?

Doe" no# $o++ow >)?

Ano#he. E)*!&+e #o '++3"#.*#e *n"we. e'#he.


49/83

Ano#he. E)*!&+e #o '++3"#.*#e *n"we. e'#he.

S#*#e!en# >*? 9 So!e &*&e." *.e &en"1

S#*#e!en# >0? 9 So!e &en%'+" *.e &en"1Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e &en" *.e &en%'+"1

Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e &en" *.e &*&e."1

Con%+3"'on Con"'/e.'n Pen" *# &o"'#'on 7 Con"'/e.'n Pen" *# &o"'#'on ;

So!e &en" *.e &en%'+" Doe" no# $o++ow >)? O3#"'/e #he&en%'+ %'.%+e

Fo++ow" > V:?

So!e &en" *.e&*&e."1

Fo++ow" > V:? Doe" no# $o++ow >)?

Po'n#" #o .e!e!0e. $o. "o+('n


50/83

Po'n#" #o .e!e!0e. $o. "o+('n

"++o'"! 43e"#'on"1'1 Che% %on%+3"'on" '..e"&e%#'(e o$ #he n*#3.e o$ "#*#e!en#"1

''1 I$ one o$ #he %on%+3"'on" '" ne*#'(e, /.*w one /'*.*! o$!'n'!3! %3##'n *n/ one /'*.*! o$ !*)'!3!en%.o*%h!en#1 So!e#'!e" we !* h*(e #o /.*w *++ &o""'0+e/'*.*!"1

'''1 Che% #he %on%+3"'on" $o. * &o""'0'+'# o$ e'#he. o. *n"we.

o'on"1'(1 So!e#'!e" e'#he. o. *n"we. o'on '" &o""'0+e 03# 'n *43e"#'on, #he .'h# *n"we. '" none o$ #he"e1

(1 A &o"'#'(e %on%+3"'on $o++ow" when '# $o++ow" 'n !'n'!3! *n/!*)'!3! en%.o*%h!en# /'*.*!"1

('1 I$ * ne*#'(e %on%+3"'on $o++ow" 'n !'n'!3! en%.o*%h!en#%he% '$ '# $o++ow" 'n o#he. /'*.*!" *+"o1 I$ '# $o++ow" 'n o#he./'*.*!" *+"o, /e%+*.e '# *" $o++ow"1

(''1 I$ * ne*#'(e %on%+3"'on /oe" no# $o++ow 'n one /'*.*! >e1,!'n'!3! en%.o*%h!en#? e(en '$ '# $o++ow" 'n !*)'!3!en%.o*%h!en# we %*n "*$e+ /e%+*.e '# /oe" no# $o++ow1

I88USTRATIVE UESTION :


51/83

I88USTRATIVE UESTION2: DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee

"#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 $o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?,>III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en%on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow>"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#",/'"-.e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1

S#*#e!en# >'? 9 A++ "3nn" *.e #.*'n"1 S#*#e!en# >''? 9 A++ #.*'n" *.e &o+e"1 S#*#e!en# >'''? 9 No &o+e '" 0'e1 Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e &o+e" *.e %*."1

Con%+3"'on ; 9 No 0'e '" "3nn1 Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e #.*'n" *.e "3nn"1 Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e 0'e" *.e &o+e"1 >7? On+ >''? *n/ >'''? $o++ow >;? On+ >I? $o++ow"

>


52/83

en /'*.*! D.*wn w'++ 0e*"$o++ow"

Statement%

5I6 1 A'' S+nn&% a#e T#ain%.

5ii6 1 A'' T#ain% a#e 7o'e%.

5iii6 1 No 7o'e i% Bi*e.

S S3nn"

T - T.*'n"

P Po+e"B - B'e"

Now %o!&*.e #he Con%+3"'on" w'#h #he


53/83

&

/'*.*!

7 9 So!e &o+e" *.e %*." /oe" no# $o++ow

; 9 No 0'e '" "3nn11 $o++ow"

< 9 So!e #.*'n" *.e "3nn"11$o++ow"

= 9 So!e 0'e" *.e &o+e"1/oe" no# $o++ow An"we. %ho'%e" *.e9 >7? On+ >''? *n/ >'''? $o++ow >;? On+ >'(? $o++ow"

>


54/83

ILLUSTRATIE UESTION-;

DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#",

$o++owe/ 0 $o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?, >III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o#*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *#

(*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he

'(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow>"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'"-

.e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1

S#*#e!en# >'? 9 A++ #own" *.e ('++*e"1

S#*#e!en# >''? 9 "o!e ('++*e" *.e %'#'e"1

S#*#e!en# >'''? 9 No %'# '" "#*#e1

Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e %'#'e" *.e #own"1

Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e "#*#e1

Con%+3"'on < 9No %'# '" #own1

Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e no# %'#'e"1

M*. An"we.9 >7? On+ >'?, >'''? *n/ >I? $o++ow >;? On+ >''? $o++ow"

>


55/83

Statement%

>'? 9 A++ #own" *.e ('++*e"1

>''? 9 "o!e ('++*e" *.e %'#'e"1

>'''?9 No %'# '" "#*#e1

Th3" #he /'*.*! o0#*'ne/ 0 #he

Me#ho/ o$ !'n'!3! %3##'n'"

o#

T Town" - '++*e"

C C'#'e"

S - S#*#e"

TVC

Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e %'#'e" *.e #own"1,,,,,Doe"nW# $o++ow1

Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e "#*#e Doe"nW# $o++ow1

Con%+3"'on < 9No %'# '" #own1 1 Fo++ow"

Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e no# %'#'e"1 Fo++ow"

S3%h *n *n"we. '" no# #he.e 'n #he o'on" So #. o#he. *+#e.n*#'(e"

*+"o 0e$o.e %on%+3/'n1


56/83

o.

Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e %'#'e" *.e #own"111e'#he. >'? o. >'''? $o++ow"

Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e "#*#e1Doe" no# $o++ow

Con%+3"'on < 9No %'# '" #own1 1 E'#he. >'''? o. >'? $o++ow"Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e ('++*e" *.e no# %'#'e"1Doe" no# $o++ow

Th3" *n"we. '" e'#he. >'? o. >'''? $o++ow" 03# '# '" *+"o no#

'(en 'n #he o'on"1 The.e$o.e, we %on%+3/e #h*# #he *n"we.

'" >? None o$ #he"e

Statement%

>'? 9 A++ #own" *.e ('++*e"1

>''? 9 "o!e ('++*e" *.e %'#'e"1

>'''?9 No %'# '" "#*#e1

ILLUSTRATIE UESTION-


57/83

ILLUSTRATIE UESTION-< DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee

"#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 $o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?,

>III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e,e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown$*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on"+o'%*++ $o++ow>"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'"-.e*./'n%o!!on+ nown $*%#"1

S#*#e!en# >'? 9 A++ &o"# %*./" *.e en(e+o&"1 S#*#e!en# >''? 9 "o!e &o"# %*./" *.e 'n+*n/"1 S#*#e!en# >'''? 9 No 'n+*n/ '" "#*!&1 Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e &o"# %*./" *.e "#*!&"1 Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e "#*!&" *.e en(e+o&"1

Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e &o"# %*./" *.e en(e+o&"1 Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e en(e+o&" *.e 'n+*n/"1 >7? On+ >'''? *n/ >I? $o++ow >;? On+ >'''? $o++ow" >


58/83

>'? 9 A++ &o"# %*./" *.e en(e+o&"1>''? 9 "o!e &o"# %*./" *.e 'n+*n/"1

>'''? 9 No 'n+*n/ '" "#*!&1

E en(e+o&"

P - &o"# %*./"I - In+*n/"

S - S#*!&"

Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e &o"# %*./" *.e "#*!&"11 Doe" no# $o++ow

Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e "#*!&" *.e en(e+o&"1 Doe" no# $o++ow

Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e &o"# %*./" *.e en(e+o&"1 11$o++ow"Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e en(e+o&" *.e 'n+*n/"1 1$o++ow"

Th*# '", #he *n"we. on+ >'''? *n/ >'(? $o++ow"

I88USTRATIVE UESTION


59/83

I88USTRATIVE UESTION2 DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#",

$o++owe/ 0 $o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?, >III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o#*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *#(*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he'(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'"-.e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1

S#*#e!en# >'? 9 "o!e B+*/e" *.e n'(e"1

S#*#e!en# >''? 9 No 0+*/e '" %3##e.1 S#*#e!en# >'''? 9 No "%'""o. '" %3##e.1 Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e "%'""o." *.e 0+*/e"1 Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e n'(e" *.e %3##e."1 Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e %3##e." *.e "%'""o."1 Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e n'(e" *.e 0+*/e"1 >7? On+ >''? $o++ow" >;? e'#he. >''? o. >'''? w'#h >'(? $o++ow >


60/83

B B+*/e"

- n'(e"C - C3##e."

S - S%'""o."

Th*# '" on+ >'(? $o++ow"

Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e "%'""o." *.e 0+*/e" Doe" no# $o++ow

Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e n'(e" *.e %3##e."1 11Doe" no# $o++ow

Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e %3##e." *.e "%'""o."Doe" no# $o++ow

Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e n'(e" *.e 0+*/e"1$o++ow"

Me#ho/ o$ !'n'!3! %3##'n:en%.o*%h!en#

I88USTRATIVE UESTION2


61/83

I88USTRATIVE UESTION DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0

$o3. %on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?, >III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en"#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+

nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow>"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'"-.e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1

S#*#e!en# >'? 9 A++ $.3'#" *.e 23'%1 S#*#e!en# >''? 9 A++ (ee#*0+e" *.e "wee#1 S#*#e!en# >'''? 9So!e (ee#*0+e" *.e $.3'#"1 Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e $.3'#" *.e "wee#1 Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e (ee#*0+e" *.e 23'%1 Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e $.3'#" *.e 23'%1 Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e "wee#" *.e 23'%1 >7? On+ >7? *n/ >''? $o++ow >;? On+ >I? $o++ow

>


62/83

Con%+3"'on 7 9 So!e $.3'#" *.e "wee#1 11$o++ow

Con%+3"'on ; 9 So!e (ee#*0+e" *.e 23'%111 $o++ow

Con%+3"'on < 9 So!e $.3'#" *.e 23'%1 1$o++ow

Con%+3"'on = 9 So!e "wee#" *.e 23'%11 $o++ow

F- F.3'#"

- ee#*0+e"S - Swee#

J - J3'%

Th*# '" >'(? A++ $o++ow

I88USTRATIVE UESTION2


63/83

I88USTRATIVE UESTION S#3/ #he $o++ow'n enn D'*.*! *n/ *n"we. 43e"#'on" 7 #o


64/83

DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #wo "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo

%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen/e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en

"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >


65/83

DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #wo "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen/e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en



66/83


"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >7? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >


67/83




68/83




69/83

DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 $o3.%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I?,>II?, >III? 8 >I?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#"#o 0e #.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/#hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1

G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ *++ $o++ow >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'?, >''? *n/ >'''? $o++ow>


70/83

DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e#.3e, e(en '$ #he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen/e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en"#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+ nown $*%#"1

G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >


71/83

DIRECTIONS9 In #he 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en #h.ee "#*#e!en#", $o++owe/ 0 #wo%on%+3"'on" n3!0e.e/ >I? 8 >II?1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e, e(en '$#he "ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ nown $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$ #he'(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow >"? $.o! #he '(en "#*#e!en#", /'".e*./'n %o!!on+nown $*%#"1

G'(e *n"we.9 >7? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >'? $o++ow" >;? I$ On+ %on%+3"'on >''? $o++ow" >


72/83

D'.e%#'on">n"17-?1 In e*%h 43e"#'on 0e+ow '" '(en "o!e "#*#e!en#" *n/

%on%+3"'on"1 Yo3 h*(e #o #*e #he '(en "#*#e!en#" #o 0e #.3e e(en '$ #he

"ee! #o 0e *# (*.'*n%e $.o! %o!!on+ now $*%#" *n/ #hen /e%'/e wh'%h o$

#he '(en %on%+3"'on" +o'%*++ $o++ow"1

>7? On+ I >;? On+ II >


73/83

n171 None o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" $o++ow" 3"'n *++ "#*#e!en#" 03# %on%+3"'on

I *n/ II *.e %o!&+e!en#*. >I - E? &*'., #he.e$o.e e'#he. %on%+3"'on I o. II $o++ow"1

Hen%e, o'on >=? E'#he. I o. II '" #he .'h# *n"we.1

n1;1 None o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on" $o++ow" 3"'n *++ "#*#e!en#" 03# %on%+3"'on"I *n/ II *.e %o!&+e!en#*. &*'. >I - E?&*'.1 The.e$o.e, e'#he. %on%+3"'on I o. II

$o++ow"1 Hen%e, o'on >=? E'#he. I o. II '" #he .'h# *n"we.1

1A - E?, #he.e$o.e e'#he. %on%+3"'on I o. II $o++ow"1

Hen%e, o'on >=? E'#he. I o. II '" #he .'h# *n"we.1

n1=1 So!e "%oo#e." *.e #.3%"1 >I - #&e? A++ #.3%" *.e #.*'n"1 >A - #&e?

So!e "%oo#e." *.e #.*'n"1 >11 IA I? $o++ow"1 II1 No #.3% '" * "%oo#e.1Doe"nW#1

The.e$o.e %on%+3"'on >7? '" #.3e1

n11 None o$ #he '(en %on%+3"'on"$o++ow" 3"'n *++ "#*#e!en#" #he.e$o.e none

%on%+3"'on '" #.3e1n11 A++ e" *.e +o%"1 >A-#&e? >7? A++ +o%" *.e "%.ew"1 >A-#&e? >;?

Con%+3"'on"9 I1 A++ "%.ew" *.e e" no# $o++ow"1

F.o! "#*#e!en# >7? So!e +o%" *.e e"1 >Con(e."'on o$ A?

The.e$o.e, %on%+3"'on II $o++ow"1

SYLLOGISM PRACTICE UESTIONS--7


74/83

07-10. In each question below is given some statements andconclusions. You have to take the given statements to be true evenif they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts and

then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows.

n11 S#*#e!en#"9 So!e *+&h* *.e 0e#*1 A++ 0e#* *.e *!!*1

Con%+3"'on"9 I1 So!e *+&h* *.e *!!*1 II1 No *+&h* '" *

*!!*1 I++1 So!e *!!* *.e 0e#*1 I1 No *!!* '" * 0e#*1 >7? On+ I $o++ow" >;? On+ I++ $o++ow" >


75/83

n11 S#*#e!en#"9 So!e "#*#e" *.e %*&'#*+"1 No #own '" *

%*&'#*+1

Con%+3"'on"9 I1 So!e "#*#e" *.e no# #own"1 II1 A++ "#*#e"*.e #own"1 III1 So!e #own" *.e no# "#*#e"1 I1 A++ #own" *.e

"#*#e1

>7? On+ I $o++ow" >;? On+ III $o++ow" >


76/83

1 So!e *+&h* *.e 0e#*1 >I-#&e? A++ 0e#* *.e *!!*1 >A - #&e?

So!e *+&h* *.e *!!*1 >IA+?1 The.e$o.e, %on%+3"'on I $o++ow"1 Con%+3"'on" III

*n/ I *.e %o!&+e!en#*. &*'. >I - E?1 So >=?e'#he. %on%+3"'on I++ o. I $o++ow"

K1 A++ 0*." *.e %o'n"1 >A-#&e?11 >7? So!e 0*." *.e 0oo"1 >I - #&e? 1>;? F.o! "#*#e!en# >;?, So!e 0oo" *.e 0*."1>


77/83

D'.e%#'on"9 >n1No"177-7?1 In the following questions two statements are given followed by four conclusions.

Read the statements carefully and then decide which of the conclusions follow as a result of the given statements. (You

have to take the given statements as wholly true, even if they appear to be at variance with commonly known facts).

771S#*#e!en#9 A++ 0oo" *.e hoo"1 So!e 0oo" *.e /3%"1

Con%+3"'on"9 I1 So!e 0oo" *.e hoo"1

II1 So!e /3%" *.e hoo" III1 So!e /3%" *.e no# hoo"1 I1 A++ hoo" *.e 0oo"1>7? On+ I $o++ow" >;? On+ I *n/ II $o++ow >


78/83

771 A++ 0oo" *.e hoo"1 >A -#&e 111>7? So!e 0oo" *.e /3%", >I-#&e?1 >;?

F.o! "#*#e!en# >7?,So!e 0oo" *.e hoo", %on(e."'on o$ >A?1The.e$o.e %on%+3"'on I $o++ow"1

F.o! "#*#e!en# >;? , So!e /3%" *.e 0oo" >


79/83

16-20. In each question below there are three statements followed byfour conclusions numbered I, II, Ill and IV You have to tae the!iven statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance

with commonly nown facts and then decide which of the !ivenconclusions lo!ically follow"s# from the !iven statements.

71 S#*#e!en#9 A++ w*#%he" *.e &.'e"1 A++ &.'e" *.e "%ho+*."h'&"1 So!e

/*#e *.e &.'e"1 -

Con%+3"'on9 I1 A++ "%ho+*."h'& *.e /*#e II1 So!e "%ho+*."h'&" *.e &.'e"1

III1 So!e "%ho+*."h'&" *.e w*#%he"1 I1 A++ "%ho+*."h'&" *.e w*#%he"1>7? A++ $o++ow >;? II *n/ III $*++ow >


80/83

! "ll watches are pri#es (" type) () "ll pri#es are scholarship (" type) (&)

An"we. e9SYLLOGISM PRACTICE UESTIONS97-;


81/83

!. "ll watches are pri#es. ("$type) %() "ll pri#es are scholarship. (" $ type)%. (&)

'ome date are pri#es. (I $ type) () rom statement (&) 'ome scholarship are pri#es,>%on(e."'on o$ A?

rom statements () and (&), "ll watches are scholarship (" * " + ") or 'ome scholarship

are watches, (conversion of "). The.e $o.e %on%+3"'on II *n/ I++ $o++ow"1. 'ome fuel are dangerous. (I $ type)% () 'ome watches are not fuel. (-$type) %(&)

'ome dangerous are not machines. (-$type) ()

rom statement (), 'ome dangerous are fuel. The.e$o.e %on%+3"'on I $o++ow"1

. "ll services are elements. ("$type)% () 'ome elements are trader. (I $ type)% (&)

/o trader is a blind. (0$type) () rom statements (&) and () 'ome elements are not blind.

(.l*0+-). 1herefore conclusion Ill follows. 2onclusions I and I3 are complementary pair (I$-), therefore either conclusion I or I3 follows.

The.e$o.e, .'h# *n"we. '", o'on >


82/83

SYLLOGISM >MEDIATE INFERENCE?BYLOGICAL EULER DIAGRAMS


83/83

LOGICAL EULER DIAGRAMS

SYLLOGISMOR 5THE MEDIATE ARGUMENT6IS A DEDUCTIVEARGUMENT CONTAINING TWO PREMISESON THE BASIS OF WHICHTHE INFERENCE:CONCLUSIONIS TO BE DRAWN.

The meanin o! the "o#d SYLLOGISM '" #o 5.e*"on61 A SYLLOGISMHAS NUMERICALLY SIX TERMS BUT IN FACT, THERE ARE THREE TERMS, EACH OCCURING T@ICE1 The &.e!'"e" >o. "#*#e!en#"? *.e "e+e%#e/ $.o! $o3. 0*"'% #&e" o$

"#*#e!en#"9 '1 The 3n'(e."*+ *$$'.!*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 A++A*.e B >S!0o+'e/ 0 5A6? ''1 The 3n'(e."*+ ne*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 NoA'" B >S!0o+'e/ 0 5E6? '''1 The &*.#'%3+*. *$$'.!*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 So!eA*.e B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5I6? '''1 The &*.#'%3+*. ne*#'(e "#*#e!en#9 So!eA*.e no#B>S!0o+'e/ 0 5O6?

The #&e" o$ "#*#e!en#" #h*# o%%3. 'n *n &*.#'%3+*."++o'"! "&e%'$ '#6" !oo/ E1, So!eo$ #he "#3/en#" *.e &3n%#3*+1 Noneo$ #he "#3/en#" *.e .e3+*.1 The.e$o.e "o!e o$ #he .e3+*." *.e no# &3n%#3*+

logical reasoning made simple1

Documents