logo module 2: nutritional strategies to minimize nutrient loss to manure by dave hansen
TRANSCRIPT
Logo
Module 2: Nutritional Strategies to Minimize Nutrient Loss to Manure
By Dave Hansen
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-2Logo
Goal
The goal of this module is to help producers maximize nutrient utilizationon their animal operations while avoiding waste and overfeeding.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-3Logo
Objectives
The main objectives of this module are to provide information to CAFO Owner/Operators regarding:
Basic concepts in animal nutrition.
How to improve nutrient yield.
Techniques for reducing ammonia loss.
Economic considerations when reducing nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) excretion.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-4Logo
Contents
1.Basic nutrient cycling in animal systems
2.National Research Council (NRC) guidelines
3.Dietary strategies to improve nutrient efficiency Dairy Beef Swine Poultry
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-5Logo
Basic Nutrient Cycling
The idea is the same regardless of animal (or bird) type: to provide adequate nutrients while minimizing waste.
Providing nutrients in excess of animal requirements results in increased costs of production and contributes to potential environmental problems.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-6Logo
Basic Nutrient Cycling (continued)Inefficiencies can be caused by a variety of factors including housing conditions, management, genetics, and feed quality.
Nutrients available for growth
Feed provided
Feed waste
Intestinal secretions
(enzymes, cells)Nutrients absorbed
Feed consumed
Nutrients used for growth
Inefficiencies
Inefficiencies
Growth
Mismatch
Waste
Maintenance
Undigestedfeedand secretions
Nutrient paths in animal feeding operations.Source: van Heugten and van Kempen 2000
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-7Logo
Nutrient Flow in an Animal Operation
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-8Logo
Basic Nutrient Cycling
Nitrogen and P present different challenges.
Improving the efficiency of N use often includes changes in the source of N, such as improving forage quality or supplementing with amino acids.
Improving the efficiency of P use often includes reducing unnecessary additions of supplemental P (as with ruminants) or increasing the availability of dietary P through such techniques as adding phytase (as with swine and poultry).
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-9Logo
NRC Guidelines
In 1916 the National Academy of Sciences organized the NRC to “…associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.”
The various subcommittees address animal nutrition issues and develop guidelines for each animal type.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-10Logo
NRC Guidelines (continued)
These guidelines are updated periodically to incorporate new information.
The following tables are for dairy, beef cattle, swine, and poultry.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-11Logo
NRC Guidelines: DairyHolstein, 1,5000 lb., average body condition 65 mo.age
90 Days in Milk Early Lactation Dry, Pregnant 270 Days in Gestation
BW 1,656 lb
Milk yield, lb/d 55 77 99 120 55 77
Dry matter intake lb/d
44.7 51.9 59.2 66 29.7 34.3 30.1
Net energy, Mcal/lb 0.62 0.67 0.7 0.73 0.94 1.01 .48
Diet % RDP 9.5 9.7 9.8 9.8 10.5 10.5 8.7
Diet % RUP 4.6 5.5 6.2 6.9 7 9 2.1
Crude Proteina % 14.1 15.2 16.0 16.7 17.5 19.5 10.8
Calcium, % 0.62 0.61 0.67 0.60 0.74 0.79 0.45
Phosphorus,% 0.32 0.35 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.42 0.23
Potassiumb, % 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.07 1.19 1.24 0.52
Sodium, % 0.22 0.23 0.22 0.22 0.34 0.34 0.10
Copperc, ppm 11 11 11 11 16 16 13
Zinc, ppm 43 48 52 55 65 73 22
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-12Logo
NRC Guidelines: Beef, Finishing
Body Weight, lb. 525 650 775 900 1025 1150 Dry Matter Intake, lb/d 14 17 19.5 21.5 23.5 25.5
Crude Protein, lb/d
Daily Gain, lb. 1.0 1.22 1.36 1.49 1.57 1.65 1.72 1.8 1.55 1.69 1.82 1.86 1.91 1.95 2.5 1.87 2.01 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 3.3 2.18 2.32 2.43 2.40 2.38 2.36 4.0 2.49 2.62 2.73 2.66 2.60 2.54
Calcium, lb/d
1.0 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.00 0.05 1.8 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 2.5 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.07 3.3 0.10 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.08 0.08 4.0 0.11 0.11 0.10 0.10 0.09 0.09 Phosphorus, lb/d 1.0 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 1.8 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.04 2.5 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 3.3 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.05 4.0 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-13Logo
NRC Guidelines: Beef, Cows
Months Since Body DM
CP
Calving Weight Intake Ca P
lb. lb. ------------------ lb/d ------------------ 0 (Calving) 1,340 24.6 2.20 0.06 0.04 1 1,200 26.8 2.71 0.08 0.05 2 (Peak Milk) 1,200 27.8 2.97 0.09 0.06 3 1,205 28.4 2.82 0.08 0.06 4 1,205 27.4 2.54 0.07 0.05 5 1,205 26.5 2.26 0.06 0.04 6 1,210 25.7 2.04 0.06 0.04 7 (Weaning) 1,215 24.2 1.45 0.04 0.03 8 1,225 24.1 1.49 0.04 0.03 9 1,240 24.0 1.57 0.04 0.03 10 1,260 23.9 1.69 0.06 0.04 11 1,290 24.1 1.89 0.06 0.04
Protein, Ca, and P requirements for beef cows
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-14Logo
NRC Guidelines: SwineNutrient
Pig Weight 3-5 kg
(7-11 lb)
Pig Weight 5-10 kg
(11-22 lb)
Pig Weight 10-20 kg (22-44 lb
Pig Weight 20-50 kg
(44-110 lb)
Pig Weight 50-80 kg
(110-176 lb)
Pig Weight 80-120 kg
(176-265 lb) Crude Protein, %
26.0
23.7
20.9
18.0
15.5
13.2
Lysine, % total
1.5
1.35
1.15
0.95
0.75
0.60
Lysine, % appt. ileal dig
1.26
1.11
0.94
0.77
0.61
0.47
Calcium, % 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.45 P, % total
0.70
0.65
0.60
0.50
0.45
0.40
P, % avail.
0.55
0.40
0.32
0.23
0.19
0.15
Potassium, % 0.30 0.28 0.26 0.23 0.19 0.17 Sodium, % 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.10 Copper, mg 6 6 5 4 3.5 3 Zinc, mg 100 100 80 60 50 50
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-15Logo
NRC Guidelines: Poultry-Chickens
Nutrient Layer-80a,b
Layer-100a,b
Layer-120a,b
Broiler 0-3 wk
Broiler 3-6 wk
Broiler 6-8 wk
Protein, % 18.8 15.0 12.5 23.0 20.0 18.0
Ca, % 4.06 3.25 2.71 1.00 0.90 0.80
Pc, % 0.31 0.25 0.21 0.45 0.35 0.30
Potassium, % 0.19 0.15 0.13 0.30 0.30 0.30
Copper, mg ? ? ? 8 8 8
Zinc, mg 44 35 29 40 40 40
Sodium, % 0.19 0.15 0.13 0.20 0.15 0.12
a Grams feed intake/hen dailyb Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2,900 kcal/kg (1,318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs daily per 100 hens).c Phosphorus is nPP.1Adapted from Tables 2-3, 2-6, 3-1, 5-1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, 1994. National Research Council.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-16Logo
NRC Guidelines: Poultry-TurkeysNutrient Turkey
0-3 wk 3-6 wk 6-9 wk 9-12 wk 12-15 wk 15-18 wk
Protein, % 28.0 26.0 22.0 19.0 16.5 14.0
Ca, % 1.2 1.0 0.85 0.75 0.65 0.55
P, %c 0.6 0.5 0.42 0.38 0.32 0.28
Potassium, % 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4
Copper, mg 8 8 6 6 6 6
Zinc, mg 70 65 50 40 40 40
Sodium., % 0.17 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
a Grams feed intake/hen dailyb Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2,900 kcal/kg (1,318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs daily per 100 hens).c Phosphorus is nPP.1Adapted from Tables 2-3, 2-6, 3-1, 5-1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, 1994. National Research Council.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-17Logo
NRC Guidelines: Poultry-OtherNutrient Duck
0-2 wk
Duck
2-7 wk
Duck
Breeding
Turkey Tom
Turkey Hen
Protein, % 22.0 16.0 15 12.0 14.0
Ca,% 0.65 0.60 2.75 0.50 2.25
P,%C 0.40 0.30 ? 0.25 0.35
Potassium, %
? ? ? 0.4 0.6
Copper, mg ? ? ? 6 8
Zinc, mg 60 ? ? 40 65
Sodium, % 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.12a Grams feed intake/hen dailyb Based on dietary metabolizable energy concentration of approximately 2,900 kcal/kg (1,318 kcal/lb) and an assumed 90% egg production rate (90 eggs/100 hens daily).c Phosphorus is nPP.1Adapted from Tables 2-3, 2-6, 3-1, 5-1. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Revised Edition, 1994. National Research Council.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-18Logo
Feed Waste Poor feeder design, poor feeder
management, and spoilage during storage can lead to losses as great as 20%.
Example: Swine “rooting” through feed can cause 3.4% waste.
Example: Feed costs account for as much as 70% of the cost of raising poultry–a little waste means big $$.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-19Logo
Dietary Strategies to Improve Nutrient Efficiency
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-20Logo
Strategies for Dairy Producers Properly formulate
rations to Optimize milk yield. Minimize N, P, and
potassium excretion in urine/manure.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-21Logo
Strategies for Dairy Producers (continued) Precisely meet requirements for
Milk production. Maintenance. Gestation.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-22Logo
Key Concepts of Nutrient Balance on a Dairy Farm
Understand nutrient INPUTS, OUTPUTS, and % of nutrients that remain on the farm or that are lost to the environment.
Assess your nutrient balance. This allows you to determine management options that increase the recycling of nutrients from cropland to cattle and back to crops again.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-23Logo
Key Concepts of Nutrient Balance on a Dairy Farm (continued) The percentage of dietary N and P that remain
on the dairy farm can be as high as 76% and 81% (respectively).
Point: Profitable milk production includes both milk productivity and efficiency of nutrient utilization.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-24Logo
Nitrogen Strategies for Dairy Increase dry matter uptake. Improve forage quality. Consider forage protein fraction. Consider feeding method. Consider supplemental protein source. Monitor blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and milk urea
nitrogen (MUN).
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-25Logo
Nitrogen Balance
76%71%64%% Remaining on farm
90.251.53.9Remainder
28.320.52.2Total Outputs
00.01Crops sold
1.91.90.1Cattle sold
26.418.62.0Milk
Output
118.572.06.1Total inputs
00.10Purchased cattle
13.914.61.3N fixation by legumes
78.543.83.8Purchased feed
26.113.51.0Purchased fertilizer
-----(tons of N per year)-----Input
50032045
Size of Dairy, Number of Cows*
Table Mass N balance for New York dairy farms.Source: Klausner 1993
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-26Logo
A Few Terms and Definitions Crude protein (CP) = N x 6.25 Rumen degradable protein (RDP) = CP that is
degraded in the rumen; required by bacteria to grow
Rumen undegradable protein (RUP) = “escape or bypass” CP that is NOT degraded in rumen but passes to lower tract
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-27Logo
Increase Dry Matter Uptake The percentage of CP required to supply adequate
protein for milk production varies with intake level.
Increasing dry matter intake by 5% reduces the CP needed by about 1%.
Higher intake levels also increase microbial protein synthesis in the rumen.
Increasing intake level, then, can decrease the need for higher dietary protein.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-28Logo
Improve Forage Quality “High-quality” forage contains more protein, less
fiber, and more energy, resulting in more protein and digestible dry matter for the animals, which can help reduce the amount of N inputs from off-farm sources.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-29Logo
Forage Protein Fractions
Supplementing a highly degradable (e.g., legume silage) forage with a less degradable forage (e.g., corn silage) can improve milk production at lower CP levels.
Common supplemental RUP sources include blood meal, distillers grains, and soybeans.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-30Logo
Feeding Method
Feeding sequence, frequency, and grouping strategy can impact N utilization.
Lactating cows require a proper balance of RUP and RDP to meet requirements for metabolizable protein (MP).
MP is the protein that the cow actually absorbs and uses for production.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-31Logo
Feeding Method (continued) Requirement for RUP = 35% to 38% of CP Requirement for RDP = 62% to 65% of CP A study by Van Horn (1992) showed the impact
of considering RUP and RDP. The lactating cows fed the proper amount of
RUP to supplement RDP generated 223 pounds of N per year in manure.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-32Logo
Feeding Method (continued)
The cows fed simply to satisfy Total CP (i.e., a higher percentage of RUP) generated 260 pounds of N per year in manure.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-33Logo
Monitor BUN and MUN The MUN test
> 18 mg/dl indicates that too much protein is being fed or there is not enough dietary starch.
High MUN is related to Lower reproductive performance. Higher feed costs. Health problems. Poorer milk production.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-34Logo
Monitor BUN and MUN (continued)
MUN analyses can be used to signal potential problems with feeding programs.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-35Logo
Phosphorus Strategies for Dairy Phosphorus is an expensive supplement. Most commercial mixes include P. Current guidelines specify 0.32% to 0.42% P for
lactating cows. It is common for producers to feed as much as
0.60% P. Numerous studies show no production benefit
from these high levels of P!
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-36Logo
Phosphorus Balance
Mass P balance for New York dairy farmsSource: Klausner 1993
75%59%81%% Remaining on farm
18.26.21.8Remainder
6.04.30.43Total Outputs
000.01Crops sold
0.50.50.05Cattle sold
5.53.80.36Milk
Output
24.210.42.2Total inputs
00.030
14.28.41.0Purchased feed
5.52.01.2Purchased fertilizer
-----(tons of P per year)-----Input
50032045
Size of Dairy, Number of Cows*
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-37Logo
Effect of P Intake on P Excretion
Increasing P content from 0.40% to 0.60% of diet dry matter increases P output from 40 to 69 lbs/cow/year!
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0.4 0.5 0.6
P excretion (lb)
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-38Logo
Sources of P High availability
Monocalcium phosphate Dicalcium phosphate Monosodium or ammonium phosphate
Medium availability Steamed bone meal Sodium tripolyphosphate
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-39Logo
Sources of P (continued)
Low availability Low-fluorine rock phosphate Soft rock phosphate
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-40Logo
Phytate P Phytate-P is not readily available to non-
ruminants such as swine. However, rumen microbes produce phytase.
Releases P from phytate So, phytate-P is available to ruminants. And, it is not necessary to over-supplement P
above requirements.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-41Logo
Feeding Excess P Costs $$$
P is the most expensive mineral commonly supplemented in dairy cows. Example: A diet containing 0.45% P vs. a diet
containing 0.55% P would save about $0.05 per cow daily.
For 100 cows a year, that is $1,825.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-42Logo
Feeding P: The Bottom Line
The milking herd should be grouped by production level so that multiple rations can be formulated over the complete lactation.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-43Logo
The Bottom Line for Dairies Are high milk yield and minimal nutrient excretion
mutually exclusive? No, you can do both! Focus on
Testing all forages/feeds. Properly formulating rations. Maximizing feed intake. Cow comfort and proper grouping.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-44Logo
Strategies for Beef Cattle Develop a general understanding of N (protein)
and P metabolism in feedlot cattle.
Understand current methods for decreasing N and P excretion by manipulating beef feedlot diets P requirements Protein requirements
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-45Logo
Nitrogen Management
Discuss protein requirements Impact of lowering dietary N
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-46Logo
Dietary Protein
All excess protein above requirements have no value.
Excess protein is absorbed in the small intestine. Protein is de-animated in the liver. Urea is subsequently excreted in urine at
the kidney.
Theory for lowering protein
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-47Logo
Dietary Protein (continued)
Urea is rapidly converted to ammonia following deposition. Therefore, Feeding less protein leads to less urea
excretion. Lower urea excretion should decrease
ammonia.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-48Logo
Dietary Protein (continued)CP system Assumes all proteins are equal.
Important point: protein is N
% N * 6.25, protein is ~16% N
Does not account for bacterial needs.
Is simple but incorrect!
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-49Logo
Protein RequirementsMP system DIP * TDN * microbe efficiency = BCP
(degradable N and energy)
Efficiency dependent on rumen pH, ~8-8.5
BCP*.64 to determine protein at S.I.
UIP * .80 to estimate protein at S.I.
BCP + UIP = MP
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-50Logo
Protein Requirements (continued)
NH3 + carbon = microbial protein (BCP)
Feed proteinurea, corn protein
MP
DIPDIP
UIP
Rumen
Small Intestine
MP system
BCP BCP
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-51Logo
N Balance Summary Overfeeding protein increases N losses.
Nutrition may: Decrease N inputs by 10% to 20%. Reduce N excretion by 12% to 21%. Reduce N volatilization by 15% to
33%.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-52Logo
N Balance Summary (continued) Volatilization depends on the time of year.
Summer–60 to 70% of N excreted Winter/spring–40% of N excreted
Based on annual occupancy, lose 50% of N excreted.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-53Logo
P Management
P intake
Ex.
AD
G
x
x
xx
x
x
x
xx
x xxx x
x
x
x
x
NRC predicts requirements from 0.22% to 0.32% of diet DM.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-54Logo
Dietary P in Feedlot Diets
0.270.35
0.520.59
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
85% Corn 85% Corn +Supplement
Byproduct Byproduct +Supplement
% d
iet
P (
DM
-bas
is)
SupplementByproductCornRoughage
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-55Logo
P Requirements: Yearlings
0.14 16.4 28.3 3.64
0.19 19.9 27.5 3.64
0.24 27.6 28.9 3.72
0.29 32.0 27.5 3.55
0.34 36.2 28.5 3.84SE .7 1.0 .20
Bone Ash
P intake Phalanx
% DM g/d g % HCW
Erickson et al., 1999. J. Anim. Sci.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-56Logo
P Requirements: Yearlings (continued)
PhalanxMetacarpal
Erickson et al., 1999. J. Anim. Sci.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-57Logo
P Requirements: CalvesFeed % of Diet DM % P
High-moisture corn 33.5 0.32
Brewers grits 30.0 0.08
Corn bran 20.0 0.08
Cottonseed hulls 7.5 0.11
Animal fat 3.0 ----
Supplement 6.0 0.09Note: NaH2PO4 provided as top-dress supplement at increments of 0.06% P.
Base diet = 0.16% P, and 0.22, 0.28, 0.34, 0.40 Erickson et al., 1999. J. Anim. Sci.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-58Logo
P Mass Balance: Summer Yearlings Feedlot Pen
7.2 lbintake
1.9 lbanima
l5.3 lb
excreted
12.8 lbintake
1.9 lbanima
l10.9 lb
excreted0.35% P diet
0.24% P diet
REDUCED
44%
Erickson et al., ISAAFPW, 2000
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-59Logo
P Mass Balance: Winter/Spring Calves Feedlot Pen
9.9 lbintake
2.4 lbanima
l7.5 lb
excreted
15.0 lbintake
2.5 lbanimal12.5 lb
excreted0.40% P diet
0.26% P diet
REDUCED
33%
Erickson et al., ISAAFPW, 2000
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-60Logo
P Mass Balance (continued)
15,690 acres 8,624 acres
Assume: 50% of surrounding land used30 lb/ac P applied (agronomic)10,000 hd feedlot, 90 acres
0.35%-0.40% P234,000 lb/yr
0.22%-0.30% P128,000 lb/yr
Assume: (same)
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-61Logo
P Balance Conclusions Overfeeding P leads to elevated manure P.
Nutrition may:
Decrease P inputs by 33% to 45%.
Reduce P excretion by 40% to 50%.
Direct reduction in acres needed
Expect manure removal = nutrient excretion for P
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-62Logo
Beef Strategies Overview
Test feed. Use supplemental protein. Discontinue supplemental P. Consider phase feeding. Utilize differences between DIP and UIP. Use available tools to evaluate your rations.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-63Logo
Summary Nutrition can have a major impact on N and P
excretion for feedlot cattle. Phosphorus supplementation is unnecessary. It is difficult to further decrease P below what
corn provides. Utilizing an MP system may lower N excretion. Decreased urinary N excretion decreases N
volatilization losses.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-64Logo
Summary (continued) Volatization is a large concern. More management options and/or nutritional
techniques need to be explored. Fine-tuning requirements on the MP system is
needed. Eventually, metabolizable amino acids (AAs) will
be useful similar to the ideal protein concept in monogastrics.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-65Logo
Strategies for Swine Feed waste issues
Improving N management
AAs
Improving P management
Phytate-P
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-66Logo
Nutrition: The Easy Way to Reduce Waste? Under field conditions, animals use nutrients with
mediocre efficiency:
P: 30%
N: 30% to 35% Under lab conditions:
N: 70%
P: close to 100% There is a lot of potential for reducing waste.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-67Logo
The Key: Understanding Inefficiencies in Nutrient Utilization Many steps are involved in
the utilization of nutrients. Each step has
inefficiencies associated with it.
The key to reducing waste is to understand where utilization can be influenced.
Nutrients available for growth
Feed provided
Feed waste
Intestinal secretions(enzymes, cells)
Nutrients absorbed
Feed consumed
Nutrients used for growth
Inefficiencies
Inefficiencies
Growth
Mismatch
Waste
Maintenance
Undigested feed and secretions
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-68Logo
Feed Waste: An Expensive Loss of Nutrients Feed waste
Adherence: pigs take 1.5 g feed away from feeder 60 times/day (~ 4% of “intake”) Portion may be
returned. Spillage: pigs push
3.4% of feed out of feeder (in practice, range 1.5% to 20%).
Feed provided
Feed waste
Waste
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-69Logo
Feed Waste: An Expensive Lossof Nutrients (continued) Presuming 5% waste on average:
Responsible for 7.5% of N in waste. Similar contribution for copper, zinc, and P 35% of carbohydrates
Major source of odor
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-70Logo
Management: Key to Solving Feed Waste . . . Traditional guidelines:
Proper feeder care and adjustment can reduce feed waste drastically. Bottom of feeders should be 50% covered
with fresh feed.
• Pig needs to exert effort to eat.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-71Logo
Management: Key to Solving Feed Waste . . . (continued)
Feeders should be inspected at least weekly.
• Clean and adjust where necessary.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-72Logo
Feeder Design may add to the Problem. Feeders should be sized properly.
Only one pig per feeder space Challenge given that pigs change in size
Pigs should not have to step in feeders to gain access to feed.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-73Logo
Feeder Design may add to the Problem. (continued)
Feeders should be deep enough to prevent pigs from pushing out feed. Catch 22 but 8 inches deep seems to work
reasonably well.
• Problem exaggerated in wean-finish buildings.
Feeders should not have “dead” corners where feed gets trapped and spoils.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-74Logo
Feeder Design: The “Ideal” Pigs like to chew and swallow with their heads
straight. Traditional feeder design does not allow this over
the feeder. Pig needs to back up.
• Waste falls in the pit. Thus, feeders should be “spacious.” Filling level not an issue?
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-75Logo
Present Feed in most Palatable Form. Feed should be pelleted.
Reduces feed waste ~5%
Dry feed is not very palatable. Pigs move back and forth from feeder to
waterer while eating, dropping feed.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-76Logo
Present Feed in most Palatable Form. (continued) Wet-dry or liquid feeders
Back and forth motion is prevented. Reduces feed waste Increases feed intake and weight gain
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-77Logo
Select Highly Digestible Ingredients.
Feed Ingredient Digestibility, Content, Digestibility, Content,% % % %
Corn 85 8.5 14 0.28Soybean meal 48 87 49.0 23 0.69Soybean meal 44 84 45.6 31 0.65
Wheat 89 13.3 50 0.37Wheat bran 75 15.7 29 1.20Barley 85 10.6 30 0.36Sorghum 83 9.2 20 0.29Meat & bone meal 84 49.1 95 4.98Poultry byproducts 77 57.7 95 2.41
Fish meal 88 62.9 95 2.20Dicalcium phosph 100 18.50
PhosphorusProtein
Adapted from NRC 1998, and the Rhone-Poulenc Nutrition Guide 1993.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-78Logo
New Crops offer new Solutions.
Low-phytate corn and soybeans have much higher P digestibility.
Low-stacchyose soybean meal has higher protein and energy digestibility.
P %
Normal Corn Low-Phytate
Corn
Total 0.25 0.28
Phytate 0.20 0.10
Bio-available 0.05 0.21
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-79Logo
Processing can Improve Nutrient Digestibility. Grinding:
Grind feed to uniform particle size of ~ 600 microns.
Pelleting: Improves protein digestibility 3.7%.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-80Logo
Processing can Improve Nutrient Digestibility. (continued) Expanding/extruding:
Improves pellet quality. Effects on digestibility are very diet-
dependent. Effects can be negative!
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-81Logo
Opportunities with Enzymes
Fiber-degrading enzymes Wheat/barley/rye as major ingredients:
Xylanase/beta-glucanase improve digestibility 2% to 9%.
Corn-soy diets: Alpha-galactosidase, proteases, etc.
may prove effective.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-82Logo
Phytase Effect on P Availability Plants contain a large portion of P in the form of
phytate. Pigs cannot digest phytate.
Most plant P is thus unavailable.
Phytase can break down phytate, releasing the P. In a typical diet, P availability increases from
30% to 50%. 30% reduction in P excretion
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-83Logo
Feed Quality Affects the Recycling of Enzyme Protein. High-fiber diets reduce the absorption of protein,
including enzymes. Fiber is the single most predictive factor for
apparent protein digestion. Has a strong negative influence
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-84Logo
The More Ingredients that are used, the Better the Match!
Feed nutrients often are wasted because the diet is not ideal.
A 1% point reduction in dietary protein results in a 10% decrease in N excretion and ammonia emission.
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Protein/10 arginine lysine SAA threonine
Per
cen
t
Requirement No synthetics
Lysine added Lys, Met, Thr, Try added
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-85Logo
The More Ingredients that are used, the Better the Match! (continued)
Contributors to this issue: Small number of ingredients.
Limits flexibility in matching animal-specific profile.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-86Logo
Formulate on Available Nutrients.Availability of nutrients is not uniform.
In typical feed, N > P and Lys > Cys.
Presuming that all nutrients are equally available leads to larger mismatch, may hurt perfor-mance, and thus increases waste.
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
Soybeanmeal
Sunflowermeal
Rapeseedmeal
Gain
(re
lativ
e)
Total lysine Digestible lysine
Diets formulated on total or digestible amino acids
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-87Logo
Diets Should be Optimally Matched to the Animal’s Requirement.
Nutritional requirements change with: Maintenance requirement (affected by sex,
age, and weight). Gain and composition of gain. Health status, environmental conditions, and
activity.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-88Logo
Examples of nutritional strategies:
Split-sex feeding Barrows require more energy for
maintenance than gilts. Increase energy-to-protein ratio of the
feed for barrows.
Diets Should be Optimally Matched to the Animal’s Requirement. (continued)
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-89Logo
Diets Should be Optimally Matched to the Animal’s Requirement. (continued)
Temperature outside of thermo-neutral zone Energy is used for thermo-regulation.
Increase energy-to-protein ratio.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-90Logo
Phase Feeding Reduces Waste Nutritional requirements
change continuously. Protein-to-energy
ratio of feed de-creases with age. Diet should be
adjusted to match this decrease.
• Phase feeding
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
50 100 150 200 250bodyweight (lbs)
Lysi
ne
req
uir
emen
t (%
)
Continuous 3 phase 2 phase 1 phase
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-91Logo
Phase Feeding Reduces Waste. (continued)
Inefficiencies occur when the diet provides more nutrients than the animal needs:
More phases = less waste
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-92Logo
Phase-Feeding Diets are less Expensive. More phases = less waste and cheaper diets.
But also = more hassle Compromise between number of phases and
benefits achievable
In-line mixers/liquid feeding systems allow for continuously changing the diet composition without increasing hassle.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-93Logo
Diet cost obtained using least-cost feed formulation for a varying number of phases in the feeding program.
$39
$40
$41
$42
$43
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13Number of phases
Die
t co
st p
er p
ig
Phase-Feeding Diets are less Expensive. (continued)
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-94Logo
Precision Nutrition is Hindered by Feed Manufacturing Issues. Feed manufacturing issues
Variation in ingredient quality Somewhat compensated for by over
formulating (= more waste) Weighing errors Mixing problems
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-95Logo
Precision Nutrition is Hindered by Feed Manufacturing Issues. (continued) All augment waste and possibly reduce
performance.
Weighing errors were observed in 14 feed mills specializing in swine feeds.
0
1
10
100
1000
10000
-100 -8
0-6
0-4
0-2
0 020 40 60 80 100
120
140
160
180
200
Weighing error (%±1)
Freq
uenc
y
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-96Logo
Is Mineral Nutrition Overdone?
Diets are typically over-formulated as a measure of security. Increases waste.
Sow Diets Finisher Diets Mineral Req. Range Median1 Req. Range Median1 Calcium, % 0.75 0.62-2.01 1.21 0.50 0.57-1.38 0.96 Phosphorus, % 0.60 0.45-1.17 0.84 0.40 0.45-0.78 0.62 Copper, ppm 5 12-222 22 3 9–281 20 Zinc, ppm 50 79-497 167 50 103-205 149
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-97Logo
Is Mineral Nutrition Overdone? (continued) The P requirement is higher for maximizing bone
strength than for maximizing gain. Difference of 0.1% point
For non-reproducing animals, formulating diets to maximize gain may be warranted.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-98Logo
Strategies for Poultry Nitrogen management
Amino acid
Phase feeding
Enzymes and additives
Phosphorus management
Available P
Phytate-P
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-99Logo
Tracking N in Broilers
Feed N = 100%
Litter
Carcass
NH3-N
51.1%
18.3% 30.6%
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-100Logo
Dietary Strategies for N Formulate on amino acids (AAs), not CP.
Optimize the dietary AA profile.
Phase feeding
Utilize the “true AA digestibility” of feeds.
Select feed ingredients with low nutrient availability.
Utilize enzymes and feed additives.
Avoid anti-nutritional factors.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-101Logo
Formulate on Amino Acids Formulating based on AA rather than CP can
lower N content by lowering dietary N input.
Utilizing AAs, such as methionine and lysine, reduces dietary protein from 18% to 16% and reduces the cost of the diet by more than $4/ton.
Although it is possible to reduce dietary CP levels by 3% to 4% (13%-22% N), there are biological limits to the amount of dietary protein that can be replaced with synthetic AAs.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-102Logo
NRC Requirement vs. 23% CP Corn/Soy Diet
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-103Logo
Optimize the Dietary AA Profile Matching the birds' dietary AA with their
biological needs minimizes N excretion.
However, simply supplementing AAs, such as methionine and lysine, can result in excesses of other AAs that are then excreted.
A possible solution is an “ideal protein” supplement that provides all the essential AAs in their proper proportion.
These “proper proportions” are not always known!
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-104Logo
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-105Logo
Phase Feeding
The nutritional requirements of birds change over time. Example: Broilers require approximately 22%
CP at hatching and 16% CP at four weeks.
Commercial programs can include as many as six different phases to step down dietary protein.
Further refinements are possible based on feed sources and timing of grow-out period.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-106Logo
Utilize “True AA Digestibility.”
Amino acid digestibility varies with feed type.
Diets should be based on the digestible fraction rather than simply the amount of AAs present in the feed.
Calculated digestible AA requirements can be 8%-10% lower than total AA requirements.
Formulation based on digestible AAs improves daily gain and feed conversion.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-107Logo
Select “Low-Nutrient” Feeds. Variability in the nutrient values of common
feeds leads nutritionists to add a margin of safety, ensuring that nutritional needs are met. Example: The AA content of meat meal can
vary by as much as 45%.
Rapid ingredient analysis techniques, such as NIR, provide real-time information on the feed's nutritional value.
This information reduces the need for over-formulation as a safety margin.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-108Logo
Meat Meal Variation
AA A B C Mean CV %
Met 0.61 0.41 0.49 0.50 20.13
Cys 0.70 0.30 0.39 0.46 45.62
Lys 2.77 1.93 1.94 2.21 21.82
Thr 1.73 1.12 1.25 1.37 23.45
Arg 3.62 3.00 2.90 3.17 12.3
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-109Logo
Utilize Enzymes and Additives. Water-soluble, nonstarch polysaccharides
(NSPs) impede digestion and absorption of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Many important diet constituents, such as soybean and peas, contain complex NSPs.
Phytase improves the digestibility of AAs and protein as well as phytate-P.
Dietary enzymes can improve the digestibility of fiber and carbohydrates.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-110Logo
Avoid Anti-Nutritional Factors.
Many legumes and cereal grains contain compounds that have a negative effect on digestion and the availability of AAs and other nutrients. Soybean contain, among other things, a
trypsin inhibitor that impedes protein digestion.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-111Logo
Avoid Anti-Nutritional Factors. (continued)
Some beans, particularly field beans, have high concentrations of lectins that can reduce growth and decrease nutrient absorption.
Minimizing the use of these inputs will increase nutrient utilization by the birds.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-112Logo
Tracking P in Broilers
Feed P = 100%
LitterCarcass
57.4%35.0%
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-113Logo
Dietary Strategies for P
Meet bird P requirements.
Select ingredients with available P.
Use vitamin D.
Use feed additives/enzymes.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-114Logo
Meet Bird P Requirements.
The NRC (1994) recommends 250 mg of available P (non-phytate) per hen per day
Leghorn breeders guide recommends 450 mg-460 mg/day early in lay and 288 mg-390 mg late in the cycle.
Research (Scott et al. 1999, Boling et al. 2000, and Angel 2000) suggests that the NRC guidelines are adequate.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-115Logo
Meet Bird P Requirements. (continued) In a four-week period, 1.2 million hens in a large
complex consume 7.4 million lbs of feed (3,696 tons).
If dietary available P were reduced from 450 mg to 250 mg/hen/day, it represents a $4.82/ton cost savings in dietary dicalcium phosphate, totaling $17,814 in feed costs.
With such a formulation, fecal P2O5 is reduced approximately 35,000 lbs in one month!
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-116Logo
Select Ingredients with Available P. Birds do not absorb phytic acid, or phytate-P,
well.
Many cereal grains, such as corn and soybeans, have a high percentage of their total P in the phytate form, which results in an availability of less than 20%.
Animal meals and fish meal have nearly 100% available P.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-117Logo
Select Ingredients with Available P. (continued) Inorganic supplements also have a relatively
high P availability.
New products, such as low-phytate corn, are not yet commercially available but have two to three times as much available P as “standard” corn varieties.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-118Logo
Phosphate Supplement ComparisonCompound Biological Value
Beta-trical phosphate Std 100
Reagent: Monocal PO4 120-135
Reagent: Dical PO4 95-100
Feed: Phosphoric acid 115-125
Feed: Dical/Monocal P 105-115
Feed: Bone meal 90-100
Feed: Rock phosphate 55-75
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-119Logo
Use Vitamin D.
Vitamin D deficiencies inhibit P metabolism.
Adding 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 reduced phytate-P excretion by broilers by 35% and increased retention by 20% (Edwards 1993).
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-120Logo
Use Feed Additives/Enzymes. Birds absorb phytate-P poorly because they lack
the enzyme phytase.
In addition to improving AA efficiency, adding phytase to poultry diets improves the digestibility of phytate-P.
Reductions in fecal P excretions from using phytase can be as much as 40%.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-121Logo
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-122Logo
Use Feed Additives/Enzymes. (continued) Enzymatic “cocktails” containing a mixture of
enzymes, including phytase, have been found to be more effective that phytase alone.
Such cocktails can improve calcium retention, weight gain, feed conversion, and toe tibia ash.
Certified Nutrient Management Planning 2-123Logo
Numerous dietary and management strategies exist to reduce
N excretions. P excretions.
Significant reductions can be achieved without significant expense by using the information and guidelines available from the NRC and from various research and Extension publications.
Overall Summary