logylogyat rayat shikshan sanstha,karmaveer vidyaprabodhini,madhya vibhag,satara. std-9 th...

Logylogyat

Rayat Shikshan Sanstha,Karmaveer Vidyaprabodhini,Madhya vibhag,Satara.

Std-9th Sub-Science &Technology

Logylogyat

8. HIGHWAY TO HEALTH

Topic -Highway to Health

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• SUB UNITS :- 8.1- Health. 8.2- Disease. 8.3- Prevention of disease. 8.4- Some infectious disease.

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HEALTH :• We often to see people jogging or going for

walks, practicing yoga or suryanamaskar early in the morning before the start of a hectic day.

• words such as healthy habits, healthy food and healthy lifestyle or the proverb ‘health is wealth’ are frequently heard around us.

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Activity1) Discuss whether the people in the following examples are healthy?• An alcoholic• A child having fever.• A drug addict.• A mentally sick person.

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• Answers : All the above persons are not healthy. Alcoholic and drug addicts are physically, mentally and socially ill as they are hooked on to addictions. A child having fever is physically unwell.A mentally sick person too needs support .

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2) What is your conclusion ?Ans. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing of a person and not the absence of a disease.

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According to the definition of World Health Organization ( WHO ) , “health is state of complete physical , mental , social well being of a person and not just absence of diseases.”



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Logylogyat • Interrelation of health with personal , social ,

economic and environmental issues.



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Activity • Given below are some situations of ill health. Discuss in your class the probable reasons for

the illness.

Classify your reasons into personal, environmental and social. Is there more than one reason for some of the above situations?



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1. Manager of a multinational company suffers from a heart attack.

Ans. Manager of multinational company is always under mental stress as he has many responsibilities. he does not get enough time for exercise. His diet may be improper which leads to lifestyle disease in him. The reason for his ill health are personal and social.



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2. A pregnant women who works as a daily labourer is tired all the time.

Ans. A labourer women is from lower economic group and does not get enough nutrition to feed herself and her growing foetus. Her nutritional demand are more as she is pregnant. But due to hardwork she is tired all the time. The reason for her ill health are social and economics.



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3. All the members of a family staying in a slum are suffering from diarrhoea.

Ans. In slum there are no hygienic sanitation systems. The people may defecate in the open and this causes spread of bacteria through flies and other sources. The family members also may not be following the norms of cleanliness and hygiene. Thus the social, economical and environmental are responsible for this situation.



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4. Sameer gets chickenpox.

Ans. Chickenpox is highly contagious viral disease. Sameer contract the infection from the virus of chickenpox. If he is not taking proper diet or exercise, his immunity would become low and he may contract chickenpox. the reason for this situation are personal, social and environmental.



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5. Grandfather is suffering from arthritis.

Ans. Arthritis is a degenerative disease. As old as advances, the joint become painful and cause arthritis. The reason for arthritis is personal.

6. Various epidemics spread after floods.

Ans. Houseflies breed on such garbage resulting in spread of harmful bacteria. Another possibility is unhygienic sewage seeping into water. the reason for ill health after flood is environmental.



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7. People suffer from common cold during winter.

Ans. During winter, due to lesser temperature viruses can thrive for longer period. Environmental and social reasons are causing common cold.

8. People are injured during an earthquake.

Ans. During earthquake, the building and houses collapse due to tremors in earth. this may be injured people. The reasons for this is environmental.



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9. What can you conclude from the above activity?

Ans. Conclusion : various disease are caused due to interaction of factors like personal, social, environmental, economics, etc. when the health is affected, one cannot think of the individual reasons there are many factors that ultimately decide the health of an individual.



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• Good health of an individual is the collective efforts of the individual ,the community , the society in which he/she lives and his/her physical environment .



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Community Health

Environmental and economic factors affect community and personal health.Today healthy individuals are an asset to the community.



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Logylogyat • Write effective slogans on community and

personal health.Ans. Slogans:1)Health is wealth.2)Cleanliness is next to Godliness.

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Logylogyat Factors essential for good health.a) Personal health and public cleanliness



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What happen when :

1) People defecate in open spaces.

Ans. The beauty of the place lost by stinking faecal matter and the site of the people defecating in the open. The hygiene of entire area becomes worst.



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2) There are many flies and cockroaches in the kitchen of the restaurant.

Ans. Cockroach can carry germs of typhoid and other diseases through its walking legs. Flies are notoriously known for the ability of contaminate the food. If people eat in such restaurants, there is possibility that they may get sick.



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3) There are heaps of garbage and overflowing gutters in city.

Ans. When the heaps of garbage are left unattended, these can be breeding grounds for many harmful insects and animal like rats. many disease causing germs will be transmitted by such insects. The entire area will look filthy and will have a dirty sink emanating from garbage. when water is contaminated, many water borne disease will spread in city. There is every chance that epidemics will spread in no time.



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4) Food items in the kitchen are not covered.

Ans. Uncovered food always get contaminated with dirt, dust, flies sitting over it. Such food invites many food borne infections. Health will suffer due to this negligence of keeping the food uncovered.



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• Our government puts in lots of efforts to helps us maintain public health .

• Various civic bodies are set up for this purpose which work round the clock to maintain cleanliness .

• A conscious efforts by every individual is needed to help the civic bodies in their endeavour of maintaining public cleanliness.



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• Social and economic conditions may be some of the factors on which health depends .

• Good economic condition have a direct correlation with individual health.

• To be healthy one also needs to get sound sleep and be free from tensions and anxiety, which is not possible unless there is social equality and harmony .

Health economic and social factors:



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HEALTH HAS BEEN DECLARED A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT.

APRIL 7

WORLD HEALTH DAY



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APRIL 07



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• Are the terms being healthy and disease free? Discuss with your classmates.

• What do you conclude?Ans. Health depends on several factors such as social,

mental , emotional & even a spiritual well - being. Disease free may be considered as just the physical condition.

Activity



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Disease : Disease as the word suggests , means DIS-EASE or not

at ease or ‘ departure from health’. Disease is a conditions of the body in which the vital functions are disturbed physiologically or psychologically.

The point of entry of the pathogen and its target tissue in the body may not be same. e.g. hepatitis virus enters through the mouth and produces disease in the liver. Poliovirus enters through the mouth and affect the nervous system.



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Logylogyat Symptoms and sign of disease :



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Activity1) How do you come to know that you are ill and must visit a doctor?

Ans. Some symptoms are noticed if our health is disturbed. For example, there may be headache, loose motion, fever, cold or cough or pain some where in the body.



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2) When you visit him how do you describe your illness?

Ans. After visiting a doctor we describe our feelings. The types of pain or other trouble which we are experiencing.



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Symptom of the disease are the changes in the body that makes one feel sick or unwell. symptoms cannot be verified or measured; they are subjective to a particular patients. Example, aches and pain, itching, cough, cold, etc.

Signs give definite indication or inference of the presence of a particular disease. Sign of disease can be verified by doctor, hence they are objective.

Example, blood pressure, pulse rate etc.



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The severity of symptoms depend upon the number of disease producing germs present in the body. If the disease producing microbes are less the disease manifestation is minor i.e. the symptoms are so less that they may even go unnoticed.



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Inflammation or oedema :• When tissues get damaged due to infection, chemicals such as

Histamine come out from them. These chemicals attract blood, due to which amount of blood supply and temperature of the wounded area increases. Plasma and WBCs are also discharged at the affected site. Thus oedema is produced locally.

• Macrophages and some WBCs secrete a chemical called interferon, which makes the body cells resistant to infection by viruses.



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Logylogyat TYPE OF DISEASES :



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Activity• Some very common disease affecting human being

are given below.

Typhoid, malaria, diabetes, common cold, tuberculosis, hepatitis, polio.

1. Are these diseases similar ?

Ans. No.

2. Can you suggest criteria by which you can classify them?

Ans. We can classify to the mode of their transmission.



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TYPES OF DIESEASES

TYPES BASED ON THE TIME FOR WHICH

THE DISEASES LASTS

CHRONIC DIAESES

ACUTE DISEASES

TYPES BASED ON THE CAUSE OF THE

DISEASES

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES



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Logylogyat DISEASES THAT LASTS FOR A SHORTER DURATION, IS AN ACUTE DISEASES . AS IT GETS CURED FAST IT DOSE NOT GET TIME TO CAUSE MAJEOR DAMAGE TO THE GENRAL HEALTH OF

THE PERSON. EXAMPLE COMMON COLD

Types based on the time for which the diseases lasts.

a) Chronic diseases - Diseases that lasts for a long time , some time even for a life time , is called chronic diseases .

Example - 1)Diabetes. 2)Tuberculosis .

b)Acute diseases - Diseases that lasts for a shorter duration is called acute diseases.

Example - 1)Common cold .



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1. Endemic - Disease is found in a certain area attacking fewer people.

e.g. filariasis is endemic in the three districts of Kerala (Kottayam, Allappuzha, Ernakulum).

2. Epidemic - Disease spread from place to place affecting large number of people.

e.g. typhoid epidemic can spread during a pilgrimage.3. Pandemic – Disease spread world wide.e.g. AIDS.



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ActivityLast for a few days/ weeks/ months/ years

Affects efficiency for how long

Is there any long term affect on any organ

Common cold Few days For about 2 to 3 days NO

Typhoid About 2 to 3 weeks For about 3 to 5 weeks NO

Asthma Years Depends upon the severity of asthma

YES

arthritis years In old age after the degeneration has progressed sufficiently

YES



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Logylogyat A) Diseases caused due to infection agent or pathogen is called infectious diseases. example influenza , amoebic dysentry etc.

Types based on the cause of the diseases:

B) Diseases caused due to non-infection reason is called communicable diseases. example night blindness and degenerative diseases.



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• Stephen william hawking is a well known british theoretical physicist.

• His work on black holes, theoretical cosmology and quantum gravity is appreciated all over the world.

• He started developing symptoms of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a kind of neuro muscular dystrophy which almost completely paralysed him.

• In 1985 he caught pneumonia and under – went tracheotomy which made him unable to speak.



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Logylogyat Though we know that infectious diseases are caused by pathogens , there are various other factor which contribute to the contraction of a disease.

LEVELS OF CAUSE OF A DISEASE :



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ActivityRead the following paragraph

Chetan is three years old. His family has migrated to a city from a remote village. They stay in a slum. There is a gutter, public toilet just beside their hut. Chetan’s parents are uneducated and do not have proper means of earning. His mother does not know the importance of balanced food. He has recently suffered an attack of polio.



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• What are reasons for chetan’s sickness? What can you conclude about levels of the different causes?

Ans. Chetan is from economically backward family. Therefore, he does not get balanced and nutritious diet. Chetan is not immunized against polio. They stay in hut behind a public toilet. His family using contaminated water after coming to city Chetan become sick as his immunity was already lower.



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Logylogyat •An infectious diseases spreads through air , water , and food or by vectors and through sexual contact.

•Example of air borne diseases are tuberculosis , pneumonia , swine flu etc.

MEANS OF SPREAD OF A DISEASES :



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•We live in an environmental along with other living being apart from us .• It is inevitable that many diseases will be transmitted to us by the they are called vectors .•The female anopheles mosquitoe causes spreading malaria in healthy humans



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ActivityAvoid stale food

Drink filtered and boiled water

Spray kerosene on the stagnant water

Cover the mouth while coughing or sneezing

Wash your hand before eating and after visiting the toilet

Cover the food and eatables

Use clean utensils to store water

yes yes no no yes yes yes



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•Micro-organisms spread quickly and widely where good community health is not maintained . •Prevention of a diseases includes activity designed to protect members of the public from actual or potential health threats and there harmful consequences.

PREVENTION OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES :



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Activity never Some times

always

1. Eat balanced & healthy diet. 2. Get proper rest & exercise.

3. Brush teeth & bathe regularly

4. Wash hands with soap before eating and after visiting a toilet.

5. Use a handkerchief while coughing or sneezing.

6.Consume or use tobacco or its products in any form.

7. Eat fast food.

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1. Keeping out the infectious agents i.e. maintain public & personal hygiene.

2. Availability of proper and sufficient food and water for everyone.

3. Immunization.

PREVENTION OF DISEASES FOLLOWS THREE BASIC

PRINCIPLES

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AN ORGANISMS HAS THE ABILITY TO RESIST DISEASES OR STOP ITS

PROGRESS . THIS ABILITY IS CALLED

IMMUNITY.

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IMMUNISATION :-

It is the process by which an individual’s immune system gets equipped to fight off an infectious agent.

IMMUNITY IS ALSO DEFINED AS “ THE RESIET TO THE ONSET OF A DISEASES AFTER INFECTION BY

HARMFUL GERMS”.

Active immunity is process is produced by vaccination . Immunisation against some common diseases has been taken up in India on a large

scale by giving vaccines against them e.g. BCG vaccine, DPT vaccines , polio vaccine.

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1. Bacterial Disease.SOME INFECTIONS DISEASE :

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1.• It is caused by a bacteria called mycobacterium

tuberculosis.• These bacteria usually attack any part of the

body such as kidney, bone, spine & brain.• If not treated properly, TB can be fatal.

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Signs &Symptoms -

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1 ) I n f a n t s s h o u l d b e g i v e n B C G v a c c i n e .

2 ) T B p a ti e n t s s h o u l d a l w a y s c o v e r w i t h t h e i r m o u t h w h i l e c o u g h i n g o r s n e e z i n g .

3 ) T h e p a ti e n t s h o u l d u s e a s p i tt o o n c o n t a i n i n g h o u s e h o l d g e r m i c i d e f o r

s p i tti n g .

PREVENTION -

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Measures taken by the government to control the spread of tuberculosis :

• World health organisation (WHO) has recommended directly observed treatment short course (DOTS) strategy to control TB.

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It is an infectious life threatening disease caused by bacteria (Salmonella typhi). It is contracted by ingestion of contaminated food or water. The bacteria survive in unhygienic conditions & spread through stools & vomit of patients. It follows faecal oral route and is transmitted directly by the contaminated hands of the patient or the carrier. These bacteria can survive in soil and water for several months.

2.TYPHOID -

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1. The patient has very high fever .

2)Loss of appetite. 3)Abdominal pain. 4)Headache.

Signs and Symptoms:-

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1) Generating awareness about clean and safe drinking water, sanitation, clean hygienic habits,

eating covered food.

2)Vaccination gives protection for three years .

Prevention:-

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Viral disease:-

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A) Hepatitis:• Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver

that can be caused by a group of viruses. There are five main hepatitis viruses referred to as Type A,B,C,D and E.

Hepatitis A,B & C are contagious. Hepatitis is more common and serious in India.

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The symptoms of hepatitis include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and

eyes),dark yellow urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomitting and abdominal pain,

loss of appetite and white or clay-coloured stools.

Sign and Symptoms:-

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• Hepatitis A & B :-Through vaccination . No vaccine is available for hepatitis C & hepatitis E . Since hepatitis B occurs only in persons with active hepatitis B, the vaccine of hepatitis B prevents hepatitis D.

PREVENTION:-

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B) RABIES :

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SIGNS & SYMPTOMS :-1) Headache, fever, depression, loss of appetite, sometimes

itching or pain at the site of bite.

2) Two to ten days later the signsof damage to the nervous system appear. The patient experiences anxiety, hypersalivation,

disorientation,hallucination,seizure and paralysis, spasm of the throat muscles, hydrophobia and difficulty in swallowing.

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Prevention:-1)Vaccination. 2)Cleaning the of the site of wound with soap & water. 3)Vaccination of pets.

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http://www.google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http://aaanimalclinic.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/vaccination-clip-art.gif&imgrefurl=http://aaanimalclinic.com/?page_id=31&usg=__q8_XCOaAar8QXB58ppUHrw-ZwxU=&h=627&w=898&sz=15&hl=en&start=11&zoom=1&tbnid=SMllpSkgXv1bsM:&tbnh=102&tbnw=146&ei=6ZBOTpuED8OmrAeUirGLAw&prev=/search?q=vaccination+of+pets&hl=en&sa=X&tbm=isch&prmd=ivns&itbs=1

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C) Poliomyelitis:

Symptoms-Fewer, fatigue, headache, yomitting,

stiffness in the neck, pain in the limbs & permanent paralysis of

limbs.

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• There is no cure for polio, it can only be prevented. Oral polio vaccine given multiple times can protect a child for life.

Prevention:

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Pulse polio immunization campaign :• ‘pulse polio’ is an immunization campaign established by

the government of India in 1994 to eradicate polio in India.• Pulse polio uses oral vaccine because it is :1. Easy to administer2. Inexpensive3. Reaches intestine directly & prevent disease causing virus.

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AIDS-• AIDS was first recognised in USA. • AIDS STANDS FOR ‘ACQUIRED

IMMUNO DEFICIENCY SYNDROME’.

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Signs and Symptoms:• Due t o we ake ne d i m m une s ys t e m ‘ oppor t un i s t i c

i n f ec t i ons ’ m ay occ ur ( e . g . TB , he rpe s , ye as t and f unga l i n f e c t i ons ) .

• I t can a l so c ause unusua l c ond i t i ons l i ke l ym phom a o f bra i n .

• Sym pt om s m ay var y f rom pe r son to pe r son . b l ood t e s t suc h a s ELISA are pe r f or m e d t o d i agnose the d i s e ase .

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Preventions :• Avoid sexual contact with infected person.• Use disposable syringes and needles.• Avoid common razors in the barber shop.• Before receiving blood transfusion one should

ensure that it has been screened for HIV.• People are to be educated about transmission of

AIDS.


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• Signs and symptoms-DIARRHOEA-

1)Loose motions. 2)abdominal pain. 3)vomitting.4) bloating.5)Dehydration


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• Dehydration :• Diarrhoea can cause dehydration.• Signs of dehydration include thirst, less

urination, dry skin, fatigue, light headedness, no tears while crying & sunken abdomen. Loss of electrolyte may be fatal.



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• Preventions :• Eatables should be covered to prevent

contamination.• Fruit & vegetables should be properly washed

before consumption.• Hands should be washed before eating and

after visiting a toilet.

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Concept Map

Health

Personal Health Community Health

Symptoms Disease

Signs Causes

Precention

Immunization

Vaccination

Types are

INFLUENCES

INDENTIFIED

byor

Poor health can lead to

Due to

Minimized by

Some methods

logylogyat rayat shikshan sanstha,karmaveer vidyaprabodhini,madhya vibhag,satara. std-9 th...

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