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in some fresh mode ; for I cannot but thinkthat the mortality has not been diminished Iby any measures hitherto adopted. I feelsatisfied that many have been over-treated’- have had measures used quite indiscrimi-nately and in excess. I may add, that I haveseen enough to convince me also, that the dis-ease is contagious,-may be produced by (emanation from a system affected by thedisease ; though I do not doubt that it may ibe also taken without contagion,-thatsomething in the air will produce it, with-out that something having proceeded froma diseased body. It is a remarkable fact,that Dr. Prout, who has long been weigh-ing the atmosphere twice a day, found it

suddenly become very heavy exactly at thetime that cholera broke out, as if something Iwere added to the air, and that it long con- I-tinued so heavy, up to the present time.

I may also mention, that for the last threemonths, Dr. Prout has observed an extra-ordinary change in our secretions. He hasfound the perspiration, which is mostlyacid, to be exceedingly so : the saliva,which, except in some cases of dyspepsia,and before death from organic disease isneutral, to be acid ; lithic acid and lithotedeposits, to disappear, or be greatly dimi-nished in the urine, and an acid more likeoxalic to prevail in it, and the morbid de-posits of patients, which before were usuallycompounds of lithic acid. now to be theoxalites. Something evidently exists inthe atmosphere at present, which exerts a

strange power over, at least, the humanbody.

I may add, that in the woman whose caseI have mentioned, the bladder was foundcontracted, and contained a thin fluid, withwhite flakes, like that which was discoveredin the alimentary canal.

*** Our reporter has requested ns to append thefollowing note to this part of the present lecture :-Since the cholera has again grown violent in Lon-don, Dr. Elliotson has employed the saline treat-ment, and has a high opinion of it. The cases hehas lost were, we understand, of extreme rapidity,and were such as he says that he should henceforthfeel justified in treating with far larger and morequickly-repeated doses of the alkaline salts, thanthose given in ordinary cases.The very interesting fact may be here added, that

when cholera appeared again in St. Thomas’s, threeor four weeks xgo, after its eiitiie absenre, duringthe intervals it broke out in a patient lying ill ofsome other disease in the very bed in n,,hich the pa- Itient whose case is detailed above, lay, though thebed had been scoured and cleansed in every way.The cholera has now again entirely ceased in thehospital, and, indeed, is hardly, if at all, seenin the Borough. It may here be stated, and thecircnmstance is a curious and important one, thatDr. Prout discovered the sudden increase of weightin the atmosphere alluded to in Dr. Elliotson’slecture, to occur almost on the very day on whichcholera broke out in r London

LONDON HOSPITAL.

CLINICAL LECTUREBY

DR. BILLING,

Delivered Jan. 28, 1832.

HYSTERIC DISEASES.

I HAVE a few cases of hysteric disease toremark upon to-day, and in the first placethat of S. S., who has been mentioned al-ready (see LANCET, last volume, page 583),which you may take as the prototype andbeau ideal of hysteria, and which is worthyyour continued attention, as you will in

your practice meet with cases of the kindnot unfrequentlv, though, fortunately forthe patients, few so bad-bad as to the suf-ferings of the patient. She has been in thehouse since Nov. 18th, and has already hadmany of the remedies which have beenfound efficacious in similar cases, with nogood effect, at least not permanently; but Ishall persevere in the treatment, both as a

duty to the patient, and because I wish youto have a thorough acquaintance with thephases of such a malady. We cannot treather as an out-patient, as her home is in thecountry, but many of these patients are

much better out of the hospital, as havingmore exercise and air. You have seen thatwithout chiding her and the nurse, we can-not keep her out of bed, though she is thepicture of health ; most patients in herstate have a propensity for lying on theback, and if they remain in bed, the heatproduces relaxation and increased irrita.

bility of the nerves of the spine and sacrum ; -,they ought to be kept out of bed, and everyeffort made to break them of bad habits theymay have acquired ; their fingers should beemployed with some kind of light work, ora book, &c. as much as possible ; and whenit is necessary (which sometimes is thecase, on account of bearing-down pains)that they should keep a good deal in a ho-rizontal position, they ought to lie on a firmsofa, or on a thin mattress, or on a board.When I last mentioned the case of S. S.,

which was on the 18th December, she wastaking ferri carbonas, which had the goodeffect of removing the nervous tremors andheadache, but did not prevent the recurrenceof the fit, which occurred at its usual pe-riod ; you bad a specimen on the 13th,as she was attacked, just as we went into

the ward, with a fit of hysterical epilepsy,violent convulsions, and insensibilitv,knocking herself about, and trying to bite,the eyes squinting obliquely upwards to theutmost ; cold water was applied to the faceand epigastrium, smelling salts to the nose,

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&c., secuudum artem ; but, these have littleeffect on the duration of the fits ; your effortsmust be directed to preventing their recur-rence. The principal thing during the fit is,to prevent their injuring themselves ; andthis is difficult, for even the necessary forceused in holding them down, makes themfeel the next day as if they had been beatenall over. You know that a person who issensible, will cease to exert the muscleswhen the resistance gives pain, but in con-Tu:sive fits, the patient, not being conscious,exerts the muscles to their utmost power,appearing to have extraordinary strengthand thereby strains them, so that the da)following they are all in pain.

After this she had a better excuse thanever for stickmg to bed. You had then an

opportunity of seeing how little real benefitis derived from bleeding, even in such aplethoric subject as this ; and I must repeatto you my reasons for resorting to it, con-

trary to my usual practice in hysteria. Theeffect of the pains of the limbs, almost likeacute rheumatism, and her other usualsources of irritation, produced heat of skin,increase of pulse, and headache, with per-manent flush, and an occasional strabismus,besides which, the usual periodical returnof the catamenia had been retarded ; underthese circumstances it would have been

carrying too far the objections to the se-condary consequences of bleeding, to haverun the risk of the brain being affected; andI must warn vou, that the effect of the cere-bellum becoming inflamed in such a casewould be, the occurrence of nymphomania,the most melancholy visitation with whicha modest woman could be afflicted, a diseasein which the sensations are all painful, andwhich no persons who know the nature ofit would speak or think lightly of, any morethan of hydrophobia. I ordered her to be6!ed from the arm xvj, and to have a btisteron the nape of the neck, which relieved herhead; but having still much pain in thepelvis and lower extremities, I had her

cupped over the sacrum, at the origin of thenerves of those parts, and afterwards ablister applied ; her pains were relieved,and the catamenia were restored. You

ought to know that amenorrhosa. is frequent-ly relieved in plethoric habits by bleedingfrom the arm, or cupping the sacrum, 0]

leeching the pubes or thighs,—as it is, ixdelicate habits, by stimulants, aromaticsand opiates; thus I have constantlv to remind you and to exemplify, that disease;with the same name require oppositeremedies

As the fits were threatening on the 20th,and she once had been benefited by theol. terebinth., I ordered it in enema, to avoid

irritating the kidneys, and she appearedbetter, but had a fit on the 27th. In the be-

ginning of this mouth, she became morehysterical than ever, lay in bed constantly,had two or three fits a day, and had com-plete hysterical loss of voice ; she also gotthat hysterical tenderness of abdomenwhich simulates peritonitis, but is entirelyneuralgic, not inflammatory, and hence sooften relievable bv carbonate of iron. Itook this opportunity of pointing out thediagnosis to those gentlemen who were withme in the ward on the 13th instant. In the

first place the abdomen was exquisitelytender ; indeed more so than in peritonitis,for in peritonitis the skin is not tender asin- hysteria ; but there was no cofinementof bowels; the tongue was clean and theskin soft ; the pulse 132, which, I remarked,was too quick for inflammation; the pulseof an adult is scarcely raised above 120 byinflammation, but these nervous patientshave it from 130 to 160, and when I feelthis nervous flutter, it relieves my mindfrom apprehension of danger, with the otherabsence of symptoms which I have juststated. After this explanation, I pointedout that she was sobbing, and just on thepoint of going off into a fit, as she had doneseveral times latelv whilst we were in the

, ward, and that I would try if the effect of. making her exert herself would not be tokeep it off; I told her rather suddenly, thatI insisted OR her keeping out of bed in theday-time, and that if she could not standshe must lie in her clothes on the bed, but .not in it, and that she must exert herself,as it was the only way to get well, and sohersuaded her out of the fit for that time ; Iat the same time desired the gentlemen, toconvince them there was no inflammatorydisease requiring active treatment, that sheshould take only aqua menthœ giss ter die..and to relieve the uneasy sensations in theabdomen, she had a mustard poultice appliedin the evening: she has been going on very

well with the aqua menthæ ever since. Onthe 17th I ordered the watering-pot doucheto the loins, which strengthens the nerves -,

and she would now be better, but that it isjust the period at which the fits usuallyrecur, and she has had two or three lately ; iyou shall see me persevere, however, and

though I do nut expect to be able to cureher whilst she rfmains in the hospital, asit is not justifiable to occupy a bed so longwith a chronic case, she is by no meansincurahle, and may get well more rapidlyat home than you would suspect.* ‘ You

, must not give way to the idea that the dis-ease is mental, though mental exertion, you

see, influences it, and you must turn that to

* This patient was dismissed in the middle of

March, still subject to fits, after having had fœtid,1 antispasmodic, mercuuat, and other remedies ; sheappeared in perfect heatth, as when admitted ; if any- thing rather stouter.—REP.

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account in treating these cases ; the tooth-ache is not mental, yet if very busy, a per-son forgets it for the time. Matrimony pro-duces a total change in the thoughts, pro-duces fresh cares and occupations, andhence has a powerful moral effect in thisdisease, independant of utero-gestation orother considerations.

AMENORRHEA.

I have now some cases of amenorrhea toallude to; first, those which are simple;secondly, those connected with vicarioushemorrhages.

S. G., aetat. 19. Dec. 8. Complains ofpain and giddiness in the head ; faintnessand debility; pain in the left hypochon-drium ; uneasy sensation in the throat

(globus); feet cold; pulse, tongue, andskin, natural; appetite good ; bowels con-fined four days, and are generally costive ;has been ill three weeks, but catamenia ab-sent three months.

Pil. hydmrg. Pil. aloes c. myrrha aa.gr. v. alt. noct.

Magnesiœ sulph. i ;Liq. antiiii. tant. ss, exAquœ iss ter die.

This was a case ’.of simple amenorrheabrought on by the moat common cause,-cold or wet feet during the catamenia, andeventually producing the train of hystericsymptoms, with debility, preventing hergoing through her work as servant; shewas not one of those who require to havethe occiput shaved. Besides having globushystericus, she was just beginning to getthat white appearance about the lips andmouth which would have terminated inchlorosis. You find that in these cases,

sympathy with the uterus brings on a slug-gishness in the intestines, which causes

costiveness, and the most effectual em-

menagogues are those tonic laxatives whichrenew the activity of the canal,--the bluepill by increasing the biliary secretion, andthe old-established Rufus pill, in whichthe myrrh and aloes are both tonic, thealoes tending to keep up that action in thelower intestines which the blue pill doesin the upper region. Sometimes blue pill,or calomel, is sufficient for all, and thus thesympathetic reaction on the uterus becomesemmenagogue. On the following day, find-ing that though the bowels had not actedthere was no inconvenience, and that theabdomen was neither distended, nor tenderon pressure, I thought it better to give heronly the emmenagogue laxative, and at thesame time ferri caJ’bonatis j ter die, in-stead of the mixture, as it would muchmore improve the chlorotic state ; and, be.sides, you will often find -the iron a mos

powerful means of keeping the bowels regu.lar, when their sluggishness is from wantof tone; another thing which decided mein not forcing the bowels with purgativeswas, that her head was much better, whichshowed she was not suffering from not hav.ing had a motion for five days; and youwill often find a patient relieved by the in-fluence of a medicine on the primæ viz,sometime before it produces a motion; shecontinued these medicines for a fortnight,and then left the hospital quite well, andable to resume her employment.

M. D., aetat. 20, unmarried. Dec. 2.

Complains of palpitation and dvspncea onwalking or going up-stairs; pain in the leftleg; debility; she has nausea, and flatu-lence after eating ; tongue furred and pale;bowels confined ; amenorrhea ; is very pal.lid, and says she has suffered privations.

Mist.feri-i coan.p. iss ter die.This was another case of simple chlorotic

amenorrhea, in which the tonic myrrh andiron mixture, with good diet, kept thebowels regular, and restored the health andstrength in three weeks, without any otherprescription.

VICARIOUS MENSTRUATION.

There are two cases of vicarious men-struation. It is not a very uncommon thing,when there is amenorrhea, for the patientat the regular periods to bring up blood,either from the stomach or lungs, or haveepistaxis ; sometimes this hemorrhage takesplace from an organ not previously dis-eased, but suffering from sympathy withthe uterus, as in the young woman J. C.,who went out sometime ago well, after

having had spitting of blood, vicarious,with amenorrhea ; she first had hystericcough, and then hemorrhage from the irri.tatedbroncliia; the treatment in these caaesbeing, emmenagogue medicines, combinedwith dilute sulphuric acid, and other cool.ing astringents, and quiet when the hemor-rhage occurs ; but in the case of E. C., whois now in the house, there is more diffi-

culty, as the hemorrhage takes place from alung previously diseased.

E. C., setat. 32, unmarried. Dec. 30.Amenorrhea for eight years. She has had

cough for two years (from exposure to coldafter being called out of bed in the night),during which, at the usual periods of the

catamenia, she has either epistaxis, or spitsblood ; leucorrhea profuse; expectoration

’ now not scanty, but tougli muco-pituit’jus;- rhonchus sonorus gravis and sibilans; cre-pitation and dull respiratory murmur, withbronchial respiration, and dulness on per-t cussion inferiorly on right side ; less

521

œdematous; tongue clean; pulse ’74, soft,andregular ; bowels confined ; urine scanty.

Decoct. senegœ 5x ;Surupi papareris albi ij;2inci sulph. gr. ss ter die.Pil. hydrarg. Pil. aloes cum myrrha; aa.gr.v, alternis noctibus.

The explanation of the symptoms isthis : This woman has had leucorrhea and Iamenorrhea for years ; she caught cold twoyears ago, and had, in consequence, perip-neumony of the right side low down, inwhich place hepatisation of the lung exists,but in a very passive chronic state, as herpulse, &c., indicate; she coughed and ex-pectorated from chronic catarrh, for whichI prescribed the tonic anodyne and expec-torant mixture, and, for the uterine symp-toms, the pills; there was a slight crepita-tion on the edge of the hepatised portion ofthe lung. but as there was no acute symp -tom, il did not call for any active depletion.The medicine at first produced nausea, andrelieved the cough ; her mouth becamesore in less than a week, and, as it didso, her pulse,became hard. On the 13tb, theusual period, she brought up about a tea-

spoonful of blood ; considering the equivo-cal state of the lung, I had her bled to x,which relieved her much, and she broughtup no more blood, only the expectoration wasdiscoloured, of a brownish red. You mustobserve that much of her dyspneea, palpita.tion, and pains, is nervous and hysterical,as well as the globus and low spirits, de-

pendicg on the old uterine affection,which make me less anxious about her;though the state of the lung must requireconstant care.

I have ordered her now ij cubebs ter die, Iwhich, besides being indicated for the leu-eorrhcea, is as good a medicine as she cantake for the chronic catarrh*

Some years ago I was consulted by ayoung lady who had had, at first, vicarioushsmatemesis evfi’y month, but the hmmate-mesis had become more frequent, accompa-nied with pain at the pit of the stomach, dys-pepsia, constipation, and dropsical symp-toms. I prescribed leeches to the epigas-trium, magnesiœ sulph. j, with dilute sulph..acid. tllXv, ex. inf. rosœ comp. ter die, whichstopped the hemorrhage, kept the bowelsin order, and removed the pain ; after thisI gave small doses of ol. terebinth. ter die,which improved the state of the mucousmembrane ; and, subsequently, the e7nme?za-

* This woman left the hospital in the middle ofMarch, having been free from coagh for some

time, but the hysterical symptoms and leucorrheacontinued, for which she was directed to attend asan outpatient; the cubebs had been changed formisturafwri comp. on the 2d of February.—Rep.

gogue pills, with carbonate of iron, restoredthe catamenia and the health of the patient.

CASES OF PETECHIAL FEVER CONCLUDED.

We must now continue the considerationof the two cases of fever mentioned in thelast lecture. On the 23d, S. J. was relievedso far, that she was free from delirium andgot sleep in the night, but still had hot skin,headache, pulse 120, and complained ofthirst, and of her throat being sore ; thebowels were too much purged, and there-fore I left off the mixture, and ordered her

Sulph. quininœ gr. i ;Acidi sulph. dil. j, exAquœ j ter die.

On the 24th she said she felt better, herhead nearly clear, and had had some sleepin the night ; the skin continued hot, the

pulse still harder than natural, and the

tongue furred ; the bowels continued to be

relaxed enough, four orfive timesin twenty-four hours, and therefore I made no altera-tion in the medicine, except the additionofgr.j ipecucuan. to each dose as an expecto-rant, as the cough continued ; and as there

remained some tendency to flushing, andheat in the head, she had eight leeches to thetemples. The ipecacnanha produced somenausea and expectoration ; her pulse fell onthe 26th to 108, and soft; skin more tem-

perate ; the bowels continued relaxed. Thereport yesterday, the 27th, was, that shefelt much better ; pulse 96, solt, and full ;coughs still, hut expectoration’easy, mucose;tongue moist to-day; she may almost be; pronounced convalescent.*

M. H. continued to suffer from pectoraland gastric inflammation, notwithstandingthe active and antiphlogistic measures adopt-ed ; on the 22d she had six more leeches ap-plied to the sternum, which removed the

pain, but the dyspncea. and cough continued.On the 23d she had less fever, little or no

headache, and the skin soft; she was verymuch purged, but no involuntary motions,and I omitted the antimonial mixcture, andgave her the emulsio oleosa for her cough.On the 23d, nine p. m., as the purging coii-tinued, Mr. Williams thought it necessaryto give x tinct. opii post sing. sedes IiI].! After the second dose she fell asleep, andon the 24th she felt better in the morningiin consequence of having had rest, but iuthe afternoon became worse, the crepitationcontinuing, with dyspncea, and the coughsounding wheezy. She had decoct. luema-

toxyli for the bowels, with gr. ij ihecacunu, asan expectorant, 6tis /!ons; eight leeches and ablister to the chest; next day she felt better,

. * The convalescence was grauualty progressivefrom that time; the patient subsequently had onlysome emmenagogue and tonic medicines.—Rep.

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and on the 26th also, though she had beendelirious in the night, and her breathingwas oppressed at times, although the respi-! i,ratory murmur was better. On the 27th, Iyesterday, she was much worse again ; she fhad been delirious and restless in the night,!getting out of bed; she was. at two p. m.incoherent, talking anxiously about mem-bers of her fdmily ; the respiratory murmurbecame weaker again on the left side, withcrepitation, and respirations more frequent,besides which she now and then gave a

very faint suppressed cry, as if something’gave her pain, though she was too confusedto give any account of what it was, butthere could be no doubt from the symptomsthat there was a renewal of pleurisy, orrather pleuroperipneumony. Under thesecircumstances, though she was much re-duced, and the pulse was becoming weakit was necessary to take some blood from herwhich we did to the amount of xvij, uponwhich the pulse became rather fuller, audshe less restless. I directed her to havethe head shaved, and ordered her decocti cin-chontu j ter die, for her skin was tempe-rate, and though the vessels required un-loading, the cunstitution needed support,and she was constantly supplied with milk. jTo-day the report is very favourable, though Ishe can scarcely be said to be out of dan-ger ; she was very restless in the early partof the night, but slept afterwards, and isdrowsy to-day; not comatose, being col-lected when awakened. Says she feels hotall over; pulse 108, not weak; tonguemoist on the edges; bowels free; urine

natural ; skin temperate ; does not coughfrequently as before.

If she has no return or exacerbation of

pleuro-peripneumony she may do very well,as the fever is gone.* I must again impressupon you the necessity for giving nourish-ment, and not merely contenting yourselveswith ordinary medicines in fever, when 4patients are in a state of insensibility, atwhich time they are not conscious of thirst,though standing much in need of the sup-port of drink, of which you will he con-vinced by seeing the greedy thirst of pa-’tients just recovering their sensibility infever ifyo’i do not insist upon the attend-ants giving supplies of liquid at this stage.they will, perhaps, let the patients sink,from their not merely not asking for, butrefusing it, and you must watch your op-portunity to get them to take a sufficient

quantity at a time, from a quarter to half apint, as during a period of insensibility itis difficult to get them to swallow; and,besides, you must caution attendants against

* From this day she continued to get better. Onthe 31st the cough was " slight and loose," andshe quickly recovered her strength. There was noalteration of her medicine after the 27th.-Rep.

putting liquid into the mouth of a patientlying down insensible, as 1 have no doubt inthis way medicine or nutriment has occa-

sionally become the cause of death rattle,by getting into the trachea. When attend-ants tell you patients will not, or cannot,swallow a spoonful, you may, nevertbeless,get them to drink a teacup full, by settingthem up, and rousing them a little, whichthough not desirable so far as the fever isconcerned, must be done to prevent in-anition. Whilst the fever lasts, I neverwish my patient to drink anything butspring water or milk, and you will findthese most uniformly grateful ; water forthirst, milk for nourishment. Most ge.nerally the smell of food, particu’arly meat,is nauseous to fevered parents; and henceI do not order beef-tea or broth ; milk is atthe same time the simplest and best nou-

, rishment for all ages.

DISEASES OF THE HEART.

Both the cases of disease of the heart,which I explained to you a fortnight ago,are improving. T. M. (p. 330’) in parti.cular has every prospect of getting perma-nentlv well ; he continues to take the digi-talis and opening medicine ; his pulse isnow 80, and though his breathing is still

easily affected by exercise, he is stronger.*. The other man, J. W., has made someprogress, but is still suffering from rheu-matic pains, though less; lie has been

taking gr. v sulphate of quinine, with ssvini cnlshici ter die since the 20th; he hasstill a difficulty of lying on the left side;bruit de soufflet, and the other symptoms ofthe organic disease of his heart, for whichwe must keep him, at rest as long as wecan.t

CONCLUDING REMARKS TO THE COURSE.

I have now, Gentlemen, come to the con-clusion of my three months of clinicallectures, but although I vacate the chair,I shall continue to give you less formal,though, perhaps, not less useful instruction,both in the wards, and in pathology al exami-nations, when opportunities occur. Indeedpart of the clinical lecture must necessarilvbe a recapitulation of peripatetic observa-tions, but those observations are sometimesnot heard. I recommend you carefullv to

attend to the practice of the other phy-s.cians, as well as the constitutional treat-

. B * He was discharged from the hospital on the 7(liof February, " feeling qaite well ; no dyspnœa orimpulsion on ascending the stairs; pulse 84, full,

- and steady."—Rep. This patient was permitted to leave the hospital

at his own request on the 5th of March as he feltwell ; pulsed, regular, soft, still jarring; no dys-pncea or pain in the chest, but bruit de soafllet still,

and impulsion upon exercise."—Rep.

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meotadoptedby the surgeons. I can assure

you, that you will glean something from thepractice of each and everyone, and it is onlythus that you can learn to be what is of so much

consequence, unprejudiced. I have heardteachers recommend pupils not to wanderfrom one professor to another, for that thustheir notions would be unsettled, and notregulaked by any system. But as no systemwhich is the work of man can be perfect, 1advise you to learn from one professor tocorrect the system of another, and so far asyou have time and means, to visit otherschools, both in this country and abrond.You will do well to attend constantly tothe treatment of the out-patients, as you

can thereby learn the nature ofmany chronic i

diseases, especially those of the eye andskin, which are of much consequence thoughnot generally requiring admission into thewards. As far as our time would allow, Ihave shown and explained to you our new

Band inestimable mode of diagnosis by aus- Icultation. I feel that to the practical phy-sician it is like the acquisition of a newsense; but this you must practise your- Iselves, constantly, in order to render per-ception clear. Let me, however, remindyou, that its value is in distinguishing thedisease, and that though, according to theproverb, the knowledge of the disease is Ihalf the cure, it is but half, for if youkeep your ear to the stethoscope for a week,it cannot whisper to you what remedies to I,resort to ; therefore, practise auscultationand morbid anatomy to ascertain the natureof diseases ; but withal, watch well theeffects of remedies in order to cure them.I have endeavoured to teach you the truevalue of morbid anatomy,--to show you,that though some diseases are incurable,you may yet prolong life, and that youwill do so more certainly, by knowingthat the disease can only be palliated, thanif, from not being assured of that, you shouldattempt impussibilities ; and this appliesmore especially to organic alteration of theheart.There are some men who, through igno-

rance, from want of being better taught,underrate morbid anatomy ; 1 say throughignorance, for i hope there is not any medi-cal man so devoid of principle as to neglectit if he knew the value of it as much as wedo. It is true that there are some diseasesconnected with a derangement of the ner-vous svstem, the immediate cause of whichhas not yet been satisfactorily detected bydissection ; but we shall succeed in time, 1believe ; and the phrenological mode of unravelling the brain must at length lead tcdiscoveries of the nature of several obscure

, diseases. It ia of the greatest consequence,

to you, in order to gain confidence ancsteadiness in the application of remedies

to lose no opportunity of post-mortem ega.minations, and especially in acute diseases,such as fevers and inflammation of the

viscera. A knowledge of the true natureof diseases gained by morbid anatomy, willgive you confidence to adopt decided prac-tice ; knowing that if the disease be withinthe power of remedies, you will cure, and ifthe disease be mortal, you will not hastendeath a moment ; on the contrary, perhaps,gain time for the sufferer to settle his af-

fairs, which ii often of the utmost conse-

quence to a family..In order to instruct you in morbid ana-tomy, I have not confined myself to thespecimens obtained actually from our ownclinical patients during the session, butI have also resorted to the museum for ex-

emplification, and have brought forwardspecimens obtained out of doors, withwhich I have been favoured by friends, in-cluding former pupils, to whom I feel muchobliged. Whenever I receive any speci-men, or letter communicating medical facts,from a former pupil, it is a source of grati-fication, as a proof of that good understand-ing and friendship which ought to existwhen each party does his duty ; I receive itas a proof of conviction, that what is thuscommunicated will not be thrown away,and that there is a feeling of agreeable re-collection of our school, and that my oldpupil wishes to help me in instructiug mynew ones, that he does not consider me inhis debt, or that I had broken faith withhim in any way, but that, on the contrarv,

I had given him value for what he paidaccording to the custom of the school,-that he has that feeling which makes himwish us prosperity, as 1 do most cordiallyto all of you, Gentlemen, in taking leave ofthis class for the present.

THE EXPERIMENTS

OF

FARADAY, NOBILI, AND ANTINORI,ON A NEW CLASS OF

ELECTRO-DYNAMIC PHENOMENA.

THE late discoveries of our distinguishedcountryman Dr. Faraday in this importantbranch of physics, has excited the atten-tion of natural philosophers in every partof Europe, and his experiments have beensuccesstully repeated and modified by manyof his contemporary savans. Amongst otherexotic inquirers, Signori Nobiti and Anti-nori of Florence, who d-rived their firstknowledge of Dr. Faraday’s pursuits from ashort notice given by M. Hachette to theAcademy of Sciences at Paris, and after-