JOHN B. KENNY p with illustrations by the author

LONDON

Sir lsaac Pitman and Sons, Ltd.

Foreword .

chapter 1

. . . . . . . . w e Work with Clay

Modeling with Balls and Cylinders. A Candlestick. Obtaining Clay. Moist Clay. Dry Clay. Liquid Clay. Wedging. Shrinkage. Drying. Joining Clay. Porosity. Grog. Organic Materials in Clay. Hollowing Out. Coil Building. Slab Building. A News- paper Coil. Keeping Work Damp. Self-hardening Clay. Oven- hardening Clay. Plasteline. Reclaiming Clay. Form.

chapter 2

T o o l s and Equipment . . . . . The Sculptor's Fingers. Modeling Tools. Making a Sculpture Tool. The Wedging Board. Woodworking Tools. The Whirler and Handrest. Modeling Boards. A Damp Closet. A Modeling Stand. Sprayers. Calipers. Proportional Calipers. A Frog. Kitchen Tools. Light. Using a Mirror. Caring for Tools.

chapter 3

T h e Figure

Sketching in Clay. Anatomy. Modeling an Anatomical Figure. Modeling a Dancer. Armatures. Working from a Model.

chapter 4

Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

A Cat. A Running Deer. Making Animals by Slab Building. Dogs. A Monkey Tree. An Equestrian Figure. Butterflies. Ani- mal Anatomy. Turtles. Animal Portraiture.

1 vii 7

chapter 5

. . . . . . . . . . Port ra i ture

Preparing an Armature. Making a Portrait of a Boy. Making a Portrait of a Young Woman. Anatomy of the Head. Basic Head Shape and Major Planes. Portraiture.

chapter 6

Molds . . . . . . . . . . . . . Plaster of Paris. Gypsum. Types of Molds, Press Molds, Squeeze Molds, Drain Molds, Solid Casting Molds, Waste Molds, Case Molds. Buying Plaster. Hydrocal and Hydrostone. Pottery Plaster. Making a One-piece Press Mold for a Tile. Mixing Plaster. Estimating Quantities. Setting. Pressing a Tile. Making a Drain Mold. Making a Sprig Mold. Plaster Drying Bowls. Sizing. Shellac. Retaining Walls. Making a Two-piece Press Mold. Notches. A Template. A Gate. Determining Num- ber of Pieces. Mold Making Without Retaining Walls. Making a Mold of a Candleholder. Making a Press Mold for a Large Ceramic Group. Shims. Making a Waste Mold. Thread Sepa- ration. Casings. Modeling in Plaster. Carving. Running Plaster. A Turning Box. Speed of Setting. Plaster Tools. Disposing of Waste. Repairing Molds. Craftsmanship.

chapter 7

M a t e r i a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 l8

Clay, Residual, Sedimentary, Ball. Fire Clay. Buff Clay. Red Clay. Bentonite. Fluxes. Feldspar. Nepheline Syenite. Body Frit. Glass Cullet. Talc. Whiting. Fillers. Casting Slip. Defloc- culation. Using Local Materials. Digging Your Own Clay. Preparing Clay for Use. Testing the Properties of a Clay. Altering a Clay. Color. Plasticity. Aging Clay. Opening Up Clay. Firing Range. Casting Properties. Clay Bodies. Recipes, Sculpture Body, Porcelain, Stoneware, White Bodies, Casting Slips, Terra-cotta Bodies. Mixing Clay Bodies, Blunging. The Filter Press. Pugging and De-airing. Preparing Clay Bodies. Making Your Own.

chapter 8

Color in Sculpture. Natural Color in Clay. Effect of the Fire. Effect of Reduction. Blending. Agate Ware. Using Clays of Different Color. Adding Color to Clay. Body Stains. Painters' Pigments. Colored Grog. Engobe. Engobe Recipes. Applying Engobe. Stencils. Slip Trailing. A Slip Trailing Tube. Painting Engobe in Molds. Sgraffito. Wax Resist. Glass Forming En-

viii 7

gobes, Recipes. Terra Sigillata. Defects in Engobe. Glaze. Pre- paring Glazes. Principles of Glazing. Use of Feldspar, Clay, Calcined Clay, Flint, Fluxes. Glaze Recipes. Lead Glazes. Gum. Tin Enamel or Majolica Glazes. Translucent Glazes. Al- kaline Glazes. Frit. Powdered Glass. Leadless Glazes. Vol- canic Ash. Bristol Glazes. Mat Glazes. Rutile. Crackle. Spatter. Speckled Glazes. Metallic Effects. Gun Metal. Glaze Over Glaze. Bubbling. Reticulation. Salt Glaze. Feldspathic Glazes. Cornwall Stone. Red Glazes. Lustre. Color in Glazes. Soluble Salts. Prepared Ceramic Colors, Stains, Underglaqe Colors, Overglaze Colors. Mixing Glazes. A Glaze Shaker. Grinding. Mixing Alkaline Glazes. Storing Glazes. Testing. ~ a r t < i n ~ Tests. Applying Glaze, Brushing, Dipping, Pouring, Spraying, Glazing Raw Ware. Glaze Defects, Crazifig, Crawling, Blis- tering, Running. Using Glaze Defects. Surface Treatments. Texture. Vermiculite. Wax. Soapstone. Milk. Oil. Rubbing. Paint. Cement Base Paint. Patina. Form and Color.

chapter 9

. . . . . . . . . . . . T h e Kiln 189

Measuring Temperature. Pyrometric Cones. Refractory Br- icks. Insulating Bricks. Fuels. Electric Kilns, Nichrome, Kanthal, Globar. Gas Kilns. Muffle Kilns. Downdraft Kilhs. ,

Saggers. Oil Fired Kilns. Periodic and Continuous Kilns. Buying a Kiln. The Firing Cycle, Water Smoking, Dehydra- tion, Organic Matter, Maturing Temperatures, Vitrification, High Fire, Cooling. Grindinq. Oxiaation and Reduction. Stacking. Kiln Supports. Dry Footing. Kiln Wash. Build- ing a Kiln. Understanding Your Kiln.

chapter 10

Decorative Ceramics . . Ceramic Flowers. Figurines. Making a Mold for a Figurine. Ceramic Lace. Decorating. Underglaze Painting. Polychrome. Majolica. Overglaze or China Painting. Gold. Sgraffito in Glaze. Painting with a Sponge. An Extruding Tool. Using De- calcomanias. Marbelizing. Ceramic Crayons. Defects in Dec- oration. Principles of Decoration.

chapter 11

Ceramics for Use . . . . . . . . Candlesticks. Coil, Clay Strips, Slab. Lamps. Making a Lamp by the Slab Method. Building a Lamp with a Whirler. A Rec- tangular Lamp. Wiring a Lamp. A Felt Base. Drilling. Dec- orating Lamps, Engobe, Modeling in Relief, Pierced Decora- tion, Spiral Decoration, Sprig Molds. Other Lamp Forms.

Flowerholders. A Tile Top Table. A Tile Tray. Ceramic Stoves. An Electric Stove. A Plate Warmer. Useful Objects. Craftsmanship.

chapter 12

Ceramic Sculpture Out-of-Doors. ~ i r i n ~ ' in Sections. Building a Figure by the Coil Method. Using Proportional Calipers. Joining Sections. A Ceramic Flower Box. Building a Fountain. A Bird Bath. Cooperation with Industry. Sewerpipe Sculpture. Protection from the Weather. Weep Holes.

chapter 13

L e t ' s Have Fun . . . . . , . . . . . 275

Figure Jugs. Making a Ceramic Bottle. A Ceramic Whistle. Ceramic Jewelry. Making a Ceramic Fantasy. Chessmen. Chess Board. Miniature Gardens. Ceramic Sculpture Thrown on the Wheel. Making a Candleholder on the Wheel. Some Principles.

chapter 14

M o r e Ways Than One . . . . . . . . . There are No Rules. Horses. Representation. Distortion. Sty- lization. Abstraction. Non-objective Sculpture. Mobiles. Mate- rials in Combination. A Functional Approach. Making a Free Form Bowl. Space. Light. Design Skill. A Final Word.

Photo Series 1 - A horse made from coils . . . . . 2 - An angel candleholder . 3 - Making a sculpture to01 . 4 - Sketching in clay. . 5 - An anatomy lesson . 6 - A Balinese dancer . . . . 7 - Modeling a cat-using a paper core . 8 - A deer . . . . . . . 9 - Slab building-dogs .

10 - A monkey tree . . 11 - Lady Godiva . . . 1 2 - A t u r t l e . . . . 13 - A portrait of a boy . 14 - A portrait of a girl . . . 15 - A press mold for a tile . . 16 - Making a one-piece drain mold . 17 - A sprig mold. . . . . 18 - A two-piece press mold . . . . . . 19 - A mold for a candleholder . . . . . . 20 - A mold for a large group, The Holy Family. . 21 - A waste mold for a portrait . . . . . 22 - Thread separation-a mold for a'small animal . 23 - A turning box . . . . . . . . 24 - Slip trailing . . . 25 - Firing a large group. 26 - Ceramic flowers . 27 - Making a figurine . . . . 28 - Decorating a figurine, ceramic lace . 29 - Using an extruding tool . . . 30 - Decalcomania . . . . . 31 - A candlestick . . . . . . . . 32 - A cylindrical lamp-made by the slab method . 33 - A lamp, coil built, usirg a whirler . . . . 34 - A rectangular lamp-made by the slab method . 35 - SgraGto decoration . , . . . . . ,

36 - Making a ceramic stove . 37 - A ceramic plate warmer . . 38 - Garden sculpture-coil built . 39 - A ceramic flower box .

40 - A ceramic fountain . 41 - A ceramic bottle . . 42 - Ceramic fantasy . . . . .

43 - Chess men . . . . . . . . . 44 - Ceramic sculpture made on the potters wheel . 45 - Free form . . . . . . . . .

I I1

111 IV v

v 1 v11

v111 IX

X XI

XI1 XI11 XIV xv

XVI XVII

XVIII XIX XX

XXI

Ceramic sculpture . . Figures . . . Animals . . . Fish . Dogs . . More animals . . . . . . . Birds . . . . . . . . . Plaster casts showing planes of the head . Portraits . . . . . . . . Waxing and coloring . Shell form lamp . . Trays , . . . Ceramic Stove . . a

Sculpture out-of-doors . Toys . . . . ,

More toys . Horses . . . .

More horses . . More ways than one . More figures . . . . How modem is "modern"?

Color Plates 1 - Glaze samples . 2 - Slab built dogs . 3 - Majolica deer. . 4 - Coil built lamp . . . 5 - Neptune and mermaid . 6 - Ceramic chess set . . 7 - Slab built lamp . . . 8 - The Holy Family . . . . . . . 9 - Glaze tests for the Holy Family group . .

10 - Ceramic altar piece by Giovanni della Robbia 11 - Ceramic fountain . . . . . . . 12 - Color samples . . . . . . . . 13 - Ceramic landscape . 14 - Majolica fish . .

. XVI

. 18

. 47

. 66

. 67

. 68

. 69

. 70

. 78

. 79

. 79

. 79

. 79

. 80

. 134

. 188

. 254

. 274

. 292

. 296

. 300

facing title page " page 64 /f f1 64 / I

" 64 t1 (1 64 11

" 64 / I

#' 64 I!

" 144 // 11 144 I1 " 144 " " 240 I/ " 240

240 " (' 240

Absorption, 126 Abstraction, 294 Acetic acid, 10 Agate ware, 136 A ing, 127 Agmina, 118, 121, 158 Anatomy, animal, 61 Anatomy, human, 35, 77 Animals, 48 Antimony, 169 Armatures, 13, 46, 59, 71 Aventurine glaze, 167

Ball mill, 172 Balsam, oil of, 219 Banding wheel. 26. 293

Bats, 93, 286 Beads, 278 Bentonite. 120 Benzine, 144 Bird bath, 272 Blending, 135 Blistering, 182 . Blow out, 125 Blowers. 145 Bluing, '106 Blunging, 131 Board, modeling, 27 Board, wedging, 25 Bottle. 276 ~orax, ' 152, 164 Boron, 152 Borosilicate glaze. 155 Bowl, drying, 94. Brass, shim, 105 Bricks, 191 Bronze, 186 Bubbling, 164 Burlap, 6, 15, 107, 110, 1

260 ~utterflies, 59

Calcining, 148 Calcium, 150 Calipers, 28, 255 Candlesticks, 3, 101, 225, Carving, 111 Casing, 110 Casting, 128 Casting box, 95, 213 Cauallito, Albino, 59, 77 Celadon glaze, 166 Cement, Duco, 116, 240, Ceramis ar, 120 ~ e r e m u f A, 144 Chess board, 284 Chessmen, 281 China painting, 219 Chromium, 137, 168, 169 Clay, Alberhill, 5

ball, 119 Barnard, 5, 144 blackbird, 5, 144 bodies, 5,.6, 128, 131 body recipes, 128 buying, 5 calcined. 148 Campbell's, 5 casting, 7 china, 119, 147 cleaning, 125 color, 127, 133, 137

common, 120, 124 Fi urines, 210 Dalton, 5 Fiters, 122 drying, 8 Filter press, 131 Edgar Lake, 119 Firing cycle, 197 fire, 119 Firing in sections, 255 flour, 7 , Firing range, 124, 127 Gorden, 5 -:Flint, 89, 123, 148 Jordan, 5 Flower box, 261 Monmouth, 5 Flower holders, 245 non-hardening, 17 - , Flowers, ceramic, 208 oven-hardening, 16 preparing, 132 residual, 118 sedimentary, 119 . Free form, 297 self-hardening, 16 , Frit, 121, 153 stoneware, 16 ( b ' 3 ~ j x % Frogs, 29 testing, 126 Fuels, 191

Cleopatra's Needle, 273@?'w' .Fuller's earth, 191 Cobalt, 137, 170 Function, 297 Coil building, 11, 227, 233, 255: Gale, Eleanor, 49, 103 Colemanite, 155, 164 Color, 133, 171 2 Garden sculpture, 253 Color in clay, 133, 137 Gardens, min~ature, 285 Color in glazes, 148, 169 Gate, 100 Composition, 17 Glass cullet, 122, 155 Cones, pyrometric, 189 Glass fibre, 191 Cone temperatures, XV Glass-forming engobe, 144 Cooling, 199 Glass tubing, 140 Copper, 137, 170 Glaze, 146 Core, 12, 50, 71, 261 alkaline, 152 Cornwall stone, 166 borosilicate, 155 Cracking, 9 Bristol, 157 Crackle, 160 celadon, 166 Crawling, 181 crackle, 160 Crayons, ceramic, 223 defects, 180 Crazing, 160, 180 feldspathic, 166 Crimson base, 167 fritted, 153 Crystallization, 87, 159 k un metal, 163

ead, 148 Damp closet, 14, 15, 27 leadless, 152, 155 De-airing, 131 lustre, 169 Decalcomania, 221 . ' mat, 158 Decomposition, 118 majolica, 151 Decorating, 114, 208, 2117, 238, metallic, 162

242, 277 mixing, 172 Decoration, defects in, 224 opaque, 151 Deflocculation, 123 porcelain, 166 Dehydration, 197 prepared, 146 Design, 301 recipes, 148 Dextrine, 150 red, 166 DiMaggio, Monie, 208 salt, 165 Dipping, 176 sang-de-boeuf, 166 Distortion, 294 speckled, 161 Dolomite, 157 stoneware, 166 Draft. 84, 100 volcanic ash, 156 Dresden, 213 Glaaing, 147, 176 Drilling, 241 Globar, 192 Dry footing, 201 Glossiness, 182 Drying, 8, 17, 87 Gold, 104, 219 Dryness in glaze, 182 Gouges, 112 Electrolvtes. 123 Grindi ine. 199. 239 ~lemenis , ilectric, 192, 251 Grog, 10; 87, '137 Eliscu, Frank, 33, 43, 52 Gum arabic, 150 Engobe, 50, 138 Gum cellulose, CMC, 150 Engobe defects, 146 Gum tragacanth, 150 Enlarging. 49. 255 Gypsum, 81 E ~ S O ~ ; ; 155 Equestrian sculpture, 59 Extruding, 220 Fantasy, ceramic, 279 Fat oil of turpentine, 219 Feldspar, 118, 121, 147 Felt, 46, 241

Hand rest, 26, 233 High fire, 198 Hollowing, 11, 74. 271 Horses, 293 . Houdon, 43 Hydrocal, 82 Hydrostone, 82

Ilmenite, 162 Overglaze painting, 219 Slip painting, 141

Incising, 243 Oxidation, 135, 200 Slip trailing, 139, 233

Inlaying, 50, 136 Soapstone, 184 Paint, 16, 185

Insulation, 191 Soda, 118, 121, 152 Paint, cement base, 185

Iron, 121, 137, 167, 170 Soda ash, 123, 152 Painting engobe, 141

Iron chromate, 137, 170 Sodium alginate, 150 Paraffin, 143 Sodium silicate, 123

Jewelry, 278 Patina, 186 Sodium tannate, 123 Joining, 9 Peeling, 146 Spatter, 161 Jugs, 275 Pencils, ceramic, 175 Space, 299

Piercing, 244 Kanthal, 192 Spirals, 244

Pigments, 137 Kaolin, 119, 147 Spraying, 15, 27, 35, 177

Pinholes, 182 Kiln wash, 202 Sprigs, 92, 112, 244

Pink oxide, 167 Kilns, 189 Stacking, 200

Plasteline, 17, 24 construction, 203 Stains, 137, 171

Plaster of Paris, 25, 81 downdraft, 195 Stencils, 139

blue coat, 106 electric, 191 Stilts, 201

carving, 111 gas, 194 Stoneware, 129

muffle, 194 dry:ng, 87 Stoves, 248, 250 mixing, 84

oil, 195 Stylization, 294 models, 108, 263

periodic, 196 pried of plasticity, 100, 110 Table, 246 supports, 201 pottery, 82 Talc, 89, 122, 130, 184 tunnel, 196 pouring, 86, 107 Template, 99, 112 updraft, 194 reinforcing, 103, 106 Terra cotta, 71, 123, 130

Lace, 214 setting, 87, 114, 115 Terra sigillata, 145

Lamps, 230 Plastic bags, 6, 7, 14 Testing, 126, 175

wiring, 240 Plasticity, 124, 127 Texture, 21, 87, 183

Lavender, oil of, 219 Plate warmer, 251 Thermal shock, 122

Lead, 149 Polychrome, 45, 218 Thread separation, 108

Lead chromate, 170 Porcelain, 121, 128 Throwing, 286

Leather-hard ware, 8, 15 Porosity, 10, 127 Tiles, 83, 87, 141, 247

Light, 29, 299 Portraiture, 71 Tin, 171

Lime, 121 Potash, 118, 121, 152 Tin enamel glaze, 151

Linseed oil, 184 Potassium, 152 Titanium, 159, 171

Lopez, Pat, 128, 248 Potter's wheel, 285 Tools, 20 Pressin 87, 104, 265, 269 plaster, 115

Lustre, 168 Pugmilt 131 Translucent bodies, 122

Magnesite, 157 Pumicite, 156 Translucent glaze, 152 Magnesium, 157 Pump, 267 Tray, 248 Magnetite, 137 Pyrometers, 191 Turning, 288 Majolica, 151, 218, 277 Turning box, 112 Manganese, 137, 170 Realism, 32 Turntable, 26 Marbleizing, 223 Reclaiming clay, 17, 125 Turpentine, 242 Margoulies, Berta, 255 Reduction, 135, 200 Turtles, 64 Marking fluid, 175 Refractories, 191 Twine, 13 Maroon base, 167 Reinforcing, 103, 106

Relief, 84, 111, 243 Umber, 144, 171 Maturing point, 123, 198 Representation, 294 Undercuts, 98 Meissen, 213 Retaining walls, 90, 95, 96 Underglaze colors, 172, 290 Micalizzi, Dauid, 22, 279 Reticulation, 165 Underglaze painting, 217 Milk, 184 Mirror, 31, 75 Rubbing, 185 Vanadium, 171 Mobile sculpture, 295 Running in glazes, 182 Vaseline, 117 Modeling board, 27 Running plaster, 112 Vermiculite, 184, 191 Modeling in m last er, 110 Rutile, 159, 170 Vinegar, 10, 95 Modeling stand, 27 Saggers, 195 Volcanic ash, 156 Molds, 81 Salt glaze, 165 Volclay, 120

drain, 89 Salts, soluble, 171 Warping, 9 figurine, 212 Sand, 13, 123, 125 Water, 181 press, 71, 82, 96, 103, 263 Sang-de-boeuf, 166 Water, chemically combined, 8 sprig, 92, 112, 244 Screens, 10, 125 Water of plasticity, 8 squeeze, 71 Sculpture body, 128 Water smoking, 197 two-piece, 96 Setting, 87 Wax, 184 waste, 105, 108, 262 Settling, 155 Wax resist, 143

Molasses, 150 Sewer pipe, 272 Wedging, 7 Monteleone, Mario, 210 Sgraffito, 142, 220,242 Wedging board, 25 Mounting, 74 Shellac, 16, 95, 99 Wedgwood, Josiah, 137

Ne~heline syenite, 121 Shelling, 146 wee^ holes, 273

Net, 215 Shims, 105 Whirler, 26, 233

Nichrome, 192 Shivering, 180 Whistles, 277

Nickel, 170 Shrinkage, 8, 126 White bodies, 130

Non-objective sculpture, 295 :017i&44 Whiting, 150

Notches, 97 Wire, chicken, 110 Silica, 118, 121, 123 Wire, piano, 25

Ochre, 144, 170 Size, 94, 99 Wiring lamps, 240 Oil of balsam, 219 Sketching, 32 Oil of lavender, 219 Slab building, 12, 55, 230, 237

172

Oilcloth, 14 Slabs, plaster, 93 Zinc, 171 Organic matter, 10, 184, 198 Slaking, 17, 85 Zirconium, 152, 171 Overglaze colors, 172 Slip, 7, 17, 91, 123 Zircopax, 171