long-term water-energy nexus: towards practical approach
TRANSCRIPT
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies Towards sustainable development - policy oriented, practical and strategic research on global environmental issues
Long-term water-energy nexus: Towards
practical approach for sustainable water and
electricity supply in India
Bijon Kumer Mitra
&
Anindya Bhattacharya
Asia Clean Energy Forum 2013
Manila
26-28 June, 2013
Basic facts
• In India per capita water availability has dropped from 5177 m3 in
1951 to 1600 m3 as per 2011 census, which is defined as water
stress conditions
• Only 1122 billion cubic meters (BCM) of water is utilisable per year.
But water demand will grow to 1300 BCM by 2050
• Water requirement for thermal power generation in India is around
6% of total national water requirement.
• Projected annual growth rate of electricity generation is 5% for
coming years.
• During last decade thermal power plant constitute 75% of total power
generation and expected to be 90% in coming decades.
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H2O
Energy for water
• water extraction
• water and wastewater treatment
• supply of water
Water for energy
• extraction/production of primary energy
• hydropower
• cooling of thermal power plant
• clean energy generation
E
The Water-Energy Nexus
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Electricity generation and corresponding water demand in
India (until 2050)
4
Source: IGES estimated using TIMES Integrated Assessment Model ver 2010
Note: Estimated water demand with policy intervention basically considers the closed loop wet cooling system installed after June 1999 and
without policy water demand is a reference estimate of continuation of use of open loop wet cooling system.
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
2010 2025 2050
Wat
er f
or
ener
gy (
BC
M)
Elec
tric
ity
gen
erat
ion
(M
illio
n M
Wh
)
Wind Solar-PV Nuclear Hydro Gas Coal Biomass Water demand (without policy) Water demand (with policy)
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River basin Utilisable water
resources
(BCM)
Per capita
water
availability
(m3)
Level of water
stress
Water
requirement
in 2050
Ganga 422 1039 Stress 494
Indus 73 1242 Stress 77
Luni 26 486 Absolute
scarcity
29
Mahanadi 66 1786 No stress 61
Brahmani and
Batarni
22 2063 No stress 21
Godavri 116 1454 Stress 99
Tapi 22 714 Scarcity 18
Krishna 84 912 Scarcity 92
EFRs 67 937 Scarcity 58
WFRs 54 4879 No stress 51
Brahmaputra 59 11782 No stress 56
Others 131 - - -
State of water resources in major river basins
Source: ADB 2011
River basin Thermal power
capacity distribution (%)
Ganga 35
Indus 7
Luni 6
Mahanadi 9
Brahmani and Batarni
3
Godavri 11
Tapi 6
Krishna 5
EFRs 7
WFRs 6
Brahmaputra 0.5
Others 5.5
Distribution of Thermal power plants in river basins
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Relevant national policy to cope with water energy
trade off conflict
• The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of
India, put a ban on using open loop wet cooling system in
any inland power plants using fresh water from 1 June
1999.
• Power plants setup in the coastal areas are allowed to use
open loop wet cooling system provided they use sea water
as a coolant.
• Power plant Zero Discharge Policy is promoted and
encouraged.
• Having secured water supply for the power plant operation
is now crucial for approval.
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Objectives of our study
• To estimate the long term water demand of power sector
in India
• To demonstrate the importance of water-energy
integrated assessment in energy planning for sustainable
development
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Source: Based on IGES survey on Indian power plants conducted during 2012.
Water requirement of different type of power plants
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Wate
r re
quirem
en
t (m
3)
Long term water supply-demand gap scenario
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Bill
ion
Cu
bic
Met
er Ene
Ind
Agri
Domestic
Total Water Demand
Utilizable Water
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Bill
ion
Cu
bic
Met
er Ene share of SW
Ind share of SW
Ag share of SW
Dom share of SW
Total surface water demand
Available surface water
Total water resources
Surface water resources
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
2010 2025 2050 2010 2025 2050 2010 2025 2050
NCIWRD IGES estimate (with policy) IGES estimate (withoutpolicy)
Billi
on c
ubic
met
er
others Electricity
Residential Industry
Agriculture Total utilisable water
Criticality ratio
Long term water availability scenarios: Impact of power
sector water demand
11 Note: Estimated water demand with policy intervention basically considers the closed loop wet cooling system installed after June 1999 and
without policy water demand is a reference estimate of continuation of use of open loop wet cooling system.
Key messages
• With high uncertainty of future water availability, Indian long term
energy supply might get negatively affected due to lack of water and
energy sector investment can be jeopardized.
• Acute inter sectoral water demand conflict is envisaged in the near
future due to increasing population, agricultural demand, rapid
modernization.
• It is important to consider spatial distribution of water resources for
selection of Go and No Go areas in future power plant construction
planning.
• End-use efficiency improvement has potential to complement
significant volume of water for other users.
• Water efficient energy technology development (wind, solar
photovoltaic) can be considered as energy sector’s investment as well
as climate change risk hedging instrument.
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Thank you for your attention!
Anindya Bhattacharya Senior Energy Economist
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies
2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi
Hayama, JAPAN 240-0115
E-mail: [email protected]
Bijon Kumer Mitra Water Resource Specialist
Institute for Global Environmental Strategies,
2108-11 Kamiyamaguchi
Hayama, JAPAN 240-0115
E-mail: [email protected]
For further contact:
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