Look at the Earth how Blue it is !!!

Structure and planning

• Introduction Structure of waterThe nature of water• Water distributionThe world’s water• The importance of water• The water cycle• A case study• Fresh water• Water pollution• Water protection• Conclusion

Water is one of the main sources of life on our planet and it is endlessly renewable.

Component of water•One oxygen atom

•two hydrogen atoms to form that important moleculeOxygen

hydrogen hydrogen

+

- -

1.Pure water is an odorless, tasteless, clear liquid

2.water contains no calories

Here are some interesting facts about Water

•Pure water is colorless. It often appears blue because it contains or reflects other matter. •Water is wet when it is a liquid but scientifically speaking, it is dry when ice or vapor. •Water that has mineral salts is called "hard water", Rainwater is most often soft water. •Water is heavier than air. •Ocean water is salty. •There is much more water than land on the earth's surface. •Water pours (or flows)•A waterfall is water falling from one level to a lower level. •Water takes three forms, it is a liquid in lakes, oceans, or when it comes from faucets, it is a solid when it is ice or snow and it is a gas when it is steam, clouds, air, fog, mist, or vapor. •Water comes to the earth as rain or snow. Most of it goes back into the air. Fog or mist is a cloud on the ground. •Ice is very strong. It holds you up when you skate on it if it is thick enough. •Cold water from our faucets comes from many sources: surface run-off stored in reservoirs behind dams, deep wells, springs, streams, and rainwater collected in concrete basins. •Hot water is the same water as the cold but it is heated and stored in a hot water tank in our homes before we use it.

Distribution of Water• Water covers three-fourths of the earth’s surface which is

more than 70% of the Earth.

Water can be found in • liquid state (oceans, seas and rivers) Salty and fresh• Solid state ( ice caps and glacier) fresh• Gaseous state (water vapour in the atmosphere

Solid Water

Liquid Water

Water Vapour

Aswan's dam in Egypt.• It took ten years to build and was

completed in 1970.• The Dam is 114 meters high and 3.6

kilometers long. • it creates a reservoir of water Lake

Nasser), which stretches back for 270 kilometers into northern Sudan.

• Before the reservoir was made, the land was the home of 100,000 farming people who had to be given new houses and land, irrigated from the lake, above the new water level.                                                                                                         

Controlling The Flood

•the Nile valley used to have annual flooding in Egypt in the past. •The floodwaters are now trapped in Lake Nasser behind the dam, and can be controlled. •This has enabled more land in the valley to be irrigated, partly to feed Egypt's growing population. •Egypt also needed more land for crops that could be exported, such as cotton and fruit.•The High Dam was also designed to meet Egypt's other urgent need as its leaders tried to modernize the country energy•. By the 1980s, the generators driven by water flowing through the dam were providing half of Egypt's electricity, but by the 1990s this proportion had fallen as energy demands grew.                          

The Dam was a successful project:It gives Egypt and northern Sudan extra farmland and providing electricity for Egyptian cities. Lake Nasser has created a flourishing fishing industry, which produces 25,000 tons of fish a year and has a target of 100,000 tonnes by the year 2000.

negative effects: Sediment from the Nile is held back behind the dam, and experts say that over the next 100 years Lake Nasser will steadily fill with silt.

Result the water level would rise and the lake would overflow, making new irrigation work urgently necessary. sediment could eventually break the dam, which would bring major disaster to Egypt, with huge damage and loss of life.Meanwhile, as much as ten per cent of the water flowing into Lake Nasser is lost through evaporation into the dry, hot air. This is water Egypt cannot afford to lose. In the valley below Aswan, the dam has altered the Egyptians' traditional way of farming. The building of this dam solved some of Egypt's immediate problems, but may have stored up others for the future.

World water supply and distribution

•Water regenerates and is redistributed through evaporation which make it endlessly renewable. •Only 1% of the Earth's water is available as a source of drinking •97% is salty sea water•2% is frozen in glaciers and polar ice caps.

The importance of water• Water is one of the most essential elements to good health• it may possibly be one of the most significant factors in

losing weight • Water is central to photosynthesis and respiration• Civilization has historically flourished around rivers and

major waterways • About 70% of the fat free mass of the human body is made

of water• As a solvent dissolving (or suspending) is used to wash

everyday items such as the human body, clothes, floors, cars, food, and pets

• As a thermal transfer agent• Humans use water for many recreational purposes, as well

as for exercising and for sports • Lakesides and beaches are popular places for people to go

to relax and enjoy recreation• Water plays many critical roles within the field of food

science

How much of the human body consists of water?

1.It is not very surprising that 66% of the human body consists of water.

2.water is in all our organs and in is transported throughout our body to assist physical functions.

3.When a human does not absorb enough water, dehydration is the result.

Natural Water Cycle• The continuous movement of water

between the earth and the atmosphere is the hydrological cycle.

• Water vapor circulates through the atmosphere and falls as rain or snow.

• When it reaches the earth, water either flows into streams and then into oceans or lakes or it infiltrates the soil.

• Some water becomes soil moisture, which may evaporate directly or move up through the roots of plants and be released by leaves.

• Some water percolates downward, accumulating in the zone of saturation to form the groundwater reservoir.

• Under natural conditions, the water table rises in response to inflowing water and then declines as water drains into natural outlets such as wells and springs

Earth is pretty much a “closed system”

The UKThe Mid-1990’s crisisWater consumption and demand continues increasing•Washing machines ands dish washers•Over head irrigation•Other uses like drinking, cooking and cleaninggeneration of electricity

supply

puplic water supply

fish farming

industry

agriculture

others

Consequences

•The hottest summer in 1990

•Low flows or dried up

•20 million people where affected by water restrictions.

Solutions

•New reservoirs have been constructed

•Organising the water consumption

•A Freshwater body contains low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. It is an important renewable recourse, necessary for the survival of most terrestrial organisms, and required by humans for drinking and agriculture, among many other uses.

•Fresh water creates a hypotonic environment for aquatic organisms. This is problematic for some organisms, whose cell membranes will burst if excess water is not excreted. Some protests accomplish this using contractile vacuoles, while freshwater fish excrete excess water via the kidney, most aquatic organisms have a limited ability to regulate their osmotic balance so can only live within a narrow range of fish have the ability to migrate between freshwater and saline water bodies.

•Most of the water in the hydrosphere at any given time is in the oceans; most of the remaining fresh water is stored in ice sheets. Little water is found in lakes and streams, A portion of the fresh water on the continents-both surface water and ground water is diverted for human use

Freshwater

What causes fresh water shortages?•There are four different causes of water scarcity •dry climate•drought (a period in which rainfall is much lower and evaporation is higher than normal)• drying of the soil due to activities e.g. deforestation and overgrazing by livestock.•water stress due to increasing numbers of people and bad management of consuming and distributing it.

Ways to increase water suppliesbuild dams and reservoirs to store water.•bring in surface water from another area. •withdraw groundwater.•convert salt water to freshwater (desalination) and improve the efficiency of water use.

Water pollution • Water pollution Is a large set of adverse effects upon

water bodies such lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities.

• Water pollution has many causes and characteristics. Increases in nutrient loading may lead to eutrophication

• Most water pollutants are eventually carried by the rivers into the oceans

• Pollutants in water include a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical chemistry or sensory changes. Many of the chemical substances are toxic

• Water pollution is a major problem in the global context. It has been suggested that it is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and that it accounts for the deaths of more than 14,000 people daily.

Sources of water pollution

• Industrial discharge of chemical wastes and byproducts• discharge of poorly-treated or untreated sewage• Surface runoff containing pesticides or fertilizers• Slash and burn farming practice, which is often an element

within shifting cultivation agricultural systems • Surface runoff containing spilled petroleum products • Surface runoff from construction sites, farms, or paved and

other impervious surfaces e.g. silt• discharge of contaminated and/or heated water used for

industrial processes • Acid rain caused by industrial discharge of sulfur dioxide by

burning high-sulfur fossil fuels) • excess nutrients added by runoff containing detergents or

fertilizers• Underground storage tank leakage, leading to soil

contamination, thence aquifer contamination

When toxic substances enter lakes, streams, rivers, oceans, and other water bodies, they get dissolved or lie suspended in water or get deposited on the bed. This results in the pollution of water whereby the quality of the water deteriorates, affecting aquatic ecosystems. Pollutants can also seep down and affect the groundwater deposits.

The problem affects people and animals. People get drinking water from rivers that are polluted. There are many different ways that water pollution can begin. Some ways are oil spills, garbage in the water, run off from farms.

Sector Water Withdrawals Water Consumption

Agriculture 66 % 93 %

Industry 20 % 4 %

Domestic use 10 % 3 %

Evaporation from reservoirs 4 %

The table from world water council, water at a glance. Original data from Shiklomanov, 1999

Case study The distribution of water’s used

Case studywater’s used by household

Case study

• It is estimated that 70% of world-wide water use is for irrigation.

Case study

• Water is also used in many industrial processes and machines, such as the steam turbine .

• It is estimated that 15% of world-wide water use is industrial

Three gorgers dam

China's Three Gorges Dam, modelled on the Tennessee Valley Authority, will greatly reduce the threat of flooding, and lead to a new era of economic development.

Started from 14th Dec,1994 until 20thMay,2006.Length of dam:2335mHeight of dam:185mBottom’s wide:115mTop’s wide :40m

Water’s protection

You are the solution to the pollution

• Safe drinking water relies on us.• Water purification• Sewage treatment• Industrial water treatment• Reduce pesticide application the amount of trash

you create • Recycle used oil • Keep pollutants away from boat marinas and the

waterways

Conclusions;•In order to maintain the earth’s future we have to take care of the water resources

•Reducing the pollution is on the main aims that have to be taken in consideration in the future goals.

•Governments have to encourage saving water and provide all the parts of the country with water supply.

•To impose a fine on any industry that causes a direct or in direct pollution to the water resources.

•The water is the earth’s blood, without it the life will be vanished from the earth’s surface so we have to take care as much as we can if we want to enjoy the beauty of the earth.