looking back at prerequisites science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge...
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Looking Back at PrerequisitesScience: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge
Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world!
Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask!
Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question
Prediction: If the hypothesis is true…then the dependent variable will respond…when I manipulate the independent variable.
Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatmentCompare the response to an unmanipulated control
Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical errorType 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H
Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis
Looking Back at PrerequisitesBiology: the Study of Life
Cellular Structure (cell = unit of life)
Metabolism = Homeostasis (PSN, Resp, N2fix, ferment, etc.)
Growth = irreversible change in size
Reproduction…failure = extinction
Acclimatization-short term responses = behavior
Adaptation-long term responses = evolution
What are the fundamental properties of life?
Looking Back at PrerequisitesBiology is multidimensional
CellTissueOrgan
Organ SystemOrganismPopulationCommunityEcosystem
This array is an example of what dimension?Levels of Organization
What fields of biology are at each extreme?Biochemistry and Biophysics
In this course our focus will be upon…These levels but onlyin reference to plants
Looking Back at PrerequisitesClassification
Domain Prokarya Eukarya Eukarya
Kingdom BacteriaProtista
Or PlantaePlantae
Phylum Cyanophyta ChlorophytaAnthophyta
Magnoliophyta
Class Prochlorophyceae Chlorophyceae Dicotyledonae
Order Prochlorales Ulvales Rosales
Family Prochlorococcaceae Ulvaceae Rosaceae
Genus Prochlorococcus Ulva Rosa
Species P. marinus U. lactuca R. multiflora
Common MED4 Sea lettuce Wild Rose
The species name is a Latin binomialDead LanguageUniversally known
The Genus name and a specific epithetExample: Brassica oleracea
mustard of the garden
Sometimes the binomial is not good enough!So we add a Latin variety name as well
(also known as subspecies)
Several examples of members of species Brassica oleracea
http://www.blueoniondesign.com/blog/cabbage.jpg
Cabbage:Brassica oleracea capitata
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.hilltopfarms.org/images/kale.jpg
Kale:Brassica oleracea acephala
http://www.vegetables.pe.kr/vegetablesgallery/leaf_vegetables/images/brussels%20sprouts_prince%20marvel.jpg
Brussels sprouts:Brassica oleracea gemmifera
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
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http://www.hrt.msu.edu/course/HRT204L/VEG_ID/kohlrabi.jpg
Kohlrabi:Brassica oleracea caulorapa
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.cloverseed.com.hk/web_clover_c/broccoli/broccoli_monterey.jpg
Broccoli:Brassica oleracea italica
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://green-acres.org/images/products/cauliflower.jpg
Cauliflower:Brassica oleracea botrytis
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
http://www.burpee.com/jump.jsp?itemID=219&itemType=CATEGORY&iMainCat=13&iSubCat=219
‘Two Seasons Hybrid’
Brassica oleracea capitata
‘Salad Delight’
‘Earliana’
‘King Slaw’ cultivar names inhome language andin single quotes
How many species are there?
What is a species?
Animal species concept…
if offspring are fertile then same species…
does not apply among species of other kingdoms:
Prokaryotes (no sex)
Algae (sex sometimes unknown)
Allopolyploidy in plants
Shifting Kingdoms2 3 5 6 8
Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria Archaebacteria
Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans Archezoans
Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids Euglenoids
Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes Chrysophytes
Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae Green Algae
Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae Brown Algae
Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae Red algae
Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds Slime Molds
True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi True Fungi
Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes Bryophytes
Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes Tracheophytes
Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans Protozoans
Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans Myxozoans
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Multicellular Animals
Lumpers Splitters
How Long Ago?
Mult
icellu
lar
Animals
Myx
ozoa
ns
Proto
zoan
s
Trach
eoph
ytes
Bryop
hyte
s
True
Fungi
Slime
Mold
s
Red a
lgae
Brown
Algae
Green
Alga
e
Chrys
ophy
tes
Euglen
oids
Arche
zoan
s
Archa
ea
Bacte
ria
Original Cell
Extant
Extinct
Long Time with
Prokaryotes only
0.5
1
2
3
4 BYBPOrigin of Life
Cyanobacterial Oxygen
First Eukaryotes
Multicellular
PlantsLand!
cyanobacterial endosymbiosis
The Plant Kingdom Phylogeny
•Eukaryotic flagella
•Chloroplast: double bounding membrane
•Chloroplast: thylakoids in stacks
•Chlorophyll a and b
•Starch for storage
•RuBisCO small subunit gene now in nucleus
•rRNA sequence unique to clade
Plesiomorphies - (but synapomorphies in clade)
unique flagellum, phycoplast
open spindle, phragmoplast
-eyespotoogamy, archegonium, plasmodesmataembryo, cuticle, apical growth
stomata
protovascular, aerial sporophyte, wind spores
true vascular, branching
true root, true leaf
heterospory
monopodial branching
pollen, 1 megaspore/megasporangium, seeds
vessels
reduced gametophyteflowers, fruits
-flagella
heterospory
Chlorophyta—green algae
Hepaticophyta—liverworts
Anthocerotophyta—hornworts
Bryophyta—mosses
Lycophyta—club mosses
Sphenophyta—horsetails
Pterophyta—ferns
Cycadophyta—cycads
Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
Coniferophyta—conifers
Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.
Anthophyta—flowering plants
heterospory
The Plant Kingdom Clade
Streptobionta
Embryophytes
Stomatophytes
PolysporangiatesTracheophytes
Euphyllophytina
LigniophytinaSpermatophytes
Angiosperms
Gymnosperms
Chlorophyta—green algae
Hepaticophyta—liverworts
Anthocerotophyta—hornworts
Bryophyta—mosses
Lycophyta—club mosses
Sphenophyta—horsetails
Pterophyta—ferns
Cycadophyta—cycads
Ginkgophyta—ginkgo
Coniferophyta—conifers
Gnetophyta—welwitschia etc.
Anthophyta—flowering plants
heterospory
The Plant Kingdom Clade: Viridiplantae
Why Study Plants?
Ancient Earth with Continents
Ancient Oceans with Dissolved Molecules
Ancient Atmosphere with Weather
N2 - NitrogenH2O - Water VaporCO2 - Carbon DioxideCO - Carbon MonoxideCH4 - Methane GasNH3 - Ammonia GasH2 - Hydrogen GasH2S - Hydrogen Sulfide Gas
Notice one gas is missing…
Anaerobic!O2 - Oxygen Gas
A Timeline for Planet Earth
Now4.5 3.5 2.5 1.5 0.5 bybp
FirstLife
PhotosynthesisBy Cyanobacteria
FirstEukaryote
Earth Formed
+ +CO2
carbon dioxideH2O
waterO2
oxygenCH2O
carbohydratechlorophyll
Aerobic AtmosphereAllows Our Kind of Life
AlgaeInverts
Dinosaurs
0.003 bybpAustralopithecus
28 kybpHomo sapiens
FeS - Iron sulfide Earth oxidizes to red colorAtmosphere converts UV to Blue sky!
Why Study Plants?
CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2Olight
chlorophyll
1. Oxygen
Because Plants Are Sources Of…
3 O2
oxygen2 O3
ozone
UVC light2. Ozone 3 O2
oxygen
UVB light
• The ozone from oxygen absorbs the most-damaging UV light.• The oxygen-ozone cycle serves as Earth’s sunscreen!• UVA (320-400nm) does reach Earth’s surface and causes sunburn and aging.• You still need to use your sunscreen and sunglasses!
<200nm 200-320nm
Why Study Plants?
CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2Olight
chlorophyll
1. Oxygen
Because Plants Are Sources Of…
2. Ozone
3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat!
4. Wood - Paper - Rayon
5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp
6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4
Plastics, Drugs, Electricity
7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic
8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms
9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics
10. Flavors, Fragrances
11. Decoration - Landscaping
12. Occupations - Advancement
Why Study Plants?
CO2 + H2O O2 + CH2Olight
chlorophyll
1. Oxygen
Because Plants Are Sources Of…
2. Ozone
3. Food - Veggies, Fruits, Meat!
4. Wood - Paper - Rayon
5. Fibers - Cotton, Flax, Hemp
6. Fossil Fuel - Oil, Coal, CH4
Plastics, Drugs, Electricity
7. Medicines - Natural, Synthetic
8. Latex - Tires, Gloves, Condoms
9. Resins - Varnish, Paint, Plastics
10. Flavors, Fragrances
11. Decoration - Landscaping
12. Occupations - Advancement
13. Decrease Greenhouse Gas
14. Drain Wet Soils
15. Provide Shade
Why Study Plants?Plants are sources of…
•Oxygen
•Ozone
•Food
•Wood and Paper
•Fossil Fuel
•Fiber
•Flavors and Fragrances
•Medicines
•Latex
•Resins
•Decoration
•Occupations
•Carbon dioxide sink
•Shade