elcome to this “back-to-school” issue of Explorer. Isuppose the school refer-

ence is appropriate since many of ourmembers (and readers) are affectedby the start of the school year, eitheras students, teachers or parents. Andthat doesn’t even begin to address thenatural inquisitiveness and thirst forknowledge that lurks within each ofus, hence my choice of taglines forthis note.

An important event for us is theupcoming AAS national conference,which will be held at the South ShoreHarbour Resort in League City,Texas, Nov 12-14.

I have arranged a HistoryCommittee meeting in conjunctionwith the conference at 2 p.m. onNov. 13. Although this meeting isprimarily for the benefit of commit-tee members, I would like to extendan open invitation to others whomight share an interest in our activi-ties.

One of the highlights of theconference will be the presentationof awards during the awards banquet

Nov. 13. I will have the honor ofpresenting the 2006 Emme Award forAstronautical Literature to Peter J.Westwick for Into the Black – JPLand the American Space Program,1976-2004 (Yale University Press), aswell as recognizing Maura P.Mackowski with an HonorableMention for Testing the Limits –Aviation Medicine and the Origins ofManned Space Flight (Texas A&MUniversity Press).

You can read reviews of theirwinning entries in the upcomingissue of Space Times that will bedistributed at the conference.

See you in Houston!

A M E R I C A N A S T R O N A U T I C A L S O C I E T Y | A M E R I C A ’ S N E T W O R K O F S P A C E P R O F E S S I O N A L S

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By Michael L. Ciancone, Chair, AAS History Committee

Join us at national meeting

A Q&A with Joan Johnson-Freese of Newport, R.I., professor and chair ofthe Department of National Security Decision-Making, Naval War College,and the newest member of the AAS History Committee. 12

INSIDEOCTOBER 2007 | ISSUE 4

“I have never let my schooling interfere with my education.” — Mark Twain (1835 - 1910)www.quotationspage.com

Spotlight

REMEMBERINGJPL CO-FOUNDERä One of the leading “rocketmen” from the era of Sputnik andExplorer dies / 18

ä Google Moon adds to its Apollomultimedia gallery / 2

ä Frank Winter, a member of theAAS History Committee, retiresafter 39 years with the NationalAir and Space Museum / 3

ä The American AstronauticalSociety’s national conference isfast approaching / 9-10

A M E R I C A N A S T R O N A U T I C A L S O C I E T Y

lookingback: Woomera | 17

Newsletter of the AAS History Committee | www.astronautical.org | Editor: Tim Chamberlin (TMCspace@aol.com)

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Google adds Apollo imagery, movies to Web siteOFFETT FIELD, Calif. — New higher-resolutionlunar imagery and maps that include NASA multi-media content now are available on the Google

Moon Web site.Updates include new content from the Apollo

missions, such as dozensof embedded panoramicimages, links to audio clipsand videos and descrip-tions of the astronauts’activities during themissions. The new contentis overlaid on updated,higher-resolution lunarmaps.

Also added aredetailed charts of differentregions of the moon simu-lating a lunar mission suit-able for use by anyone.

“NASA’s objective isfor Google Moon tobecome a more accurateand useful lunar mappingplatform that will be afoundation for future Web-based moon applications,much like the many appli-cations that have been builton top of Google Maps,"said Chris C. Kemp, direc-tor of strategic businessdevelopment at NASA’sAmes Research Center.

“This will make it easier for scientists everywhere tomake lunar data more available and accessible,” he said.

Google Moon’s visible imagery and topography arealigned with the recently updated lunar coordinatesystem and can be used for scientifically accurate mission

planning and data analysis. The new site is designed to be user-friendly and

encourage the exchange of data and ideas among scien-tists and amateur astronomers.

The announcement made in September closelyfollows the release of newNASA content in GoogleEarth, including photo-graphs taken by NASAastronauts and imageryfrom NASA’s Earth observ-ing satellite sensors, such asthe Sea-viewing Wide Fieldof View Sensor, Landsatand the ModerateResolution ImagingSpectrometer.

Astronaut photographywas developed in collabora-tion with the Crew EarthObservations team, part ofthe Image Science andAnalysis Laboratory at theJohnson Space Center inHouston. Satellite imagery ofEarth was developed in part-nership with the EarthObservatory team atGoddard Space FlightCenter in Greenbelt, Md.

The alliance wasaccomplished under a SpaceAct Agreement signed in

December 2006 by Google and NASA’s Ames ResearchCenter.

Google is headquartered near Ames in northernCalifornia’s Silicon Valley.

For more information on Google Moon, visit:http://moon.google.com

HTTP://MOON.GOOGLE.COM

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By Mike Ciancone

rank Winter, a member of the AAS HistoryCommittee, recently retired after 39 years with theSmithsonian National Air and Space Museum and

is attempting to ease into semi-retirement. Winter started at NASM when the department was

under the leadership of Frederick C. Durant. He wasnamed as curator of rocketry in 1984 and managedprimary collections associated with rocketry and popularculture and space.

His position afforded him the opportunity to meetmany important and notable figures, including DavidLasser, Wernher von Braun, Hermann Oberth and Arthur

C. Clarke and acquire some hands-on experience withhardware.

Among Winter’s unfinished business is a book thatwill assess the technical accomplishments of Robert H.Goddard and trace the evolution of his early theories onspaceflight.

According to Frank, the book will not be a biographywith the exception of an introductory biographical chap-ter.

“Biographies have already been written on Goddard,”Winter said, “but this book will be different in moreclosely examining the technical side of the Goddard storyand to show Goddard’s true role, or roles, in rocketry andspace flight.”

Frank Winter during the restoration of the Starship Enterprise model used in the Star Trek television series.

F

COURTESY NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM

Winter retires after four decades with NASM

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By Kerrie Dougherty

arlier this year, about 1,000 former staffand their families returned to celebratethe 60th anniversary of the establish-

ment of the Anglo-Australian WoomeraRocket Range in South Australia, at one timethe busiest weapons testing and launch facili-ty in the world.

Founded as a test range for the devel-opment of long range missiles, Woomeraalso would become the site of British,European and Australian space-relatedprograms aimed at exploring the upperreaches of the Earth’s atmosphere anddeveloping satellite launch vehicles.

Australia launched its first satellite,Wresat (Weapons Research EstablishmentSatellite), from Woomera in 1967, making itonly the fourth country to independentlylaunch its own satellite (albeit with a rocketsupplied by the United States).

Sadly, floundering British andAustralian space ambitions saw Woomeragradually diminish in size, population andlevel of activity.

Today, the Australian governmentsearches to find new users for the rangeand uses to keep Woomera alive.

For insight into the anniversary celebra-tion, please visit the online edition of theWoomera township newspaper “GibberGabber” at:http://www.woomera.com.au/community/gibber_gabber/2007/20_Apr_07.pdf

Kerrie Dougherty is curator of spacetechnology at the Powerhouse Museum inSydney, Australia.

Woomera Rocket Range turns 60

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Woomera Rocket Range during the early 1960s.

COURTESY DEFENSE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ORGANIZATION

Space Travel and Culture:From Apollo to Space Tourism

One of the most iconic moments of the 20th century wasthe first Apollo moon landing, which has its 40th anniversaryin 2009. The images of the Earth from space and of NeilArmstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon and the countlessbooks, films and products associ-ated with space travel have a hugesignificance in terms of popularculture and artistic practice.

Proposals for Space Traveland Culture: From Apollo toSpace Tourism (A SociologicalReview Monograph) are beingsought.

The book seeks to providean interdisciplinary collectionof essays on various aspects ofNASA, the moon landings andspace travel.

This is not a book aboutcultural studies or history orthe sociology of technology orpolitics or management orscience fiction — yet all thesewill be involved in thinkingthrough the implications ofspace travel for the way thathuman beings have imaginedthemselves and the universe.

Possible topics could includethe economics of space travel;alternative space programs;technoscience in space; spacescience fact and fiction; the politics of the Space Age; thepopular cultures of space travel; gender in space; space agemanagement; histories of the Space Age; the archaeology ofspace; space conspiracies; and folk myths.

The deadline for abstracts or a synopsis is Nov. 1. Fulldrafts will be required by July 1, 2008, and final revisionsby Dec. 1, 2008. Final chapters should be 5,000 to 6,000words including notes and references.

Contact Martin Parker at m.parker@leeds.ac.uk andDavid Bell at d.j.bell@leeds.ac.uk.

The International Community of Flight:A Centennial History

A conference is being planned to mark the centennialof the Wright brothers demonstration flights of 1908. Theconference will be in Dayton, Ohio, May 8-10, 2008, atWright State University. Conference organizers are seek-

ing paper and panel propos-als focusing broadly on theinternational nature of thehistory and development offlight, 1908-2008.

Possible topics include,but are not limited to, flightresearch; development ofairlines and internationaltransportation; importantindividuals, political anddiplomatic initiatives; avia-tion and the arts; internation-al cooperation; and interna-tional competition.

Individual papers andpanel proposals will beaccepted. Those submittingan individual paper shouldprovide a one-page abstractof the topic and a one-pagecurriculum vitae. Panelproposals should include abrief explanation of the over-all theme of the panel, plusone-page abstracts of eachpaper and one-page CVs foreach participant. Those

submitting panels are strongly encouraged to also includethe names and CVs of proposed chairs and commenta-tors. Established scholars and graduate students areencouraged to apply. All materials must be submitted viae-mail to François Le Roy, chair, Program Committee, atLeroy@nku.edu by Oct. 15.

To have requests for papers added to the AAS historycommittee’s newsletter, send announcements toTMCspace@aol.com. (Attn: Tim Chamberlin, Explorer editor)

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NASA

Astronaut Walter H. Schirra Jr., sits inside NASA’sGemini VI spacecraft after the capsule was broughtaboard the U.S.S. Wasp in December 1965.

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‘ E X P E D I T I O N 6 ’

Stage play offers insight intosixth ISS crew’s mission

A new docudrama about the twoastronauts and cosmonaut livingaboard the International SpaceStation after the loss of the SpaceShuttle Columbia is playing at MagicTheatre in San Francisco.

The play, “Expedition 6,”explores the experiences of the sixthISS crew (Commander KennethBowersox and Flight EngineersDonald Pettit and Nikolai Budarin)based on NASA reports, interviewswith the astronauts and their person-al writings.

The production was created andis directed by actor Bill Pullman, whois most well known for his role as thepresident in the Hollywood block-buster “Independence Day.”Interviews with Pullman and atheatrical trailer are available athttp://www.magictheatre.org.

“Expedition 6” is playingthrough Oct. 7.

‘ I N T H E S H A D O W O F T H E M O O N ’

Apollo documentary containsunseen NASA footage

A new, award-winning documen-tary about the Apollo Project will openin theaters nationwide in October.

Voted as the best documentary atthis year’s Sundance Film Festival, “Inthe Shadow of the Moon” containsarchived footage of Apollo missionsthat has never been seen before,according to the film’s Web site(http://www.intheshadowofthemoon.com).

Chris Riley, one of the film’sproducers, said he went through thou-sands of miles of NASA film reels tocompile compelling footage for thedocumentary. None of it, however,contained sound, so audio loops fromMission Control recordings had to beobtained to synchronize with rawfootage, Riley said on the Web site.

The film contains taped inter-views with 10 Apollo astronauts: BuzzAldrin, Alan Bean, Gene Cernan,Mike Collins, Charlie Duke, Jim

Lovell, Edgar Mitchell, HarrisonSchmitt, Dave Scott and John Young.

The documentary was the GrandPrize winner at the BoulderInternational Film Festival, wasnamed Audience Award BestInternational Feature at the FloridaFilm Festival and was named theAudience Award Best Documentaryat the Indianapolis International FilmFestival.

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ISS Expedition 6 crewmembers, wearing Russian Sokol suits, pose for a crew photo inthe functional cargo block (FGB), or Zarya, on the International Space Station inNovember 2002. Pictured are astronaut Donald R. Pettit (front), NASA ISS science offi-cer; cosmonaut Nikolai M. Budarin (left back), flight engineer; and astronaut KennethD. Bowersox, mission commander.

NASA

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‘ P O P U L A R ’ I S S U E

Spaceflights past, presentand future in spotlight

In case you missed it on news-stands, the September issue of PopularMechanics took a close look at thefuture of spaceflight and the first 50years in space.

The issue is archived on themagazine’s Web site(http://www.popularmechanics.com/futurespace) and includes an interac-tive timeline of every launch sinceSputnik on Oct. 4, 1957. The timelinewas created from a database constructedby Smithsonian astrophysicist andspace historian Jonathan McDowell.

R O C K E T R E S T O R AT I O N

Saturn 5 at Johnson SpaceCenter gets new home

The restoration of the Saturn 5rocket resting at the gate to NASA’sJohnson Space Center was unveiledto the public in July.

Considered a Houston landmarkand national treasure, the immenseSaturn V rocket now is enclosed in anewly constructed climate-controlledbuilding that protects it from rain,intense heat and exposure to sunlight.For more than 20 years, the rocket satunprotected in front of the spacecenter.

The unveiling took place on July20, 38 years to the day after men firstwalked on the moon.

The 30-story-tall rocket is part ofthe Smithsonian National Air andSpace Museum collection and one ofonly three such rockets in existence.It has been on loan to JSC since 1977.

Outdoor exposure had caused

extensive corrosion and degradationto the rocket. In 1999, the NationalAir and Space Museum applied for agrant to preserve the rocket.

The Saturn 5 remains the mostpowerful rocket ever built, and it waslaunched 13 times from 1967 to 1973.

N A S M A R C H I V E A D D I T I O N S

V-2 blueprint, cosmonautimages among new collections

New collections recently wereadded to the Smithsonian NationalAir and Space Museum’s ArchivesDivision’s accessions database.

The collections are available forresearch but have not been fullyprocessed and detailed finding aidshave not yet been created, saidNASM acquisition archivist PattiWilliams.

“If you wish to use one of thecollections listed, please call theArchives staff so that we can give youthe collection location, as collectionmaterial is housed both downtownand at our location at the GarberFacility,” Williams said.

The collections include:ä Neil Armstrong Digital

Photographyä Michael A. Minovitch

Collection showing spacecraft trajectories

ä The William G. Dow V-2 Rocket Collection

ä A V-2 (A-4) Missile Blueprintä Cosmonaut Photographs ä McDonnell Douglas Space

Reportsä Orion Project (Nuclear Rocket)

Photographs and Notes For more information, call 202-

633-2339.

S PA C E H I S T O R Y E N C Y C L O P E D I A

Editorial work on projectmoving forward

The ABC-CLIO/AmericanAstronautical Society spacehistory encyclopedia project,Space Exploration and Humanity:A Historical Encyclopedia, is now

84 percentcomplete.

Editorialwork isscheduled tobe complet-ed on theproject earlynext year toachieve

publication next fall. While there is quite a bit of

work yet to do (including writ-ing, editing, and reviewing), “wecan see the light at the end ofthe tunnel and have decided thatit really isn’t an oncoming train!”says general editor StephenJohnson.

If any historians would liketo volunteer to help complete theproject, please contact Johnson atstephen.b.johnson@nasa.gov or719-487-9833.

ä For more information aboutthe encyclopedia, see theproduct fact sheet at ABC-CLIO’s Web site.

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NASM chair publishes bookabout Wernher von Braun

Michael J. Neufeld, chair of theSmithsonian National Air and Space

Museum SpaceHistory Division,has written VonBraun: Dreamer ofSpace, Engineer ofWar (Alfred A.Knopf), a biogra-phy of the manbehind NaziGermany’s V-1 and

V-2 rockets and the United States’post-war rocket program.

Derived from this work areseveral papers he has published orthat will be presented at scholarlyconferences, such as “Wernher vonBraun’s Ultimate Weapon,” anabridgement of a Space Policy articlethat appeared in the Bulletin of theAtomic Scientists (July-August 2007,50-57, 78).

U.S. space security centraltheme of policy analysis

Joan Johnson-Freese, a memberof the AAS History Committee, has

written Space as aStrategic Asset(ColumbiaUniversity Press),a new policyanalysis of currentnational securityspace issues.

She arguesthat the race for

space weapons and ownership ofstrategic space assets has alienatedthe very allies that the United States

needs in order to maintain its leadingrole in space exploration. Taking abalanced look at the issues that havecontributed to the decline ofAmerica’s manned space program,such as lack of political support andfunding, Johnson-Freese offers notonly a critique but also a plan forenhancing U.S. space securitythrough cooperation rather thancompetition.

The book offers a brief overviewof the history of international spacedevelopment through four eras:before Sputnik, the space race, afterApollo and globalization.

Johnson-Freese is professor andchair of the Department of NationalSecurity Decision-Making at theNaval War College.

Blueprints help illustrate‘Exploration Scrapbook’

Writer and editor Robert Godwinwill soon release The Lunar

ExplorationScrapbook(Collector’s GuidePublishing, Inc.), areference bookabout the explo-ration of the Moonduring the 1960sand ’70s and thespacecraft used to

get there. The book also includesconcepts of lunar spacecraft thatnever were built.

The Lunar ExplorationScrapbook combines moderncomputer graphics with old blue-prints to create a full-color history ofthe golden era of lunar exploration.

The book contains descriptions

of more than 80 different lunarlanders, 80 lunar rovers and mobilelaboratories (MOLAB), more than 50lunar flying vehicles as well assections on the Saturn and Novarockets, lunar space suits, Commandand Service module variants, LMlaboratories and orbiters, trainingvehicles, lunar walkers and lunarshelters.

The book should be in stores byDecember.

Godwin is the founder ofCollector’s Guide Publishing and theeditor of the NASA Mission ReportsSeries by Apogee Books.

DK guide gives detailed viewof humans endeavors in space

Science writer Giles Sparrow isthe chief author of Space Flight (DKPublishers), a 320-page coffee-table

book that takes aclose look at thelast 50 years ofhumans endeavorsin space.

Like many ofDK’s books, SpaceFlight is richlyillustrated with

more than 850 photographs, many ofwhich came from the original nega-tives.

Readers can learn about sciencefiction authors Jules Verne and H.G.Wells, and others such as NikolaiKibalchich of Russia, who during the19th century produced some of thefirst sketches of manned spaceflightvehicles.

Sparrow was also a majorcontributor to DK’s Universe: TheDefinitive Visual Guide.

Preliminary Program

MONDAY, NOVEMBER 12

6–8 p.m. Networking Reception for all registrants and NextGen invitees

TUESDAY, NOVEMBER 13

7:00 a.m. Sponsors’ Breakfast with Michael Coats, Director, NASA Johnson

Space Center

7:30 General Registration / Networking / Continental Breakfast

9:00 Welcome and Introduction

Mark Craig, VP/manager, Space and Ocean Systems Solutions, SAIC

AAS President

9:10 Opening Remarks and Introduction of Keynote Speaker

Michael Coats, Director, NASA Johnson Space Center

9:15 Carl Sagan Memorial Lecture and Award Presentation

Maria T. Zuber, E.A. Griswold Professor of Geophysics and head of

the Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences,

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (confirmed)

10:00 Break

10:15 Session 1: Celebrating NASA’s Heritage

50 Years of Discovery & Achievement

In recognition of the upcoming 50th anniversary of the founding of

NASA, the opening panel will look back over those five decades. They

will discuss the “wake-up call” of the Sputnik launch and how the U.S.

space program and U.S. competitiveness in the space race emerged.

Then focus on the missions accomplished and lessons learned since

1958. Panelists will discuss “50 Years of Discovery and Achievement”

in the areas of human spaceflight, astronomy and planetary science.

The panelists also will discuss the effect of these achievements have

on the next generation of scientists and engineers.

Moderator: Joe Alexander, National Academy of Sciences

(confirmed)

Panelists:

Matt Bille, associate, Booz Allen Hamilton (confirmed)

Pat Reiff, Rice University (invited)

Gene Levy, provost, Rice University (invited)

J. Craig Wheeler, University of Texas at Austin (confirmed)

12 p.m. Luncheon

Guest Speaker: Winston Scott (former astronaut), now vice president

and deputy general manager of the engineering and science contract

group for Jacobs Engineering in Houston, Texas. (confirmed)

1:30 Session 2: The Next Fifty Years – Goals and Challenges

This panel will view the future through a rapidly changing, technology

driven lens; address the responsibility to protect the environment and

tools to motivate NextGen, and look at the role of the federal govern-

ment, academia and private sector. What stories will NextGen have for

their grandchildren in 2058?

Moderator: Lon Rains, VP, editorial, Space News (confirmed)

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When: Nov. 12-14Venue: South Shore Harbour Resort2500 South Shore Blvd., League City, Texas 77573Reservations: 800-442-5005(Mention ‘AAS’ to get special $125 room rate)8 www.sshr.com

AAS conference registration: Phone: 703-866-0020 Fax: 703-866-3526 8 www.astronautical.org

Celebrating 50 Years – But What’s Next?

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1:30 Session 2: The Next Fifty Years – Goals and Challenges (cont.)

Panelists:

Doug Cooke, deputy AA, NASA/ESMD (confirmed)

Paul Spudis, lunar scientist and member President’s Commission on

VSE, APL (confirmed)

Bretton Alexander, executive director, X-Prize Foundation (confirmed)

3:00 Session 3: Downloading the Stars:

The Future of Space Exploration

This session will investigate new insights for the future of space explo-

ration through the eyes of young upcoming and visionary leaders in

the space industry. The session will include two short presentations

and a discussion on how innovative products and technologies that

are transforming our world today can be integrated into NASA

missions of tomorrow. Featured panelists with experience in space

advocacy, public collaboration, art and design, prize competitions and

space tourism will specifically address how web2.0 technologies,

prizes, virtual worlds, communities and innovative technologies can

be used in space exploration and future NASA missions. Panelists will

include young professionals who are involved in technology, under-

stand space and are leaders in their respective industries.

Moderator: Chris Nelson, Oceaneering (confirmed)

Presentations:

George Whitesides, NSS director on “Public Participation in Space

Exploration” (invited)

William Pomerantz, director of Space Projects, X PRIZE Foundation

(confirmed)

Robbie Schingler, NASA Ames CoLab manager on “Participatory

Exploration” (invited)

Karen Lau, space artist (invited)

Tim Bailey, Zero Gravity Corp. and 2008 World Space Expo

coordinator (confirmed)

4:45 Adjourn

7:00 Pre-Banquet Reception

7:30 Awards Banquet

Guest Speaker: Wayne Hale, manager, Space Shuttle Program

Office (invited)

Honored Guest: Rep. Nick Lampson, D-Texas (invited)

WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 14

8:00 a.m. Registration / Networking / Continental Breakfast

9:00 Opening Keynote

Neil Milburn, VP, federal liaison and program manager, Armadillo

Aerospace (confirmed)

9:30 Session 4: ISS: Critical Applications Beyond 2010

In-depth discussion of the International Space Station as a National

Laboratory.

Moderator: TBD

Panelists: TBD

11:30 Luncheon

Guest Speaker: Lori Garver, President, Capital Space (confirmed)

1:15 p.m. Session 5: International Cooperation on Human Space

Activities

This panel will examine international cooperation in human space

activities, including its benefits and lessons for the future, and how

space-faring nations are preparing for collaboration in future space

exploration. The panel also will examine the potential for coopera-

tion in exploration.

Moderator: Lyn Wigbels, aerospace consultant and visiting fellow,

Center for Strategic and International Studies (confirmed)

Panelists:

Frederic Nordlund, director, ESA Washington Office (confirmed)

Gib Kirkham, director, Exploration Systems and Aeronautics

Research Division, Office of External Relations, NASA Headquarters

(confirmed)

Ian Pryke, senior fellow, Center for Aerospace Policy Research,

School of Public Policy, George Mason University (confirmed)

Graham Gibbs, counselor, Space Affairs/Canadian Space Agency

(confirmed)

3:00 Break

3:15 Session 6: Exploring the Policy and Political Landscape on the

Space Frontier

Moderator: Bill Adkins, President, Adkins Strategies LLC

(confirmed)

Panelists: TBD

4:30 Closing Remarks

Mark Craig

5:00 Adjourn / Closing Reception

2:00 AAS History Committee meeting in conjunction with conference

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* Held in conjunction with the Society for theHistory of Technology annual meeting.

October 17-December 6

Curator’s Choice PresentationsSmithsonian National Air and Space Museum,

Washington, D.C.8 www.nasm.si.edu/events/calendar.cfm

October 17“Windows on Earth.” (with Priscilla Strain)

October 31“Moonscape.” Lester Cooke and an Art Program forNASA. (with Tom Crouch)

December 6The ATS 1 Satellite and the Historic ‘Our World’(with Martin Collins)

All presentations begin on Wednesdays at noon.Meet at the museum seal in the Milestones of FlightGallery 100. Admission is free.

October 16-17

The Evolution of Air and Space Power

Know the Past – Shape the FutureSheraton Crystal City Hotel

Arlington, Va. 8 http://www.afhistoricalfoundation.org

October 18-21

Society for the Historyof Technology Annual MeetingLooking Back, Looking Beyond: 50th Anniversary

Capitol Hilton

Washington, D.C.8 www.historyoftechnology.org/annualmtg.html

October 22-23

*Remembering the Space Age

50th Anniversary ConferenceAAAS Auditorium

Washington, D.C.8 www.tisconferences.com/aaas

October 31-November 1

Making Science Global

Reconsidering the Social and IntellectualImplications of the International Polar andGeophysical YearsS. Dillon Ripley Center, Smithsonian Institution

Washington, D.C.8 www.nasm.si.edu/getinvolved/makingscienceglobal

November 16

Space Age 50th Anniversary SymposiumAAAS Auditorium, Washington, D.C.

Reception at Russian Embassy will follow.

February 6-9

Imagining Outer Space, 1900-2000

An International ConferenceBielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany8 www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/outerspace

March 5-6

46th Robert H. Goddard MemorialSymposiumGreenbelt Marriott Hotel, Greenbelt, Md. 8 www.astronautical.org

2008

2007

What are your specific interests inspace history?

As a political scientist, space is aunique area because its history – in termsof spaceflight – is relatively short andtherefore can be studied more or less inits entirety. So when I teach space policy,I feel fortunate that students can placepolicy actions today in the context ofspace history and understand that space-flight is, for the most part, a creature ofthe Cold War now forced to adjust to thedemands and realities of globalization.

What are you currently working onrelated to space history?

I’m working on a follow-up book toSpace as a Strategic Asset that focusesspecifically on whether or not the UnitedStates can (technically or politically)

dominate space. In order to do that, I’vebeen delving back into the arguments insupport of the Anti-Ballistic MissileTreaty to see if they are still relevanttoday, and if they aren’t, what’s changed.So far, looks like the arguments are all stillrelevant!

How did you get interested inspace history?

Like most people my age, I can tellyou exactly where I was during the firstmanned space launch (sitting in myelementary school classroom listening tothe radio broadcast over the publicaddress system) and first Apollo landing(in front of the family television forhours). What’s better than actually work-ing in a field considered inspirational for

Q&A

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JoanJohnson-FreeseHometown:Toledo, Ohio

Considers“home”:Honolulu, Hawaii

Resides in:Newport, R.I.

Education: B.A.(politicalscience)Bowling GreenState University;M.A. (politicalscience) CaseWestern ReserveUniversity; Ph.D.(politicalscience) KentState University

Joan Johns0n-Freese is the newest member of the AAS History Committee. She is professorand chair of the Department of National Security Decision-Making at the Naval WarCollege in Newport, R.I. She is an adjunct professor at Harvard University where she haslectured about space and security and has authored several papers and books on spacepolicy, international cooperation and the Chinese space program.

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Spotlight

. . . space is a uniquearea because its history

– in terms of spaceflight– is relatively short and

therefore can bestudied more or less in

its entirety.

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so many people around the world?

What are your favoritespace-related books, moviesand Web sites?

I have used Apollo 13, Contact,Space Camp and IndependenceDay in my classes at one time oranother – as all point out policyissues that I think are insightfuland illustrative. Through Apollo 13I point out the political need tospread the Apollo program out toall 50 states to get it financed andthe role of doctors in spaceflightand exploration. Contact is a greatvehicle to talk about how thedifferent goals of scientists, engi-neers and politicians can clash.That’s a huge policy issue that isoften underrated. Space Campsimplistically provides a basis fordiscussing some propulsion (e.g.the difficulties of working with

solid fuel) and technology issues.And Independence Day … well,besides being a crowd pleaser,always generates discussion oncompetition versus cooperation.In terms of books, I still enjoyclassics like Walter McDougall’sThe Heavens and the Earth as acomprehensive space history, andJames Mitchner’s Space as fiction.Web sites ... the list is long … but Iespecially likearmscontrolwonk.com.

Besides the first pilotedlunar landing, what do youthink was the mostmemorable moment inspace history and why?

I think I would have to say thework done in the 1980s in prepara-tion for and during Halley’s Cometby individuals associated with theInter-Agency Consultative Groupfor Space Sciences. That was agroup of scientists determined notto let opportunity pass them by

just because of the Cold War anda bunch of politicians who didn’tsee eye to eye.

In one instance, tracking datafrom JPL that had to be providedto Russian scientists to calculatecourse corrections for their space-craft was given through a third-party intermediary in Germanybecause American and Russianscientists weren’t allowed to offi-cially talk with each other. Scienceand cooperation prevailed! As apolitical scientist, I find thatremarkable.

What else would you like toshare with us?

My career has afforded meopportunities to travel to placesand meet people I never wouldhave done otherwise. My politicalscientist colleagues are alwaysvery jealous. I tell them it wastheir choice to study state andlocal politics or political theoryrather than international spacepolicy!

ä JOAN JOHNSON-FREESEContinued from Page 12

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Volume 28History of Rocketryand Astronautics

Edited by Frank H. Winter,2007, 560p

Hard Cover $95 (ISBN 978-0-87703-539-8)Soft Cover $70 (ISBN 978-0-87703-540-4)

This book and others inthe AAS History Series(see next page) may bepurchased directly fromUnivelt Inc. Call 760-746-4005 or fax760-746-3139 to place anorder. Or write to: Univelt Inc.,P.O. Box 28130, San Diego,CA 92198; or e-mailsales@univelt.com

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C O M I N G S O O N

The latest volume in the AAS History Series includes proceedings of the 33rdHistory Symposium of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) held inAmsterdam, The Netherlands, in 1999. Papers presented in the book are listed below:

Dr. Irene Sänger-Bredt: A Life forAstronautics, by Nicolae-FlorinZaganescu, George Popa, RodicaZaganescu and Lucia Popa.

John Leland Atwood: BiographicalMemoir, by Shirley Thomas

Liquid Propellant Engines in theSoviet Union, by Christian Lardier

The True Beginnings of FrenchAstronautics, 1938-1959 (Part 1), byPhilippe Jung

Evolution of Asphalt Rocket Propellantsfrom World War II JPL/AerojetResearch to Postwar Spin-Offs by theRocket Research Institute, by GeorgeS. James, Charles J. Piper III, Frank H.Winter and John Bluth

The Shusui Japanese Rocket Fighter inWorld War II, by YasunoriMatogawa

The East Parking Lot RocketExperiments of North AmericanAviation, Inc., 1946-1949, by FrankH. Winter

History of French Sounding RocketsPart I: Véronique and Vesta—TheirDevelopment and Operation, byChristophe Rothmund, Hervé Moulin,J. J. Serra and Jean Louis Lafon

The Netherlands in Space: How it allBegan, by Henk Olthof and Jan H.De Koomen

Flight Termination of the First LargeSolid Propellant Rockets, by JuliusH. Braun

Black Prince, by Douglas MillardThe Question of the Artificial Satellite in

the Mid-1950s: French Scientists andTheir Approach, by Hervé Moulin

History of Commercial SatelliteServices Industry, by Linda

Williams, Max Engel and Hans tenCate

“RD & PE Zvezda” JSC: A History of theCreation of the Russian Spacesuits,Escape and Life Support Means forSpace Vehicle and Space StationCrews, by G. I. Severin, I. P. Abramov,M. N. Doudnik and V. I. Svertshek

The Effect of Gravity-PropelledInterplanetary Space Travel on theExploration of the Solar System:Historical Survey, 1961 to 2000, byRichard L. Dowling, William J.Kosmann, Michael A. Minovitchand Rex W. Ridenoure

The First French Experiences of SpaceBiology During Parabolic Flights, byAlexandre-Claude Timsit, GérardChatelier and Hervé Moulin

A Little-Known Project of a Super-Heavy Space Rocket, S. N.Konyukhov, by O. I. Drobakhin andV. A. Pashchenko

Scientific Experiences UsingArgentinean Sounding Rockets inAntarctica, by Miguel Sánchez-Peña

Recovering Rockets from the Desert:Exercises in Retrieving Australia’sSpace Heritage from the SimpsonDesert, by Roger Henwood andKerrie Dougherty

On the Connectivity Between theFrench and HamiltonianApproaches to Celestial Mechanics,by Peter M. Bainum

Apollo 30th Anniversary: Two Views– Part 1: Was the Apollo Program a“Dead End?”, Marsha Freeman

Apollo 30th Anniversary: Two Views– Part 2: Project Apollo in AmericanMemory and Myth, Roger D. Launius

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DiscountsA 50% discount off list pricesfor all AAS History Seriesvolumes is available for indi-vidual members of the:n American AstronauticalSociety History Committeen International Academy ofAstronautics History StudyGroupn Authors for books inwhich their articles appear

A 25% discount off list pricesfor all AAS History Seriesvolumes is available for indi-vidual members of the AAS,AIAA, AAAF and:n The British InterplanetarySociety n The Deutsche Gesellschaftfür Luft und Raumfahrtn The National SpaceSocietyn The Space StudiesInstituten The U.S. Space Foundationn The Planetary Societyn Individual members of anyIAF Society may take thesame discount.

The AAS History Committee,first under the leadership ofEugene M. Emme, NASAhistorian, established the AASHistory Series of books in 1977to dedicate the continuedpursuit and broader apprecia-tion of the full history of flightin American history and itsglobal influence.

PREVIOUS VOLUMES

Vol. 1 Two Hundred Years of Flight in America: A Bicentennial Survey, 1977,326p, 1981, Hard $35; Soft $25.

Vol. 2 Twenty-Five Years of the American Astronautical Society: HistoricalReflections and Projections, 1954-1979, 1980, 248p, Hard $25; Soft $15.

Vol. 3 Between Sputnik and the Shuttle: New Perspectives on AmericanAstronautics, 1957-1980, 1981, 350p, Hard $40; Soft $30.

Vol. 4 The Endless Space Frontier: A History of the House Committee on Scienceand Astronautics, 1982, 460p, Hard $45.

Vol. 5 Science Fiction and Space Futures: Past and Present, 1982, 278p, Hard $35; Soft $25.Vol. 6 First Steps Toward Space, 1986, 318p, Hard $45; Soft $35. Vol. 7 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1986, Part I, 250p, Part II, 502p,

sold as a set, Hard $100; Soft $80. Vol. 8 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1989, 368p, Hard $50; Soft $35. Vol. 9 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1989, 330p, Hard $50; Soft $35.Vol. 10 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1990, 330p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Vol. 11 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1994, 236p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Vol. 12 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1991, 252p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Vol. 13 History of Liquid Rocket Engine Development in the United States 1955-

1980, 1992, 176p, Out of Print.Vol. 14 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1993, 222p, Hard $50; Soft $35.Vol. 15 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1993, 452p, Hard $60; Soft $40.Vol. 16 Out From Behind the Eight-Ball: A History of Project Echo, 1995, 176p,

Hard $50; Soft $30. Vol. 17 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1995, 480p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Vol. 18 Organizing for the Use of Space: Historical Perspectives on a Persistent

Issue, 1995, 234p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Vol. 19 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 318p, Hard $60; Soft $40. Vol. 20 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 344p, Hard $60; Soft $40.Vol. 21 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1997, 368p, Hard $60; Soft $40.Vol. 22 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 1998, 418p, Hard $60; Soft $40.Vol. 23 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2001, 566p, Hard $85; Soft $60Vol. 24 The Origins And Technology Of The Advanced Extra-Vehicular Space

Suit, 2001, 558p, Hard $85; Soft $60.Vol. 25 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2003, 370p, Hard $85; Soft $60.Vol. 26 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2005, 430p, Hard $95; Soft $70.Vol. 27 History of Rocketry and Astronautics, 2007, 416p, Hard $95; Soft $70.

For more information about the AAS History Series, visit Univelt’s Web site.

ã C O M M I T T E E C O N T A C T I N F O R M A T I O N

MICHAEL L. CIANCONE,CHAIRNASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, TX281-483-8848michael.l.ciancone@nasa.gov

JAMES R. KIRKPATRICK(Ex Officio)Executive Director American Astronautical SocietySpringfield, VA 703-866-0020jkirkpatrick@astronautical.org

KATIE J. BERRYHILLAmerican Public UniversitySystemBenicia, CA707-745-1405kberryhill@calacademy.org

MATTHEW BILLEBooz Allen HamiltonColorado Springs, CO719-387-2062719-648-4121 (cell)bille_matt@bah.com

JAMES BUSBYMojave, CA310-464-7445apollo.busby@yahoo.com

TIMOTHY M. CHAMBERLINOologah, OK803-338-0514TMCspace@aol.com

DR. STEVEN J. DICKNASA History OfficeNASA HeadquartersWashington, DC202-358-0383Steven.j.dick@nasa.gov

STEPHEN E. DOYLEShingle Springs, CA916-638-7967sedoyle7@sbcglobal.net

DR. DONALD C. ELDERHistory DepartmentEastern New Mexico UniversityPortales, NM505-562-2438505-562-2601 (direct)donald.elder@enmu.edu

JOAN JOHNSON-FREESENational Security Decision MakingDepartmentNaval War CollegeNewport, RI401 841 3540johnsonj@nwc.navy.mil

R. CARGILL HALLWoodbridge, VA703-497-4322overflight@comcast.net

ROBERT JACOBSUnivelt IncorporatedSan Diego, CA 760-746-4005RobertHJacobs@univelt.com

DR. STEPHEN B. JOHNSONNational Institute for Science,Space, and Security CentersUniversity of Colorado at Colorado SpringsLarkspur, CO719-487-9833 (home office)719-238-8244 (cell)sjohns22@uccs.edu

DR. De WITT DOUGLASKILGOREDepartment of EnglishIndiana UniversityBloomington, IN 812-323-7972dkilgore@indiana.edu

DR. ROGER D. LAUNIUSDivision of Space HistorySmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC202-633-2428launiusr@si.edu

GIDEON MARCUSVista, CA 760-630-6849fagin@earthlink.net

DR. TREVOR C. SORENSENHawaii Space Flight LaboratoryUniversity of Hawaii at ManoaHonolulu, HI808-721-9374sorensen@hsfl.hawaii.edu

KATHERINE SCOTTSTURDEVANTCommunication, Humanities, andTechnical Studies Division Rampart Range Campus of PikesPeak Community CollegeColorado Springs, CO719-502-3146 Katherine.Sturdevant@ppcc.edu

DR. RICK W. STURDEVANTAir Force Space CommandAFSPC/HOPeterson AFB, CO719-554-3081Rick.Sturdevant@Peterson.af.mil

FRANK H. WINTERDepartment of Space HistoryNational Air and Space MuseumSmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC202-633-2421frank.winter@nasm.si.edu

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lookingbackUnique moments in the history of rocketry and astronautics

Tracking posts at WoomeraThe dual-unit Contraves kinetheodolite tracking post was one of several located around Woomera Rocket Range in South Australia to trackmissile tests and rocket launches. The Swiss-made Contraves kinetheodolites are a combination theodolite tracking instrument and filmcamera used to track and visually record the behavior of rockets and missiles. They were first introduced at Woomera in 1955 and wereusually operated by women. A male senior officer was in charge of each tracking post. This image was taken in the early 1960s.

COURTESY KERRIE DOUGHERTY, POWERHOUSE MUSEUM, SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA

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Helped steer NASA during start of Space AgeBy Matt Bille and Erika Lishock

ne of the leading “rocket men” from the era ofSputnik and Explorer has died.

Dr. Homer Joeseph Stewart earned his doctor-ate in aeronautics at the California Institute ofTechnology in 1940 andproudly identified with theschool for the rest of hislife. He taught at Caltechfor many years and co-founded the Caltech-runJet Propulsion Laboratory.

In the early 1950s, heworked at JPL, then undercontract to the U.S. Army,on rocket and missilepropulsion systems. Herehis contributions includedwork on the WACCorporal, Corporal andSergeant missiles.

In 1955, he was chosento lead the Advisory Groupon Special Capabilities,known forever after as theStewart Committee. In a controversial decision, a 5-2majority of the committee voted to select the Navy’ssatellite proposal (later named Project Vanguard) tobecome the nation’s first satellite program. Vanguardwon out over a competing idea from the Army’s GuidedMissile Development Division, headed by Wernher vonBraun, as well as a less-developed Air Force proposal.Stewart, who favored the more mature rocket technologyavailable from the Army, was in the minority.

The committee’s decision was based primarily onVanguard’s potentially greater scientific return, althoughStewart later wrote that some lingering anti-Germansentiment also may have been a factor.

Stewart encouraged the Army team to keep workingon its idea in case Vanguard faltered. While Vanguard

eventually became a significant success, it experienced acritical failure in a much-publicized launch attempt short-ly after the Soviet Union’s success with Sputnik 1. TheArmy team, in cooperation with JPL, was given the go-ahead to attempt a satellite launch as quickly as possible.That effort produced America’s first successful satellite

launch of Explorer 1. After the

success of theExplorer program,Stewart, on leavefrom Caltech,became the firstdirector of planningand evaluation forthe newly createdNationalAeronautics andSpaceAdministration. Hetestified at thepivotal Senatecommittee hearingscalled by then-Sen.Lyndon B. Johnsonon the state of

American space and missile technology and his percep-tion that the Soviet Union still held a significant lead inthe latter field. At NASA, Stewart’s work included assist-ing with the development of the Pioneer IV lunar probeand early planning for what became Project Apollo.

Stewart stayed at NASA for two years beforereturning to Caltech, where he continued aerospaceresearch and taught until his retirement in 1980.Stewart was 91 at the time of his death on May 26,2007. He is survived by three siblings, three childrenand two grandchildren.

Matt Bille and Erika Lishock are the authors of TheFirst Space Race: Launching the World’s First Satellites(Texas A&M University Press, 2004).

NASA

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On the horizon

The AAS National ConferenceA summary of the AAS History Committee’smeeting and other lectures held at the conferencein League City, Texas.

What the AAS History Committee has in the worksfor its winter newsletter

Special noteThe NASA History News and Notesnewsletter is available online athttp://history.nasa.gov/nltrc.pdf

Previous editions of the NASA HistoryNews and Notes newsletter areavailable in pdf and html format athttp://history.nasa.gov/histnews.htm

American AstronauticalSociety

¬America’s network of spaceprofessionals

¬Network, not just an organization

¬Space professionals, technical andnon-technical

Dedicated to advancingall space activities

¬Solely to space

¬To helping the people, the professionand the enterprise flourish

¬To harnessing the energy andcapability of our members to make adifference!

6352 Rolling Mill PlaceSuite 102Springfield, VA 22152-2354

Email: aas@astronautical.org

Phone: 703-866-0020 | 703-866-3526

The American Astronautical Society’sHistory Committee publishes Explorerquarterly. To receive Explorer via e-mail,send a message tomichael.l.ciancone@nasa.gov. You willreceive confirmation that your e-mailaddress has been added to the AASHistory Committee’s electronic e-maillist for the newsletter.

The latest issue of this newsletter isavailable at the American AstronauticalSociety’s Web site. Please visitwww.astronautical.org/AASexplorer.pdf

Tim Chamberlin is editor and designerof Explorer. He welcomes commentsabout the content and format of thisnewsletter. Send comments toTMCspace@aol.com.

50th anniversary of Sputnik 1 is topic of upcoming ‘Space Show’Matt Bille, a member of the AAS History Committee, and Erika Lishock will

discuss the importance of the 50th anniversary of the Sputnik 1 launch and relatedtopics, including their book, The First Space Race, on “The Space Show” Oct. 3 from7-8:30 PST.

“The Space Show” will air on KKNW 1150AM Seattle as well as stream live onthe Internet at www.thespaceshow.com.

The show will be archived in MP3 format and available atwww.thespaceshow.com shortly after the broadcast.

David Livingston, host of “The Space Show,” has conducted more than 700interviews since 2001, all of which are archived on the show’s Web site.

International Test and Evaluation JournalProposals for the “Historical Perspectives” column are being accepted for The

Journal of the International Test and Evaluation Association (ITEA), a professional,magazine-style quarterly distributed to practitioners of T&E the world over.

In general, journal articles are about testing developments and techniques asapplied to a broad range of disciplines — often, but not always, things that fly.

The journal’s “Historical Perspectives” column involves short historical sketchesof up to 1,200 words, with three or four photographs to accompany them. Longerhistorical pieces also have been published in the main part of the journal for subjectsof special interest to the association.

The subject matter for the column is intentionally broad. All periods of history are open, and T&E is defined liberally: in the modern

sense of complex, computerized experiments, but also the much less complex T&Eas understood in earlier periods.

Contact Michael Gorn, history editor, at 661-276-2355 or by e-mail atmichael.gorn@dfrc.nasa.gov.

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