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Pacific Marine Science Report 80-4

LORAN·C AND OMEGA NAVIGATION SYSTEM TESTS IN THE BEAUFORT SEA .

by A. Mortimer and P. Milner

, INSTITUTE OF OCEAN SCIENCES Sidney, B.C.

Pacific Marine Science Report 80-4

LORAN-C AND OMEGA NAVIGATION SYSTEM TESTS

IN THE BEAUFORT SEA

by

A. Mortimer and P. Milner

A.

Institute of Ocean Sciences

Sidney , B.C.

1980

Table of Contents

List or Tables

List of Fic)ure s

Abstract

Acknowl edgements

ii

iii

Introduction 3

Purpose of Tests 6

Equipment 6

Measurements at Tuktoyaktuk 7

Measurements at Nerlerk in Explorer 1 8

Measurements at Cape Parry 8

Loran-C Data 9

Omega Data 9

Loran-C Reception - Groundwave from Tok 9

Loran-C Skywave Reception 3 6

Loran-C Reception from Narrow Cape 3 6

Shoal Cove Reception 3 6

st. Paul Is. Reception 3 6

Port Clarence Reception 3 6

Skywave E.C. D. and T. O. A. Variation 3 7

Skywave Propagation Corrections 3 7

Loran-C Diurnal T. O. A. Changes 4 0

Loran-C Position Lines 4 1

Omega Reception 4 3

Integrated Satnav/Omega Positions 4 6

Conclusions 50

References 5 3

Appendix 1 - Detailed Position Data from the MXll05 Satnav/Omega 5 5 Receiver

i i

List of Tables

1. Distances to transmitters

2. Theoretical Receivable Ranges (Groundwave)

3. Loran-C Diurnal Phase Changes

4. Estimated Change of Ionospheric Height

5 . Daytime T. O. A. Stability

6. T. O. A. Correlations

7. Daytime T. D. Stability

8 . Inuvik - Omega Monitor Signal/Noise Range

9. Tuktoyaktuk - Omega/Satnav Accuracies MXI105

10. j - Omega/Satnav Accuracie s MXII05

II. Diurnal Variations in Accuracie s - MXI105

12. Stand-alone Omega Accuracie s

iii

F i�ures

1 . Loran-C coverage in the North East Pacific

2. Beaufort Sea Monitoring Sites

3. At Tuktoyaktuk - Tok (7 960-Ma s ter) R ecept ion

4. II II - Narrow Cape (7 960-X) II

5. II II - Shoal Cove (7 960-V) II

6. II II - St. Paul I. (9990-Master) II

7. II II - Port Clarence (9990-V) II

8. II II - Narrow Cape (9990-Z) II

9. At Nerlerk (E:x:p loy'el� 1) - Tok (7 960-Ma s te r) II

1 0. II II - Narrow Cape (7 960-X) II

1 1 . II II - Shoal Cove (7960-X) II

1 2. II II - St. Paul I. (9990-Master) II

1 3 . II II - Port Clarence (9990-V) II

1 4. II II - Narrow Cape (9990-Z) II

1 5. At Cape Parry - Tok (7 960-Mas ter) II

1 6. II II - Narrow Cape (7 960-x) II

1 7 . II II - Shoal Cove (7 960-V) II

1 8. II II - Port Clarence (9990-V) II

1 9. II II - Narrow Cape (9990-Z) II

20. MXll05 Positions, At Tuktoyaktuk - Satnav fixes

21 . II II II II - Integrated fixes (Nav. 2)

22. II II II II - Omega fixes

23 . II II II II - Stand-alone Omega fixes

24. II II II II - Stand-alone I nteg rated fixes

25. II II At Nerlerk - Satnav fixes

26. II II II II - Omega fixes

i v

F i gures (Conti nued)

MX1 1 05 PosTti ons, At Nerlerk - Integrated f i xes ( Nav. 2 ) 27.

28.

2 9·

Omega R ecepti on Status - Tuktoyaktuk

II II II - Nerlerk

3 0. Omega and Integrated Posi t i on Stabi l i ty

3 1 . Stand-alone Omega Posi ti on Stab i l i ty

3 2. E.C.D. and T.O.A. R elati onshi ps

I\bstr<lct

This report de scribe s Loran-C skywave reception in the Beaufort Sea. The accuracy of Loran-C positions using this mode of reception is evaluated. Omega reception was also monitored in the Beaufort Sea and the accuracy of positions obtained with an MXl1 05 Satnav/Omega receiver are given.

Acknowl edgements

The authors thank the following organi zations for their assistance i n this project:

Canadian Coast Guard, Ottawa, Ontario

Canadian Marine Dri ll i ng Co. Ltd. , Calgary, Alberta

Magnavox Corporation, Torrance, Cal ifornia

Marinav Corporation, Ottawa, Ontario

3

Introduction

The Be aufort Se a e xtends northward from the Canadian and Alaskan coasts into the Arctic Ocean we st of Longitude 1 28°w. It is an are a of intensive pe troleum re source e xploration activity and there is a possibility that oil tanker traffic will de ve lop in the ne xt fe w ye ars. The contine ntal shelf e xtends up to 75 nautical mile s (nm) out from the low-lying coastline. The she lf is liberally scattere d with shoal pingo-like features which rise to within 16 me tre s (m) of the surface. These shoals, together with the poor radar targets pre sented by the low-lying coast, present problems for the navigator who already has to cope with the usual hazards of arctic nav igat ion.

Several navigation systems and te chnique s are available in the Be aufort Se a. This are a is, of course, covered by the U.S. Navy Satel! ite Navigation system (Satnav) and by Omega. There is a potential for 1 imited Loran-C rece ption using skywave s from the e xisting chains in Alaska. Seven radar be acons operate from positions along the shore, providing targets with radar range s of up to 25 nm. Several air radio direction finder beacons e xist in the area, and V.L. F. (Very low frequency) transmissions may be available from se veral stations in the northern hemisphere. The oil e xploration companie s use a number of precise inshore positioning systems such as Argo and Syledis. The Polar Continental Shelf Project (PCSP) of the De partment of Energy, Mine s and Re source s intermittently operates a Decca 6F chain providing coverage of portions of the Beaufort Sea. So for offshore navigation, there already e xist three potentially useful systems covering a 1 1 of the Be aufort Sea: (I) Satnav, (2 ) Omega, (3 ) Loran-C.

Satnav provide s accurate fixes on the average eve ry 50 minutes at the se latitude s. However gaps be twee n passe s may be as long as three hours, e ither due to the ge ometry of the current sate llite orbital configuration or to inte rference occurring when two satellites are above the horizon. The Satnav syste m has be en succe ssfully used in this area since 1 970 and continues to be use d for precise drill ship positioning, survey work and general navigation. Howe ver unle ss Satnav position information is integrate d with data from some other system it doe s not provide continuous positioning information.

Omega is one of the radio navigation systems that provide continuous coverage in the are a. Phase comparisons are made using V.L.F. signals ( 1 0.2, 1 1 . 3 and 1 3 .6 Khz) . This system, unless use d in conjunction with Satnav or with local monitor, doe s not provide the accuracy that is usually re quire d for navigation on the continental shelf. Omega reception is also subje ct to diurnal propagation change s, sudden ionospheric disturbance s, polar cap disturbance s and from inade quately modelled propagation path conductivity variations. Signals from four of the e ight Omega stations can be regularly re ceived in the Be aufort Sea area. The stations are Norway (A) , Hawai i (C) , North Dakota (D) and Japan (H) . It is interesting to note that the V.L.F. propagation path from Norway to the Beaufort Sea doe s not pass over the Gre enland icecap. There fore this particular signal is not as strongly attenuate d as it is in the eastern Canadian Arctic.

ATTU 300 KW. '" ,..,0 • <::;>.!JtJ <:> '"

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4

LORAN C COVERAGE IN THE NORTH EAST PACIFIC

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EXISTING STATION

NEW STATION

\ 400KW

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NEW MONITOR STATION

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Figure 2

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6

Two Loran-C chains ope rate in Alaska, and are de signe d to provide groundwave coverage of the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Se a. Howe ver, Loran-C has a pre dicted one-hop skywave range of about 1 3 00 nm. Therefore, transmissions from five stations in Alaska can usually be rece ived. One of the signals, from Tok (7690 M) can be reI iably rece ived on groundwave , at le ast during the summer. The other stations providing skywave coverage are Narrow Cape (7960-X, 9990-Z) , Shoal Cove (7960-Y) , St. Paul Is. (9990-M) and Port CIa renee (9990-Y) . (See F i gu re 1 .)

Purpose of Te sts

Reports of reasonably reliable Loran-C reception were receivep from ship operators in the Beaufort Sea in 1 97 7 and 1 978. In response to the se reports a series of tests was made in August, 1 97 9. In addition to the Loran-C measurements the opportunity was taken to investigate Omega reception in the area.

The Loran-C te sts were made to show the availabil ity and stability of signals from the Alaska transmitters at three sites in the Beaufort Se a area, ( 1 ) at Tuktoyaktuk, (2) at the Nerlerk M-98 drill site in CANMAR Explorer 1 and (3) at Cape Parry. (See Figure 2.) The tests were designed to e stablish the e xtent of Loran-C groundwave reception, the reliability and stability of Loran-C skywave reception, and the accuracy of time diffe rence (T.D.) and time of arrival (T.O.A.) position lines. Data were collected to define the signal to noise ratio (S.N.R.) , the e nvelope to cycle difference , the re ceive r gain (which can be related to field strength) , the T.O.A. and T.D. of Loran-C signals.

Omega data were co lle cte d at Tuktoyaktuk and in CANMAR Exp lorer 7. For this navigation system signal to noise and position information were measure d at both sites. An attempt was also made to e stimate the effect of diffe rential corrections to Omega positions. However, the permanent Omega monitor at Inuvik was not operational when the measurements were be ing made in the Be aufort Sea. Some data from this monitor we re made available by the Unite d State s Coast Guard for a short period afte r our observations were made.

Equipment

To monitor the Loran-C signals in the Beaufort Sea receive r system was used. The system was controlle d by similar to that used for operational chain monitoring. up of the following e quipment:

Austron 5 000 Monitor Receiver D.E.C. PDP8E Computer T.I. A.S.R. 7 3 3 Data Terminal H.P. 5 062-C Cesium Frequency Standard.

an Austron Loran-C a monitor program The syste m was made

Loran-C T.D., phase, gain, cycle and noise information was logge d on Phill ips cassette s and late r transcribe d to Hewle tt Packard cartridges for

data processing.

7

To moni tor the Omega si gnals Magnavox 1 1 05 Satell i te/Omega Navi gator was use d. Thi s i nstrument was lent to the CHS by the Magnavox Government and Industri al Ele ctroni cs Company of Torrance, Cali forn i a, through Mar i nav Ltd. of Ottawa, Ontari o. The MXll05 combi nes i nformati on from a s i ngle channe l (400 mhz) satell i te navi gati on system rece i ver wi th data from a thre e fre que ncy Omega re ce i ver through a z80 mi croprocessor. Thi s system produce s satelli te posi ti ons, Omega posi ti ons and si gnal/noi se and posi ti on l i ne b i as i nformati on, also i ntegrated posi ti on esti mates from both navi gat i on sensors. Provi si on i s also made for shi p's log and gyro i nput, although thi s feature was not used i n the te sts. The MXll05 de si gnates the i ntegrated pos i t i ons -Nav. 1 for the Satnav/Log/Gyro comb i nati on and Nav.2 for the Satnav Omega comb i nati on.

Me asureme nts at Tuktoyaktuk

Loran-C si gnals were moni tore d at Tuktoyaktuk, i n CANMAR ExpZorer 1 and at Cape Parry. At Tuktoyaktuk, the Loran-C e qu i pment was set up at the Polar Conti ne ntal She lf Project (PCSP) base. The antenna, a 2.5 m whi p, was place d on the roof of the bui ldi ng about 1 0 m above the ground and about 1 5 m above sea le vel, well cle ar of all obstructi ons. Mon i tori ng starte d at 1 500 local ti me (2200Z) on August 4th, 1 979. The transmi ssi ons for the Gulf of Alaska Chai n (7960) from Tok (Master) and from Narrow Cape (X-Se condary) were qui ckly acqui red. The transmi ssi ons for Ber i ng Sea Chai n (9990 ) from Port Clarence (Y-Secondary) and aga i n from Narrow Cape (Z-Se condary) were also easi ly acqui red. At about 0 1 00 local ti me , just afte r sunset, the si gnals from Shoal Cove (7960, V-Secondary) and from st. Paul Is. (9990, Master) were acqui red. The si gnals from the se f i ve stati ons we re tracke d conti nuously for 72 hours wi th only occasi onal cycle ski ps on the transmi ssi ons from Shoal Cove, Narrow Cape and St. Paul Is. A data se t, defi ni ng T.O.A., T.D., Gai n, Noi se and Cycle, was logge d e very 1 5 m i nute s.

Some i nte rference to Loran-C recepti on was observe d at Tuktoyaktuk. Th i s i nte rfe rence was observe d on the scope of the Austron 5000 rece i ver as a transmi ss i on some where close to 1 00 Khz formed i nto a conti nuous pulse trai n, the pulse envelope havi ng a wavelength approxi mately ten t i me s that of the basi c fre quency. Thi s conti nuous pulse trai n swept across the scope wi th an apparent repeti ti on i nterval of 85,000 mi croseconds. The pulses re ache d the i r maxi mum ampli tude duri ng the afternoon, then decre ase d to a m i ni mum at n i ght.

A spectrum analyser showe d a reasonably clean spectrum around 1 00 Khz, wi th the Loran-C si gnals easi ly i denti fi able above the no i se , at about - 1 00 dbm. Howe ver, the analyser di d show a pulsed transm i ssi on sweepi ng thi s area of the spectrum. The Tuktoyaktuk DEW I i ne stati on chi e f re ports i nterfe rence on some of the i r e qui pment at 1 21 .5 Khz.

The Omega and Satnav ante nnae for the MXll05 system were also place d on the roof of the PCSP base at Tuktoyaktuk about 3 m away from the Loran-C antenna and from each other. It took thi s system about 6 hrs to acqui re and synchroni se w i th the Omega transmi ssi ons of Tuktoyaktuk. Data relati ng to Omega and i ntegrated posi ti ons, and Omega si gnal qual i ty were logged every

8

30 mi nutes for 72 hours. For the next 48 hrs the MXll05 system was use d as a stand-alone Omega rece i ver and Omega posi ti on data was agai n logge d e very 30 m i nute s.

Me asurements at Nerlerk i n Explorer 1

R adi o navi gati on si gnals were mon i to:ed i n CANMAR Exp lorer 1, a dri ll shi p work i ng about 60 nm north of Tuktoyaktuk i n the Beaufort Sea. The shi p was, for our purposes, stati onary on the dri ll si te. The Loran-C antenna was mounted on the bri dge w i ng about 1 5 m above se a level. The Omega and Satnav antenna were placed on the flyi ng bri dge about 20 m above sea le ve l. The dri ll r i g tower was about 30 m northwest of the antenna and obvi ously such a massi ve structure would not enhance low fre quency phase measur.ements. Also the dri ll shi p provi ded a Iinoi syll e nvi ronment for mon i tori ng radi o s i gnals. However, no major di storti ons i n accuracy of posi ti on data collected i n CANMAR Explorer 1 could be attri bute d to e i ther the r i g or the IInoi sell.

In the dri ll shi p, Loran-C si gnals from Tok (7960-Master) , Narrow Cape (7980 - X-Secondary, 9990 - Z-Secondary) and Port Clarence (9990 - V-Secondary) we re qui ckly acqui red under dayt i me condi t i ons. The transmi ssi on from Shoal Cove (7960 - V-Secondary) was acqui re d at sunset. It was not possi ble to acqu i re the s i gna I from st. Pau I Is. (9990 - Master) unt i I the second n i ght i n the shi p. Transm i ssi ons from these fi ve stati ons were mon i tore d for 72 hrs. Consi deri ng the noi sy e nv i ronment, rece i ve r tracki ng abi li ty appeare d acceptable as only about two cycle sk i ps per day were experi ence d for e ach stat i on; e xcept Tok whi ch was completely stable.

D i ffi culty was e xper i enced i n acqu i r i ng the Omega si gnals onboard the dri ll shi p. The MXlI05 was operate d for 24 hrs before synchroni zati on w i th the Omega transmi ssi ons was e stabli shed. Once synchroni zati on had occurred, strong s i gnals were rece i ve d from fi ve Omega transmi tters (A, C, D, G, H) for the followi ng 24 hrs. At thi s ti me , the MXI1 0 5 was put i nto the Omega stand-alone mode. However, the system lost the Omega si gnals at about 0 200 local ti me (mi ddle of the n i ght) . Upon re-synchroni zati on only thre e Omega stat i ons (C, D, G) were tracke d and they were errati c. Good posi ti on data was not obtai ned agai n unti l well after sunri se from e i ther the integrated or stand-alone Omega systems.

Measurements at Cape Parry

Only Loran-C transmi ssi ons were moni tore d at Cape Parry, whi ch i s 1 80 nm e ast of Tuktoyaktuk. The Loran-C mon i tori ng equi pment was set up at the DEW l i ne s i te and the whi p antenna was mounte d on the roof of the bui ldi ng about 1 00 m above sea level and 80 m from the radar dome . Si gnals from four Loran-C stati ons were moni tore d for 48 hrs. Stati ons at Tok (7960 -Master) , Narrow Cape (7960 - X-Secondary; 9990 - Z-Secondary) and Port ClarenCE (9990 - V-Secondary) were acqui red wi thi n 3 hrs of se tt i ng up duri ng the afternoon. Shoal Cove (7960 - V-Secondary) could not be acqui re d unti l sunset. It was not possi ble to acqui re the si gnal from St. Paul 15. (9990 - Master) duri ng thi s 48 hr peri od. R adi o i nterfere nce throughout

9

the moni tori ng pe ri od at Cape Parry was mi n i mal. An attempt was made to track skywave from Tok (7960 - Master) duri ng the n i ght at about 0 1 00 local ti me. The skywave on thi s transmi ssi on was di sti nctly separated from the groundwave for only a short peri od of ti me , but enough measurements were made to enable the n i ght ti me i onospheri c he i ght to be esti mated.

Loran-C Data

Fi gure s 3 through 8 show the i nformati on collected at Tuktoyaktuk for the two cha i ns moni tored. Ti mes of arri val, i n mi croseconds, of the var�ous transmi ssi ons are plotted for the three days. All but the s i gnals from Tok (7960 - Master) show the effects of skywave propagati on. The cycle number shown on the graphs i s related to envelope-to-cycle-di fference (E.C.D.):

E. C.D. = (3. 0 - Cycle #) x 1 0.

Gai n numbers from the Austron Loran-C Mon i tor system are shown on these fi gures. The y can be related to fi e ld strengths for the si gnals through:

1 1 0 - Gai n # (db) F = 5 0 x I 0 -----::2:-::: 0---"- --"---"-

whe re F = Fi eld Stre ngth (mi crovolts per metre).

Data collecte d at Nerlerk (CANMAR Explorer 1 ) i s shown i n F i gures 9 through to 1 4. Agai n all the T.O.A. 's plotted, except those from Tok (7960 -Master) show skywave acti vi ty. The measurements made at Cape Parry are graphed i n F i gures 1 5 through to 1 9.

Omega Data

The posi ti on data generated by the MXll05 Omega/Satnav system are shown i n the fi gure s i n Appendi x I. In thi s appendi x the lati tudes and longi tude s for Satnav fi xes, for the i ntegrated (Nav. 2) posi ti ons and for the Omega fi xe s are plotte d as ti me seri e s, for each day and as three day blocks.

Scatter plots for the posi ti ons gi ven by the MXll05 at Tuktoyaktuk, from Satnav, Omega and i ntegrated (Nav. 2) outputs are shown i n Fi gures 20 to 24. Fi gures 25 , 26 and 27 show the scatter plots of posi ti ons from the MX1 1 05 's three pos i t i on outputs at Nerlerk (CANMAR Explorer 1) .

Loran-C Recepti on - Groundwave from Tok

The di stance s from the moni tor si tes i n the Beaufort Sea to the transmi tters are gi ven i n Table I.

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1 2 1 8 . 54 8 1 3 . 29

4 8 1 . 54 920 . 68 906 . 1 2

1 230 . 74 808 . 1 2

Ca pe Pa r ry

5 9 1 . 35 1 043 . 99 903 . 40

1 396 . 80 985 . 42

The t heo re t i ca l ext reme u sa b l e ra nges of t he s ta t i on s , a s s um i ng a rece i ve r t ha t w i l l acqu i re the s i gna l w i t h a s i gna l - to-no i se ra t i o of 1 /3 , a n a ve ra ge conduct i v i ty a l ong t he g roundwave p ropaga t i on pa t h o f 0 . 00 1 mhos/me t re , a n d a n atmo s p he r i c no i se l eve l of 55db a bove 1 m i c rovo l t pe r met re , a re 1 i s ted i n Ta b le 2 .

Tab l e 2

Theo ret i ca l Rece i va b l e Ranges ( G roundwave )

T ra n sm i t te r Pea k Powe r Range

Tok 540 kw 540 nm Na r row C a pe 400 kw 520 nm S hoa l Cove 540 kw 540 nm S t . Pau l I s . 275 kw 490 nm Port C l a rence 1 000 kw 570 nm

As p red i c ted , on l y t he t ra n sm i s s i on s f rom Tok we re rece i ved by g roundwave p ropaga t i on . At C a pe Pa r ry , 590 nm f rom Tok t he s i gna l wa s not a cq u i red i n s ta n ta neou s l y a s a t t he o t he r mon i tor i ng s i tes . The refo re , i t a p pea r s that a p p rox i ma te l y 600 nm i s t he max i mum ove r l and range of t he Tok t ra n sm i s s i on to t he Bea u fort Sea a rea . Th i s 600 nm range i s s l i gh t l y h i g he r t ha n t he p red i c ted 540 nm max i mum range and may i mp l y the pos s i b i l i t y of s l i gh t l y h i g he r g round c6n d uc t i v i t i es ( 0 . 00 1 mhos/me t re ) than we re u sed i n t he p red i c t i on .

U s i ng t he ga i n mea s u reme n t s f rom the Aus t ron 5000 mon i to r s y s tem , f i e l d s t reng t h s i n t he Beau fo r t Sea ranged f rom 1 1 0 m i c rovo l t s/met re a t T u ktoyak t u k down t o 40 m i c rovo l t s /me t re a t Cape Pa r ry for t he Tok s i gna l s . T he no i se n umbe r s o b se rved on o u r rece i ve r se l dom exceeded 2 50 a t Tuk toyakt u k , 1 50 a t Ne r l e rk ( ExpZorer 1 ) and 1 00 a t Cape Pa r ry . S o actua l no i se l eve l s i n t he Bea u fo r t Sea t h i s Augu s t a ppea red to be fa i r l y l ow , ra ng i ng f rom - 2 0 d b a bove I m i c rovo l t/me t re t o - 1 0 d b a bove 1 m i c rovo l t/me t re . D i u rna l va r i a t i on s i n no i se l eve l we re not de tectab l e . Enve l o pe - to-cyc l e- d i f fe rence f rom t he Tok t ra n sm i s s i on ranged f rom -2 to - 3 m i c roseconds a t t he mon i to r s i tes . S i gn a l acqu i s i t i on wa s sa t i s fac to ry a t t he two wes te rn s i te s a n d t rack i ng a b i l i ty wa s good a t a l l t h ree s i tes .

3 6

Lo ran - C S kywave Recept i on

F i r s t hop Loran - C s kywave t ra n sm i s s i on s have a t heoret i ca l max i mum range of a bo u t 2 300 nm. The refore t he Bea u fo r t Sea s hou l d be we l l w i t h i n s kywave recept i on range of t he A l a s ka Lo ra n - C s t a t i on s . However , t he s i gna l s f rom S t . Pau l I s . ( 9990 - Maste r ) we re d i ff i cu l t to acq u i re a t Tuktoyak t u k and Ne r l e r k , a n d we re not a cq u i red a t a l l a t Cape Pa rry . The S t . Pa u l I s . t ransm i t te r has a pea k powe r of 275 kw . I t wa s a l so i mpos s i b l e t o a cq u i re t he S hoa l Cove s i g na l s a t any o f t he mon i to r s i tes d u r i ng day t i me , even t hough t h i s s t a t i on has a peak powe r of 540 kw .

Lora n - C Recept i on f rom Nar row C a pe

Na r row C a pe t ra n sm i ss i on s we re q u i ck l y acqu i red a t Tu ktoya ktuk and a t Ne r l e r k . They we re t racked reasona b l y s tead i l y a t a l l t h ree s i tes , a l t hough cyc l e s k i p s occu r red on mos t n i gh t s when the s i g na l s we re mon i to red . F i g u res 4 , 8 , and 1 0 s how a cor re l a t i on of change i n T . O . A . a n d t he va r i a t i on i n mea s u red E . C . D . a s t he i onosphe r i c he i g h t r i ses a nd fa l l s at s u n se t and s un r i se . A d i u rna l va r i a t i on i s a l so seen i n t he ga i n a n d no i se d a ta .

S hoa l Cove Recept i on

Th i s s ta t i on ha s a nor th - sou t h p ropagat i on pa t h to t he Bea u fo r t Sea and con s i s ten t t rack i ng of S hoa l Cove s i gna l s i s d i ff i cu l t . Two o r t h ree cyc l e s h i f t s were noted each n i gh t . A t Ne r le r k and a t Cape Pa r ry t he mon i to r s y s tem cou l d on l y e r ra t i ca l l y i nd i ca te a cyc l e n umbe r . S i gna l to no i se mea s u reme n t s and rece i ve r ga i n n umbe r s i nd i ca ted a wea k s i gna l . At Tuktoya ktuk l a rge d i u rna l va r i a t i on s i n E . C . D . we re noted as t he i onosphe re changed he i gh t . I t was pos s i b l e to t rack t h i rd cyc l e of t h i s s i gna l for on l y one day l i gh t pe r i od a t Tuk .

S t . Pau l I s . Rece p t i on

At Tuk toyaktuk and a t Ner l e r k t he S t . Pau l I s . s i g na l s we re t racked q u i te s tead i l y . Cyc l e s k i ps occu r red on one n i gh t a t Tuktoyak t u k and one of t he two n i gh t s at Ne r l e r k . E . C . D . a t Tuktoya ktuk showed a ma r ked cor re l a t i o n to s h i f t s i n i onosphe r i c he i gh t . At Ne r l e r k , E . C . D . mea s u reme n t s a l so s how t h i s co r re l a t i on a l t hough t he l ogg i ng pe r i od wa s l i m i ted . S i gn a l to no i se and rece i ve r ga i n data i nd i ca te a wea k s i gna l ; and a s i t wa s not poss i b l e t o mon i to r t h i s s i gna l a t Cape P a r ry i t i s a s sumed i t s ra nge l i m i t i s somewhe re a round Long i tude 1 320W.

Port C l a rence Recept i on

The eas t-wes t pa� h f rom Port C l a rence to t he Bea u fo r t Sea p rov i des good s kywave p ropaga t i on cond i t i on s . A s ta b l e s i g na l wa s rece i ved at a l l t h ree mon i to r i ng s i tes .

37

O n l y one cyc l e s k i p occurred d ur i ng t he mon i tor i ng per i od s at Ner l erk and one a t C a pe Pa r ry . The E . C . D . mea s uremen t s s how a d i s t i nc t d i p as t he i onosphere r i ses a t s unse t . T here i s a s l i g h t recovery i n E . C . D . d ur i ng t he n i g h t ; then t he re i s a n o t her d i s t i nc t d i p a t sunr i se a s t he i onos p here re t urns to d ay t i llle l eve l s . Th i s ef fec t i s seen bes t i n t he data co l l ec ted a t T u k toya k t u k i n F i g u re 7. S i g na l /no i se and ga i n data i nd i ca te t he Port C l arence s i gna l wa s t he s tronge s t and mos t s ta b l e of t he ava i l a b l e s kywave s i gna l s . The pa t h from Port C l arence to t he Bea u fort Sea does not exper i ence comp l ete n i g h t effec t d ur i ng ear l y Augu s t . Therefore , t he change i n i onospher i c he i g h t w i l l proba b l y be l e s s t ha t for t he o t her tra n sm i s s i on pa t hs mon i tored .

S kywave E . C . D . and T . O . A . Var i a t i on

As noted ear l i er , when t he T . O . A . of a Lora n - C tra n sm i s s i on i s de l ayed d ue to a r i se i n i onos p her i c he i g h t , t he E . C . D . changes . T herefore , i t may be pos s i b l e to u se E . C . D . mea s uremen t s to pred i ct change i n T . O . A . , a s s um i n g E . C . D . . does not c hange d ue to o t her ca u ses w i t h i n t he l i m i ted a rea of i n tere s t to t he opera tor . T he re l a t i on s h i ps of E . C . D . to c ha nges i n T . O . A . can be seen i n F i g ure 3 2 . I f , a n E . C . D . mea s uremen t cou l d be u sed to pred i c t change T . O . A . i t wou l d be i ndepende n t of t i me and e s t i ma tes of i onospher i c he i g h t . T h u s t he u se of s kywave Lora n - C pos i t i on l i nes cou l d be extended to t he per i ods a f ter s u n se t and before s u nr i se when t he i onos p here i s mov i ng ra p i d l y . A s i mp l e q uadra t i c mode l , ba sed change of E . C . D . per hour , g i ve s t he a b so l u te va l ue o f cha nge of T . O . A . for t he next hour .

- 0 . 1 5 ( 6C . ) + 0 . 38 (6C . ) 2 I I

where 6C . I

change of E . C . D . d ur i ng t he preced i ng hour

pred i c ted change of T . O . A . d ur i ng t he for t h com i ng hour .

T h i s mode l wa s based on t he n i ce d a ta from t he Port C l arence t ra n sm i s s i on s rece i ved a t Tuktoya k tu k . When used t o pred i ct c ha n ges of T . O . A . s for o t her tra n sm i ss i on s , i t prod uces e s t i mates w i t h rms error s of a bou t ± l m i crosecond per hour . I f E . C . D . mea s ureme n t s are to be u sed a s pred i ct i on s for T . O . A . changes , obv i ou s l y a phys i ca l exp l ana t i on w i l l be req u i red for t he re l a t i on s h i p . I t may t hen be poss i b l e to der i ve a genera l a n d more accurate mode l .

Skywave Propaga t i on Correc t i on s

Severa l a u t hors have reported o n s kywa ve propaga t i on mode l s t ha t pred i c t pha se l ag s and t he i r d i urna l and sea sona l var i a t i on s . These works are rev i ewed i n Reference 2 . For J ow freq uen c ies , 70 to 245 Khz , Be l rose e s t i ma tes t ha t t he effec t i ve he i g h t s of i onos p her i c ref l ec t i on a re a bo u t 90 km a t n i g h t and 72 km b y day , a t ra nges i n t he order of 1 000 km ( 3 ) . Dav i e s ( Ref . 2 , p . 4 1 8 ) g i ves t he fo l l ow i ng eq ua t i on to re l a te p h a se change to he i g h t change

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Fig ure 3 2

3 9

M = 2nd [2� + I g�� fl� rad i a n s

where flCP p ha se change i n radi a n s

d d i s ta nce , tra n smi t ter to recei ver ( km )

h mea n ionos p heric hei g h t ( km )

Ah heig h t change ( km )

A wave l en g t h ( km)

a = eart h rad ius ( 63 7 1 km )

Wi t h s pec i f i c reference to Loran - C , Doherty i n Referen ce 4 found phase changes equiva l e n t to a 2 2 km a pparent hei g h t change when worki n g i n t he Beri ng Sea . Work i n Norwa y , descri bed i n Reference 5 ( Larsen a n d Thra ne ) repor t s t ha t effec t i ve ref l ec t ion heig h t s for Loran - C pu l ses to be between 50 a n d 60 km duri ng t he day and a bout 83 km a t n i g h t , for a ran ge of 3 00 km. I t a p pears t ha t Larsen and Thrane ca l cul a te on l y a s l i g h t change i n effec t i ve hei g h t wi t h range .

Automa ted Offs hore Navi ga t ion I nc . , referred to by D . Livi n g s ton ( Bed ford I n s t i tute of Oceanogra p hy , Dartmout h , N . S . ) in Reference 6 , g ives a geome tric mode l to pred i c t s kywave p ha se de l a ys .

where

lid = 9 1 - 59 2 S i n {2 . a cctan

4 . 5 . 1 0- 3 . D o

D d i s tance ( km)

n l +63 7 1 ' ( I -Cos

L 637 1 ' Si n (3

and !\d de l a y in km due to ionospheri c s h i f t from 59 to 9 1 km.

The U n i ted S ta tes Defen se Mapping Agency uses ano t her formul a to compute Lora n - C s kywave de l ays .

where

-------------------------( a ) D ' = !f [2 ,j( h2 + 4a (a + h ) s i n 2 ( 4�a ) o � S � NS max

( b ) D

D

D '

d

d

N

C

h

D I - d

Tota l S kywave De l ay i n mi crosecond s

Prin c i pa l part o f t he N t h hop skywave de l ay i n microseconds

- 0 . 3 + O. 00208s 0 � S � NS max

- 0 . 3 + o . 00208NS max NS max < S

Number of hops

Ve l oci ty of l ig h t = 299 . 792458 x 1 0- 3 km/mi crosecond

Apparen t hei g h t of t he ionosphere i n ki l ome tres 9 1 ki l ome tres ( n i g h t ) and 7 3 ki l ome tres (day )

40

a = E f fec t i ve ea r t h rad i u s = 8490 k i l omet res

S G roundwave pa th l en g t h i n k i l omet res

S max 2 /� N S max N ( 2 ,../ 2a h )

When N S max < S t he va l ue o f D I becomes a con s ta n t fo rmu l a ( a ) becomes :

D ' = � [2 j h 2 + 4a ( a + h ) s i n 2 (\�:X1 s �ax J Lo ran - C D i u rn a l T . O . A . C ha nges

The obse rved c hang �s i n Lora n - C T . O . A . s d ue to change i n i onos p he r i c he i gh t a re l i s ted i n Tab l e 3 .

Tab l e 3

Lo ran-C D i u rn a l P h a se C ha nges ( i n m i c rosecond s )

A t Tu ktoya k t u k .

Obs . N i g h t I II II 2 II II 3

At Ne r l e r k , CANMAR

O b s . N i g h t II II 2 II II 3

P red i cted ( N . B . S . ) II ( D . M . A . )

7960x

1 1. 7 1 2 . 0 1 1 . 0

Explorer 1 .

1 3 . 2 1 6 . 6 1 6 . 2

8 . 1

1 7 . 4

7960Y

1 1 . 8 1 2 . 5 9 . 3

7 . 8 8 . 7 9 . 2

8 . 0

1 7 . 5

9990M

8 . 8 8 . 2 8 . 6

1 1 . 8 1 3 . 6

1 0 . 9

9990Y

8 . 0 7 . 3 6 . 7

7 . 8 8 . 9

1 0 . 4

7 . 1

1 8 . 2

9990Z

1 3 . I 1 3 . 2 1 2 . 9

13 . 6 1 3 . 0 1 1 . 7

8 . I

1 7 . 4

The two p red i ct i on s for Ner 1 e rk a re based on t he Na t i ona l B u reau of S t anda rds ( N . B . S . ) ( Refe ren ce 4) and t he Defen se Mapp i ng Agency ( D . M . A . ) ( see page 2 8 ) method s . I onos p he r i c he i g h t s a re a s sumed to be 73 km i n t he day and 9 1 km a t n i g h t , t hus t he change i n he i g ht i s 1 8 km . T he obse rved s h i f t s fa l l between t he two p red i ct i on s , b u t a re gene ra l l y c l ose r t o t he N . B . S . met hod . U s i ng a ve ra ge observed p ha se changes , t he he i g h t changes can be comp u ted f rom Reference 4 , p . 4 1 4 .

whe re

f',h = M � J d 2+h2 21T ! 2 h

change i n i onos p he r i c he i g h t ( km ) obse rved phase s h i f t ( ra d i an s ) mea n he i g h t ( km )

2d = g round d i s tance ( km ) A wave len g t h ( km )

4 1

The changes , i n t he he i g h t of t he i onosphe re be tween day and n i g h t a re g i ven i n Ta b l e 4 .

Tab l e 4

E s t i ma ted C ha nge of i on sophe r i c He i gh t ( i n km )

7960x 7960Y 9990M 9990Y

At Tuktoyaktuk 1 7 . 4 1 6 . 1 1 7 . 7 1 0 . 2 At Ne r l e r k 24 . 0 1 3 . 2 2 6 . 5 1 2 . 4

The observa t i on s of d i urna l phase s h i f t s how a w i de va r i a t i on i n t he chan ges i n i onos phe r i c he i g h t s .

An a t tempt was made a t Cape Pa r ry to mea sure t he d i ffe rence between t he T . O . As of t he g round and s kywaves f rom Tok . The d i f fe rence i n T . O . A . f rom s ho rt pe r i od a t t he m i dd l e of t he n i gh t wa s 5 1 . 5 ± 1 . 1 m i c rosecon d s . The d i f fe rence , p red i c ted by t he D . M . A . met hod , i s 54 . 1 m i c roseco nd s .

As can be seen f rom a l l t he T . O . A . data co l l ec ted , t he i onosp he re i s o n l y s ta b le dur i ng t he summe r n i gh t fo r a ve ry s ho r t per i od . The i onosphe re s t a r t s t o r i se i mmed i a te l y a fte r sun se t a t t he rece i ve r . A s a l l t he t ra n sm i t te r s used we re to t he wes t of t he tes t a rea , t he s i g na l s d o not s tab i l i ze un t i l we l l a f te r l oca l sun r i se a t t he rece i ve r . The re a re on l y 1 4 hours of s ta b l e s i gn a l ava i l a b i l i ty , dur i ng Augus t , wh i ch i s t he peak o f t he ope ra t i on a l sea son i n t he Beaufo r t Sea . Th i s t i me , of course , dec rea ses a s w i n te r a p p roaches .

Lo ra n - C Pos i t i on L i nes

Two t ypes of pos i t i on l i nes can be gene ra ted by a Lora n - C c ha i n . T . O . A . l s can be used a s ranges f rom t he t ra n s m i t te r s i f a p rec i se f requency s tanda rd i s ava i l a b l e , and i f synch ron i za t i on cor rec t i on s a re a p p l i ed to t he T . O . A . I S to reduce t hem to ranges . The observed s ta b i l i ty (dayt i me ) of t he T . O . A . I S f rom t he t ra n sm i s s i on s ava i l a b l e i n t he Beaufor t Sea i s l i s ted i n Tab le 5 .

At Tuktoyaktuk At Ne r l e r k (Expl . 1 ) At Cape Pa r ry

Tab l e 5

Dayt i me T . O . A . S ta b i l i ty

( S ta n d a rd dev i a t i on i n m i c rosecond s )

G roundwave S kywave

7960-M 7960-x 7960-Y 9990-M

0 . 05 0 . 27 0 . 32 0 . 42 0 . 06 0 . 56 0 . 35 0 . 25 0 . 03 0 . 30 0 . 56

9990-Y 9990-Z

0 . 44 0 . 37 0 . 44 0 . 92 0 . 28 0 . 29

42

As t he n i g h t s i n Aug u s t a re so s ho r t t he i onos p he re does not set t l e at a h i ghe r a l t i t ude for any l en g th of t i me . The refore , i t i s not pos s i b l e to est i ma te a cc u ra te l y t he s ta b i l i ty of T . O . A . ' s a t n i g h t . T he i ns ta b i l i ty for T . O . A . ' s d u r i ng t he b r i ef per i o d when t he i onos p he re i s at i t s h i g he s t l eve l appea r s to be a bo u t two to th ree t i mes g reate r t ha n t ha t obse rved d u r i ng t he day .

The cor re l a t i on s between T . O . A . e r ro r s appea r to be re l a t i ve l y h i g h . Typ i ca l obse rved co r re l a t i on s a re tabu l a ted i n Ta b l e 6 for day l i gh t hou rs .

7960M X Y

9 990M Y Z

T . O . A .

7960M

I 0 . 40 o . 1 3

9990M

I 0 . 93 0 . 99

Tab l e 6

C o r re l a t i on s

X Y

0 . 40 0 . 1 3 I 0 . 73

0 . 73 1

Y Z

0 . 93 0 . 99 1 0 . 95

0 . 95 1

The effect of s kywaves on t he T . O . A . e r ro r s i s c l ea r l y seen i n t he a bove tab l e .

I n day t i me , a f i x u s i ng Lora n - C T . O . A . ' s ( p rec i se l y synch ron i zed ) s hou l d have a rad i a l e r ro r of ±500 m (I s i gma con f i den ce l eve l ) o r l e s s , depend i ng on t he n umbe r of pos i t i on l i nes u sed .

Fou r Loran - C t i me d i f fe rence s a re ava i l a b l e i n t he wes te rn Bea u fort Sea . The e s t i ma tes of t he e r ro r s a s soc i a ted w i t h t hese hype r bo l i c pos i t i on l i nes a re l i s ted i n Tab l e 7 . The d a ta set s u sed to gene rate Tab l e 7 a re i ndependen t of t hose u sed fo r Tab l es 5 and 6 .

7960x y

9 990Y z

Tab l e 7

Dayt i me T . D . S ta b i l i ty ( S ta n d a rd dev i a t i on i n m i c ro second s )

Tuktoya ktuk Ne r l e r k

0 . 27 0 . 52 0 . 1 4 0 . 35

0 . 1 6 0 . 28 0 . 27 0 . 3 3

Cape Pa r ry

0 . 29 0 . 24

S o , i f acc u ra te s kywave cor rec t i on s we re pos s i b le , a Lora n - C hype r bo l i c f i x , taken a bo u t 60 nm nor t h of Tuktoyak t u k s hou l d have a n accu racy of t 3 km fo r t he G u l f of A l a s ka C ha i n ( 7960 ) a n d ± 1 . 5 km f rom t he Be r i ng Sea C ha i n ( 9990 ) . D ue to u n ce r ta i n t i e s i n s kywave mea s u reme n t s t he above accu racy

est i ma te s s hou l d p roba b l y be doub l ed .

Omega Recept i on

Refe rence 7 ( Va s s ) p red i ct s that Omega s ta t i on s A (Norwa y ) , C ( Hawa i i ) , D ( No rth Dakota ) and H ( Japan ) w i l l be rece i ved i n the Beaufor t Sea , dur i ng summe r d a y l i gh t w i t h adequa te s i g na l - to-no i se rat i o and i n s i gn i f i ca n t mod a l i nt erf e rence . F i gures 2 8 and 2 9 s how t he Omega s ta t i on s used by the MX I I 05 s y s tem , a n d t hose w i t h l ow s i g na l s t reng t h , a t our two mon i to r s i tes a t Tuktoyaktuk a n d Ner l e rk ( Explorer 1 ) . These data con f i rm t he p red i ct i on s , excep t that H ( J a pa n ) a t Tuktoyaktuk wa s not used con t i nuous l y a s i t s s i gna l - to- no i se rat i o i n term i t ten t l y d ropped be l ow t ha t accepta b l e for f i x i ng . The MX I I 05 uses a pseudo- ran g i ng techn i que for pos i t i on i ng t h a t requ i res s i gna l s f rom at l ea s t t h ree s ta t i on s . Th i s numbe r of requ i red s i gna l s was ava i l a b l e t h roughout t he mon i to r i ng per i od a t bot h s i tes w i th the excep t i on o f one ove r n i gh t per i od a t Ner l e r k .

O n t h i s occa s i on the Omega sect i on of the MX l l 0 5 sys tem d i d , wha t can bes t be desc r i bed a s , " l a tch-up" . After two hours t he rece i ve r resynch ron i zed on Omega s ta t i on s C ( Hawa i i ) , D ( Nort h Dakota ) , a nd G ( T r i n i dad ) , but exh i b i ted l ow s i gna l - to- no i se ra t i os for A ( No rway ) a nd H ( Japan ) . Dur i ng t h i s per i od poo r pos i t i on s we re p roduced by the system . F i ve hou r s l a ter t he MX l I 05 " l a tched -up· · aga i n , but after a further two hour s resynch ron i zed on t he usua l four s ta t i on s A , C , D , H . I t i s d i ff i cu l t to f i nd the causes for t h i s one fa i l ure of t he MX I 1 05 system . Th i s fa i l ure can p ro ba b l y be a t t r i buted to exte rna l recep t i on cond i t i on s ra ther than an i n t e rm i t t e n t rece i ve r faul t .

U n i ted S ta te s Coa s t Gua rd , t h rough t he Canad i an Coa s t Gua rd mad e ava i l ab l e some d a ta f rom t he i r Omega mon i to r s ta t i on a t I nuv i k A i r po r t . Reg retta b l y t he mon i to r was not wo r k i ng when our mea suremen t s we re mad e i n t he Beaufor t Sea . Howeve r , t he mon i to r data f rom I nuv i k , cove r i ng a s ho r t pe r i od f rom Aug . 2 1 s t t o Aug . 2 3 rd con f i rmed t o some exten t our d a ta f rom Tuktoya k tuk a n d Explorer 1 . Dur i ng t h i s s ho r t per i od the mon i to r t racked Omega s ta t i on A ( No rway ) , C ( Hawa i i ) and H ( Japan ) reI i ab l y . Omega s t a t i on D ( No rt h Dakota ) wa s not t racked dur i ng t h i s pe r i od a s i t was down for ma i n tenance . Tab l e 8 g i ves t he range of s i g na l - to-no i se rat i o and numbe r of cyc l e s k i ps expe r i enced dur i ng t h i s short per i od .

A C D H

Tab l e 8

Omega Mon i to r - I nuv i k ( 34 h r s on l y ) S i gna l - to- No i se Range ( d b )

H i g h

o 3

Low

- 70 approx . - 33

# of t i me s cyc l e s k i ps occu r red

2 I

not opera t i ona l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --5 - 70 a pp rox . 5

A

� �+ � + + + + � T + � + � + + � � � + r + � + � � + + r + + + + + r + + + + + + + + r + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + r + + +

c

I n I I I E � - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -!

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45

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46

I n teg r a ted Sa tnav/Omega Pos i t i on s

The MX I I 05 Sa te l l i te/Omega nav i ga to r p rod uce s fou r e s t i ma tes of pos i t i on ( 1 ) S i ng l e Channe l Sa tnav f i xes , ( 2 ) Omega s tand -a l one f i xes ( 3 ) I n te g r a ted Satnav a n d s h i ps gyro and s peed l og pos i t i on s ( Nav . 1 ) and (4 ) i n teg ra ted S a tnav a n d Omega pos i t i on s ( Nav . 2 ) . A l l pos i t i on d a ta

were co l l ec ted w i t h t he rece i ve r s t a t i ona ry , t he refore Nav . 1 pos i t i on s a re not re l eva n t t o o u r mea s u rements . The e s t i ma tes o f t he e r ro r s a ssoc i a ted w i t h t he o t he r type s of pos i t i on a re g i ven i n Tab l e s 9 and 1 0 for T uk toya k t u k a n d Explorer 1 res pec t i ve l y .

Tab l e 9

Tu ktoyak t u k - Ove ra l l Omega/Satnav Accu rac i es f rom MX I I 05 Rece i ve r

Sa tnav . Omega I n teg rated

S ta nda rd Dev i a t i on s i n met res

La t . 1 96 749 556

Lon g . 1 46

1 446 388

Tab l e 1 0

Rad i a l 244

1 62 8 678

Corre l a t i on -0 . 1 3 +0 . 83 +0 . 26

Ne r le rk - CANMAR Explorer 1 - Ove ra l l Omega/Satnav Accu rac ies f rom MX 1 I 05 Rece i ver

S tanda rd Dev i a t i on s i n met res

La t . Lon g . Rad i a l Co r re l a t i on

Sa t n a v . 65 1 1 2 1 30 +0 . 08 Omega 777 907 1 1 94 - 0 . 44 I n teg ra ted 30 1 489 574 -0 . 1 6

A l so , a s t he mea s u reme n t s we re made w i t h t he MX l l 05 s ta t i on a ry , add i t i ona l e r rors i n Sa tnav pos i t i on s a re to be expected on a mov i ng s h i p . These e r ro r s i n t he S a t n a v pos i t i on w i l l p ropag a te t h rough t o i nc rea se t he e r ro r s i n bot h t he i nteg rated and Omega pos i t i on s . Howeve r , i f bot h s h i p ' s l og and g y ro , and Omega a re ava i l ab l e fo r ve l oc i ty i np u t to t he Sa t nav f i xes then t h i s i nc rease i n e r ro r s hou l d not be exce s s i ve .

F i gu re 3 0 s hows t he s ta b i l i ty of t he Omega and i n teg ra ted pos i t i on s a t T uktoyak t u k by t he i r l at i t ude a n d l on g i t ude co-o rd i n a tes . The i n i t i a l va r i a t i on s , seen a t t he l ef t of t he g raphs s how t he set t l i ng effect i mmed i ate l y a fte r s t a r t u p of t he equ i pme nt . D i u rna l va r i a t i on s i n t he a cc u racy of t he Omega s i g na l s a re a l so a p p a ren t . These va r i a t i ons , d ue to chang i ng day a n d n i gh t p ropag a t i on cond i t i on s a re not ca r r i ed t h roug h , to any g reat exten t , to t he i n teg ra ted ( Nav . 2 ) pos i t i on s . These d i u rna l changes i n e r ro r , and t he l ac k of t hem for t he i n teg rated pos i t i on , a re tabu l a ted i n Tab l e 1 1 . F i g u re 3 1 s hows t he s ta b i l i ty of t he co-o rd i n a te s p rod uced by

47

t he MX l l 05 when u sed as a s ta n d - a l one Omega rece i ver . Two feat ures a re d i scern i b l e from these gra p h s ( 1 ) t he effect of t he smoo t h i ng i n trod uced by t he i n tegra t i on a l gor i t hm a n d ( 2 ) t he con s ta n t offset of a bout 2 m i n u tes of l a t i t ude a n d 2 m i n u tes of l on g i t ude , when compared to t he true pos i t i on , due proba b l y to i naccurac i es i n t he Omega propaga t i on mode l s u sed . The observed errors and con s ta n t offsets for t he s ta n d -a l one Omega d a ta are g i ven i n Tab l e 1 2 .

Tab l e 1 1

D i urn a l Var i a t i on s i n Accurac i es from MX l l 05 Rece i ver

S ta n dard Dev i a t i on i n metres

Day La t .

Aug . 3 1 32 1 4 663 5 580

R . M . S .

3 1 046 4 3 1 1 5 262

R . M . S .

3 233 4 432 5 378

R . M . S .

3 1 25 4 344 5 364

R . M . S .

Long . Rad i a l

Omega - N i gh t

2602 2 9 1 8 ( S ta rt u p ) 1 388 1 53 8 1 260 1 387

1 464 ( S tart up exc l uded )

I n tegra ted - N i g h t

3 1 8 1 093 ( S tart u p ) 2 1 3 377 482 548

470 ( S tart up exc l uded )

Omega - Day

3 7 1 438 566 7 1 2 464 598

593

I n tegra ted - Day

329 352 45 1 567 344 500

48 1

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s = 0 .. 3 <; ' (b63 ".,.,) S ' 0 . 2 '" (42:2 _)

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AUG.6: A"G'7

F i gu re 3 1

.J:\..0

Tuktoya k t u k -

Omega

Offse t S t . Dev .

Smoo t hed

O f fse t S t . Dev .

Conc l u s i on s

I . Lo ran- C Rece p t i on

La t .

2870 8 6 1

3 1 66 654

50

Tab l e 1 2

S tand -A l one Omega MX l l 05 Rece i ve r

(me t re s )

Lon g .

1 45 9 1 77 3

1 472 977

Accu rac i es

Rad i a l

3220 ( 1 . 7 nm) 1 97 1

349 1 ( 1 . 9 nm ) 1 1 75

T he G u l f of A l a s ka ( 7960 ) and Be r i ng Sea ( 9990 ) Lora n - C cha i ns can be rece i ved fa i r l y re I i a b l y wes t of Tuktoyak t u k ( Long i t ude 1 320W) i n t he Beau fo r t Sea . Howeve r , on l y one t ra n sm i s s i on , t hat f rom Tok ( 7960 - Ma s te r ) c a n be rece i ved o n g roundwave . S kywave s i gna l s a re ava i l ab l e f rom t he o t he r A l a s ka s ta t i on s . As two c ha i ns a re ava i l ab l e i n t he wes te rn Bea u fort Sea , opera to r s i n t h i s a rea wou l d f i nd i t advan tageou s to u se rece i ve r s t hat c a n t rack bot h c ha i n s s i mu l taneou s l y .

2 . Loran- C C h a r t La t t i ces

Two l a t t i ce ove r l ays have been p repa red fo r C ha r t 7650 ( sca l e 1 : 500 , 000) . The ove r l ay for t he G u l f of A l a s ka ( 7960 ) l a t t i ce s hows s kywave cor rec t i on and comb i ned s kywave/g roundwave cor rec t i on s . T he comb i ned co r rect i on s a s s ume a n ove r l and condu c t i v i ty f o r t he Tok t ransm i s s i on of 0 . 00 1 mhos/met re . T he ove r l ay for t he Ber i n Sea ( 9990 ) l a t t i ce s hows s kywave cor rect i on s on l y . I n bot h cases , s kywave co r rec t i on s we re made u s i ng t he U . S . Defen se Mapp i ng Agency met hod , a s s um i ng i onosphe r i c he i g h t s of 73 km (day ) and 9 1 km ( n i gh t ) .

3 . Lo ran- C Acc u rac i es

T he hype rbo l i c f i x geome t ry fo r bot h t he cha i n s ava i l a b l e i n t he Bea u fo r t Sea i s wea k . The i n s ta b i l i ty of t he i onosphe re , even d u r i ng t he d a y , p rod uce s unce r ta i n t i es i n s kywave cor rec t i on s . Cor rect cyc l e i de n t i f i ca t i on i s a l so a p rob l em when u s i ng s kywaves . T he refore , f i xes p roduced by t i me d i f fe rences f rom t he A l a s ka cha i ns ( 7960 and 9990 ) a re 1 i ke l y to have e r ro r s , at the one s i gma l eve l , of j 6 km , even d u r i ng the day .

U s i ng Lora n - C i n t he pa s s i ve rang i ng mode , a s s ulll i n �J f requen t sate l l i te f i xe s , i t s hou l d be pos s i b l e to obta i n con t i n uous pos i t i on i ng w i t h e r ro r s at

5 1

t he one s i gma l eve l of ±500 m d u r i ng t he fou r teen hou r l ong summe r day . Pos i t i on e r ro r s have not been e s t i ma ted fo r Lo ra n - C f i xe s p rod u ced by t i me d i ffe rences , o r by ranges , obta i ned d u r i ng t he n i g h t .

4 . Re l a t i on s h i p of S kywave T . O . A . and E . C . D .

T he c hange i n Lo ran - C s kywave t ra n sm i s s i on T . O . A . d ue to s h i f t i n i onospher i c he i g h t appea r s to be ref l ected by a chan ge i n E . C . D . I f a pp l i ca t i on s fo r Loran-C skywave t ra n sm i s s i on s a re found i n t he Canad i an Arct i c , i t may be pos s i b l e to u se t he re l a t i on s h i p between E . C . D . a nd c hange of T . O . A . to p red i c t more accu rate l y s kywave cor rec t i on s fo r rea l - t i me u se .

5 . Omega Recept i on

The ava i l a b i l i ty of Omega s i gna l s i n t he Bea u fo r t Sea appea r s to fo l l ow t he p red i c t i on s g i ven i n t he l i te ra t u re on Omega recept i on . Howeve r , t he re do a p pea r to be i n te r ru p t i on s to con t i n uous recept i on that dec rease t he poten t i a l u sefu l ne s s of t h i s sys tem i n t he Bea u fo r t Sea . I n add i t i on , to sudden i onosphe r i c d i s t u rbances and po l a r cap anoma l i es , Omega recept i on may a l so be effec ted by l oca l wea t he r cond i t i on s .

6 . Omega Accu rac i es

T he MX l 1 05 Satnav/Omega rece i ve r p roduces i n teg ra ted f i xes w i t h e r ror s , a t t he one s i gma l eve l . of l e s s t ha n ±500 m when s t a t i onary . T he re i s no s ta t i s t i ca l l y detec ta b l e change i n accu rac i e s between day and n i g h t . The s tand-a l one Omega fea t u re on t he MX l 1 05 p roduced f i xes w i t h cons t a n t offsets o f 3 . 5 km a n d random e r ro rs o f ± 2 km . A s t he MX l 1 05 rece i ve r p roduce s pos i t i on s f rom seve ra l sou rces , i t appea rs to ove rcome man y o f t he p rob l ems a s soc i a ted w i t h Omega u se i n h i gh l a t i t udes and t he e r ro r s a s soc i a ted w i t h t hese pos i t i on s a re i n the same o rde r as t hose expected f rom d i ffe ren t i a l Omega .

7. Beau fo r t Sea Pos i t i on i ng

As t he ex i s tence of s ubma r i ne p i ngoes add s to t he u s ua l haza r d s of Arct i c nav i ga t i on i n t he Beau fo r t Sea , and deep d ra u g h t s h i pp i ng t ra f f i c i s expected to i nc rea se , t he re i s a need for a re l i ab l e genera l p u r pose rad i o nav i ga t i on a i d i n t he a rea . Th i s need cou l d be met by d i ffe ren t i a l Omeg a , o r by a system s llch a s t he MX l 1 05 , i f Omega recept i on can be p roved re l i ab l e .

I n t h i s rega rd , a deta i l ed a na l ys i s of data f rom ex i s t i ng Omega mon i to r s i n t he Canad i an A rc t i c , e s pec i a l l y a t I nuv i k , wou l d be ext reme l y u se f u l .

An Accu f i x- type Loran - C cha i n may a l so meet t he need fo r re l i a b l e and acc u r a te nav i ga t i ona l cove rage of t he Bea u fo r t Sea . Such a Lo ra n - C type sys tem wou l d a l so meet some resource exp l o rat i on company and gove rnme n t s u rvey req u i rement s . Howeve r , t o use a Loran - C sys tem e ff i c i en t l y , seve ra l u n known parame te r s , such a s conduct i v i t i es over pe rma f ros t , conduct i v i t i es ove r m i xt u res of i ce and b rack i s h wate r , t ra n sm i t ted powe r req u i red for re l i a b l e s i g na l t rack i ng and cyc l e i de n t i f i ca t i on , and sea sona l va r i a t i on s i n t hese pa ramete r s , s hou l d be def i ned by f u r t he r f i e l d wo r k .

53

Refe rences

1 . Hugget t , W . S . and A . R . Mor t i mer , 1 97 1 . ObseY'vations o btained on a Magnavox Satellite Navigation Receivev in High Latitudes . P ac i f i c Ma r i ne Sc i ence Repor t 7 1 -4 , U n pub l i s hed Manusc r i p t , Ma r i ne Sc i ences D i rec tora te , P ac i f i c Reg i on , V i c tor i a , B . C . pp . 2 - 7 .

2 . Dav i e s , Ken neth , 1 965 . Ionosphevic Radio Pvopagation . Na t i ona l Bureau of S ta nd a rd s Monog ra p h 8 0 , Na t i ona l Bureau of Standard s , U n i ted S ta tes Depa r tment of Commerce , Wa s h i ng ton , D . C . , P p . 3 93 -44 1 .

3 . Be 1 rose , J . s . , 1 958 . Some investiQations of the lowest ionospheve . P h . D . Thes i s , C am b r id ge U n ive r s i ty . p . 27 .

4 . Dohe r-ty , Robe r t H . , 1 967 . Oblique Incidence Ionos'"()hevic Reflections

of 1 00 Khz Pulses . Rad i o Sc i ence , Vo l . 2 ( new Ser ies ) , No . 6 , J u ne 1 967 . p P . 645 - 65 1 .

5 . La r sen . T . R . and E . V . Thrane . 1 97 6 . Ionosphevic E ffects on Lovan-C in Polav ReQions . AGARD- C P -209 , P ropaq a t i on L i m i ta t i on s of Nav i g a t i on Pos i t i on i nq Sys tems Confe rence P roceed i na s , I n s ta n bu 1 . pp . 1 4 - 1 - 1 4-8 .

6 . L i v i nq s tone . D . B . and R . K . H . Fa l coner . 1 980 . SkUUJave Lovan-C Navigation at Sea in the Eastevn Avctic . Paper p resen ted a t t he 1 9t h Annua l Canad i a n Hyd rog ra p h i c Conference . Ha l i fax , I n p re s s .

7 . Va s s , E . R . • 1 978 . DmeQa NaviQation System : Pvesent Status and Plans 1 97 7-1 980 . Nav i qa t i on , Vo l . 25 , No . 1 , Spr i ng 1 97 8 , Wa s h i ng ton , D . C . , pp . 40-48 .

55

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