los alamos national laboratory gas-grid resilience planning...los alamos national laboratory...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Gas-Grid Resilience Planning
August 22, 2018
The Grid of the Future Workshop
LA-UR-17-27955
Operated by Los Alamos National Security, LLC for the U.S. Department of Energy's NNSA
Russell BentJoint work with Pascal van Hentenryck, Seth Blumsack,
Conrado Borraz-Sanchez
![Page 2: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 2
Emerging Gas-Grid Challenges
⢠Natural Gas variability increasing beyond historical norms⢠Largely driven by the electric power sector⢠Variability limits the ability to ship gas⢠Southern California GasâAliso Canyon capacity studies
⢠Max capacity is 4.56 B CFD in winter
⢠Max capacity is 3.60 B CFD in summer
⢠Correlated Vulnerabilities⢠Polar vortex, catastrophic pipeline failure⢠Failures in natural gas propagate to electric power and vice-versa⢠Risk posture of electric power increases
⢠Power industry nervous about dependencies
⢠Our Goal: Reduce risk through coordinated design and/or operations
![Page 3: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 3
Modeling Gas-Grid Coordination⢠In the US, gas and power
transmission have very different planning processes and very different price formation processes
⢠Few large-scale gas transmission models
⢠Limited US public domain computational test beds for gas-grid simulation (no equivalent to GasLibor IEEE test systems)
![Page 4: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 4
Gas Grid Expansion Planning
Joint gas-grid modelâs main blocks:
where the objective represents the capital expenditures (upgrades) and generation mix costs (generation dispatch):
Operational options:§ EP: power generation dispatch (Optimal power flow)§ NG: load locations and quantities, compressor dispatch
Infrastructure options:§ EP: new transmission lines and generation or converted generation § NG: new/upgraded pipelines, compressor stations
Develop principled formulations and solvers to find synergistic expansion planning solutions across electrical power and natural gas infrastructures
![Page 5: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 5
Power Flow Formulation â AC Steady State FormulationVoltage and Reactive Power often sources of problems during extreme events
Kirchhoff's Current Law
Ohmâs Law
Thermal LimitsPhase Angle LimitsGenerator Output
Voltage Limitshttps://github.com/lanl-ansi/PowerModels.jl
ðð0 = 0,
ï¿œððâÎðð
ðððððð â ðððððð â ððð ð ððð£ð£ðð2 = ï¿œ
ððâðððððð
ðððððð ,
ï¿œððâÎðð
ðððððð â ðððððð + ððð ð ððð£ð£ðð2 = ï¿œ
ððâðððððð
ðððððð ,
ðððððð =ðððð
ðððð2 + âðð2ð£ð£ðð2 â
ðððððððð + ððððâðððððð2 + âðð2
ð£ð£ððð£ð£ððcos ðððð â ðððð âðððððððð â ððððâðððððð2 + âðð2
ð£ð£ððð£ð£ððsin ðððð â ðððð ,
ðððððð = ððððð£ð£ðð2 âðððððððð â ððððâðððððð2 + âðð2
ð£ð£ððð£ð£ððcos ðððð â ðððð âðððððððð + ððððâðððððð2 + âðð2
ð£ð£ððð£ð£ððsin ðððð â ðððð ,
ðððððð = âðððð + ðððð
2ðððð2 + âðð2
ð£ð£ðð2 +ðððððððð + ððððâðððððð2 + âðð2
ð£ð£ððð£ð£ððcos ðððð â ðððð âðððððððð + ððððâðððððð2 + âðð2
ð£ð£ððð£ð£ððsin ðððð â ðððð ,
ðððððð = (âðððð +ðððð2
)ð£ð£ðð2 +ðððððððð â ððððâðððððð2 + âðð2
ð£ð£ððð£ð£ððcos ðððð â ðððð âðððððððð â ððððâðððððð2 + âðð2
ð£ð£ððð£ð£ððsin ðððð â ðððð ,
ðððððð2 + ðððððð2 †ðððð2,ðððððð2 + ðððððð2 †ðððð2,
âðð †ðððð â ðððð †ðð,ðððððð †ðððð
ðð †ðððððð, ðððð
ðð †ðððððð †ðððð
ðð,
ð£ð£ðð †ð£ð£ðð †ð£ð£ðð ,
![Page 6: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 6
Gas Flow FormulationâWeymouth Formulation
Flow Balance
Weymouth Relationships
Compression Limits
Injection Limits
Pressure Limits
ï¿œðð=ððððððâðŽðŽðð
ð¥ð¥ðð â ï¿œðð=ððððððâðŽðŽðð
ð¥ð¥ðð = ð ð ðð â ðððð â ï¿œðððð ,
ðŠðŠððâðð †ð¥ð¥ðð †ðŠðŠðð+ðð,
ðŠðŠððâðððð †ðððð â ðððð †ðŠðŠðð+ðððð,
ðŠðŠððâ + ðŠðŠðð+ = 1,ðœðœðð ⥠ðððð â ðððð + (ðððð â ðððð)(ðŠðŠðð+ â ðŠðŠððâ + 1),ðœðœðð ⥠ðððð â ðððð + (ðððð â ðððð)(ðŠðŠðð+ â ðŠðŠððâ â 1),
ðœðœðð †ðððð â ðððð + (ðððð â ðððð)(ðŠðŠðð+ â ðŠðŠððâ + 1),ðœðœðð †ðððð â ðððð + (ðððð â ðððð)(ðŠðŠðð+ â ðŠðŠððâ â 1),
ðœðœðð = ð€ð€ððð¥ð¥ðð2,
ðððððŒðŒðð â ðŠðŠððâ ðððððŒðŒðð â ðððð †ðððð †ðððððŒðŒðð + ðŠðŠððâ(ðððð â ðððððŒðŒðð),
ðððððŒðŒðð â ðŠðŠðð+ ðððððŒðŒðð â ðððð †ðððð †ðððððŒðŒðð + ðŠðŠðð+(ðððð â ðððððŒðŒðð),
ðððð †ðððð †ðððð ,
ð ð ðð †ð ð ðð †ð ð ðð ,
ðððð †ðððð †ðððð,
https://github.com/lanl-ansi/GasModels.jl
Pressure often a source of problems during extreme events
![Page 7: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 7
Elasticity FormulationâEndogenous Pricing
⢠Locational Marginal Pricing for Electricity
⢠Historical price and pressure data used to calibrate a pressure-price relationship for natural gas
ðððð = ï¿œððâÎ
(â1ðð + â2
ðððððððð + â3
ðð ðððððð 2
, Heat rate consumption curve
ï¿œððâðŽðŽðð
ð ð ððððð§ð§ðððð + ï¿œððâðŽðŽðð
ð ð ððððð§ð§ðð
ðð + ï¿œððâÎ
(ðð1ðð+ðð2ðð ðððððð + ðð3ðð ðððð
ðð 2) + ï¿œððâðð
Î(ï¿œððâðð
ðððð) ,Cost
Cost of expandingpower lines
Cost of expandingpipelines
Cost of Non-gas fired generation
Elastic cost of gas
https://github.com/lanl-ansi/GasGridModels.jl
R. Bent, S. Blumsack, P. van Hentenryck, C. Borraz-Sanchez, M. Shahriari. Joint Electricity and Natural Gas Transmission Planning with Endogenous Market Feedbacks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, to appear
![Page 8: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 8
Extreme Event Formulation⢠Objective: Model Extreme Temperature
Induced Stress⢠Polar-vortex like events⢠Modeled as increased firm gas load
⢠Causes congestion in pipes⢠Raises gas prices⢠Limits gas to non-firm gas load (gas-fired generators)
⢠Formulation⢠Split gas load into firm and non-firm load⢠Introduce zone-based, firm load scaling
factors
![Page 9: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 9
Extreme Event Formulation⢠Objective: Model Extreme Temperature
Induced Stress⢠Polar-vortex like events⢠Modeled as increased firm gas load
⢠Causes congestion in pipes⢠Raises gas prices⢠Limits gas to non-firm gas load (gas-fired generators)
⢠Formulation⢠Split gas load into firm and non-firm load⢠Introduce zone-based, firm load scaling
factors
![Page 10: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 10
Solution Methodology⢠Challenging (NP-Hard) Optimization
Problem⢠Power equations and gas equations are
not convex⢠Example
⢠ðœðœðð = ð€ð€ððð¥ð¥ðð2
⢠Relates pipeline pressure squared difference to flux squared
⢠Approach⢠Relax the non-convexitiesâSpecial
approximation⢠Relaxed solution is a lower bound of the original
problemâs best solution⢠If relaxed solution says electricity price is 15 cents
per kwh, the actual solution is ⥠15 cents
⢠Example⢠ðœðœðð ⥠ð€ð€ððð¥ð¥ðð2
ðœðœðð
ðœðœðð
ð€ð€ððð¥ð¥ ðð2
ð€ð€ððð¥ð¥ ðð2
![Page 11: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 11
Solution Methodology⢠Challenging (NP-Hard) Optimization
Problem⢠Power equations and gas equations are
not convex⢠Example
⢠ðœðœðð = ð€ð€ððð¥ð¥ðð2
⢠Relates pipeline pressure squared difference to flux squared
⢠Approach⢠Use gradient descent to find a feasible
solution from the relaxed solution⢠Feasible solution is an upper bound of the original
problemâs best solution⢠If feasible solution says electricity price is 20 cents
per kwh, the actual solution is †20 cents⢠Combined, we have an actual solution that is 20
cents and we canât do better than 15 cents
ðœðœðð
ðœðœðð
ð€ð€ððð¥ð¥ ðð2
ð€ð€ððð¥ð¥ ðð2
![Page 12: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 12
Gas-Grid Test System⢠Grid model is the 36-node Allen-
Lang-Ilic northeastern test system (IEEE Transactions on Power Systems. 2008)
⢠Gas transmission model assembled from public operator data
⢠Stress Cases⢠Increase gas demand by up to
200%⢠Increase electricity demand by up
to 35%⢠Uniform and non-uniform demand
increases⢠Expansions needed to avoid
extreme price spikes* In these examples, we treated this model as single market, single area
![Page 13: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 13
Example Results â 225% Gas Stress, 35% Gas Stress
⢠Expansions for demand growth onlyâ5 power line upgrades
⢠Relieves thermal congestion in the west
⢠Expansions for demand growth and electricity price reductionsâ13 power lines upgrades
⢠Electric power upgrades in southern New York and New England to support âGas-by-wireâ
⢠Move gas from low congestion areas (in the form of electricity)
![Page 14: Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning...Los Alamos National Laboratory Gas-Grid Resilience Planning August 22, 2018 The Grid of the Future Workshop LA-UR-17-27955](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051823/5fed5a959d9cb963f41718f8/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Los Alamos National Laboratory
| 14
QuestionsPublicationsR. Bent, S. Blumsack, P. van Hentenryck, C. Borraz-Sanchez, M. Shahriari. Joint Electricity and Natural Gas Transmission Planning with Endogenous Market Feedbacks. IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, to appear.R. Bent, S. Blumsack, P. van Hentenryck, C. Borraz Sanchez, and S. Backhaus. Joint Expansion Planning for Natural Gas and Electric Transmission with Endogenous Market Feedbacks. Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-51), Jan. 2018, Big Island, Hawaii.C. Borraz-Sanchez, R. Bent, P. van Hentenryck, S. Blumsack, and H. Hijazi. Elasticity Model for Joint Gas-Grid Expansion Planning Optimization. Proceedings of the Pipeline Simulation Interest Group (PSIG) (PSIG 2016), May 2016, Vancouver, BC. C. Borraz-Sanchez, R. Bent, S. Backhaus, S. Blumsack, H. Hijazi, and P. van Hentenryck. Convex Optimization for Joint Expansion Planning of Natural Gas and Power Systems. Proceedings of the 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS-49) (HICSS 2016), Jan. 2016, Grand Hyatt, Kauai.C. Borraz-Sanchez, R. Bent, S. Backhaus, H. Hijazi, and P. van Hentenryck. Convex Relaxations for Gas Expansion Planning, INFORMS Journal of Computing, 28 (4): 645-656, 2016. This work was partially funded by the US National Science Foundation under CMMI-1638331 and the DOE Office of Electricity Advanced Grid Modeling Program.