los incas1

8/12/2019 Los Incas1

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Los IncasEl imperio Tahuantinsuyu con

fotografas


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Dnde vivan los incas?

Los incas habitaban

los pases de

Sudamrica:

Colombia, Ecuador,Per, Bolivia, Chile y

Argentina.

Su imperio contena

los Andes lasmontaas ms altas

de America Latina.


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El mapa de expansiones


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Geografia

Per es mas conocido como la tierra de los Incas. Tiene una rea de1,285,216 Km. cuadrados, y esta situado en la costa del Pacifico, en laparte norte central de Sud America.

Per es el tercer pas mas grande de Sud America, detrs solo de Brasil yArgentina. Per es considerado un pas tropical. Per tiene tres regiones

bien marcadas, una delgada zona costera, las montaas de los Andesdemayor anchura, y la zona forestaldel Amazonas.

La faja costera es mayormente formada de desiertos pero aqu se ubicanlos ciudades principales.

Los ros corren desde el este hacia el oeste, deslizndose hacia abajo contaludes bien inclinados lo que hace que los ros sean torrentosos. En estasvalles se encuentran los mayores centros de agricultura.


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Historia

La famosa civilizacin Inca solo es una parte de toda la

Arqueologa Peruana. Antes de los Incas, Per tuvo las

culturas PRE-Colombinas, algunas de estas

precediendo a los Incas por muchos siglos.

Este imperio es uno de lo mas conocido en el mundo.

En su apogeo, el imperio tenia 2500 Km. cuadrados

cubriendo los pases que hoy se llaman: Colombia,

Ecuador, Per, Bolivia, Chile, e Argentina.


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El Imperio Incaico

A pesar de toda su grandeza el Imperio Incaico existi ms de unsiglo. Con anterioridad al ao 1430 los Incas gobernaron solo elValle del Cuzco.

Ellos haban entablado una guerra con los Chancas y finalmente losderrotaron en una gran victoria en 1430. Esto marc el comienzo de

una gran expansin militar.

El Imperio Incaico conquist e incorpor la mayora de las culturasen el rea que se extenda desde el sur de Colombia hasta el centrode Chile. Los Incas impusieron su modo de vida sobre las gentesque conquistaron.

Para el tiempo que los Espaoles arribaron la mayora del rea delos Andes haba sido totalmente controlado bajo las leyes de losIncas.


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Las fechas importantes

1438 empez el imperio inca (el rey,

Pacha cut conquist otros tribus)

1532 Francisco Pizarrolleg a

Sudamrica (la conquista espaola)

1572 muri el ultimo rey inca (Tupc

Amaru) termin el imperio


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Quipu


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The Inca Rise To Power (1)

Their own legends state that ten related clansemerged from caves in the region and were taken to

Cuzco by a mythical leader. Wherever their origins,by about A.D. 1350 they resided in and around Cuzcoand by 1438 they had defeated their hostileneighbors in the area. At this point under their ruler,or Inca, Pachacuti (1438-1471), they launched a

series of military alliances and campaigns thatbrought them control of the whole area from Cuzcoto the shores of Lake Titicaca.


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Cuzco


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The Inca Rise To Power (2)

The Inca armies were constantly on the march, extending

control over a vast territory. Pachacuti's son and successor,Topac Yupanqui (1471-1493) conquered the northern coastalkingdom of Chimor by seizing its irrigation system, and heextended Inca control into the southern area of what is nowEcuador.

At the other end of the empire, Inca armies reached the MauleRiver in Chile in spite of the Araucanian Indians resistance.

The next ruler, Huayna Capac (1493-1527) consolidated theseconquests and suppressed a number of rebellions on thefrontiers. By the time of his death, the Inca Empire - or as theycalled it, Twantinsuyu - stretched from what is now Colombia toChile and eastward across Lake Titicaca and Bolivia tonorthern Argentina.

Between nine and 13 million people of different ethnicbackgrounds and languages came under Inca rule, aremarkable number given the extent of the empire and thetechnology available for transportation and communication.


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Las centros importantes

Cuzco(el ombligo del mundo[navel of the

world] en quechua)

Machu Picchu(desde all los incas

estudiaban el sol)

Pisac (tambin en Per)


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Machu Picchu


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La religin

Los incas tambin crean en muchos

dioses (eran politestas).

-Viracochael dios creador

-Intiel dios sol

-Mama Kilyala diosa de la luna

-Ilyapa

el dios del buen tiempo (weather)


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Religion Inca political and social life was infused with religious meaning. Like

the Aztecs, the Incas held the sun to be the highest deityandconsidered the Inca to be the sun's representative on earth.

The magnificent Temple of the Sun in Cuzco was the center of thestate religion, and in its confines the mummies of the past Incasresided. The cult of the sun was spread throughout the empire, but theInca did not prohibit the worship of local gods.

Other deities were also worshiped as part of the state religion.Viracocha, a creator god, was a favorite of Inca Pachacuti andremained important.

Popular belief was based on the idea that many natural phenomenawere connected to spiritual power. Mountains, stones, rivers, caves, ortombs and temples were considered to be holy shrines. At these

places, prayers were offered and sacrifices of animals, goods, andhumans were made.

The temples were served by many priests and womendedicated to thepreparation of cloth and food for sacrifice. The temple priests weremainly responsible for the great festivals and celebrations upon whichstate actions often depended.


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La sociedad incaica

emperador

la familia real

aristcratas

administradores otros nobles

artesanos

Trabajadores

Campesinos

guerreros

Los incas crean quesus emperadoreseran hijos del primerdios Viracocha, poreso el rey oemperador tena laautoridad mxima enel imperio.

La familia real

nobles


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Social classes

The Inca nobility was greatly privileged and those related to theInca himself held the highest positions. The nobility were alldrawn from the ten royal ayllus.

In addition, the residents of Cuzco were given noble status toenable them to serve in high bureaucratic posts.

The nobles were distinguished by dress and custom. Only theywere entitled to wear the large ear spools that enlarged the earsand caused the Spaniards to later call them orejones, or "bigears."

Noticeably absent in most of the Inca Empire was a distinctmerchant class. Unlike Mesoamerica where long-distance tradewas so important, Inca emphasis on self- sufficiency and state

regulation of production and surplus limited trade. Only in the northern areas of the empire, in the chiefdoms of

Ecuador, the last region brought under Inca control, did aspecialized class of traders exist.


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La comida

Tres cosas esenciales:

-maz (sara)

-papas o patatas (chuno)

-quinoa (chisaya mama [mother grain])

para cereales, harina, sopas

Cuando los incas empezaron a comerciarcon otros tribus coman calabazas, pias ypapayas.

Saban como hacer la comida seca.


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Las fotos


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Language

The Incas intentionally spread the Quechua languageas ameans of integrating the empire.

The Incas made extensive use of colonists. SometimesQuechua-speakers from Cuzco might be settled in a newly wonarea to provide an example and a garrison. On other occasions,a resistive conquered population was moved to a new home.

Throughout the empire, a complex system of roads wasconstructed with bridges and causeways when needed. Alongthese roads, way stations, were placed about a day's walk apartto serve as inns, storehouses, and supply centers for Incaarmies on the move.

Tambos also served as relay points for the system of runnerswho carried messages throughout the empire. The Incaprobably maintained over 10,000 tambos.


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Machupichu


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World of the Incas

Almost at the same time that the Aztecsextended their control over much ofMesoamerica, a great imperial state wasrising in the Andean highlands, and iteventually held sway over an empiresome 3000 miles in extent.

The Inca Empire incorporated manyaspects of previous Andean cultures butfused them together in new ways - andwith a genius for state organization andbureaucratic control over peoples of

different cultures and languages, itachieved a level of integration anddomination previously unknown in theAmericas.


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Los Impuestos With few exceptions the Incas, unlike the Aztecs, did not demand

tribute, but rather required labor on the lands assigned to the stateand the religion.

Communities were expected to take turns working on state and churchlands and sometimes on building projects or in mining.

These labor turns were an essential aspect of Inca control.

In addition, the Inca required women to weave high-quality cloth forthe court and for religious purposes. The Incas provided the wool, buteach household was required to produce cloth. Woven cloth, a greatAndean art form, had political and religious significance.

Some women were taken as concubines for the Inca and others wereselected as servants at the temples, the so-called "Virgins of the Sun."

In all this, the Inca had an overall imperial system, but remainedsensitive to local variations so that its application accommodatedregional and ethnic differences.


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Inca Cultural Achievements

The Incas drew on the artistic traditions of their Andeanpredecessors and the skills of subject peoples.

Beautiful pottery and cloth was produced in specializedworkshops.

Inca metallurgy was among the most advanced of theAmericas, and Inca artisans worked gold and silver with greattechnical skill. The Incas also used copper and some bronze forweapons and tools.

Like the Mesoamerican peoples, the Incas made no practicaluse of the wheel.

They had no system of writing.

The Incas, however, did make use of a system of knottedstrings with which numerical and perhaps other informationcould be recorded. It functioned something like an abacus, andwith it the Incas took censuses and kept financial records.


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Inca Cultural Achievements The Incas had a passion for numerical order, and the

population was divided into decimal units from which theyenlisted the them in the military.

Inca stonecutting was remarkably accurate and the bestbuildings were constructed of large fitted stones without theuse of masonry. Some of these buildings were immense.

Incan constructions, the large agricultural terraces, irrigationprojects, and the extensive system of roads were among theIncas' greatest achievements.

The Incas displayed their technical ability and workmanship aswell as their ability to mobilize large amounts of manpower.

Inca genius was best displayed in their statecraft and

in their architecture and

public buildings.


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Comparing The Incas And Aztecs

Both the Inca and the Aztec empires were based on a long

development of civilization that preceded them; and while insome areas of artistic and intellectual achievement earlierpeoples had surpassed their accomplishments, bothrepresented the success of imperial and military organization.

Both empires were based on intensive agriculture organized bya state that accumulated surplus production and thencontrolled the circulation of goods and their redistribution togroups or social classes.

In both states older semi kinship-based institutions, the aylluand the calpulli, were being transformed by the emergence of asocial hierarchy in which the nobility was increasinglypredominant. In both areas this nobility was also the personnelof the state, so that the state organization was almost an imageof society.


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Comparing The Incas And Aztecs (2)

While the Incas attempted to create an overarching political state andmade conscious attempts to integrate their empire as a unit (theAztecs did less in this regard), both empires recognized local ethnicgroups and political leaders and were willing to allow considerablevariation from one group or region to another - that is, provided thatInca or Aztec sovereignty was recognized and tribute paid.

Both the Aztecs and the Incas found that their military power was lesseffective against nomadic peoples who lived on their frontiers.Essentially, the empires were created by the conquest of sedentaryagricultural peoples and the extraction of tribute and labor from them.

At the same time, their ability to survive the shock of conquest and to

contribute to the formation of societies after conquest demonstratesmuch of their strength and resiliency. Long after the Aztec and Incaempires had ceased to exist, the peoples of the Andes and Mexicocontinue to draw on these cultural traditions.


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Comparing The Incas And Aztecs (3) There were considerable differences between Mesoamerica and

the Andean region in terms of climate and geography but alsoin terms of their civilizations.

Trade and markets, for example, were far more developed in theAztec Empire and earlier in Mesoamerica in general than in theAndean world.

There were considerable differences in metallurgy, in writingsystems, and in social definition and hierarchy. But within thecontext of world civilizations, these two empires are variationsof populations where sedentary agriculture is the mostimportant.

Basic similarities can also be seen in systems of belief andcosmology and in social structure.

But the American Indian civilizations shared much with eachother, and that factor plus their relative isolation from externalcultural and biological influences gave them their peculiarcharacter and ultimately their vulnerability.


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La Conquista Espaola

En Noviembre de 1526, Francisco Pizarro encabez desde el sur dePanam una expedicin. Pizarro se enter de la riqueza del Imperio Incaicoy retorn a Espaa para recaudar dinero y reclutar gente para la conquista.

En 1530 acoder en la zona costera del Ecuador y comenz su marchahacia tierra adentro. En 1532 Pizarro fund el primer pueblo espaol en

territorio Peruano el que llam San Miguel de Piura. En Noviembre de1532 el alcanz la ciudad de Cajamarca, donde el Inca Atahualpaestabaresidiendo.

Pizarro y sus hombres capturaron Atahualpa aprovechando de la ventajade las corazas que sus hombres vestan y sobre todo de los caballos queeran desconocidos en Amrica, lo que ponan a los Espaoles en ventajarespecto a altura y proteccin. Despus que los hombres de Pizarrocapturaron a Atahualpa, Pizarro encarcel a Atahualpa y pidi un rescateen piezas de oro suficiente para llenar el cuarto donde encerraron aAtahualpa hasta la marca que el Inca alcanzara con su brazo extendido.

Con la excusa que la gente de Atahualpa estaba demorando, Pizarroorden la ejecucin de Atahualpa con la pena del garrote. Los Espaoles locondenaron a muerte por hereja.


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