Tne Feder a l mar shal tm.d h1s de.;mt.iea ) ~n executing t he laws or t he Uni -ccd. ~ta'tes ·:r i t hi:1 a oa tc has the s~oe powar s tha t ~::t s her iff of' thu~ stat~ 11e: s in en:foTcing the st::.te lans . (5ac ­t 1on b49 , ~itle dO , U .b . Code . ) ~tb u.~ ~ marah0ls ~nd agants of t h e i'.dl a re authorized to (1 )'-Ge.rr~" 1•1real'llS ; ( 2) ser'le 1'18.:r­r tlnt s an_d !SUQp<:H"JrtC!.EI: ( 3} l'n~~e !.tl',r aats j!;'i ~!'lOU~ 'i'lllrr~ts and on the srot f2:r.. f.tnz o,ffens~ 4f,&1 n.st 'tlla pn1't'-ed bt~tes· oor~~Jill!llJ , .. in.. th~1~ presence; ancl ( 4} en-est ro:r .9.lli!. i'~log unite~ tm. l aws .Q! ·:!llil United ~te~ e.s if t h e?t bz.~e J;Ohsonatq .. e f$r0Ul1d! !S bel,ie7§ t~w. t Ji.b.§. person ~ be e.r;res~~d ~ oommi t t ad 2.r. ll Cc:Y!"ll:l t'tln . ~ '.el ... any . ( ... a cti uns 3 0::52 and 0053 . Titl e lEt~ tr • .:i. . C'o e . Thts po~7er has almost .nev~r been used i n oven tl'l.O .oost bla tant 7iolo.t~ons of t ile tr • .::> . ol.-:1.1 riChts ori::::l"nt<, l st.s tiutes • .) .

B . 4.utho:ri tv .for ~ U.s{) of Troops £X ~ihe:t~ Force 1.!i 11eoes s~ry .

17ne F~deral Go?ernnent , tr~ou ;h t he person of the President , hns more th~n Ulllt"ll e a:utllOl." i ty 'to ma~u sure tb<:. t th6 COnsti tut!on and t he laws of tlle United. ::,t a t as .rc-l~ tinG 1:0 the o171l righ ts ot all 1 ts oi ti-zem~ .:tre ~nf'orce d t:. nd scru!'R1lou.sly adhe r e d to. Sect1otl 332 of Title 10 of t h0 u.s . Code 1'iro·.r1aes i.S follows:

·Use of n i11 t-in t~~tl a rr:ca to r ccs to enforce Feder a l .::.ut har1 ty .

lih~ne;re;r t..h"'. ? :r-e s.ident oousiders tn~ t un].awful obstruc .. tions , conbJ.n~ ~icfruf, or .c ss<:!U!tbl&&;.e-st or ·xa bellion against the eutho rity. o1' -~'t •. e Uttit:.cd .';)tt::. t es , m.r;t.l(e .it 1m;r.acrt1oa."bl a to en­.t'or ce t he U..ws llf t-.h.e· United ..::» tt-.. tas in any ~t<:t'Ve ot ~·er-r1 t or y 'by the ord.i nttr J course o:t Jud.inial · pro-ceedings * he mey ot.ll i n t .o l!edel'nl sarvioe .s~oh of t rlG lllilitia of' any 6t~;. te , und use such of the ar:!led f..P.r¢e s , a"" he oonsi(l{)rs necessary t o ~nrorce t.U\)ee l aws or to su pr es:s tl·~e r ebellion . ( .• us . 10 , l9b6 , c h . 10~1~ ?O~ ot ~ . 1~ . ) •

It is to b& not ed t btt t thi·tl s eo~1on in one oi· enormous powa.r , .si nce t he .P:re side:nt IOOY usa t.roo_p·s to antoroe t he l avts ev,en tho~ h. 1 t i -s onl y .:.1 · {lj>a ct1ca ble to ~nforoe. t 'hC! laws o;f t lle Uni ted ~tt. tes in &ny stt.:t\7_ Of". t erri t or !t ,rut th*' 'or~U ·nt-;::~· cu·;wao; .Q.! ~tts!i ci;~l. J>N)­Getrd1nt.s . ·· · ~uch conditions ~learly et"..is:t too Bl ~tL t~a ~e. ax1s1.1ad for many yr.ii.i."t'ii ilt many .:>OU't l1::r o states sueh a.e Li1sr:-1as.·1pp i and .~.laba.":lu . ~u~a.t~tre pl~1 l :- _ a ~s t E. ~.; ·_ - ffeoti\'0 on..f~Toe-rn~ t_ot: t •le::l.:mfLQ,f t-he tJ.ni ted ;.:, t~ tGa is not obt.t ine ~ou .... b th~--~"!lrts , t l1en trxif:)s·-Eyoe usa€1 . . ----- -- -

..:.not t.a r , rnore S!~eci · 'i.e , s e ct1CJn 1e bection J:i3 Of Xi t l e . lO of the cr . ~ . ~ode :

I n.terf'c!'encC a ~ h t e te !n9.. ?13dern 1 ¥2· The J,•r e sicent , oy Using t he m111t l $ :lr the trmcd forcasJ

or botll , or hy e~! othar .t.1cana , shall t~ke ~n.i.oh .L!a-'i uros ~s h.e ce :-~s i dora ,nec-ess£.l"f to !iU.!!.Pr-est:. , i n. a ~t.:. t~ , an~r 1 nsu.r:N:~­t.i.on , dO;-test1~ \'iol cneo , unl ooi'ul c o:lbi r'1t:tion 1 or cons: irP.o-y , if it ......

4 -( .'1. ) SO .b.indara tha :$li:QCUti On Of the l.at:s o f that -..1tate ,

arHi o1' t he U::Li t od .::>tt,tes ta t ni n the ..> t<.:t ... , the:. t an~· p:..-. rt ~r clDss r:lf its 1;;ecp l c is O.cpri ·~c~ . ..::. f ... .ri ~ht , :}ri·;r.i l e.;e , ili'Jnu.n.ity , or prote-o·u .:;,.n nawi::d in t.ht.t uo:n.sti tution !l.P..d. l3eoure rl by l t.w, and t.he CCilsti tutcd ..;utaoriti aa ~{ t .hu t .,) t , .. L ~ o:r~· um ... l l~ , fai l , or r efuse to l' r otect thl;..'t ri~ht t :.rr i\' il~Cec , or i rr.rnunity , or tQ giv~ th~ t JrOt~ction; o~

( ~ ) opposes or ohs-t:rtlots Jnr CXi':Quti !ut err the la'~I.S of the Vnitet. vt~ .. tes or ~ped\;s t h<e course ot jus tioe ~dt:;r those lav1s .

In eny :situ~· tion co·ve:r;.¢d. h:~ olau~e (1), the ~tatl$ ~ht.\11 l;Je. oons 1 dared t o h~'>re den1vd t ho eci"u<'rl l r>""'O't f':t o of the laws sccl..lr-ep by the uon.stLtu tion . ( .. :.uc . l v . l 9a& . ch . 1041,. · • 'u . .;.action ~33 is o1' oonsiderut:lc power a.nd is n.ornally in1oked to­setller ~~i tfl. oection 332 t-o s~nd in tro.J.pa i n r aoic.. l si tu,at1ons .auclL <' S the Lit t l~ ... ~ock ,4lld Oxford cria.cs , H~He·ver , the ip:ipott~nt T)O i l}t 1.s it-lt ... t boiih ot tbas.., s e.cti.ans ~re .tar , f-ar Qr0£:.<1~ t®n t !lQ~~ limit~d lii tulltiQns ; and t ne ~:cctiens tu~ly autbo~i;ae muelt mo.r~ e,~te.nsivc use ,{)f' t1'~01)~ ~o r t:fc~;t:fY the c"i~.'ti.ll8 ~OQdi tiona 1n such .S't tes as - " 1ssftH:i'1Pr~ i an<l •• lta'b~.

I t is t o b e nat:~;J e; ucwc;er , til~ t 1-i;nedie t~ly pri or to inTo~ing eith r be (rt '!or~ :J.:·i. or 33;5 , t he .. 1:r~si ()n.t , pur suant. t o ~<aqti.on ::;;:.-4. ,. :'lUSt. fsSU$ iA l.il'OOl3r:w.t1on O.I'U~ !1.llf3 thOSe f" ~l"$01lS blOc!·.in,..:.. ·tJ:te a~cutivn of lC~us t o cezH·;:t;;" $U01! .;.O ti::.:n . Lrr~Cd_uently , tJ1is require -oent i.s coP\( 1100. '" 1 tl:l oy ~im;:i lY s 'i t.>tt i ng tilt. .Pl'."<.1Clt.•Z;tL tlCn :;..,_ver a few niuutea :"•:ricrr t o t b.0 ~3- .::t l:ld 3.:.~ p~;era . )

... f ur 'thvr ,:,oj. n t ,Shoul d be t.'l.&d ~ t~>t~.;}' 1 uud r tll~ h~pu'blioan Forn of t.p·,1 ~rr.nont ~1.-: ~.x~a of .t ne U:o:r,.sti~1.;ti~n (~,.r~ticle IV . Sec . IV), the l'r e}:::tf ~nt: lni~ially a,~d . t !1e Cpn§r~tJ: ,ultits~tely ha;.re 'tn et nowar of :rc.ooe;:nizin.g t llt:. l e.;;;):t im.ette ~ov ~.rrtt"'!ent o:r a s'Wta . Tt c ou:ld we.ll hn~r.<·m ~his q\h"1\'·1S''r tht(t. an insur~ent &D\' el'mler~t be .se t up in !!iss issi ~,;:> i s -e .. :J;.l:n.f reoo~nitio . .n aa t he. l a',Jfu.l go;·e.r;unent ot the. t ste t e . In su.oh ~ Cf.l$e the :.;u.~rane 1.10 \:l r 't nas. beld (Luther ';1 ,

..:>O!'tl en; 'l'ext:~ ~ ·~ • •· hi tr:d ·Uu;. t first t ,i e ~'l:'OS i f ent uno. u1t.l.l'n..:: te~y 't119 Coru.::ress ha~te tit~ JO~Ct' t o ctecicli3 wi1 i Ch 1 s t lu l a(1 timet~ go~ern­tilen·t o r a L tL tc u .~.u()l\ t n a .;,3JUi.Jl.i oErl Forr:~ or· Go·Jc.J'ru:.lcn~ Clause .... nd th;... t t .:::1s ~ec .a.s i on 1~ not.· su-ojeot. t o r e;1"'ew i.n. t:::.t<J cou4:'ta • .-::.uo.ll a condir.icm .occur~d ( l.~ durin.:.; Dorr 1 s . Rt:l-,.<Jllien in lE.il.k ,in Rho~ Isl.a.t!d bo~ed tJ.JO!:l t hl';.f ~ (;Uial Of tirB rL .. ht to ·~o t or 0 $Ubstt.ntial p:.::;-t o:f t he the popult t ion ( as .exists to' "':r in 1diss 1ssip ,.11) ~nd ( 2 J in 'iexet s t..<'td rr th{ar aouthe.rn st~tes iMJ~ladj ;:,;ely after t llt: 0 1'111 Lc r when ·u .. rl;:~us :r1 ·.r ~ l govern.--;..ants. r1ere £HHH'i:i.rt €: r c cagni t1on by the Pr c s1 C: en t [, !1C tl. ; · von£;rss-s . ( '1'1 tle 10, -.>ection 331 • tr . ... . co :: e ; u .5 . Const1 t u '" '1 In , .. rti clG rv ) bP.Ctiun 17 . i

;., i 'tiDElfl' j~ QlfV Io.L~dT ~OOJIDia..,T IM} C\.li-JMI'l'T:L.li: 6. ILlHOi iD ~T~ ... T 4· •• \ . • ~n-~ · c...:.or .. 1-.. 50~14

. I , wG:.~-L .JJT"~.JRITY OF 'l'$ z;::;:rr..tR,. .. L GO~; .c;;(: 'l: n .t Oft tart~tt~ ,

The ~r 1no1pl e a..r0a$ in wll.!.ob tb.e f~derlii 1 :iO~ ·el'hrl'llin t is au.-­tn.o.:riz~Jd to ao into oourt to J:roteot ci7il ri.z:hts is thg,t of the ·.'ota, The L1Bin 1&\fl is GeOtiOn 19?1 o.f 'Title 42 Of th1ii U .. ~ •. Ctide. Thi& se otion was arrr,mded by tlle Ct·~t11 Tii [)lts Hat o£ 1957 and fu:t- -ther snended by tne Ci·vil 1:1gnts ,..ot o:r 19 60 . • -

.::.s._ t}).s S. :::otio.n no ;;J stnntl;s. th.e 1ocl¢ra l s o-.tu:t.tunq,qt 'Q&n do ~~ · f'o l.lowing~ (l~ -~l(tl~e fo~~~~l -oo~t ~ :ro.r ~l}~unot!?'ns ~.o IH~9?Gll~ ir:rt~~t~:Oll . ot ~~ojl~ .att~.tn,pti:ns. to .l'eS~~:t~t . t.o '\'ate or tg ~o any otll«e ' a.,o~ in conn.Gction ·,iith the M.~t t6 · v~~te, { ZJ ;tfeq~~a~ ~ha ep·~~~t!il~~t ~r Y:Q,t'ing rGfereas y>t o regi$tor t)vl·ao_ns &en~ed 'tlhe ,tiGht to 7ote, and (3) ~-s l:: tor n)l~t e!ver ordor:s aro necessary to fully ..,uarant oe tha< ri-?ht t o vote ,

t;.u! ts unde r tbis section Ul.ay also be ·bro~ht b!l pri ?ata par­:sons--hcmaver, th.erG is sor..1~ d'Ou.bt aa to t~e oou~ t' ~ .?<n-rer ·to· ap• point voting refer~es Hhan the f?tli t 1a so ini ti~tedi the fietter vi~w of , the la,•v IH>u_ld a;;paar to })a t 4at the eouri( ha$ ~uell inher­.et+ t power ~A any O~SG -.

~- .'. Th:~ 1~~a ~ drt:~t.:l. c · u~e of ~eotl,,on l~?l. . wa~ ln a . or~~en,t ~s'l;lit !ll llali~aqt C~•· ) J.rO,t~h ~al!Qlina , VJ.h~:re· tJie . priVate ~ ;1,.artias l'eq~t­ed and r~.ei ved ~xtr~1y far.-reaohl:..ng re,lle.f. Tlie Fe~eraf. !Jfs­~ri~·t jud.~e agpEU:~nt~~ . o.r9;.er~d the re.gi,~tra:r to ( l) hi,.re .'!d41-~19n£il; d~pu.ty regtst~;rs. ;. f-4) PJ:.OO~~:S th~ a~pl.i.o~ti¢l!~ !lor regie­trAti?n a t tne r~te ot .no l~as tb~n 9ne· ~.-v~ry f1v~ min.llt*'~J . (~) d1r eo,,e.<l. 1i!'la lt,13I , to QbSeJ;ve tbo ·~~&t&~.ration .(),l'O oe~e. , al;\d ~,po.rt baok to tl1e c,ourt; {4) direo.to.~ the ~tad:~ral m~;t.sbal.ls tQ· p;rJ)te~t ,P t'OS,;),adt1 V·tl r~~istr~;~,ts ;. fiAd ( §} O~dere'\1 'the t e.dera,l i~"t~tpt . attqrney a;ri~ t lle J'uatf~. De;pe,rtme.flt' to oomS1 in'l(o tha ot:rs~~- .. ~ relief· ' ~amted. tn thiS· s~ult bN ~t'i;ate Jia.rti~::~ t:t~i?~r·e·n.'t·l:Y ex~ee~ tha~ eo;h1<¢~C.d .'tiY the Jus;t'l,c.e Depbrt@an.t !n a_rit o"f . its a~o~ous eeses . O!owai'er, the Justice De~artllwnt ' s Cj.ii l Ft1i$hts Liir'itdon ~s suooeastul in s eo.u:ring ratter far-reaohing r e lief in th.e ."&no­la OoUD,ty , J;tensis:U.,ppi, oasa~ u .~ . ·i. Duke ? a f~w days a~ . } The x e;fcree :vroo(;)dttt,a can be e.n:ormousl:y e.fi'~c~i.ya 1f ,t:lrOperly done.. {Saa re.1a..~ks .o£ t he; ~ionorable. Jam~s Cor man, ,?age 15'93, Concrassi ~nal ReoorA~ leb l, t964 •

. ~notner ltey p,ro'-v1sio~ ot :la_vr ~oteott~ tna ri :;Q.t to 1'0te 1s, of course, tbe loth Mondmen.t to the aonsti tutton . 'l'hi-a may be usGfu l in some oa ses.

I11 any cese 1 rot in& or ot11e..rrl1ee, i n '\t!J:ich a erson iuter ­:f'e.re~ \Ti th or othe:rwi se ob$tru.at.s tha ~a:f:l'e cti v enesa ot a Federe.l Cotlr't order he J~j.ay b~ t 1ned up to vl, 000 ana i .l ~r1 soned tor no more than on~ year . '"'this yro·'!'1sion was added by tll.~a Ct·;il lli6hte !.ct of 19 f>·Q. { l:>eatiQ:n 1509 , Title 10, U .b. Code . )

z .. That sene ~ .. ct s.lso !llad-e it a .r·oder.a.l crime· to flee · acre-as

state lines to .:1void pllrseoution for et '!;ar!.;!t1ng to o-r darn.aging or destroying any buildint;, uwo llin&t house , church . or edu­cational tnsti tutton or in ccnneotton \'fitb .cn.y such crime . Liore 1mJ.?o:rta.ntly, anyolt~ L'laving .any. oonnaotl'()n wbats::>.e7a.r wtth the use of any axplost\re ~terial 1.n connect: ion 11i th c;~me..g1ng or d(Jstroytne any such buildings oomnu ts a .C'ederal ortme •

. llso or s reat tm~ortan·ce 1s the seat1on \il110h nekes 1t e. crime to threate-n in any rray \;hetao G7er t he d~mage o.r des truction in any l'l)tlllner of BUOil buildings . ( ~~otions t:5 '7 ont\ 1074 1 rttlc 18 U • b • Lode .. ) ·

....section 19 i-7 of 1i.'i tla 4 4! of tha U .;; .. \Jade rectuires £111 fee­eral judicial ol't'1Q1els suoh as u .~ . .. t torneys , :_.a rsh6lls ,ano: Comia~aon<ars t -o arrest 1u~d: proseoute t\ll .P~rsone vj,o.lat1ng any o:r th~ "Ol(lcar Q~ ·lil xo~iiJ1t:s ~tatut~s. Tll1:s ~~c.rti ott lla$ b.~~n l argely i ;,;t\Crild 9Y . the .1U$t1~$ O(}pcrtnl~n~ and O~h~i £0dtrrttl o tt:1o1als. Under "section 19921: -th~ .P1;-~s 1qent has thli,i l>~HVf;n:: to · order . the ju.dge , mar-shall, and u .. b . District • tto~n-ey or. any jucUe.i«ll d1~triot to go i m."1ed1ately to any- ple.oe i n their distrlot anCL to arrest and try any .PGrson violating any of tho Qlder civil rie;hts la.\va . (Tho older Qi,!vil rights l-aws ... 1no~udo ... eat-ions Z41 an~ 242 of l'ltle lS, whieh ~ro the sta tut~s •king 1 t ~ o:rime to -.d.epri te any person of his Co.nsti tutioM'l: .r:t6hts .. } " ·

beet ion 241 o'f TitlG "16 ot the U. ~· . Code :t:$.kes 1 t a ¢ri~ for ttro or more persons 'to· DO·nepire to dep:t-1 W'G ol.'" i,rlt.tinidat~ a.t11 pe.J:cG:o.n. in th~ emplOymen.~ tJt~ hta 09nstitut1o~l; righ~s .p;r l;"..igllta s~b"tred Q~ the laws of t~e t!ni tos b tnt(js,. geotion ·~42 of ,. T~tle 18 metes 1 t' e crime tor any pe::rsonT one ~X' .mora, under o6lQl' or law to depl.'1re any otha:t" ~Grson or t'i~-~s ·seoured by t'he Consitut±on or laws of the Un1 te3'd st~taa . ~ecrion Z43 n,akes .1 t u ct;'ima fQr any

·· :person in any r.'lel'Uler to be· fl ~~ty to di.sotimina t-ion on aoo~nt ot raee in the seleot1o_n. of a'q -~~Y.t state o~ fed.era~. -.i~tbough 24~ and, 242 ;~ve been . re·$ tri:C?t~J~.lr 1~t~;r~rqtQCl.J>Y tb.o OQ}~z'ts-1 tlley atill b;avo ~ot b~sun to ~~ U$et\ by tlte :ru.~ti~e DGpE,IJttmmrt to.· t.~e "axt E!stt tba.t tbei~ · ~a:U41 t_y; Jll:Gr~t& .. in _poli.Oe b.tut.l.i~t ' · · c•s.e·~~ .. Tli~ Justioe .. ~~:p~rtment•a · Ot·ttl lff~ht.s tltviat,-Qn. ~as; 1;ti~eat­e<tly take-n the ~~itl!oa that Gl;nc~ ~outhern jv,rt~a· will,. n.o:t .conv1 ot 1 e~o·s·t no pl'6$.e-nuti~n~ t.(fll ~e br-O-\;lght :un,den uo6.tion 2i2: of . .1.1 tle l8. .

It a lso s:boultl ~&' no~ed that therG ora.Ltttll'lY suit~ $nc<'i t ypes of SOti.Oll t ·h&t O£.rulOt 1:fe , b):~~~t by the U.$. (Jcj·vorLtm~nt, bUt rial1 only be brought by !)riva·te persona~ .Luoh ~O:tions, tor -EJX:Ull1.P.J.J;) 1_ :are sohqol 1ntabrts.t1on suits. In t 11.0.$.e aaae& when a oourt o't'd.er is ob~at.ned., it m.ay t}).~n .OG n~O,eSSE~1'Y :t:or t .he t~d,er~l 0 tri1a:rl;ij!lernt to baoQ.flle ~ JCU' t y ·to the ·:n11 t iil order to inaur~ tb;e (;)llto.ra.et:lent ot th6 oourt o·rd:cr. This: 'rre:s tru$ in the H~red1 th oe..se. ' ·