louisiana green economy policy report · the region’s green economy. through a $2.3 million grant...

Louisiana Workforce Commissionwww.LMI.LaWorks.net/Green

September 2011

Louisiana Green Economy Policy Report

This workforce solution was funded by a grant awarded by the U.S. Department of Labor’s Employment and Training Administration. The solution was created by the grantee and does not neces-sarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Labor. The Department of Labor makes no guarantees, warranties, or assurances of any kind, express or implied, with respect to such information, including any information on linked sites and including, but not limited to, accuracy of the information or its completeness, timeliness, usefulness, adequacy, continued availability, or ownership. This solution is copyrighted by the institution that created it. Internal use by an organization and/or personal use by an individual for non-commercial purposes is permissible. All other uses require the prior authorization of the copyright owner.

In 2009, Louisiana and Mississippi partnered to research economic

development opportunities and workforce needs associated with

the region’s green economy. Through a $2.3 million grant from the

U.S. Department of Labor, a consortium of the Louisiana Workforce

Commission, Louisiana State University, Mississippi Department of

Employment Security, and Mississippi State University conducted

an extensive study of economic activity that is beneficial to the

environment. This and other research products were developed as

part of that effort.


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Executive Summary .................................................................................................. iiiIntroduction............................................................................................................... 1Major Federal Legislation ........................................................................................ 2 Clean Air Acts of 1963, 1967, 1970 and 1990 .................................................... 2 National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA) ........................................... 3 Clean Water Act of 1972 .................................................................................... 3 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) .................................................................... 3 Oil Pollution Act of 1990 .................................................................................... 3 Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act of 1990 (CWPPRA) .............................................................................................. 3 Energy Policy Acts of 1992 and 2005 ................................................................ 4 Coastal Impact Assistance Program of 2005 (CIAP) ......................................... 4 Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006 (GOMESA) .................................... 4 Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007 ................................................... 4 Consolidated Land, Energy, and Aquatic Resources Act of 2009 (CLEAR) ....... 5 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 ......................................... 5 Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010 ............................................................................ 5Financial Vehicles ..................................................................................................... 5 Tax Incentives .................................................................................................... 6 Corporate Tax Incentives .............................................................................. 6 Personal Tax Incentives ............................................................................... 7 Loan Programs ................................................................................................... 8 Grant Programs .................................................................................................. 9 Rebate Programs ............................................................................................. 10 Dedicated Funding ........................................................................................... 10 Louisiana Coastal Restoration ................................................................... 10 U.S. High Speed Intercity Passenger Rail Program ................................... 10 U.S. Superfund Job Training Initiative ........................................................ 11Regulatory Vehicles ................................................................................................ 11 Renewable Portfolio Standard ........................................................................ 11

Contents

On the cover: brown pelican flying, with containment boom in background at Breton NWR. May 4, 2010.

Photo CCPL: Tom MacKenzie, USFWS


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Net Metering .................................................................................................... 12 Building Codes ................................................................................................. 12 Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards ............................................. 13 Air and Water Quality Standards ..................................................................... 13 U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) .............................. 13 Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) ................................................................ 13 U.S. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) ................ 14 U.S. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) ........................................................... 14 U.S. Hazardous Chemical Storage Reporting Requirements ..................... 14 Vehicle Fuel Economy and Emission and Standards ....................................... 14 U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) ............................................ 14 U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards ................ 15 U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard ................................................................... 15 Louisiana Clean Diesel Grant Program ...................................................... 15 Greenhouse Gas Reporting Requirements...................................................... 15 Access Laws .................................................................................................... 15Partnerships ............................................................................................................ 16 U.S. Industrial Technologies Program .............................................................. 16 Practice Greenhealth ....................................................................................... 16 Green Suppliers Network................................................................................. 16 Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program .............................................. 17 Clean Diesel Collaboratives............................................................................. 17 Gulf Coast Clean Energy Applications Center ................................................. 18 U.S. Clean Cities ............................................................................................... 18 Louisiana Clean Cities Coalitions .................................................................... 18 Louisiana Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education .......................... 18Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 19Additional Resources ............................................................................................. 20Legislative Appendix .............................................................................................. 21Interview Appendix ................................................................................................. 23End Notes ................................................................................................................ 24

Contents


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Executive Summary

This report summarizes policies that impact green economic activity in Louisiana. The policy summary describes various pieces of legislation, government programs and public-private partnerships. Each type of policy is intended to either promote markets for environmentally beneficial products and services or to discourage processes that harm the environment. However, it is certainly true that the overall impact of these policies is also dependent upon economic factors. Policy research for this report included a review of existing legislation and literature as well as a series of interviews. Throughout the course of this research, several key themes and trends emerged to describe the body of government policy related to the green economy. First, the research showed that legislation regarding resource conservation and environmental quality is a major factor in determining the level of green economic activity. Second, the research suggests that financial incentives are a key factor in increasing the level of green activities undertaken by corporations and individuals alike. On the other hand, regulatory vehicles are best suited to target a specific benefit or set of environmental benefits. Finally, voluntary partnerships offer a creative way of leveraging public investments and private interests to encourage green economic activities.


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Introduction

Green economic activity is supported by a variety of public policies including financial incentives, regulations and voluntary partnerships. This policy review will identify legislation, policy vehicles and programs that are currently shaping the outlook for green jobs in Louisiana. By supporting the growth of green services, business practices, research and education, policies can directly or indirectly influence the demand for a green jobs. The programs outlined in this report share the intent of promoting environmental stewardship.

The types of policy vehicles covered in this review include financial, regulatory, and voluntary measures. Financial vehicles are a type of fiscal policy that encourages commercial and consumer investments towards environmentally beneficial activities; they include tax incentives, grants, loans, rebates, dedicated funding and legislative appropriations. In the present context, regulations attempt to control the environmental impact of economic activities and are promulgated by federal or state legislation; regulatory policies include standards, mandates, codes, permitting and reporting. The final policy vehicle reviewed, partnerships, encourages project development in green economic areas and can be arranged with any degree of flexibility at the local, regional, state and/or national level.

Most of these programs were created in order to protect or restore the environment, or conserve natural resources, which in turn will foster supply or demand for green products and services. Other policy goals are to promote the use of domestic energy sources and encourage community development. Policy can also be used as an instrument to encourage research and development of new technologies or jump-start a particular sector of the economy.

This review of policies focuses on those that have already been implemented and significantly impact green jobs in Louisiana. First, the review of policy will discuss major federal legislation that is currently impacting the level of environmentally beneficial activities. Next, the report will examine federal and state financial vehicles that are driving environmentally beneficial investments. This report will also discuss regulatory vehicles that are shaping the move toward environmentally beneficial goods, services and business practices as well as their availability to the public. Lastly, the report covers voluntary partnerships that aim to develop projects involving green activities.

As with other components of this project, policies were identified as helping to protect or restore the environment, or conserve natural resources by their relationship to at least one of the following seven green activity categories:

1. Renewable Energy

2. Energy Efficiency

3. Greenhouse Gas Reduction

4. Pollution Reduction and Cleanup

5. Recycling and Waste Reduction

6. Sustainable Agriculture, Natural Resource Conservation and Coastal Restoration

7. Education, Compliance, Public Awareness and Training Supporting the Other Categories


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In addition to brief introductions to types of policy vehicles, this report includes summaries of programs that are currently at various stages of implementation in the state of Louisiana. Often the lines between types of policy vehicle are blurred when a piece of legislation that creates a regulatory mandate provides funding for a grant program that then offers resources to voluntary partnerships. In an effort to clarify the complexities of some green economic policies, this report classifies programs by the type of policy vehicle. The Legislative Appendix classifies each program by enacting authority.

Anecdotal insights were gathered through interviews with experts about policies that affect green economic activities. Given the extensive breadth of existing public programs, inclusion in this report is limited to those most often discussed during those interviews. The Interview List and Additional Resources section provides online sources for finding programs that are not included in this report. Finally, the agencies, departments, commissions and bureaus that are referenced herein are listed in the Additional Resources section.

Major Federal Legislation

The state of Louisiana and its constituents are subject to environmental protection laws set-forth by the federal government. Congressional delegates in Washington D.C. work to create and sustain federal governmental agencies and programs with the role of implementing policies that improve the environment without inflicting inordinate economic burden. In the United States, environmental legislation dates to the 1950s with the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955. Since that time, laws have evolved and the Environmental Protection Agency was given the authority to enforce and monitor the environmental impact of industry and development. Currently, broad inter-agency initiatives address sustainability and promote green economic activities across sectors. The legislation reviewed in the federal legislation section of this report is a brief overview of the many policy vehicles and existing public programs.

Clean Air Acts of 1963, 1967, 1970 and 1990

The history of air quality regulation in the United States originates with the Clean Air Act (CAA) of 1963. Until that point, laws had only been created to provide incentives for emission reductions. While the law was expanded in 1967 to directly regulate emissions, the federal government’s role remained limited to monitoring and control in areas subject to interstate air pollution transport. The Clean Air Act of 1970 authorized regulations that would limit emissions from both industrial and mobile sources. Four major programs were enacted as part of the 1970 CAA and were expanded through the 1977 and 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), State Implementation Plans (SIPs), New Source Performance Standards (NSPS), and National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAPs) are programs that operate still today. Additional resources for locating more detailed descriptions of these programs are provided at the end of this report.1


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National Environmental Policy Act of 1970 (NEPA)

The NEPA legislation establishes the Council on Environmental Quality and national goals for environmental protection to be implemented by federal agencies. Through the NEPA process, any project that uses federal funding must be analyzed for potential environmental impacts. When the decision is announced, the respective federal agency prepares a public record of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS).2

Clean Water Act of 1972

Under the authority of the Clean Water Act, both regulatory and incentive-based programs seek to improve the health of watersheds, the treatment of municipal wastewater, and the management of surface runoff. Since 1972, the Environmental Protection Agency has regulated the direct pollutant discharges of facilities; street runoff, construction sites and farms are now also part of the strategies to restore and maintain the “chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation’s water…” The EPA water quality measures include working with voluntary stakeholder groups on developing strategies to achieve environmental goals and using tools such as cost-sharing with landowners.3

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA)

The CERCLA legislation, also known as Superfund, authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency to enforce the clean-up of hazardous waste sites. Pollution reduction and mitigation activities are coordinated through state environmental protection or waste management agencies. In 1986, the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) added additional enforcement authorities and authorized the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA). This title has the goal of increasing the public’s access to information about chemicals and includes requirements for facility reporting such as the use of Material Safety Data Sheets and the Toxics Release Inventory.4

Oil Pollution Act of 1990

In response to the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989, Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 to establish a clearer framework for preventing and responding to an oil spill. The Act established clear responsibility for the responsible party to clean up spilled oil and cover the cost of damages associated with the spill, but also established the Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund to cover those costs if needed. In addition, the Act created a formal process for identifying and quantifying damages to natural resources through a collaborative effort among federal agencies and representatives from the affected areas.5

Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act of 1990 (CWPPRA)

Established in 1990 to fund coastal restoration and protection projects along the Louisiana coast, the Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act (CWPPRA) has funded 151 coastal restoration or protection projects in its 21 year history. Since its inception, the federal government has provided between $30 million and $80 million per year through CWPPRA for creating, restoring, or protecting Louisiana’s wetlands. After the passing of


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Act 69 of the 1st Extraordinary Session of 2005, CWPPRA funds were merged into a single state managed Coastal Protection and Restoration (CPR) Trust Fund.6,7

Energy Policy Acts of 1992 and 2005

The Energy Policy Acts of 1992 and 2005 focus on the development and deployment of alternative fuels, renewable energy, and energy efficiency technologies. The first public law defined “alternative fuels” to include:

“methanol, ethanol, and other alcohols; blends of 85% or more of alcohol with gasoline (E85); natural gas and liquid fuels domestically produced from natural gas; propane; hydrogen; electricity; biodiesel (B100); coal-derived liquid fuels; fuels, other than alcohol, derived from biological materials”

Both regulatory and voluntary programs have since been created to implement the directives of the initial Energy Policy Act. The later piece of legislation called for the development of financial incentives, testing standards, and promotion of alternative fuels and advanced vehicle production.8

Coastal Impact Assistance Program of 2005 (CIAP)

Section 384 of the aforementioned Energy Policy Act of 2005 created the Coastal Impact Assistance Program (CIAP) which designates funds for the protection and preservation of wetland areas of oil and gas producing states. CIAP provided $250 million yearly for wetland conservation activities from 2007-2010, though that money was split between 7 states and allocated as per the Act. At the passing of the act, Louisiana was projected to receive $496 million in CIAP funds between 2007 and 2010. As of 2006, Louisiana designated CIAP funds are also merged into the state managed Coastal Protection and Restoration (CPR) Fund.9,10

Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act of 2006 (GOMESA)

This federal legislation creates a dedicated funding stream for coastal restoration and protection activities for the Gulf Coast states, which permit oil and gas exploration on the Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). The share of leasing revenues is incrementally increased over time and may be used for green activities such as coastal protection and restoration, mitigation of natural resource/habitat damage, and associated support efforts such as planning and program administration. As of 2010, 50% of GOMESA Revenues were allocated to the U.S. Treasury General Fund, 37.5% were allocated to States and Coastal Political Subdivisions, and 12.5% for the national land and water conservation fund.11

Energy Independence & Security Act of 2007

The 2007 Energy Independence & Security Act raises the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFÉ) standard incrementally and sets a mandatory Renewable Fuel Standard. The Act also creates grant programs to encourage the development of emerging technologies. This public law aims to reduce U.S. dependence on petroleum while also reducing greenhouse gas emissions.12


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Consolidated Land, Energy, and Aquatic Resources Act of 2009 (CLEAR)

The CLEAR legislation consolidates the administration of energy minerals management and leasing programs into one entity within the Department of the Interior. In 2010, amendments to CLEAR were proposed that would “change offshore energy regulatory policies in the aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon incident” but they did not receive a vote in the Senate. Since that time, the former Minerals Management Service has been transferred into the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement.13

American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

The 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act directed considerable funding towards green activities related to infrastructure development and enhancement, including renewable energy and energy efficiency. The $275 billion available for federal contracts, grants and loans was awarded competitively to states, non-profits, educational entities, and private contractors. Louisiana received approximately $3.4 billion of which $693 million was dedicated toward green activities according to analysis conducted as part of this research effort. All progress on ARRA projects is tracked online at Recovery.gov.14

Financial Vehicles

One of the biggest factors restraining growth in the green economy is the cost of developing and implementing these environmentally beneficial technologies. While some green technologies have already proven their cost-savings over traditional options, many have not matured to that level of market competitiveness. Moreover, because the environmental benefits of these goods are often not fully realized through direct cost savings or increased revenues, the cost-benefit analysis of a single firm or individual may sometimes be skewed.

Financial vehicles are one type of policy mechanism implemented to encourage the commercial and consumer markets to invest in environmentally beneficial activities. Financial vehicles can be created at any level of the government and have been established by both the federal and state governments. Financial vehicles that will be discussed in the following section include: tax incentives, loan programs, grant programs, rebate programs and appropriations.

The funding distributed from the government for green activities is managed depending upon purpose and end use with two broad policy approaches: formula funding and competitive awards. When the guidelines for project proposals are published, eligibility requirements are specified and are intended to achieve various policy objectives. For purposes of market development, fiscal policy can be employed to level the price differences between a conventional good or service and a green good or service. When development of an industry is the goal and large capital investments are necessary to start a project, financing is achieved by gathering a portfolio of funding sources. As commented by a national analyst firm, renewable energy projects in the U.S. often “rely upon a mix of direct equity investors, tax equity investors and project-level loans provided by a syndicate of banks.”15


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The other financial vehicles currently available to support green economic activities include grants and loans. These are often competitive awards that are commonly used towards research and development, the deployment of environmentally friendly products as well as training for environmentally beneficial jobs. As a Louisiana example illustrates, the Home Energy Loan Program and the Home Energy Rebate Option Program are financial vehicles available in conjunction to effectively guide consumer purchases toward more environmentally beneficial choices. In the same way, on the federal level, the U.S. Department of Energy Loan Guarantees have worked coincidently with the Production and Investment Tax Credits as well as the Investment Tax Credit cash grant to build renewable energy projects.16 The following discussion will describe examples of financial vehicles at the federal and state level that influence the environmentally beneficial activities within Louisiana’s economy at least through 2011.

Tax Incentives

Tax incentives are an effective way of encouraging environmentally beneficial activities, especially those that require significant capital investment on the part of a business, individual or property owner. Tax incentives include not only tax credits, but deductions or exemptions that reduce the overall tax burden. In some cases, one incentive may be structured to promote multiple green activities, such as the Louisiana Tax Credit for Solar and Wind Energy Systems on Residential Property. The following is a review of tax incentives available to residents and businesses of Louisiana from the state or federal government. Tax incentives are generally divided into three major categories, which includes corporate, personal and property tax incentives.

Corporate Tax Incentives

Corporate tax incentives are available for corporations that construct energy efficient buildings, provide renewable energy feedstocks, install renewable energy systems or invest in green startup business within a state. Corporate income tax incentives include tax credits, tax deductions and tax exemptions. In addition, corporations can benefit from property tax incentives. The examples listed below are available to corporations in the state of Louisiana. Some of the programs listed here, such as Investment Tax Credit, have been in existence for decades and are expected to expire at the end of 2011 calendar year. For each example, additional detail is available from the source referenced in the end notes.

Louisiana Biodiesel Equipment and Fuel Tax Exemption Under this tax exemption, any equipment that can be used in the production of biodiesel is exempt from state sales and use taxes. These incentives are in effect through June 30, 2012. 17

Louisiana Green Jobs and Industries CreditAny capital infrastructure project directly related to industries such as energy efficiency, biofuels, or advanced drive train vehicle production is eligible for a corporate or income tax credit for 10% to 25% of the project’s cost.18

Louisiana Tax Credit for Solar and Wind Energy Systems This tax incentive is for any resident taxpayer who wishes to install a wind or solar energy system to any residential area in Louisiana. This is an income tax credit and only one credit is allowed per energy system.19


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U.S. Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit This tax credit is available to help defray the costs of converting a car engine and components to use alternative fuels. This tax credit is valid for up to 30% of the cost of the equipment and labor.20

U.S. Biomass Crop Assistance Program The Farm Service Agency of the USDA will provide financial assistance to farmers and landowners wishing to produce or aid in the production of biomass feedstocks.21

U.S. Production Tax CreditThis tax credit exists to encourage the generation of renewable energy. Companies specializing in the generation of wind, solar, geothermal or bioenergy (energy crops) will receive a 2.2-cent benefit for every kilowatt-hour produced in a facility’s first ten years of operation.22

Personal Tax Incentives

Personal tax incentives are available for individuals that choose to invest in alternative fuel vehicles and fueling infrastructure or installing solar or wind electricity generation systems. As with corporate income tax incentives, personal income tax incentives can take the form of credits, deductions or exemptions. Property tax incentives are also available for individuals that choose to invest in alternative fuel vehicles and fueling infrastructure or installing solar or wind electricity generation systems. Also, other innovative types of incentives involving municipal bonds and home equity mortgages called Property Accessed Clean Energy (PACE) have passed through local measures in Louisiana but are for the most part on hold while litigation unfolds in the Supreme Court regarding potential housing market risks. The programs described below are currently available for Louisiana state residents. For each example, additional detail is available from the source referenced in the end notes.

Louisiana Alternative Fuel Vehicle / Fueling Infrastructure CreditThis income tax credit offers owners of Louisiana-registered vehicles a credit to cover 50% of the cost of converting a vehicle to run on alternative fuel.23

Louisiana Solar Energy System Property Tax ExemptionThis tax incentive is for the installation of any solar-based heating system for a pool or residential building.24

Louisiana Tax Credit for Solar and Wind Energy Systems This tax incentive is for the installation of any solar or wind-based energy system installed by a resident taxpayer to a residential area.25

U.S. Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit This program establishes a tax credit for plug-in electric vehicles.26

U.S. Residential Energy Efficient Property Credit This program allows for a tax credit of 10% of the purchase (up to $500) of any appliance or upgrade that increases the energy efficiency of an existing home.27


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Loan Programs

Public funds may also be directed towards the development of green activities through direct investments in the form of loans. Often, the upfront investment required to install a renewable energy system or to upgrade energy efficiency presents a practical obstacle to individuals or businesses interested in adopting more environmentally beneficial practices. Under the right conditions, loan programs offer a low-cost option to help encourage those activities. Rather than directly offsetting a portion of those upfront costs, a loan guarantee can help individuals and businesses spread those costs over time. A low-interest loan offers an additional incentive to invest in new technologies. One form of loan program called

“revolving loan funds” is designed to be repaid into a fund specifically designated for projects with a return on investment. When a project recognizes financial savings its loan is repaid into the fund so that other projects may be financed through additional loans.

However, loan programs are not without cost. If the government has developed a loan program to fill a void in the private sector, there is also an element of risk involved if those loans are not repaid. Therefore, the most successful programs focus on encouraging investment in technologies that prove to bear cost-savings to borrowers that are significant enough to facilitate the repayment of those loans. The list below highlights major federal and state loan programs supporting economic activity that benefits the environment. For each example, additional detail is available from the source referenced in the end notes.

Louisiana Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Revolving Loan FundThe Louisiana Department of Natural Resources will provide loan assistance to any municipal entity looking to convert conventional vehicles into those capable of using alternative fuels. Newly converted vehicles must pass any emissions test that may be required.28

U.S. Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan ProgramCongress has made available $25 million in direct loans to the research and production of advanced technology vehicles or vehicle components engineered or manufactured in the US.29

U.S. Diesel Emissions Reduction Program This loan program provides funding for the implementation of existing and proven diesel emission reduction technologies. Funding is available to state, local, municipal, and nonprofit agencies.30

SmartWay Clean Diesel Finance Program The “SmartWay” program provides funding to support new and innovative clean diesel technologies. The goal of the program is to create financial incentives that help promote new clean diesel technologies.31

U.S. Rural Energy for America Program This loan guarantee program provides financial assistance to small businesses and farm owners in rural America for energy improvement projects. Applicable projects include renewable energy infrastructure, reduction of energy consumption, or increasing energy efficiency.32

Louisiana Sustainable Energy Financing DistrictsThese sustainable energy financing districts were developed to provide a source of revenue to help finance energy efficiency infrastructure improvements. These districts have the authority to levy property taxes and issue bonds.33


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Louisiana Home Energy Loan Program (HELP) Louisiana HELP provides low-interest loans to Louisiana residents for the purpose of financing energy efficient home improvements. The state is not the direct lender, but rather subsidizes the interest rate of the loan.34

Grant Programs

Public funds may also be directed towards the development of green activities through direct investments in the form of grants. This is a particularly effective way of stimulating research and development. Grants can also be used to target spending toward specific areas of public interest, such as workforce training or community development in disadvantaged areas. This section lists major federal and state grant programs supporting economic activity that benefits the environment.

U.S. Green Jobs Innovation Fund This grant, sponsored by the U.S. Department of Labor, will distribute $40 million to help increase the number of graduates of training programs used to gain employment into a green occupation.35

U.S. Environmental Workforce Development and Job Training This is an annual grant competition held by the Environmental Protection Agency where the funds are used to train and employ low-income and minority members of waste-impacted communities.36

U.S. Renewable Energy GrantThis grant allocates funds for the use of multiple renewable energy and energy efficiency projects throughout Louisiana.37

U.S. Brownfields Assessment, Revolving Loan Fund and Cleanup Grant These grants are issued to polluted or contaminated areas. Recipients may receive three-year grants funded up to $1 million a year.38

U.S. Energy Efficiency & Conservation Block Grant ProgramPart of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA), this program supports the implementation of new energy technologies. The main goals of the program are to reduce emissions from power generation and to increase energy efficiency.39

Rebate Programs

Rebate programs are a form of financial incentive available as a direct purchase rebate rather than a credit against annual tax burden. Because rebates occur after the original purchase, there is an opportunity to use these programs to monitor outcome performance such as realized utilities savings. However, due to the costly nature of such monitoring, rebates are often directed toward products or technologies that have a proven record of performance prior to purchase or implementation. In these settings, rebates offer the benefit of being less influenced by the timing of the tax year than tax incentives. However,


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rebates require individuals or businesses to cover the full up-front costs even if the rebate would be expected to significantly lower the ultimate cost of a good or service. This section describes currently available rebate programs supporting economic activity that benefits the environment.

Louisiana Home Energy Rebate Option (HERO)Sponsored by the Department of Natural Resources, this program provides a cash rebate of up to $2,000 to homeowners who are able to increase the energy efficiency of their homes by 30% or more.40

Louisiana Residential Energy-Efficient Appliance Rebate ProgramThis program provides rebates for the purchase of appliances used to increase a home’s energy efficiency.41

Dedicated Funding

While the incentives and programs discussed above that are designed to encourage businesses and individuals to increase their participation in green activities, there are special cases where the government intends to more directly ensure that certain green activities are taking place. In these high priority areas, the government may dedicate funding either annually or on a one-time basis. Several important initiatives supported through dedicated governmental funding initiatives are listed and discussed below.

Louisiana Coastal Restoration

Louisiana’s coastal crisis is being addressed by multiple public entities including the Office of the Governor, Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority and Office of Coastal Protection and Restoration. These groups work to direct dedicated state and federal funding from a variety of sources including the Coastal Impact Assistance Program (CIAP), Water Resources Development Act (WRDA), and Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act (CWPPRA), in conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The large scale nature of Louisiana’s coastal restoration effort is viable only with several funding sources and has leveraged numerous sources in recent years including hurricane recovery dollars, Community Development Block Grants and several years of state surplus dollars. Additionally, GOMESA appropriates funding to Gulf Coast states through a formula from shared oil and gas revenues plus state money from the federal minerals management service.42

U.S. Superfund Job Training Initiative

Superfund sites are areas blighted by abandoned hazardous waste that have been selected by the Environmental Protection Agency as a national priority cleanup location. The Superfund Job Training Initiative, or SuperJTI, is an effort by the EPA to support job-training for residents in communities affected by nearby Superfund sites. According to the EPA, the SuperJTI program combines extensive classroom instruction with hands-on work experience for each participant with the goal of teaching marketable skills necessary in becoming a valuable member of the community’s workforce.43


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Regulatory Vehicles

Regulatory policy measures are employed in settings where specific environmentally beneficial outcomes are desired. In some cases, these outcomes may be a reduction in pollution to a more desirable level while in other cases these outcomes may simply be requirements that facilitate the adoption of environmentally beneficial technologies and practices. Regulations often require monitoring and reporting of activities in order to meet government mandates and standards. The correspondence and record keeping for these requirements is generally tracked through permits and licenses. Monitoring and enforcement of these mandates is authorized by the respective legislation and the responsibilities are generally assigned to federal agencies with assistance and cooperation from state agencies. Mandates and standards arise from public policies enacted to regulate the activities of industry and commerce. In this section, we outline existing state and federal programs that impact green economic activity. A list of the corresponding legislation is included in the policy appendix at the end of this report.

Renewable Portfolio Standard

A renewable portfolio standard is a requirement for utility companies to incorporate some amount of renewable energy into the company’s power generation portfolio. A specific standard will typically define what percent of a utility’s generating capacity must be derived from renewable sources. Often, utilities are given the option of purchasing renewable energy credits rather than produce all of the renewable energy within their own capacity. The goal in using this mechanism is to stimulate market and technology development so that renewable energy becomes more economically competitive.

In November 2010, the Louisiana Public Service Commission (LPSC) adopted a plan for developing new renewable energy sources and testing the feasibility of a renewable portfolio standard (RPS). According to the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency, an RPS “requires utilities to use renewable energy or renewable energy credits (RECs) to account for a certain percentage of their retail electricity sales -- or a certain amount of generating capacity -- according to a specified schedule.”

The LPSC pilot program has two major components: the Research Component and the Request for Proposal (RFP) Component. To collect data on feasibility, each investor-owned utility is required to develop a minimum of three projects building new renewable energy facilities or purchasing new renewable energy resources by the end of 2013. The RFP Component requires that each utility issues RFPs for new, long-term renewable resources that will come online between 2011 and 2014.44,45

Net Metering

Net metering is an approach to measuring power generation that allows customers both to purchase energy from a utility grid and to sell energy back to a utility grid. Installing these meters and requiring a utility to accept power from decentralized sources imposes some costs. Therefore, governmental entities often must mandate that utilities allow for net metering in order to encourage individuals and businesses to invest in renewable energy


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system. In most states, net metering is already required by law. However, some of these laws do not apply to municipal utilities or electric cooperatives.

Like most states in the U.S., Louisiana requires utilities to compensate residential or commercial customers for electricity generation beyond the level of their own consumption. The Louisiana Public Service Commission implemented a net metering mandate in November of 2005 for customers with renewable electric generation capacity including solar, wind, hydropower, geothermal or biomass resources. The rules administered by the LPSC require utilities to provide both a meter to measure the net flow of electricity and a credit to the customer’s bill for any power provided back to the grid.46

Building Codes

Government entities at the federal, state or local levels adopt permitting requirements or building codes for the purpose of safety, pollution reduction, and energy conservation. Some regional energy codes require certain buildings to meet efficiency standards while others only encourage applying construction methods with better than average efficiency performance. Permitting standards may also be used to simplify or expedite renewable energy installations, according to the Database for State Incentives in Renewable Energy.47

The state of Louisiana mandates adherence to the International Residential Code (IRC) and ASHRAE 90.1 (developed by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers) for commercial construction. Louisiana building codes for 1- and 2-family residential buildings are promulgated through the Louisiana State Uniform Code Council. According to the Building Code Assistance Project, changes to the IRC are reviewed and recommended by an IRC review subcommittee, then a Technical Advisory Committee, then by the full Code Council. The final decisions of the Code Council are must then proceed through the state’s administrative rules review process before becoming law.48

The Office of the State Fire Marshal has the authority to amend, revise, and alternate compliance methods for the code. In addition to the State Fire Marshal, Facility Planning and Control Section of the Division of Administration has authority to promulgate rules and regulations necessary to enforce the provisions of the legislation. In 2010, the Louisiana State Uniform Construction Code Council voted to retain Chapter 11 from the 2006 IRC. The 2009 IRC with Chapter 11/2006 IRC became effective Jan. 1, 2011. In 2011, the Council is expected to adopt ASHRAE 90.1-2007 regarding commercial building codes.49

Contractor licensing requirements can also serve a role in facilitating the successful implementation of new technologies. Louisiana offers a specialty classification for “Solar Energy Equipment”. This specialty licensing classification does not substitute for an electrical or plumbing license; installers must have this specialty classification in addition to an electrical contractor’s license. According to the Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency, solar equipment installers must have the appropriate contracting license, as well as the specialty “Solar Energy Equipment” classification in order for systems to take advantage of state tax credits.50 51

Appliance and Equipment Efficiency Standards


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As with building standards, the government can adopt requirements for appliance and equipment efficiency that ensure a minimum level of environmental benefit. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) oversees federal energy efficiency standards as tasked by Congress in several laws including the Energy Policy Conservation Act, the National Conservation Policy Act, the National Appliance Energy Conservation Act, and by the Energy Policy Acts of 1992 and 2005. According to the Department of Energy, “standards benefit consumers by requiring that appliance manufacturers reduce the energy and water use of their products—and thus the costs to operate them.”52

Air and Water Quality Standards

Permitting is the primary mechanism for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to enforce standards for air and water quality that were set by enacting legislation. The EPA scorecard is an interactive way for regions to track progress in water quality. EPA is also taking measures to incorporate storm water permitting that utilizes a watershed driven model. This watershed approach utilizes greener storm water controls and offers a system where regulatory compliance is the minimum standard. This type of policy enhancement is also carried out on the statewide level although the permitting processes are standard. Several important standards are listed and discussed below.

U.S. National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)

The 1990 Clean Air Act requires the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to establish two types of national air quality standards to protect public health and protect public welfare; this includes protection for sensitive populations such as elderly, children and asthmatics, as well as protection against decreased visibility, damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings. The EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for major air pollutants. These standards are monitored by the EPA through two basic types of air pollution permits, for construction and for operation. 53

U.S. National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)

Since enactment in 1972 by the Clean Water Act, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program controls water pollution by regulating industrial and municipal sources that discharge pollutants directly into surface waters. In Louisiana, the NPDES permit program is administered by the state and approved by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. According to the EPA, program areas include: animal feeding operations, combined sewer overflows, pesticides, pretreatment, sanitary sewer overflows and peak flows, storm-water, and vessel discharges. The NPDES permitting is based on water quality effluent limits and treatment technology; effluent limitations serve as the primary mechanism in NPDES permits for controlling discharges of pollutants.54

U.S. Toxics Release Inventory (TRI)

The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) requires facilities that release toxic chemicals into the environment to report waste management activities to the Toxics Release Inventory. Compliance is enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency by means of civil penalty. In Louisiana, facilities must report data on chemical management to the Department of Environmental Quality.55


14

U.S. Hazardous Chemical Storage Reporting Requirements

Facilities that handle hazardous chemicals must maintain a material safety data sheet (MSDS) and submit a list of the chemicals being used or stored to the state and local emergency planning committees as well as the local fire department. This mandate is part of the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) and is enforced by the Environmental Protection Agency.56

Vehicle Fuel Economy and Emission and Standards

For several decades, the federal government has imposed regulations intended to improve the average fuel economy of cars and/or light trucks or reduce vehicle emissions by requiring the use of alternative fuels. More recently, mandates stipulating the incorporation of renewable fuels have been introduced into public law. This section reviews programs that relate to the reduction of transportation sector emissions that have an expected environmental benefit.

U.S. Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE)

Congress first enacted CAFE standards in 1975, with the purpose of reducing national energy consumption by increasing the fuel economy of cars and light trucks. The U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) administers CAFE. The average fuel economy for a manufacturer’s fleet is calculated and published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). NHTSA sets fuel economy standards for cars and light trucks sold domestically. The 2007 Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) amended existing law by mandating that the model year (MY) 2011-2020 CAFE standards be set sufficiently high to ensure that the industry-wide average of all new passenger cars and light trucks, combined, is not less than 35 miles per gallon by MY 2020. 57

U.S. Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emissions Standards

On May 7, 2010, the U.S. EPA and the National Highway Safety Traffic Administration published standards for greenhouse gas emissions for light-duty vehicles. The standards require vehicles to meet an emissions level of 250 grams of carbon dioxide per mile. According to the EPA the “standards will cut greenhouse gas emissions by an estimated 960 million metric tons and 1.8 billion barrels of oil over the lifetime of the vehicles sold under the program.” 58

U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard

The national Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) program established the first mandate on the amount of renewable fuel utilized in the United States. Created under the Energy Policy Act (EPAct) of 2005, the standard requires gasoline manufacturers to blend in at least 7.5 billion gallons of fuel derived from renewable sources by 2012. In 2007, the Energy Independence and Security Act (EISA) established amendments to the national renewable fuel standard labeled RFS2 and raised the required volume of blended renewable fuels to 36 billion gallons by 2036. The new program also expanded upon its predecessor by including cellulosic biofuel, biomass-based diesel, advanced biofuel, and total renewable fuel. The amendment is also intended to ensure that the renewable fuels being used lower the amount of greenhouse gases being emitted.59


15

Louisiana Clean Diesel Grant Program

As part of the national Diesel Emission Reduction Program (DERA), the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) offers competitive funding opportunities to support of cleaner fuels, engine repowers, and equipment replacement for non-profit entities. With an allocation from the American Recovery & Reinvestment Act in 2009, the Air Quality Division of LDEQ awarded grants to project proposals in this area.60

Greenhouse Gas Reporting Requirements

In 2009, the Environmental Protection Agency finalized a rule (74 F.R. 56260) for industry reporting to gain information on national greenhouse gas emissions. Facilities may be fined for failure to report, collect data, continuously monitor and test or retain records.61

Access Laws

One final set of regulations that can play an important role in the expansion of green activities is the establishment of access laws, which protect individual rights to install renewable energy systems. Because solar and wind systems in particular require large installations that are often visible from other properties, there may be resistance to their adoption because of a “not-in-my-backyard” mentality. Access laws are commonly written with respect to solar and wind electricity generation to ensure that individuals and businesses are not prevented from installing these systems. In June 2010, Louisiana enacted solar rights legislation (HB 751) that prohibits certain entities from unreasonably restricting a property owner from installing a solar collector. However, the law included some exceptions for historic sites and landmarks where access is not guaranteed.62

Partnerships

As a result of federal or state legislation, the following programs operate at varying levels of cooperation between governmental entities and private business. The broad application of public-private partnerships demonstrates the collaborative nature of many green activities. On a voluntary basis, corporate stakeholders across sectors and industries work with governmental programs that strengthen business opportunities and promote environmentally beneficial activities. Included in this review is information regarding public-private partnerships that are currently active in the state of Louisiana. These programs involve several industries, including manufacturing, transportation, healthcare and construction, among others.

U.S. Industrial Technologies Program

The Department of Energy’s Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) is an effort to reduce energy use and carbon emissions from U.S. industry. ITP conducts research and development activities and provides technical assistance to manufacturers. This program works with industry, state, utility, and financial partners to adopt latest technologies and energy management practices and to promote energy efficiency throughout the supply


16

chain. In accord with the 2005 Energy Policy Act, the goal of ITP is to improve the nation’s energy efficiency by 25%.63

Practice Greenhealth

The American Hospital Association and the US EPA began a partnership called the Hospital for a Healthy Environment (H2E) program in 1998 to reduce pollution in healthcare facilities. The objectives include “elimination of mercury waste, reduction of the healthcare sector’s total waste volume, chemical waste minimization, and a variety of educational and information sharing activities focused on pollution prevention and toxics minimization.”64

In later years, the H2E program expanded to include the leaders from the Hospital Corporation of America, the American Nurses Association, Health Care Without Harm and Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families. H2E is now operating as an independent not-for-profit organization called Practice Greenhealth. This network offers information, tools, resources and expert technical support for members to implement practical and cost-effective programs that assist the healthcare sector to achieve higher standards of operation.65

Green Suppliers Network

Resources are available for green activities in the manufacturing industry from the Green Suppliers Network, which is a partnership between the US EPA and the Manufacturing Extension Partnership. The Green Suppliers Network assists companies with measures such as energy efficiency, waste minimization and supply chain process improvements. The principles promoted by the Green Suppliers Network involve implementing sustainability initiatives across “E3” –Economy, Energy, and Environment.66

Manufacturing Extension Partnership provides technical support to the Green Suppliers Network through the National Institute of Standards and Technology at the U.S. Department of Commerce. As part of the Task Force on Regional Innovation Clusters (TARIC), MEP works with the Department of Labor, the Economic Development Administration and the Small Business Administration to support the “Jobs and Innovation Accelerator Challenge.” Hosting incubator and investment seminars in clean energy and green technology, MEP facilitates advancement of scientific research into business practices.67

Pesticide Environmental Stewardship Program

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sponsors the PestWise Partnership to provide resources for Integrated Pest Management (IPM). As a complement to the regulatory efforts of the Office of Pesticide Programs, financial incentives are offered to companies, non-profit organizations, communities and individuals. PestWise promotes environmental stewardship and the protection of human health through education and collaboration.68

Clean Diesel Collaboratives

As part of the Energy Policy Act of 2005, the Diesel Emission Reduction Act authorized funding for the Environmental Protection Agency to support industry in its adoption of energy efficient, clean burning vehicles and equipment. Several programs have since developed to collaborate with the businesses that are not regulated by environmental protection mandates. Unlike the manufactures of vehicles and equipment, the consumers may be using older machines that are high emitters of greenhouse gases. The following


17

programs work with various stakeholders to retrofit or replace the equipment used in the public and private sectors.

Clean Construction USA is an innovative partnership through the Environmental Protection Agency that works with contractors, owners, and operators to reduce diesel emissions from construction equipment and vehicles. The program specifically focuses on older engines that are not subject to recently enacted standards for emissions such as nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM). Emission reductions are achieved through proper maintenance, anti-idling policies, engine retrofits, equipment replacement, fuel switching, and equipment repowering.69

The Environmental Protection Agency operates the SmartWay Transport partnership with the freight sector to improve energy efficiency, reduce air pollutants, and lower greenhouse gas emissions. Participants in this innovative collaboration include truck carriers, rail carriers, and logistics companies. The EPA gives participants fuel efficiency and environmental performance scores and recognizes companies for their social responsibility and leadership. In addition, companies often reduce fuel consumption and save money.70

Clean Ports USA is another innovative program that reduces emissions at ports based on incentives rather than mandates. The Environmental Protection Agency offers information and strategies to minimize the release of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx) and fine particulates (PM 2.5). EPA works with port staff and fleet owners that operate equipment that is not regulated by emission standards, such as older cargo handling equipment and tugboats.71

Clean School Bus USA is a partnership between the EPA and community leaders across sectors aims to improve child health by reducing exposure to air pollution from diesel school buses. The program provides resources for assisting public school districts in developing anti-idling policies, in retrofitting bus engines to run on clean fuels and in replacing old buses with higher efficiency models.72

Gulf Coast Clean Energy Applications Center

The U.S. Department of Energy funds this program based at the Houston Advanced Research Center in to support the development of clean energy technologies in Texas, Louisiana, and Oklahoma. The partnership with educational organizations in these three states promotes the adaptation of regional resources such as combined heat and power (CHP), waste heat recovery (WHR) and district energy (DE).

U.S. Clean Cities

The Department of Energy promotes alternative transportation fuels and advanced vehicle technologies through the Clean Cities program. Since the Energy Policy Act of 1992, Clean Cities has been mandated by Congress to reduce the use of petroleum transportation fuels. Various projects in this program have the shared goal of growing an alternative fuel industry across the country, they include the: National Clean Fleets Partnership, National Parks Initiative, EcoCar Challenge, and the AAA Greenlight Partnership.73

Louisiana Clean Cities Coalitions


18

The State Energy Office within the Louisiana Department of Natural Resources sponsors the Clean Cities program in Louisiana that provide resources to local and state government agencies, private companies, non-profit organizations, and interested individuals. Two chapters have received official designation through the national Department of Energy program: the Greater Baton Rouge Clean Cities Coalition and the Southeast Louisiana Clean Fuel Partnership located at Louisiana State University and the New Orleans Regional Planning Office, respectively. Through partnerships with stakeholders, these coalitions educate the public about alternative fuels and facilitate projects to build alternative fueling infrastructure or develop the market for advanced technology vehicles.74

Louisiana Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education

The Louisiana Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education (SARE) program is sponsored by USDA’s Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES). The goal of the partnership is to fund projects to improve agricultural systems. The SARE program seeks not only to improve farming systems, but to do so in a way that is both profitable and environmentally sound. 75

Conclusion

Green economic activity is supported by a variety of policy measures including financial incentives, regulations, and collaborative partnerships. This policy summary identifies current programs in the state of Louisiana that impact the level of green activities taking place. Programs implemented by the federal government and in Louisiana have the potential to promote green activities across all industries. As examples, there are goals for increasing renewable utility generation, researching sustainable methods of agriculture and funding for coastal restoration activities. The combination of regulatory and incentive programs addresses both the supply and demand side of green economic activity. Given the important role that many of these policies play in encouraging investments in green technologies, the continuation of many of these policies for some years to come will be an important factor in helping these industries mature.


19

Additional Resources

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics http://www.bls.gov

U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management http://www.boemre.gov/

U.S. Department of Energy www.energy.gov

Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy www.eere.doe.gov

National Renewable Energy Laboratory www.nrel.gov

Oak Ridge National Laboratory www.ornl.gov

Argonne National Laboratory www.anl.gov

Energy Information Administration www.eia.gov

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency www.epa.gov

Sustainable Communities www.epa.gov/smartgrowth

Clean Diesel www.epa.gov/diesel

Superfund www.epa.gov/superfund

Brownfields www.epa.gov/brownfields

U.S. Department of Agriculture www.usda.gov

Louisiana Department of Natural Resources www.ldnr.gov

Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality www.ldeq.gov

Louisiana Department of Economic Development www.lded.gov

Louisiana Economic Development www.louisianaeconomicdevelopment.com

Louisiana Office of Coastal Protection and Restoration www.coastal.louisiana.gov

Louisiana Sustainable Agriculture Research and Educatio www.lasare.agcenter.lsu.edu

Greater Baton Rouge Clean Cities Coalition www.gbrccc.org

Southeast Clean Fuel Partnership www.cleanfuelpartnership.org


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Legis

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App

endix


23

Interview Appendix

Alliance for Affordable EnergyNew Orleans, LAMarch 31, 2010

Capitol Region Planning Commission;Baton Rouge, LAApril 14, 2010

FutureProofNew Orleans, LAApril 30, 2010

Global GreenNew Orleans, LAApril 13, 2010

Green CollaborativeNew OrleansApril 16, 2010

Louisiana Department of Transportation and Development;Transportation Advisory Committee,Baton Rouge, LAMay 26, 2010

Louisiana Office of Coastal Protection and Restoration;Baton Rouge, LAApril 15th, 2010

Louisiana Recovery AuthorityNew OrleansApril 13, 2010


24

Notes

1 “History of the Clean Air Act.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://epa.gov/oar/caa/caa_history.html>.

2 “National and Environmental Policy Act.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/compliance/basics/nepa.html>.

3 “Clean Water Act Module.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/owow/watershed/wacademy/acad2000/cwa/>.

4 “Emergency Management.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/emergencies/content/lawsregs/epcraover.htm>.

5 “Summary of the Oil Pollution Act” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/regulations/laws/opa.html>.

6 “About CWPPRA.” Coastal Wetlands Planning, Protection and Restoration Act. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://lacoast.gov/new/About/Default.aspx>

7 “Funding Sources.” Office of the Governor - Coastal Activities. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://coastal.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=pagebuilder&tmp=home&nid=26&pnid=4&pid=11&fmid=0&catid=0&elid=0>

8 “Federal & State Incentives & Laws.” Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center Program Home Page. United States Department of Energy. Web. 18 July 2011. <http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/key_legislation>.

9 “Coastal Impact Assistance Program.” Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. Web. 25 September 2011. <http://www.boemre.gov/offshore/ciapmain.htm>

10 “CIAP: Coastal Impact Assistance Program.” Coalition to Restore Coastal Louisiana. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.crcl.org/ciap.html>

11 “Gulf of Mexico Energy Security Act (GOMESA).” Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement HomePage. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.boemre.gov/offshore/GOMESARevenueSharing.htm>.

12 “Federal & State Incentives & Laws.” Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center Program Home Page. United States Department of Energy. Web. 18 July 2011. <http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/key_legislation>.

13 “About the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement.” Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement. Web. 20 Sept. 2011. <http://www.boemre.gov/aboutBOEMRE/>.

14 “The Recovery Act.” Recovery.gov - Tracking the Money. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.recovery.gov/About/Pages/The_Act.aspx>.

15 Mints, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo PC. “Renewable Energy Project Finance in the U.S.: an Overview and Midterm Outlook. Web. 20 June 2011. <http://www.mintz.com/media/pnc/2/media/pnc/media.2372.pdf>.

16 Mints, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo PC. “Renewable Energy Project Finance in the U.S.: an Overview and Midterm Outlook. Web. 20 June 2011. <http://www.mintz.com/media/pnc/2/media/pnc/media.2372.pdf>.

17 “Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center: Louisiana Incentives and Laws for Biodiesel.” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center Program Home Page. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/laws/LA/tech/3251>.

18 “Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center: Green Jobs Tax Credit.” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center Program Home Page. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/law/LA/6604>.

19 Louisiana. “2009 Louisiana Legislature HB 858.” 2009. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=668768>.

20 “Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center: U.S. Incentives and Laws for Propane (LPG).”Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center Program Home Page. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/laws/LA/tech/325>.

21 “Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP).” US Department of Agriculture Farm Service Agency. US Department of Agriculture. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.fsa.usda.gov/FSA/newsReleases?area=newsroom&subject=landing&topic=pfs&newstype=prfactsheet&type=detail&item=pf_20110503_consv_en_bcap2011.html>.

22 Union of Concerned Scientists. “Production Tax Credit for Renewable Energy”. 3 October 2011. < http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/solutions/big_picture_solutions/production-tax-credit-for.html >.


25

23 “Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center: Louisiana Incentives and Laws for Fleet Purchaser/Manager.” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center Program Home Page. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/laws/LA/user/3261>.

24 Louisiana. “1994 Louisiana Legislature HCR 1.” 1994. Web 15 May 2011. <http://www.legis.state.la.us/lss/lss.asp?doc=101337>.

25 Louisiana. “2009 Louisiana Legislature HB 858.” 2009. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=668768>.

26 “Department of Energy - Tax Breaks.” Department of Energy - Homepage. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.energy.gov/taxbreaks.htm>.

27 “Federal Tax Credits for Energy Efficiency: ENERGY STAR.” Home: ENERGY STAR. US Department of Energy, US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=tax_credits.tx_index>

28 “Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center: Louisiana Incentives and Laws for Propane (LPG).”Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Alternative Fuels and Advanced Vehicles Data Center Program Home Page. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/laws/LA/tech/3254>.

29 “DOE-Loan Programs Office » Fact Sheet: Advanced Technology Vehicles Manufacturing Loan Program.” DOE-Loan Programs Office. US Department of Energy, 6 Nov. 2008. Web. 19 May 2011. <https://lpo.energy.gov/?p=900>.

30 “Recovery Act: Funding for Clean Diesel: National Clean Diesel Funding Assistance Program | Implementation of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (Recovery Act) | US EPA.” US Environmental Protection Agency. US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/otaq/eparecovery/prognational.htm>.

31 “National Clean Diesel Campaign.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/basicinfo.htm>.

32 “USDA Rural Development-Subject - Energy.” US Department of Agriculture Rural Development. US Department of Agriculture. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/Energy.html>.

33 Louisiana. “2009 Louisiana Legislature SB 224.” 2009. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=645795>.

34 “Programs.” Department of Natural Resources | State of Louisiana. Department of Natural Resources. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://dnr.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=pagebuilder>.

35 “Employment and Training Administration Notice of Availability of Funds and Solicitation for Grant Applications for Green Jobs Innovation Fund.” United States Department of Labor. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.doleta.gov/grants/pdf/SGA-DFA-PY-10-07.pdf>.

36 “Environmental Workforce Development and Job Training | Brownfields and Land Revitalization | US EPA.” US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 03 Oct. 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/job.htm>.

37 “Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency: Federal Incentives.” United States Department of Energy. Web. 07 July 2011. <http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives>.

38 “Apply for Funding | Brownfields and Land Revitalization | US EPA.” US Environmental Protection Agency. US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/brownfields/applicat.htm>.

39 “Weatherization and Intergovernmental Program: Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant Program.” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/wip/eecbg.html>.

40 “Programs.” Department of Natural Resources | State of Louisiana. Department of Natural Resources. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://dnr.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=pagebuilder>.

41 Program Guidelines. Rep. Baton Rouge: EmPower Louisiana Louisiana Department of Natural Resources, 2009. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. <http://www.empowerlouisiana.org/Documents/new_final_coversheet_090210.pdf>.

42 “CPRA.” Louisiana Office of Coastal Protection and Restoration. Web. 20 Sept. 2011. <http://coastal.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=pagebuilder&tmp=home&nid=79&pnid=73&pid=75&catid=0&elid=0>

43 “Superfund Job Training Initiative (SuperJTI) | Superfund | US EPA.” US Environmental Protection Agency. US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/superfund/community/sfjti/>.


26

44 “Louisiana Renewable Energy Pilot Program.” Louisiana Public Service Commission 2010. Web. 20 May 2011. <http://lpscstar.louisiana.gov/star/portal/lpsc/PSC/PSCDocumentDetailsPage.aspx?DocumentId=ab9788f1-565c-41fd-aa8e-cd50cf2a3506&Class=Filing>.

45 “Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency: Glossary.” United States Department of Energy. Web. 07 July 2011. <http://www.dsireusa.org/glossary>.

46 “Louisiana Net Metering.” Louisiana Public Service Commission 2005. Web. 20 May 2011. <dnr.louisiana.gov/.../Net%20Metering%20Final%20Rules%2010-18-05.pdf>.

47 “Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency: Glossary.” United States Department of Energy. Web. 07 July 2011. <http://www.dsireusa.org/glossary>.

48 “Louisiana.” Online Code Environment and Advocacy Network. Web. 20 May 2011. <http://bcap-ocean.org/state-country/louisiana>.

49 “Building Energy Codes: Status of State Energy Codes.” Building Technologies Program: Building Energy Codes Home Page. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.energycodes.gov/states/state_info.php?stateAB=LA>.

50 “Louisiana Solar Contractor Licensing.” 2007 Louisiana Department of Revenue - Policy Services Division. Web. 20 May 2011. <http://www.revenue.louisiana.gov/forms/lawspolicies/NOI_LAC61_I_1907.pdf>.

51 “Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency: Incentives.” United States Department of Energy. Web. 07 July 2011. <http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives>.

52 “Building Technologies Program: Appliances and Commercial Equipment Standards.”Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/>.

53 “National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) | Air and Radiation | US EPA.” US Environmental Protection Agency. US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/air/criteria.html>.

54 “EPA NPDES - Office of Wastewater Management.” US EPA ColdFusion Server. US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/>.

55 “Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) Program.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/TRI/>.

56 “Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) Hazardous Chemical Storage Reporting Requirements.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/emergencies/content/epcra/epcra_storage.htm>.

57 “Fuel Economy | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).” Home | National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.nhtsa.gov/fuel-economy>.

58 “Regulations & Standards | Transportation and Climate | US EPA.” US Environmental Protection Agency. US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/regulations.htm>.

59 “Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) | Fuels & Fuel Additives | Transportation & Air Quality | US EPA.” US Environmental Protection Agency. US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/index.htm>.

60 “Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA) Project Funding.” Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality HOME. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. <http://www.deq.state.la.us/portal/DIVISIONS/AirPermits/DieselEmissionsReductionActDERA.aspx>.

61 “Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ghgrulemaking.html>.

62 “Louisiana Solar and Wind Access/Permitting.” HB751 - 2010 Regular Session (Act 274). Web. 20 May 2011. <http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=720429>.

63 “Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Industrial Technologies Program Home Page.” Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/>.

64 “History.” Practice Greenhealth. Web. 07 July 2011. <http://practicegreenhealth.org/about/history>.65 “Practice Greenhealth Homepage.” Practice Greenhealth. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.practicegreenhealth.

org/>.66 Lean, Combining, and Clean Manufacturing Methods. “Green Suppliers Network Environmental Protection

Agency.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/greensuppliers/>.


27

67 “Manufacturing Extension Partnership Homepage.” National Institute of Standards and Technology. Web. 07 July 2011. <http://www.nist.gov/mep/>.

68 “PestWise.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/pestwise/index.html>.

69 “Clean Construction USA.” US Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/otaq/diesel/construction/index.htm>.

70 “SmartWay Transport.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/smartway/transport/index.htm>.

71 “Clean Ports USA.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/cleandiesel/ports/>.

72 “Clean School Bus USA.” United States Environmental Protection Agency. Web. 25 June 2011. <http://www.epa.gov/cleanschoolbus/basicinfo.htm>.

73 “Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Clean Cities Home Page.” US Department of Energy. Web. 19 May 2011. <http://www1.eere.energy.gov/cleancities/>.

74 “Programs.” Department of Natural Resources | State of Louisiana. Web. 19 Sept. 2011. <http://dnr.louisiana.gov/index.cfm?md=pagebuilder>.

75 “Sustainable Local Food Roundtable.” Louisiana Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education. Web. 25 July 2011. <http://www.lasare.agcenter.lsu.edu/index.html>.

1001 North 23rd StreetP. O. Box 94094Baton Rouge, LA70804-9094www.laworks.net