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Lov og rett i Kina » J. Grimheden – RWI

Lov og Rett i Kina

Jonas GrimhedenRaoul Wallenberg institutetLunds universitet, Sverige

20 årav reformer1978-2008

Domstolarna– en ‘knäckfråga’

Framtiden?

Implementeringav lagar


Three Kingdoms220-265

Republic

of China 1912-1949

Xia 2100-1600

Shang1600-1100

Zhou1100-771

Warring States481-221

Han206 BC – AD 220

Period of Disunion265-581

Sui581-618

Tang618-907


Song960-1279

Yuan1279-1368

Ming1368-1644

Qing1644-1911

Opium War

Matteo RicciConfucius551-479

Spring & Autumn770-481

Qin221-206

Shang Yang390-338

Probably a legal system

Had a legal system

Had a legal Code (likely also earlier)

Legal Code ‘exported’

1. Early commencement2. Continuous development3. Influence from abroad – eg Mongol Yuan) and Manchu (Ming)4. Influenced neighboring countries

2-3000 BCE: Babylonian and Assyrian legal

documentsAncient Legal History

Development of lü xing (criminal laws)


1999 RoL in Constitution

2nd Constitution

3nd Constitution

4th Constitution

1950 1954 1975 1978 1982 1988 1993 1999 2004

1st Constitution

1978 3rd Plenum of 11th Party

Congress => 4 moderniza

tionsConstitutional Development

1st Revision

2nd Revision

3rd Revision4th Revision

HR in Const’n


Comparative Overview:Criminal – Civil – Administrative

Finished 2008?Revision 2007Civil Code by 2010?

Revision 2008Revision 2006

Drafting started 2002

2004 Licensing L1996 Revised1997

1997 Supervision Law

19911986 General Principles

1982 Decision toRevise

1989 ALL; 1994 Compensation L

1982 Trial version

1979 3rd draft19791979 (’62 draft)Soviet influence

1964 2nd draft1962 33rd

1956 1st draftEarly 60s1957 22nd

1929-1930Mid-50s1950 1st draft

19061906-19111906Early 1900

APLALCivPLCivLCrimPLCrimL


Criminal Law Reform 1997

• Limited revision of principles• But

– No punishment without law– Abolition of analogy– Equality before the law– Marx-Lenin-Mao abolished as a principle– Established proportionality– Liability also for legal persons– Non-retroperspectivity

Jianfu Chen etcJianfu Chen etc


Criminal Procedural Reform 2008

• More detailed and precise• Resolving contradictions between documents issued:

– SPC, SPP, MPS• Separate Law on Evidence• Witnesses• Equality of Arms

– Revise article 38 of the CPL and 306 of the CL• Lawyers equal access• Case file

• Presumption of innocence reformulated (A 12 CPL)• Remove supervisory power of procuracy over judiciary?• Related:

– Administrative detention

CECC; Terry, Senior Research Fellow, American Bar FoundationCECC; Terry, Senior Research Fellow, American Bar Foundation




Framtiden?



Balancing Interests

• Social stability v. Social stability


EconomicDev’t

Balancing Interests

PartyMonopoly

Unity /Re-

unification

Social Stability

•WTO

•RoL

•ICCPR etc

•Dem’tic reform

•Slow

•Intra-Party

•Corruption

•HKG / Macau

•Taiwan

•Tibet / XJ / NM


Ambiguity-Conflict

Symbolic implementation- Coalition Strength

Experimental implementation- Contextual conditions

High

Political implementation- Power

Admin. implementation- Resources

Low

HighLowAmbiguity: Conflict:

Richard E. Matland (1995)

中国Conflict – Legitimacy

Ambiguity – Incentives (focus)


Rationale?

• Adjusting to local desires• Adjusting to local situations• Symbolic to please higher ups• Inability

– Poor drafting– Weak implementation mechanisms

• Social stability




Framtiden?



Judicial independence – New to China?

“. . . no occidental mind can exactly fathom either the "how" or the "why" of the Chinese courts, or for that matter, any other institution or practice . . . the practice of administering justice in China no more follows the theory thereof than the practice of operating a bicycle carries out the theory of internal combustion engines.- Roy M LOCKENOUR, The Chinese Court System, V ( No 1, November) Temple Law Quarterly 253-259, 1930 , p 253.


Three Kingdoms220-265

Republic

of China 1912-1949

Xia 2100-1600

Shang1600-1100

Zhou1100-771

Warring States481-221

Han206 BC – AD 220


Sui581-618

Tang618-907


Song960-1279

Yuan1279-1368

Ming1368-1644

Qing1644-1911

Opium War

Matteo RicciConfucius551-479

Spring & Autumn770-481

Qin221-206

Shang Yang390-338

Han Dynasty commencement of supervision of higher level of administration supervising lower

The last 2000 years have seen division of tasks between ministries

Judicial Independence

From Zhou: records of judges opposing the ruler himself


Control & Supervision of the Courts• External

– People’s Congresses– CCP– Gov’t– Media

• Internal– Superior courts– Management– Adjudicative Cttees HPCHPC

SPCSPC

IPCIPC

BPCBPC

GovernmentFunding etc

GovernmentFunding etc

CongressReports / Ind’l case

CongressReports / Ind’l caseP-L CtteeP-L Cttee

Organizat’l Dep’t Organizat’l Dep’t

PartyGroupPartyGroup

ProcuratorateProcuratorate

Party CtteeParty Cttee

LeadersLeaders

Adjud. CtteeAdjud. Cttee

2005: 2,310 for, 461 against, 124 abst.: 80%2005: 2,310 for, 461 against, 124 abst.: 80%

PartyGroupPartyGroup

80% of all courts are BPC


Renovating the Judicial System


Competition• Law reform

– Pol-Leg Cttee• Implementation

– Eg RET• Who’s on top?

– Proc supervision

PoliceProsecutors

Court


3

2

1Prosecutors

Court

Police


SPC Chief Justice, Xiao YangReport to the NPC March 2008

• Social stability• Continued reform• etc


SPC Chief Justice, Wang ShengjunFrom Spring 2008

• Lawyer v Politician• Former S-G of CCP

Pol-Legal Cttee• SPC Strongest pro-

Reform– Stronger backing?


Control & Supervision of the Courts

HPCHPC

SPCSPC

IPCIPC

BPCBPC

P-L CtteeP-L Cttee

Organizat’l Dep’t Organizat’l Dep’t

PartyGroupPartyGroupParty CtteeParty Cttee


Courts(legal system, etc)

Party v Courts

NPC

Party


SPC Reclaiming Control

• Provincial high courts used to review over 90 percent of the death sentences handed down in China– 1980 Shifted to provincial high courts– CL A 48 + CPL A 199 & A 202 unequivocally

require SPC approval of all death sentences• 2007

– Three criminal tribunals– Model for centralization?

CECC: 2005-10-06


Courts Performance

• Urban v Rural• Commercial v Socio-Economic• Administrative v Constitutional law

Peerenboom & He Xin


3

2

1Prosecutors

Court

PoliceParty




Framtiden?



Avoid Legal orientalism

• Euro-centrism • Described in contrast

to ‘Western’standards

• Selective emphasis on differences

Ste

fan

Tana

ka, J

apan

’sO

rient


• Open Attitude

• Peut être sur certains points d’administration les Européens auroient-ils besoin de prendre leçon des Orienteaux?– 1778


http://english.epochtimes.com/news_images/2004-8-30-foreigner-beijing-tibet.jpghttp://english.epochtimes.com/news_images/2004-8-30-foreigner-beijing-tibet.jpg

Solution?


The Future?

The Economist, June 13th 2002

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