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Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon Benger 1,2 1. School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia 2. Principal, Envirospatial Consulting, Adelaide

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Page 1: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City

Simon Benger1,21. School of the Environment, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia

2. Principal, Envirospatial Consulting, Adelaide

Page 2: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Metropolitan Adelaide 

Page 3: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Background – Adelaide, South Australia

Adelaide Urban Emissions

Adelaide

Population 1,225,235

Area 3,259 km2 *

Population Density 376 persons/km2

Emissions per Household (direct) 14,450 kgCO2/yr

Emissions per Household (indirect) 13,193 kgCO2/yr

Total Household Emissions 27,643 kgCO2/yr

Motor Vehicles 755,678

Public Transport Use ~5%

* ABS 2011 Classification of Adelaide Metro Area

Page 4: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Why is a Low Carbon Future Important for Adelaide?

Strong Climate‐related influences on the city

‐ Heatwaves are common, very hot summers – getting hotter

‐ Strong Urban Heat Island effects, 6‐8 degrees celsius over a few km.

‐ These cause a number of problems:

‐ Heat related Illness ‐ High levels of hospital admissions,Particularly with the elderly.

‐ Heatwaves cause failure of public transport infrastructure, forcing more cars onto the roads

‐ Bushfires threats are extreme under some conditions, due to geographicalnature of the outer urban areas

‐ Water security issues, especially for irrigated agriculture

Page 5: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Urban Heat Island Modelling

DSM

Airborne Thermal Image

Page 6: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Model Data

2011 Australian Census data by SA1 classification (ABS)

‐ 3018 zones in Adelaide metropolitan area

‐ Range of Demographic Variables extractede.g. Income, Mortgage repayments, Rent, Dwelling types, Household type, Persons per household, Motor vehicles, Rooms per dwelling, Age structure

‐ Household Expenditure Survey 2009‐2010

CSIRO Emissions Intensity Tables

Real estate ‐ Property Values by suburb 2011/2012

TransportRail Lines, Roads, Rail and Tram Stations             Distance Surfaces, Network Analysis

PV SolarPV capacity, PV installations 2011

Planning Data (DTEI)Landuse, Zoning, Development Proposals, Journey to Work Data (2006)

Emissions and Landuse Change Modelling for Adelaide

Page 7: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Calculating Household Emissions

(after Shigato et al. 2012, with A$ values substituted for yen andadjusted for inflation.)

The six household types used for Adelaide were: 1. One person household, 2. Couple no children, 3. Couple with children, 4. One parent family, 5. Group household, and, 6. Other family type

Page 8: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Adelaide Household Emissions Characteristics

‐ Total Household Emissions   27,643 kgCO2/yr‐ Emissions per Household (direct) 14,450 kgCO2/yr‐ Emissions per Household (indirect) 13,193 kgCO2/yr

‐ High reliance on private car transport: average 1.58 cars/household, resulting in 10,850 kgCO2/yr (5034 kgCO2/yr direct + 5816 kgCO2/yr indirect)

‐ Long Commutes due to low urban densities: average 14,100 km/yr

‐ Large houses which are energy intensive: average 6570 kWhr/yr and for South Australia emissions are 0.79 kgCO2/kWhr, or 5190 kgCO2/yr

‐ Occurs despite clean/renewable electricity production

‐ Household Food Waste an issue: 15.4 MtCO2eq/yr, or 700 kgCO2/pers, as waste disposal is 100% landfill

Page 9: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Exploratory AnalysisCorrelated with Emissions per Household R2 PearsonsHousehold Size 0.78 0.88Rent 0.22 0.47Property Value 0.00 0.03Distance_CC 0.02 0.14Income 0.44 0.66Motor Vehicles 0.66 0.81Mortgage 0.26 0.51Rooms per Household 0.02 ‐0.14

Relationship between Rents and Distance to City Centre

Distance to City (m)45,00040,00035,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,0005,000

Aver

age

rent

700

650

600

550

500

450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

Unlike most cities, property values and rents in Adelaide are not strongly correlated with distance to city centre or public transport accessibility

Page 10: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Emissions Reductions for Adelaide Must Focus on Motor Vehicle Use

Journey to Work Analysis‐ Uses Origin‐Destination data from the 2006 census (2011 only recently available)‐ Point Distance Analysis on geographical unit centroids 

Total Daily km‐ Adelaide metropolitan commuters travel 4,678,070 km each working day by car‐ Car use generates over 1,047 tonnesC02eq/day, or ~382,000 tonnesCO2eq/yr @ 224g/km‐Most outer metro areas average more than 2 MV per household

Page 11: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Journey to Work OriginsJourney to Work trip km originate primarily from higher population density outer suburbanregions

‐ 671,500 daily JTW trips by motor vehicle by 466,063 households (63 % of total JTW trips)

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

700000

800000

Train

Bus

Ferry

Tram Taxi

Car, as driv

er

Car, as passenger

Truck

Motorbike/scooter

Bicycle

Other

Multip

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etho

ds

Walked on

ly

Worked at hom

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Did no

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Num

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Page 12: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Journey to Work OriginsJourney to Work trip km originate primarily from higher population density outer suburbanregions

Many high km originsAre well serviced by Train lines

‐ Transport choice issue‐ Requires behavioural

change

Page 13: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Journey to Work OriginsJourney to Work trip km originate primarily from higher population density outer suburbanregions

Many high km originsAre well serviced by Train lines

‐ Transport choice issue‐ Requires behavioural

changeNew SouthernTrain LineRecently Completed

Obahn (dedicated Busway)Adelaide’s most heavily usedPublic transport route

Options‐ Increase fuel costs‐ Increase car parking costs‐ Make PT more attractive‐ Substitute low emission 

vehicles

Page 14: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Substitute vehicle type – for Australia EVs produce 164 gCO2eq/km as opposed 224 gCO2eq/km for standard motor vehicles

Substitution of Electric Vehicles (EV)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

45000

50000

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Daily Emission

s from M

otor Veh

icles (kgCO

2eq)

Distance from City Centre (m)

100% EV substitution

50% EV substitution

Total MV Emissions by SLA

Potential reductions of 27% (100% EV substitution) from JTW vehicle use or13% (50% EV substitution).‐ further modelling required to incorporate household income and spatial effects

Page 15: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

HousingAustralian Houses are large by world standards and getting larger in most States, howeverAdelaide suffers from land availability issues.

The biggest homes in Australia (houses and other dwellings) can be found in Western Australia (229.4m2), followed by Northern Territory (228.7m2), Victoria (219.2m2), NSW (218.6m2), Queensland (214.0m2), South Australia (177.5m2), Tasmania (174.3m2), and the ACT (164.6m2).

‐ Most people live in detacheddwellings/houses‐ Has big implications for householdEnergy use.  In Adelaide 75% of all housing has air‐conditioning

(ABS, 2011)

Page 16: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Electricity Demand has been dropping for the past 6 years in Australia.

Reasons:   Move to more energy efficient appliancesAround 15% of Australian households are now solar electricity generators through domestic PV.

Changes in Household Energy Use

PV initially heavily subsidisedthrough State and FederalGovernment programs

‐ Now very inexpensive

Page 17: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Domestic PV subsidies  are being phased out, but installations are still growingSteadily. 2‐3 year payback for most households.

Potential Domestic Photovoltaic (PV) Electricity Production

Future Modelling will incorporate Actual and potential PV capacity and effects on emissions

Page 18: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Landuse Change

Adelaide Metropolitan Area stillcontains large areas of non‐residential land

Reasons: ‐ Topographic‐ Conservation‐ Zoning regulations

Page 19: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Landuse Carbon Modelling – Using InVEST

Model Effects of Policies and Changed Mix of Landuse Types on Carbon Sequestration through time

Stored Carbon in a Mature Landscape by 2050

50 52 54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68

Baseline

Sub 50% of agric land for Eucalypt

Sub 50% of agric land for Pine

Sub 50% of grazing land for Eucalypt

Sub 50% of grazing land for pIne

Sub 50% of grazing and 50% agric land for pIne

100% Loss of Hort to Eucalypt

30 Year Urban Growth Plan

Direct Action Plan

Megatonnes of Stored Carbon in Landscape

Page 20: Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City · 2014-11-10 · Towards Low Carbon City Planning in a Medium Sized Low Density City Simon 1,2Benger 1. School of the

Next Steps

• Working with NIES, Urban Growth Models will be used to simulate the effects of future urban planning and policy decisions on urban growth and CO2 emissions.

‐ future carbon trajectories

• Incorporate and model effects of new policy directions by Federal Government(climate change ambivalence).  Direct Action Plan passed the Senate yesterday.

Conclusion• Adelaide fairly typical of Australian cities in terms of emissions characteristics

• Significant differences exist between the spatial structure and emissions patterns of Adelaide and typical cities in developed countries.

• Most important factor is car ownership and use – must be addressed by governments