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Low cost materialsAvi10/10 Eshani15/10 Komal

introductionBy and large, conventional building technologies like burnt bricks, steel and cement are high in cost, utilise large amount of non-renewable natural resources like energy, minerals, top-soil, forest cover etc. These increase dependence on external materials and manpower, harm the local economy and are generally polluting in nature.The materials and technologies chosen for construction must, in addition to functional efficiency, fulfil some or more of the following criterion, for the cause of sustainability and a better quality environment:non endanger bio-reserves and be non-polluting; be self-sustaining and promote self-reliance. recycle polluting waste into usable materialsutilise locally available materialsutilise local skills, manpower and management systemsbenefit local economy by being income generatingutilise renewable energy sourcesbe accessible to the people be low in monetary cost

Bagasse used in kitchen

Bagasse used in Doors and Partitions.

5. Jute Polyester Composite-Raw Material Source Jute Industry.

Applications- Chip Boards Roofing Sheets Door Shutters Partition Panels Door / Window Frame

5. Jute Polyester Composite used as roofing sheets

Used in roofing in form of sheets.

Jute polymer used as window shutters

Partial prefabricationOpen prefab systems based on an appropriate production level and small, easily to handle elements with rationalised production methods have attracted the attention of housing experts as an important option for arresting the rapidly rising escalation in the costs of material and labour.Partial prefabrication can be usefully employed for practically every part of a building - foundations, walling systems, doors and windows, roofing systems, lintels and staircase elements. Costs of a roof being one of the major components of the construction outlay in any building project, one of the thrust areas has been the prefabrication of roofing elements

Lightweight Concrete

Cellular Lightweight Concrete Cellular Lightweight Concrete (CLC) is an air-cured lightweight concrete with flyash as a major ingredient, that can be produced at large project sites just like traditional concrete, utilizing equipment and moulds normally used for traditional concreting.It is especially suitable in India for low-rise loadbearing constructions and for partitioning work in multistorey blocks.The use of flyash (33%) in CLC and this being a good substitute of ordinary clay bricks ( which use high energy and precious agricultural topsoil) the Govt. of India has given special import duty concessions for specialized equipment.

Benefits of CLC blocksBenefits of CLC Blocks/Panels:Tremendous weight reductionHigh thermal insulation Optimal fire rating Substantial material saving:No gravel used Little cement Less steel in structure and foundation Easy and fast productionNo primary energy and reduced transportation costs Boon for remote areas with only sand availability.

Autoclaved aerated concreteAutoclaved aerated concrete is a versatile lightweight construction material and usually used as blocks. Compared with normal (ie: dense concrete) aircrete has a low density and excellent insulation properties.They are excellent thermal insulators and are used to form the inner leaf of a cavity wall. They are also used in the outer leaf, when they are usually rendered, and in foundations.It is possible to construct virtually an entire house from autoclaved aerated concrete, including walls, floors - using reinforced aircrete beams, ceilings and the roof. Autoclaved aerated concrete is easily cut to any required shape.Aircrete also has good acoustic properties and it is durable, with good resistance to sulfate attack and to damage by fire and frost.

productionAutoclaved aerated concrete can be produced using a wide range of cementitous materials, commonly:Portland cement, lime and pulverised fuel ash (PFA)orPortland cement, lime and fine silica sand. The sand is usually milled to achieve adequate fineness.A small amount of anhydrite or gypsum is also often add

Environmental benefits

Insulation: most obviously, the insulation properties of aircrete will reduce the heating costs of buildings constructed with autoclaved aerated concrete, with consequent fuel savings over the lifetime of the building.Materials: lime is one of the principal mix components and requires less energy to produce than Portland cement, which is fired at higher temperatures. Sand requires only milling before use, not heating, and PFA is a by-product from electricity generation. Carbonation: less obviously, the cellular structure of aircrete gives it a very high surface area. Over time, much of the material is likely to carbonate, largely offsetting the carbon dioxide produced in the manufacture of the lime and cement due to the calcining of limestone.

Foam concrete blocks

earth

The abode tradition of IndiaEarth has always been the most widely used material for building in India and is a part of its culture.mud wall construction varies enormously with topography, climatic conditions and needs of different regions. The common methods used for earth construction are cob, wattle and daub, rammed earth, adobe and cut blocks. Approximately 55% of all Indian homes still use raw earth for walls.Interestingly enough, the limited load bearing capacity of earth is not a handicap for traditional builders. All traditional techniques are strong enough for the village builders' requirements. Among other benefits of using earth for construction are its thermal insulation value, easy availability, and beauty.

Compressed earth blocks Compressed earth blocks (CEB) have been in use for a long time and are made from clay, sand and cement.They are biodegradable and can be made locally from any soil with a proper mix of ingredients like sand and cement.It offers fire resistance and is sound proof. Building cost can go down by 15 per cent or more.CEBs are, however, not suitable for smaller homes and buildings.

Compressed earth blocks used in large spaces like hotels and commercial buildings

Flyash and its usage

Fly ash Fly ash is a fine, glass-like powder recovered from gases created by coal-fired electric power generation. Flyash material is solidified while suspended in the exhaust gases and is collected by electrostatic precipitators or filter bags. They consist mostly of silicon dioxide (SiO2), aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and iron oxide (Fe2O3).

A pozzolan is a siliceous or siliceous / aluminous material that, when mixed with lime and water, forms a cementitious compound.Fly ash is the best known, and one of the most commonly used, pozzolan in the world. It actually improves strength, segregation, and ease of pumping of the concrete. Fly ash is also used as an ingredient in brick, block, paving, and structural fills.

What is Pozzolan?

How much fly ash in concrete?concrete designers use fly ash a partial replacement for Portland cement at values up to 30 percent of the total cementitious composition. When properly designed and constructed, the increased benefits of concrete made with 40, 50, and 60 percent fly ash replacement include dramatically reduced concrete permeability, and excellent resistance to all forms of premature deterioration.

Fly ash typically costs approximately 1/2 to 1/3 that of Portland cement as delivered, assuming a suitable means of batching is already in place.

Cost saving

Mixture propertiesPortland cement + H2O = CSH + Ca (OH) 2{free lime liberated}Fly ash + Ca (OH) 2 = CSH {additional cementitious paste} CSH - Calcium Silicate Hydrate The cement in concrete mix liberates free lime when it starts to hydrate with water. Fly ash in concrete mix produces cementitious paste by reacting with this free lime only. Fly ash in concrete mix can be active only after the availability of sufficient free lime, hence fly ash component of concrete starts reacting after a little while only. This phenomenon reduced the strength growth of concrete in early hours and allowing more time for working / compacting and to place more concrete without a cold joint Due to the partial material (cement) reacts immediately with addition of water, heat generated by reaction during hydration (Hydration heat) is reduced. Low hydration heat reduces the risk of surface cracks on concrete due to thermal stress Low hydration heat also yields uniform concrete surface and excellent finish Fly ash shape is spherical in nature. This feature enables fly ash to flow and blend easily with the angular shaped cement particles in concrete mix.

Standard flyash brick size

applicationsClassified and quality ensured Fly ash is used as Performance improver in manufacturing of OPC (Ordinary Portland Cement).Pozzolan material in manufacture of PPC (Portland Pozzolana Cement). Cementitious material used as partial replacement of cement in concrete and mortar applications. Raw material for manufacturing of building material like clay ash bricks /cement lime ash bricks, blocks and Tiles. Material for road embankment and construction of base course of road. Material for back filling of open cast mines & stowing of underground mines. Light weight aggregates. Source of plant nutrients and soil amendment in Agriculture. Filler replacement material of paints. Raw material for roofing sheets manufacturing. Industrial flooring.

Flyash cement

Environmental effects Utilization of fly ash is environment friendly with improved cementitious binder economics. Fly ash utilization reduces the requirement of clay, sand, lime stone in cement manufacturing and hence conserves natural resources. Fly ash utilization reduces the cement requirement and hence carbon-di- oxide liberation during cement manufacturing is reduced. Fly ash utilization reduces the top soil requirement for land filling / brick manufacturing and saves agricultural land. Fly ash utilization achieves increased strength of the finished concrete product without increasing the cement content

Building blocks

2. FLY ASH POLYMER COMPOSITE-

Used on the roof

bamboo

introductionBamboo has a long and well established tradition for being used as a construction material throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world.With the rising global concern, bamboo is a critical resource as it is very efficient in sequestering carbon and helps in reduction of Green House gas emissions.Its use through industrial processing have shown a high potential for production of composite materials and components which are cost-effective and can be successfully utilized for structural and non-structural applications in construction of housing and buildings.The commonly used species in construction are Bambusa balcooa, Bambusa bambos, Bambusa tulda, Dendrocalamus giganteous, Dendrocalamus hamiltonii, Dendrocalamus asper, etc.

characteristicsMain characteristic features, which make bamboo as a potential building material are its high tensile strength and very good weight to strength ratio. The strength-weight ratio of bamboo also supports its use as a highly resilient material against forces created by high velocity winds and earthquakes. Above all bamboo is renewable raw material resource from agro-forestry and if properly treated and industrially processed, components made by bamboo can have a reasonable life of 30 to 40 years. Though natural durability of bamboo varies according to species and the types of treatments. Varied uses and applications in building construction have established bamboo as an environment-friendly, energy-efficient and cost-effective construction material. The

As a design element

Used as roof supports systems

applicationsBMTPC has undertaken construction of 10 demonstration structures, each, using bamboo based technologies in Mizoram and Tripura. These includes houses, OPD buildings, Library buildings, Picnic huts, Schools, etc. The cost of construction is considerably reduced by 25% to 30% using bamboo based technologies for different types of structures as compared to conventional construction. During constructing various types of structures local contractors, masons, artisans were provided training on use of bamboo in building construction. The specifications used are: Treated bamboo columns and beams, Ferrocement walls on bamboo grid reinforcement, Treated bamboo trusses, rafters and purlins, Bamboo mat board in wooden frames for door shutters, Bamboo mat corrugated roofing sheets, Locally available wood for door & window frames IPS flooring, etc.

bamboo bridge under construction

Staircase design

mason lane farmTwo barns were designed and constructed on a well planned site using sustainable materials like locally-sourced bamboo and prefab panels and trusses.The site of the barns was designed to maximize space while providing air circulation and accessibility for large farm equipment.Porous pavement is used exclusively to allow water to infiltrate, while rain water from the roofs is collected in a system of shallow concrete site gutters located below each roof eave. The storm water runoff from the buildings and the driveway area is directed towards collection basin.The landscape Surrounding the buildings is planted with native and regionally-adapted plants that dont require irrigation.It was constructed from prefabricated wood trusses and pre-finished metal panels. The concrete slap contains fly ash, and in one section, the building is insulated and utilizes radiant floor coils heated by an external boiler that runs off wood waste collected on site. The interior is modern, simple, and architecturally pleasing, incorporating finish screws, metal ties and varying materials as design elements.

Particle boards

Particle boards Particle boards commonly used as a material for flooring, roofing and furniture, have in the past few years come to replace solid wood as building material.Innovations such as the use of plantation timber, which form rapidly renewable resources instead of hard wood for their manufacturing, have made this material further sustainable. More economical than solid wood, these green particle boards can help bring down building costs to a great extent. They are available in the thickness range of 2mm to 6mm. Particle boards have low moisture absorption, high internal bonding and dimensional stability.

Phosphogypsum

As land and water pollutants phosphogypsum

The source phosphogypsum : phosphogypsum as a byproduct of phosphoric acid based fertilizer industry is born. Bhuyojit phosphate rock with sulfuric acid interaction with the phosphogypsum humidity 10-40 percent lead free. phosphogypsum 4.5 million tons every year in India is born. phosphogypsum more than 10 million tons have been stored at the plant sites. Nature of pollution : Fluoride is present in phosphogypsum land and water pollution. Recycling of phosphogypsum : Use of this pollutant by-product of the fertilizer industry in making many kinds of building materials can be used: Gypsum plaster, boards, tiles Set the controller as in the manufacture of Portland cement Not be compressed cement, super Sulfated / anhydride, essential (anhydrous) Cement As hydraulic Winder As mineralizer With cement and sulfuric acid manufacturing Artificial marble, fiber board.

Building materials from industrial wastePhosphogypsumAbout twelve fertiliser plants in the country produce nearly 4 to5 million tonnes of Phosphogypsum as a by-product. Major producers are Coromandel Fertilisers (Andhra Pradesh), Fertilisers &Chemicals, Travancore (Kerala), Gujarat State Fertiliser Co. (Gujarat), Hindustan Lever Ltd. (West Bengal), Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation (Tamil Nadu) & Paradeep Phosphates Ltd. (Orissa).

Product RangePartition Panels; Ceiling Tiles/Boards; Fibre Reinforced or Wood Chip Boards;Walling Blocks/Bricks with/without Flyash; Gypsum Marble/Slotted Tiles;Plaster Boards; Processed Gypsum can be used for special plasters and asingredient in Fal-G cement and precast building elements.

Application BenefitsOne of the popular sources of technology for converting Phosphogypsum to useful building materials is from Salzagitter Industrielbau gmbH of Germany. A plant with this technology in collaboration with M/s. SALZGITTER AG is already in operation at Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh.

Utilisation of industrial waste requiring large land areas & resulting in environmental pollution. Conservation of non-renewable natural mineral wealth. Manufacture of building materials at low specific energy consumption. Manufacture of materials possible for effective saving in consumption of cement and steel. Production of pre-fabricated components leading to standardisation and speed in construction. Production of building elements as substitute for timber.

Red mud

RED MUD

Waste generated from the aluminium industry is commonly known as Red Mud. It is a Bauxite residue a clay like silt-sized by-product consisting of undissolved minerological components and of new products formed during the production process of aluminium.At present, five big aluminium plants namely NALCO, BALCO, MALCO, HINDALCO and INDAL are the major source of Red Mud as a waste byproduct with nearly 3.5 million tonnes being produced annually.Utilisation PotentialWhile Red Mud can be used for recovery of sponge iron, high purityaluminium and number of valuable constituents like vanadium, alkalies and titanium, its present use is generally in Cement industry both as a component of cement-raw mix as well as additive with specific advantages.

Application BenefitsUtilisation of industrial waste accumulating in huge quantities, causingsoil pollution. Conservation of agricultural soil (rich top soil) being used for brick making.Saving in energy intensive and scarce material like cement.

applications

bottles as bricks by Michelle Kaufmann Studio

Cement bag construction in downtown Johannesburg

Corn cob- maize panels

low-cost construction panels bonded with tannin-based adhesive. Plant-based agricultural wastes from the cultivation of rice, maize and cassava crops provide natural fibers that are a sustainable resource for the production of building materials reduction in construction costs, reducing dependence on imported, higher-cost alternatives.

Tyres and cans as construction materials

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Standard size:4ft X 8ft Thickness:35 mm100 mm Density:160kg /m260kg/mHigh: StrengthWeight RatioStiffnessWorkabilityBamboo / Glass Fiber Bio-Composite Sandwich Wall Panels

Standard size = 4ft X 8ftThickness = 3.2 mm 5.0 mmDensity = 950kg/m 1125kg/mLightweight High Strength & Stiffness High Thermal & Electrical Insulation High impact resistantPolyurethane foam thermal insulated also available

Bamboo / Glass Fiber Bio-Composite Roofing Panels

One of 25 Sakthi Hill Resort Guesthouses built 2.5 years agooutside Bangalore. Frequent compliments from guests andinquiries for purchase and manufacture of materials

Prefabricated shelter, multipurpose: Disaster management. Emergency shelters.Bamboo-Fiber | Glass-Fiber Bio-Composite Examples by CTP

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Pyramid on CTP Campus

Modular toilet and shower unit3.5 years of testing to date Outdoor RestroomBamboo-Fiber | Glass-Fiber Bio-Composite Examples by CTP

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Straw bale construction

There are two prevalent means of using straw bale as building stuff and they are load bearing walls or infill.

cellular concrete to offer better insulation for colder climates

Plastic formwork construction

Coconut leaf panels

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