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\ -Low-cost Passive Sola? kreegh6uses:.tructDn fXd.ik 5. _ .I1 >-by: Ron Alward ani Andy Shapiro, ed. by Jon Se&so.Pub,li'shed by: -' ' .. Nationa Center for Appropriat@:Tkchnblogy Ptb. 6x 3838.~ButaLx-597q2 usAL-y--mm: L x ~ ,' _ ~a ~s:


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LOWCbSTPASSIVE .i SOLAR- .CiREENHOUSESackiig7 .Q 1-1and construction$ide

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LOW< ST -AsIvE I~~. ..~, --s&Q J$I _ - -4~~ItEENHOlilSES. iA C&i,, and C?pnstruction Guidei..A

Editor: 1 1n S(lssc,Technical Illustratorj : M,tll~ ti,lnvTn ti,ln \ ti,lLlmb tlq;ctrIllustrator:1 ~nti,l Burton iGraphic Designer: Krls I Il~nxvnPhotographers: Andy bkrlt,lro lon %YK; * .Cover ~Ilustrdt~on iron, photop~ph /I) /rm hti -wAcknowledgements: The authors wsh to th,inhhrct$,ects Robert Corbett and W,lII\, tl,ln5en for their

contGbuti5ns on dt%gn details, Keith t+inbl~ for \vrlfing the section .on watering 111 Chapter 10. Stevr Coftel torcompiling the Ke,ourc-c LISA. Part IV, and tiathv Colllnsfor proofrrwling and incorlwratlng revi ,lonA for thebook5 second prlntlng.

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ist of Figures 2~~------._~.-~ .-..-- ____ 5PERSONALAND ECONOMICCONSIDERATIONS 7.-._~~~~ ~~.__ __.1: Needs, Uses and~~~$$ne~~s _ aMany uses of a solar greenhouse 8- --.- . ..---What are the alternafives i0Food-producing solar greenhdse li.~~ _-~ - ~_~~~~Heat-producing solar greenhouse 15What is yourcommitment? 15Skills needed to build.a solar greenhouse . 16

2: Economics-Every Case Is Different 18Figuring expenses: a necessarytask 19__~.~~... ~~~~ ~~_.~.._~__.__Exact costing 20-_-.-~..-Hgw much will a greenhoustisave? .~ ._-. ~~ T-21A money-making greenhouse-- ~~. ~~_ ._ __ .-. . . 2325

3: Location 9_ L,--- ~~-_~ __ _ iiSun access -26Micro-c imate effects 30Legal n.otei .8- i 33Other cpnsiderations 34

4: Size and Shape.~. -_ 1

j6-3638Radiatibn penetration for optimum heat iioll&tion .39

Radiation penetration for optimum,light &vels* 40Acompromise design i-

\, East andwest glazing 14040

Solid porti;nsfthe south roof 40-..Akis.oforientation r 43_-Size 43Planting and Lvorklng space i . 43Floor plan 44North wall slope 44Architecturdl amendesth$c conslderatronsCOMPONENT CONSTRUCTION GUIDE

45475: Foundatio>ns 4 48

,.-yL*;~-.--+--Insulatirigfouridations

Flashing: protecting-theedges--How to-bend aluminum flashing neatly

Poured concret;footingand foundation wall - Poured concrete fodti$ and concr&e or cinder blockPost foundations *.

Pier foundations .mRailroad tie foundations

Chapter 6: Framing Canstruction : Glazing support Ij .~. ~--.~~~ joining rafters to the hduse- ~-~~~ . ~~-.~- _-.- -. ~. ~.Rot protection for glazing suppdrt systems -Solid wall a$ roof construction tips

Moisture-oroofinEthewalls.and roof- Wall and roof insulation: How much is enough?jolid wall framingguideiines

AttachinEsolid end walls to a house -- . sPoofframing

Ex\-crlor sheathing, roofingdn d paintirigFloor>Door; and vestibule3

Chapter 7: Glazin&Recycled wind&sPolyeihylen; glazing .

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. Fiber-rernforced plastic (FRP) Installation of corrugated FRP ; _Installation ot flat FRP Curved Inst~~ll~~tlon oftlat FRP

F-ac-tcl;y-sealed, tempered double glassSingle I,lycr oigld55Double-glazc~i, ~)la\tic -covt>rtd, rt~movable /panels Douhl(~-WJII c~xtrulllnggl,izlng .., rKN yc-lt~i gl,lss grtbcnhou>c

Chapter 8: Ventilation and Cooling SystemsVcJntilJtlon and [,liAnts -. isMrlhods to~~t~ducevcntil~tion and cooling needs :


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Thermal storage- a hidden cooling systemSatural v\ fort rd vc~ntrlc~tlon

N,jtur;ll vr~ntrlallonFcjrccd vf~ntllcttion e

Solar c-hlmncqftAir pre-\varrl-iing, (-lr( u/,3tlon, ;Ir;d (hollhgHuiie \,rnti for att,~rhW grernhousfa;io curb or not to ( t:rbt IC,jazlng \Jeflti . ._ \rnt In (orrugatcid FRP

[lent in gI,trt~J roof, with tlat gla,lng\pnt in gls~t~l k:;iik

Solid root \lcJnt\[. motors,)

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1 OR107109110112I.1 3113114116117118118119122122122113125127127, -' 71:x1 'X1 ?r,I .'(Ii :/i; :I

G Sqphtctlrdted systems - \ * --Drip sy\tcams 'c- ~ _.._.___Mlstlnfi__ ._- _ ..~ - L. .A--C)vc~rhc~,lrl Irrlgdtiorj~ (;rtyw,ll(~r ' s.

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iv. RESOURCE DIRECT~R~IBIBLIO~~;APHYRe.source groups and individuals/ ~-BooksConferen\cc proceedings - PeriodicalsPlans anbTpamphlets - -Crccnh~~usti supplies .Ind.crornpone-nis

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1 Old windows used a~~c&.&%arrr~~~\. -r 2,, .SJfi- < ;...,/Polyethylene c&ered$old FrBmes

.m-Sofar pod with clothes -_a-tu-ral conveGtion loop *

Suns path at 40 north latitude

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Using a conipass to find true north 28Chart A: Magnetic variation.from true north (all

-U S locations) ~-altitude angleUsinela orotractor with a olumb-bob to determineSun path chart fo r 40 north,latitude 29

29Sample sun path chart for 40 ndrtblatitude withobstructions 31Three examples o fsattached greenhouses 37Attached :pit greenhouse 37Three examples o f a south-facing porch converted .-to a green hqyse: ,

a ) using plastic glazing panelsb ) using recycled windows 38-38c j greenhouse extended from porch 38

Rooftop greenhouse ,39.Posslble shapes for attached greenhouses ilPossible shapes ior ir?cJstandltig j&~~nhous~ls- - 42Thrpfl floor plan dr>srgns 4sPour~l (r,nc rctp irio lnq ,I fld t oc1 nrl;lt loll WIII _

C Cable tie6.8 Rafter to wall connectlon

A Using joist hangersB Using a plywood gusset

6.9 Vrntlng of In\ulatlon In roof ~nrl solid wals6.10 Framing ot 2 u h solid \vnll on -I ~1 post tounda-

lion (post5 80 on centrr) ,6.11 -F-~~,n~~~ for an (>ndw,lll ot n grtJflnbou5e to the

hou5t:jujlng I post foundation ior thtl grrrnhousc\ 6,6.12 (blared doorCHAPTER 7

s-1 7.1 tiow could how not to u?tl~~e rtB( ycled \vIndo\vs

5.3 Interior post foundation 5.4 Method of placing a structural post 5.5A 4 X 4 post foundation I5.56 Metal post foundation with IIEht\%erght Ikn&vall5.6 Pier foundation c5.7 Railroad tie foundation (ties approxltiately

.I Window greenhouse

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Cc+truction_ tecms,to understand . Structural kneewall shown with fallroad tie fb;nLdationNotched-structural kneew k II shown with concretefobndation -Lightheight glazing support *using metal postfoundationLightweight glazing support using wood post foundation and metal and pipe interior supportMethod of splicing two-horipon tal mem-berswith a round metal post . IRafter tie tonnections (for freestanding Tree:- houses)LaDoed tie


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Horizontal joint between two courses of recycledwindows 78

rner plan showing,recycled windows and poly- _-ethylene inner glazing 7adeinforced window vent -79Recycled wlndo


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--- -~ ___~_/ >I you are interested,in designing and building a passive solargreenhouse, th,is manual should help It is a how-to tech-nical guide for do-it-yourselfers that emphasizes durable, Iow-cogt construction techniques.This Guide is not written for the novice builder It shouldbe treated as a supplement to existing Iiterature on solar grg n-houses and standard construction practice. Details that shpwhow to mix concrete, build a stud wall or frame a door canbe found elsewhere This Guide details more specific construr -tion techniques that accon?modate the energy-efficienc+andlight transmission requirements of a passive solar greenlioyseThe authors assume that the readers understand what ismeant by a solar greenhouse. Unlike a conventional green-.house, a solar greenhouse ilses glass or s.omc othei gla7indprimarily on the southhrn Fxposure Most other surfacrs- in-cluding the other walls, foundation and even pa& of thgroof -are well-insulated to retain heat Additionally, a solar g&n-house must Contain heat-storing material-such as water inbarrels or.masonry--fb Ftore solar heat for nights and tloi~dydays HPat bills for-a solar greenhouse are much less brrauscthermal-storage, alonb with-air-tight, energy conservigg tee-h-niqucs greatly redurr the CISCJ f a backup heating systc1r-n.Whats more, a solar gr~~c~nhou~c~ can bca d(lsigncd to supply

~the needs, uses and economics of bui,lding and owp&ng asivc) solar grrcnhouse Part II outlines the preliminary @lan,requirrcl in decicling the appropriate location, sire and sof a solar greenhous&. Part III cliscusses each component a grecnhousc, rc?viewing altt>rnLltives and cletaillng constr

:+ ion techniques forefoundations, ,framings, glazings, vensystems, heat stomge and various interior management pPart IV, the Resburce Directory, ptovides a national lisolar greenhouse resource groups and individuals, a comption of greenhouse supplies and components (referencthroughout the text), and an annotated bibliography of ghouse references.

hcatdto an attached t~uIIdIng-oopt,rating as a Iargc \olar (.ol-Icctor .1 hc, Guide 15 cl~v~dr~cl, unto four I)lrtj Par; ; brlcbfly r(avIewj-cz-

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The Guide concentrates on low-cost building details mYnimi7e material costs and maximize labor. Because theget audience is do-itlyourselfrrs, it is assumed that labmore available than money Also, the alternative designs const&ction techniques sometimes d iffer from commpractice In such cases, builders are urged to modify the remendations to satisfy their local condltlons

A solar greclnhousr mgst be designed to complement specific sltc as well as its buildc~r~.4kills and r(xSourcespresenting 1 number of alttxrnativc>s, the Guide IS Intrnclcdpromote the design and;constrc i~tiOn of low-cost solar ghouses that I-ompI~m?nt differing sitrs, building skill5 av,lil~iblr rc~~oiirc(~s dcndlng feedback from readers bullcl(~rs, the Guide witI bt> updCltt-d with c>nc-h nclw printing

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7 *;. e- _/Part. 1 4C. / 1-,_ / .


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- Chapter 1:

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, * cA rt you r ~ng , becausemust determine why/ you avant to build a solar greenhoand whether a greentiouse 1s the best \\ay to help satisfy indivldL alneeds Soilnd decision making and early plancan avoid faIse,expectaflons BulldIn, LJand maintaining agreenhouse requires a commltmen j~lu~t %ow great am.ltment depends on hp\v thcl gwenhouse I\ to hc used personal enrrgy, and money are three ntcrss,aq rtsouCind you must drttlrrnine ho\v mu< h oi tnch yogi \:~mt~ nt~d\ 5ol;ir grrrnhoti4t~ (Otitln, 1 lk,, P\ptn~i\ c ;lritl It,5 t onsuming ,iltctrn,ltivP ( dn ho niorta siilt,lblt~ ] Fin,lll\, ior \\cho rlt,c ~clc hat a scA,ir grtxcnhou, I hc)rlit,-ht,,ltrng~\,,tt~ril iililidc~4 ,i \ol,lr ~qrt~t~nhoti~t~ rtquirt\ I ,~o~~~l lt~,~l mart tiori th.;n slnii)l\ ,l(ijrr\tini:,t tht-rniwt,it


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her?.are two primary eco.noniic questions regarding_ .a. II1 passiVe :solar greenhouse: How much does it cost to bu_ * And, how &qch money car be saved through itsfilse?.The .questibn us.u&Jy can be answered befo ie;ou,;tart to b 7heianswe;&o questibn two isfa bit more ambiguous.

project. The true value of the inv&{ment is directly rela: to a-n owners personal commitment to utiliqe the greenhouL efficiently. The Rayback economics of o?$inga solargreehpbse are based on specific cases rathertkan general gmulas. Each greenhouse generates a differeSrse t,of fi.I regarding construc tion costs, home energy savings andt production , not to mention the unquantifiable esth&ic bB f.its, such as promoting the gardening tiobby, using rkn>waenergy, or growing organic food: Ow.ner/bu ildc ?rs must d$mine their own set of economics estimStes.and make d,sions-accordi,ngly, r,In -this chapter,. we will. givd soTe ,basic guidkiiries help builders make sound decisions. on construction co

Additionally, guidelines will be set forth to help you determari estimated payb.?ck oti your investment. You should some idea of what toexpect from your greenhouse fexamples presented here.Bv&, again, such an estimation conditional upon actual use and no-standard model is \ * :. versally valid. Be wise and carefully plan your investme_ * .:, - cc: Find out, before you build, how much you will need. . -


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FlGiJRIN;G EXPENSES: A NECESSARY T.&K most costly part of the project. Building the greenhduse-your-The first thing to do is fig;re.out an overall estjmate. Using 3e~llf%7~lll keep costs to 2 minimum. However, materials anI

sizing suggestions presented in Chapter 4, you should be design factors also will weigh heavilytjn,totaI @xpens,es. Be estimate how large your greenhouse must be to be resourceful_ thrifty scaveng~ing for recycled materails c+h.Then, using the Rough Cost Chart (Table 2.1), figure reduce materials cost considerably. Fo; example, obtaining-l,.[,total cost, tF?h is cost is still within your bu.dget, you unused storm windows from a neighbors garage may be you:rbest bet fbr glazii$ jurfaces, and recycling wood from an elfamore detailed estimate.A.tentafive but relatively complete design is required. (Co building scheduled for demolitiori can.be worthwhile. :Lsi ,yhrough the design process inParts II and III, and/orobtain a Depending upon your purchasing decisions and desizhr;;.et of plans-see the Resource List.) Start with a set qf draw- constraints, construction costs per square footof floor spat?ings that includes the foundation, fra&i, , glazing, wall andP can range from almost nbthing (owner-bUilt tising all recycled .roof sheathing, and details such as ven;, doors,and a fan. materials) to $30 (using unidn labor-and a-II new, top qualityDr.&wings must be fairly accurate so that you can list all re- mateials). Attached greenhous& tend to be less expensiveuiredmaterials. Then the costing process begins. than ~-reestanding ones since the common north wall alreadyInvestigate a variety 6f sources to find out how mu-c6 each exists Automatic features, such as t6ermosta;ically cbntrolleditem will cost. Be cautious and obtain more thah one estimate. -,heati lg and venting systems, will increase costs. UGng les;.for each item. Table 2.1 lists,four ranges of greenhouse con- expersive materials to make the greenhouse affordable isc&ts. As you can see, costs will vary a great deal,; an dcltion, although replacement costs for less duratile r+:on your building decisions. Labor can be the single teri,>l; should be anticipated. i ~ __ F. ..i . costlsq. ft. ofGreenhouse Labor Materials Glazing . Contzols i- Foundation ,. * floor~area** .. (Le. venting)-1._ _-c . .

Owner-puilt; Polyethylene .CASE 1 $1.00 - $3.00 All Recycledno labor expenses 2 (a lighter weight Manu,al . . Railroad tiesplastic)-: _ = Gnla,-gree&ouse &eenhouse lor load productton,: ** 1979 prices subject 16 lnflatwn - note thal bullding materials prices tend to inflate laster than lhe

general rate 01 inflation. , i I


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f , L:. ) I 26 1 -\,..______. ~. - ------ -- -- ~... .-.~ -- - ----.--. _.~.._. -,-* ..;, ,_ :__~ -...-. s~-A-- ~~~- -~~ -~---- 1m

The primary design consideration affecting solar green-. _, , houses is Iocdtion. No matter what size,:shape or type ofgreenhouse you intenti to ,build, you must hav,e a. suitablei ( sunken foundation, glazERg facing predominantlysouthwestL .._2. ..~~---- - I . with some east-glazing/and ra-ised beds-in-th~e -re~~with-1~~~ , ._ beds in front. :- * A suitable location foi,a solar greenhouse depends upon.-- .~ many factors-most notably, sun access. A certain lgvel of

6 solar radiation is .required for a solar greenhouse to function-A----/ -., properly. -F$rcro=cltrmaW+Ectors that wilE2fZct greenhouse ____operation include site location, too;-fo r example,~windbieaks,~-~\ * _~._.. -~~- ~-~ surround ing buirdings,.,arid slope of the land can be used to

. ;, L shelter the greenhouse from harsh winter weather. OtherVloca--,; tion considerations include safety, pollution, drainage, andr I . bu,ilding codes. Consider every factor before you make a final.p I - ,,vp I .:, , decision.,.Once built,,p greenhouse becomes a permanentj . .: 1 :f,:_ ., ,- featureofyotir bropei?ty, arid is difsficuit and costl\;;to move.-.iY., :,-.. SUN A&E%---.. _I The primary site consid.eration is the availability of-direct--X-\>,-..,, the sun rises in the east, follows an arc through the: Ai -..___, I t #, southern sky, and sets in the west. The sun travels a dif--A ferent path in winter than in summer, and subsequently,_-+ solar radiation falls on the earths surfaces (and on your green-house) at different angles during each season.D .>.,, If you ,intend to build an attached solar greenhouse, iI , must be constructed on the south side of the existing build-

.- - ing. Anywell-exposed wall area that faces from southgast will . have,,aaequate daily exposure to the sun and .a southernsi . sky/However, shading obstructions to the 8outhwill affect\ .J? ~$&ur.~site. Nearby ,bujldings, Itrees and hills can block the + ,/ ,./

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southern sun and limit a greelhbuses efficiency.Y&must be, ?o determine your optimum greenhouse locakon, it is wisestire there are as fdw obstructions as possible, barticularl{- to do a skte. survey.First, visually inspect your probosedduring winter month; whenkaximum solar expqsu&.iscritical. site. Monitor the site at different times of the day to deter-The sun doeSnot ,kise as high-in-the sky dut4ngLd i-nte&ilnd mine the-suns- approximate path and whether any shadingobjects south of yoGr Fite which do not cause shading prbb- occurs. If this series of inspections shows a site that lems,in summer ma+compl:etely 6r paltially shade.your green-i .,.generally sunny, use-the procedure outlined below to do house.--during wintea 0n.i;th.e other hand, deciduous trees, more thorough site survey:~~-which lose their---leavei~Gn~,winter, can -partially shkde- your b I -There are three basic steps to$oi;ducting a thorough si-greenhduie in summer but cause less shading during cqid win- survey:ter months. Actually, summer shading (from deciduous trees) ..__ \can b; advantageous in some $arts.ofVthe country by- ie--

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@ S+AR NOON: CJEC 21

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FIGURE 3.1 Surfs path at 400 jorth latitude


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en and how much the sun will be obstructed. annual ,snow and rainfall, average cloud cover and averageThe-period between 9:oO a.m. and 3:~ p.m. is most critical: seasonal temperatures, will influence the design of yourIf this area is more than half obstructed during the months. greenhouse. Also, as your site survey has shown, your sitewhen you will be operatingthe greenhouse, you will not haveenough sun. At the site in the example (Figure 3.8), the green- latitude affects the amount of sunlight striking.your green-house location, In addition to-these factors .is a set of micro-house would probably not have enough sun to func$on climate effecfs which will have.a significant influence onproperly from November 21 through.)anuary 21. Although it gree,nhouse design and performance. The micro-climate iprobably wbrk fine the rest of the year, the proposed the climate atyour site only. It varies; sometimes significantly,greenhouse should be moved (if possible) to receiveinore sun from the climate at the nearest weather station or even the-during the cold winter months, or you should plan on notusing .other side of the house. It is a function of the sites proxifiitythe greenhouse during these months. . -\ and locationwith respect to certain physical features. ForGenerally, if the greenhouse faces witthin ISo of south, the. emle, the micro-climate .surrounding your greenhouse4 l *- \ L, .?\


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ites to the surrounding buildings and natural vegetation,the slope of the land, the presence ofTlakes, oceans o,r other, water bodies; and any prevailing winds or windbreaks t,hatma y exist. .Some m icro-climate effects can be beneficial,wh ile others.may pose problems. In determinihg the.properw enhouse location, you must consider and cpmpensate for,,~h effects.TII-Windbreaks can be very advantageous. The prevailing win-winds in most continental ,United States locations cqme.

a location may appear to cpnttrct with the need for protec-tion against winter winds. However, the..,dominant winter andsummer winds usually blow from different directions. Sum-mer winds tend toY me froma mpre southwesterly direc-tion. As a result, you can locate your greenhouse to takeadv.antage of windbreaks in winter and wind channeling isummer. Check with your nearest meteorological office todetermine the seasonal wind direction variations in your areaFor a quick visual check on wind directions at yqtir site, attachi. .

prc,_-. , .-.- . ..- _- ..-_- ._..winter heating load can be retHowever, not allbreaks: Placreal hazard,

nperatures in the full wind stream. If the greenhouse is sited greenhouse. Nevertheless, you should choose your greenhouse>nerlv relative tn natrrral or constructediwindbreaks ; its site.with some-understanding:of where the summer windsareluceds&nificantly. likely to be stronger-that is, already changeled by existingnea,rby-structures are suitable. as wind- .b:ing your greenhouse near tall buildings c&? be a buildings, natural fea tures, or vegetation.Attaching your greenhouse to the south side of an existingffyou live in,an urban area, you maShave-noticed- .-building automatically places it in an improved microclimate.the increased-wind intensities adjacent to tall buildings. The Due to solar exposure, south sides of buildings are warmertaller the building, the more intense th is wind e ffect seems and usuallv less windv dukine. the winter than other sji_d.es

to be. The r,eason is 1hJt the upper sections ofa tall buildingintersect apd\,split up higher windstreams. Some of this wind the same-bui.Fding:A similar erf,cti_s-F~eated-~b~i STaYing yougreenhouse on*south,fscing--slopes. tJere again, the winterrises up an,d over the building; some of itxis redirected around*-- winds can be-lotier. The major effec t appears to be that th1 the sides;,and,,$ome of it is directed downward and then around ground surface is more nearly perpendicular to the suns raythe sides neaihrountions are off ; . u1 winds. These,*ii$creased wind? may cd level. Grouncl level w inds in such loca-ten?ivo and-a half times et-eater thanmainstream during the winter; therefore it absorbs more solar and skradiation, thus raising its temperature. To see this effect, notause, damage to. you? on which hillsides t]lawing.occurs sooner in the spring angreenhouse and,, at thiiKery least, will increase your winter ,/3 heat needs. freezing occurs late in the fall.On the other hand,,your greenhouse need not be protected Nearby buildings, fences, vegetation and natural features.from a// prevailing winds. tn fact, you may want tolocate . such aslarge rocks or sudden ground-elevation changes cacause snow drifting in your proposed greenhouse location.your greenhouse so that it is exposed to summer winds to This canbe a problem, particularly if your area is windy anassist in ventilation and help reduce exces.sive temperaturebuild-ups rn:jidethe greenhouse during summeimonths-Such. receives a lot of snow. Try to avoid sites where the snow known to drift, ;t.,-,I

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. _LEGAL NOTES /; important.for resale values. Although ypu may object

/ Suppose you live in a suburb out3i your neighbors lack of creativity on building:design, he/sqonducting a thprough site survey may have every legal right to--stop you.Before vou dec de.where to locate vour solar ereenhnrrse---., I -- - ---. CL?.L---c -5 ..^. r-iioGeI V&ve .kt is important that yoc~ understand_aII the accompanying..I,-q.-x -Y.P-ti::ePe:

legal considerations: building codes, zoning regulations, lanusexontrols, propery easements, insurance, and even su

other factors noted in this chapter vnrrve deXded to hlriln andttache.d solar greenhouse onto LIK I I UI IL VI youjust frnrshed the foundation when your neiphh 1toinquire about your work. After exprarrrrrrg yt be neighbor becomes irate. He/sheconvenant in your subd-ivision--any such structur.e in the front yard.visual cqnformity on this block,the

Before jou start construction, a meeting with your /&a/ btii/dini

space rights. The-major issue you will confron t is uncertaintyThe kinds oflaws that affect construction generally are forced by local governments, and no two local governmentsseem to think alike. Consequently, there are no universaguidelines that apljly. Every greenhouse must conform to exiing loca4lcegulations.The number of different buildiig codes across the country in levels s incredible. Even m-ore striking ~sthe diversit-1.enforcement. Some governments;have stringent lawsanc j force them with determination. :_ ,

Building codes generally set standards tor new constriztion;:1 including. residential and conlm*emial structures, and I _itions to existing structu res. They regulate such matters structural design[size and location, loadsand stress, foundations,, exterior walls, floqr systems), flreprotection (firproofing qf materials, chimneys and fuels,. Pirewalls), mechahical and ,$lectrical systems (heating equipment,electrical wiring) and issuance of building permits..

pIumbingIn mo\t municipalities; a building permit is required .fore conptruction . To obtain a-pe%nit; construction plans suhmittgd to the local. buiL$ing ins6ector who determines they me/et existing regulations. The degree of detail re.quire: ,for thes plans may range f&n clear sketches to.architectual

1 :., or engineering dt-awings. Abuilding permit usually costs vetlittle, albhough in some jurisdictions this fee is based on value-of the construction. Other permits also may be quired fpr plumbing and electrical installations..If you need to obtain a building permit, ,be prepared

.,. .~. n.y.thj.n~...fr~.n~ ,.a,n .easy..rideto difficult. times..In all likohood, yjour local buildinginspector will ,be a positive fluenceion the construction process. Inspectors can pinpoinI


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i ~ / . I( rertain nrohlems with vour oroogsed design. However. local: surance categorv for a greenhouse. Sol- greenhouses--ha \ fe_. _-.. r- --------buildihg officia ls somdtlme; lack?the expirtise to judge un- . -/ beeti insured variously as heating systems, attached butun-usual building structures. such as solar greenhouses. If thev inhabited space, and attached buildings, as well as green-are unfamiliar with t he structural design: even th&gh it is houses. Finally, if you plan to insure, make sure your green;d,Wxpumr-proposed greenhouse plan may be rejected. Some- house meets allsafetY and building codes. If it idoesnt,niliar term $olar greenho-use generates your insurance company may have grounds to r

3 you. Even if a building cod,e m-ay, in fact, prohibityour .ja.ter, the trees ;wilfshade yourgreenhouse completeiy. Cangreenhouse construc tion, a variance .fromqhe code sometimes \jou stop him? Not in most areas of the United States,can be obtained to alloti it. ;* where ~OLI have no legal right to unobstructed access toI Zoning laws also may affe&your location decision. These direct sunlight. In some localities, however, zoning regulations Jlations usually deal wi,th iuch matters as: allowable uses can.prevent the construc tion of multi-story buildings, ar-j area (residential), commercial,< industrral); build- * Property easements ca, .height (possibly a limitation for a rooftop greenhouse); love for tall e,_ .

regr Ifor the zonec n be obtained to restrict a neighbors ing vergreen trees. Also, some states and munici-sethack rc=nlliremPnts fthe miniidglm ranen sn>re that rnrrst he palrtres have passed laws that specifically piotec 3 sunspace ------.. -~-.. -...-..-- \-..- \~... -PI., -r--- _..._ ..-_- --I. left between a stru&ure and th,e property line); side clea ;the space between your building -and the,+ext); an I&rights for solar users. But, again, no universal laws apply. Befpre you,build, check with your, neighbors who could p.os

maximum lot cov.eragKSiich~gu,Iatibns gener?_ _,rrgrdly entorced in urban and sub.urban environments than wrrurrg dllU II )u

I$ are more ,j sibly interfere with Your sunspace needs. Strike a dp6.l. i. .._.L:-.- --^I - otarized, to prevent them from making ycin less populated areas-. Further. if vbu live in a subdivision or greenhouse obsolete, Perhaps you can work out a deal where-condominium m development, exa-mineh,any-regulti4n (such as by you heelp plant your neighbc )rs trees -in exchange for his,= restrictive covenants) imposed by thedeveloper orjneighbor- agreement to plant a var .ety of trees that will not grow Shood residents. r \1 *alI (and may provide a better windbreak).Another legal consideration is insur~nci+Obtain&&coverage _ -- ~.._ - .i -. ~ -~----- - -- - -.xfor your /solar greenhouse islnb~.ik~.~.~~~~a-problem. Your : current homeowners policy should coverttan attached or de- ., OTHER CC~)NSIDERAT~ON~ : 1tached greenhouse on the property. But proceed with caution. . ,Pol)ution and drainage_cansiderations, as weil as theCheck with your insurance companY hefore\tarting,to ,build,to ensure that the additfonal-structure will., be covered. A generalsafety of your site, are three other impprtant factorsin your location decisim.special rider to the policy may be necessary. Some urban Pollhution, atmospheric or otherwise, is a problem w-hendwellers may have trouble because, due to a lack of preced&, dust from nearby d;it roads,or soot from chim,neys collectstheir insurahce companies may have difficulty finding an in, on the greenhouse glazing. Unless washed off periodically, .

\ ?\\. d/. I,. \ . *., * \\. . :\ 1 .


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:- __.~~ .--- -, _ , ;.-1_ _. , .-- 35 ,/*\ ,_I _/d A-;. ,* . c.- \ __,--0 \ i __-- 2 /. _such accumujatibn reduces the am&its ofsolar and sky radi- / -_ ,.-.--thaw&r the greenhouse and contributes to the degra-

2) Falling tree branches. .3) Rocks orother objects thrown by children (or adults)6-61;plastic glazings. Likewise, ex.haust fumes from pass- in a nearby*street, park-orpla,yground. >iinn traffic and genertil city air pollution can deteriorate the 4) -Roc &pun-up, by.fi@sbn nc

ation?arby driveways or roads.

quality of the ai; ehteri;ig the greenhouse:,Heavy metals.(such If the only $q& cap-fi6d may be subject to such a,ccidentsaLradtiiu%m an,d lead] can.build_wp~.in~the~~oil_and be ab-sorbed by the,plants. No definitive studies havd bekn,com-orIy$$J-ism;. conGder the use of7-,un.breakable plastics forthe glazing: If vandalism is a particular, problem in yobr

pleted to determinethg impact of heavy-meta I>contamination neighborhood.; you may want to place your greenhouse on aon greenhouse prbduce. However, the prob.lem is. regarded asserious by/many greenhouse horticulturists brooftop, porch, or. spme other out-of-the-way place. If the

an it would 2 vandals are ybung chitdren, consider getting thelocalkicls to bee-wise-/to -think twice~before buildifig a -food-produci,vg help build and/or Qperate the greenhouselTJJ,eir participationgreenhouse near heavy autotiobile traffic or heavy urban air can help eliminate the cause of vandalisni.pollution. ., I / _i 1 IDr; sinage corisideratiotis, generally, relate to .the e&tour . Rob Corbefts greenhouse in Bulfc, Montana uses fhpsolidof the land, the groundwater table, and existing drainage concrete walls of ay&r-old ore bin for thermi/ n~;lss. Them&.hanisms on adjacent buildings. Obdiously, you should large h7ining sfrtrcture provides i3 unique localion for;solar nreenhase.avoid sites where water normally sits.on the ground f6r sometime: after a rain. Hollows or slight. depressions should beavoided, although sloped land is all right as long as thesjoi;& is down and away from the greenhouse.A s,hall.owCgroundwater. table can be a prMem, particularlywhen @ilding a pit or sunken ,@%Ehous*. Seepage or leak-,age df water into the-greenhouse contributes to a damp en-vironment thatlphould be avoided. However, a greenhouseflooi built at about the same level-as the surface of the earth- --L I, -1. L- --. _- --.. --- -I--__ .-. I__,; ,a 15 nur-uelym LCLL~LLV: .duypp.r- u ~utl I I L .-.A-lso, watch where you place,your.greenhouse with respectto the r>in gutter down-spouts from the house roibf or othecneArby buildings. Be sure that rain runoff is.directed awby fronithe- greenhouse. If you -are installing your greenhousd on aroof or porch, do not block existing dr&in,age holes or slopes,tPat tarry water o ff these areas. ,- .try to chooje a greenh%u& site where there is littled of structural dai%age due to act-idents;-fa-l:l-irrgvandalism. The glazing, esp&ially, should be pro-.


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-- . ,L.-- - , 1 * i I : ; %,;,, R .:

f :, _ /I- :_ i

Radiation penetration for optimum light levels. I section f&- the entire winter, iemoving the insulation foiMan$of the consideratio& mentioned for heat collection/ spring, summer and.falt operation.) --also apply to light entry into~kthe greenhouse,, because it ij, . Both sinjgle- and double-sloping attached solar greenhouseslight radi-ation-which strikes interiorsurfaees andis cohvertedi have theiri advantages and disadvantages. To provide gobdto heat. However, &hileeheaf.generati:on i5 a major conside r-f head roo& h hatioh during the colder,mqnths, optiml rn ji.ght penetration isi t roug out a single-sloping stiuct&, the green-house is gbing to have to be quite tall. But it is generall\i-$...a cdnsideration year-roun-d t.o proltiote the,ijlhotp5ylithesis \ , simple:r stlucture to build and lends.itself to growing crops necesstiry for good plant growth. In fact, light (rather than \ directly. in: the- ground, l-he clouble~$loping attachecl solarheat) is often the limiting fhc_tor for greenhouse plant,growlh, iparticularly in areas with clobtiy winters. greenhoiti;;e can provide adequate head


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,I

,:\ ,,% 42, ,t f.,\ 4 =

= ) -1-Y-

I \. ,I. -\ a >.2;-.:; 1 8, I\

/.Jhe possible shapes. for freestatidinggreenhouxes are many. : . r,,. , j\\\A few. of the many Dojsibilities ?br different climatd-regions,q. :5

.are sketc-hed in Figure 4.6 to give you an idea of apprdaches \\ .- Z,*. I$0 designing accbcding to*cll,mate. t :.-. 6 , . -.._,- ._Pos;ible shapes for freestanding gremhouses >, ,n~*~A greenhouse, in deneral, should haie its major length.axis house at all-will be: much towwthan for otherseasons, un-running in an east-Miest direction instead of north-south. At j :first glan&: reasons /may not be so obvious, b.ut cqnsider the.lessstipplemental lightim is used.Abolt 40 sq. ft. of g;einho:?e grQwing area can prc&uce.follow..., ----- needs, given a reasonable\

diffntco Iioht raf,inp farts.In ttie northern hemisphere, both direct a,udjiatio/n come, predominantly, from the south,

most ofi one persons vegetable,abL 8particularly in the din?&r. Large southern exposures tend to,

level Bf skill at growing., Of course. at certain times the,rcwill be rriore food than cin.bc eaten,.and at other times, not capture more of this/radiation with less reflectibn losses than enough. Also, growing skills and techn lues vary greatly.Iarek east and west bxposures. Any exposure from southeast FGenerally, though 40 sq. ft.. per person IS a good starting adeqiate (see fhe site survey sectjon); A*con- point when sizing.your greenhpuse for food production, How-yentional greenhoude~with the length axis horth;sQLth will ever, about a third of the gre&,nhouse floor area is generally allow. for a inore udifo rm distribution of light on the plant , taken up with {Yalkways and heat storage, thus, 60 sq. ft. of#y, han will a sjmi1,arstructur.e with-the major axis-east- greenhouse area is reqlliied pet person for. producing the.

-- Q- ~~to southwest is

canop necessary vegetables. A ,jireenhoLge used tar supplemeiitingeffects of-poor light vegetable supplies could be &nsidsrably smallrr, about hAlIfthis area, or 30 sq ft. of gre(;nhbtrsr arc,1 per ,pcrson. A reasonable sirellor \/I -I. -. :


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I au 1d

Caulk will hold one to the other. The flashin,g.should *e nailed to the bottom blate of the tiall or glazing framing, .,;I ,%,,.,I;,-b efore glazing or sheathing is attached,d

rtland cement with liquid latex acidecd, ,or SOIII.. ~IIIIyI~CLcIyIIc coatings. The best bet may be rigicl .vinyl sheeas supplied for mobile-home skirting or in the.form of vin:mentIlsbestos board# Flashing.must extendfrom the sill to the ground. to pro- , siding. Fareasier to.work with than CCtect the insulation. In the illustrations that follow (throughout .\ the Guide); fl h vinyl sheet can be glued or nailed, and will survive beloas rng is extended vertically into the ground. ground level. Check with mobile home suppliprs or siding suWhile this method maybe the easiest way to protect insula- contractors for availability.tion, it subjects the metal f,las,hing to corrosion from the soil. ,., The important point to remember is that exterior insulationOne alternative is to terminate the fJ,aihing with a drip edge must somehow be protected from the sun, rodents aat the soil line, Another alternative 3s to terminate the flash- mechanical damage if it is to perform its function .i:.. fm _

:

. * I I


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.U )VlLL NEED: ty~ncil,

2. To CII.(l-igll 7 A) [Jv~ ,111 ld I)l,~tlo (,in(bw nnc~ will iI C~LIICLfor IPnglh, ~ilro ,I Lllilily Itnif(b ,incl slr,lighI(*clg:l-Ii/) ~ll/Cl vfiIl( ll,IhOS 8 c~clgc~5-- .LII ,iIuIiiifiuI11 c~tlg:cn\ II(~~~iil~~j.sI~,ir~~ ;c~nt~rAlly, c~igh-fc-ml I~~ngttls will I)tbntlf,lirly \bql\ily \3. T;,Ir-rrhl: ,:.

(YI$o III-,I \hircIy 16iI)I[~willi (tic I,IIII~)~tl), Align 11~1,*tlq- 01 11112 s 31 *Id 1111~N~llCl 11111 I\l.llkOll 4OII t11(* I:t,hillr: wtth II(~ .(It:~b 1 tI~k ~,IIII(* (t II:III( (7,Iaiglil~~l~ hb (-I lellllth ,)I l)olli C~IICI~ t Ihi) 2 ~74 I.P) W1tl7 ,I hIA I, 0t WOO(I (;IIHIIII t(L Iiq), tht~lr~(h)\vl~011 1lll~, IIll'~llllllllll lll';lI IIN ll~ltlrll~~;l,c~ntI II iI lliIl,-,II ,I litni, ,,,,5bvilc~liit g I roll\ 51cl(~Io ji(ltn t t 11h1y ,iL(~Ilircv~ or tcnlr t>,i95(5, 1h1c.h IIKI forth, IO rn,ikc~ .I )(I0I~c~ncl.With t,,itil~nc:c;, thigh; ,1 v(ry iic:eclt, crhi5(~cl fo.ltl (,III IW iii~dc~ (Iigurcl 13) 1

: Will\ t,r,lctiqcb, oiiipl(3 hondli (I-iGun> I) .Il\ti ~~iiiIJIB I(.llic*vc~cI wiJh Illiz nic~lllr~~l.~ NdlE: Sl.,irt w ill1 LII(~ t)itl(~Lf of flc~;l~i~~~:-t-l~r~ tWOHI,I$~~II,JI(.)~.-Iliii-~,iil~c~~~~rlv~it~i~~~(l fl,ehilir: ,111;o ,iii,I~~~l~c~l Illis w,\y, hi11 ,ll~liiiiiiiiiii is iii~ic.h (~,19i(bi

.l. = PI 3 ./ 1.:. .* 1 _ . :h\ . '.

:

I... .-- .--I- _-__ J

1.. 0 I


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._0; l dnrl h,3mm~~r. or ~1 hain-be-used.-in---drf?as wtietelfrost-heaving is not a problem, -- sa\V .or circular ;;I\\-- thtl bt vt*l;4 tit>\ \vill bc (~o\~(~r4 \vihl,a.de.pth\,of at least two ties is recommendcd i\vo flashing, so dont Lvorry if its not periectties can be overlipped and spiked together:Slopingmore coui;yses Dig ihe- trench $eep enough Clean out the trench to install the Insulntion, bc~ng cnrtliul-not to disturb the earth under the ties BackfIll partially atthat the toptie is about;haIf-exposed abdve grounb, and first to hold the insulation in place, then instail the ilJshing.that the insulation can bc\installecl on the outside :Wher; selecting used .tiesl,ibe careful not to choosC moist- Th&n, backfill completely is----lhosc that litill conl.ain *,K Idi o f,, crrosotr; Recom~~cndation:.li.),n~~r bc@et is -tight ,Ind you re build-Iislosic -to ptnn\s . I[ you plnn lo plnnl tlirclclly in iiig fi. tempornry greenhousr, a iililroad tie ioundqtion mny be Lcxyilh ,I lot oi irfht tx~,lvinglhytolic lo lif. i p thy crwsotc froni tho Illnnts. ILiiicl or,. il lot 0i w11id,~ consld~~r ,lnotht*r otllion Al50, (1 rC1itro,.ldtrench wiLt> 4mit t:~oty~cl~~ylcnc bcforo placing thtb tics. tit) iuundJtion i> nbt rt~c-ommt~ncl~~LI or pc~rm,inc~nl ;Irc g:L~rrrrlg LF\pe/l,~li c - 5 IIJ,(/IJ ,l~JiP~~l~ii \LI/IlCplaslic clown. ) .I ) phi-cs 11uf c/wcA nro~~ntl mwrifw~ ,I rr,lc,.L i frty h~rn~9~/\1.~JhC railroncl Lies iii.~~sl bc sll;curc4 well. Drive st,lktns into , 11, ,lfiP/d, c.111 h ohmrd ior 1/,1+ ,llX,,,hground directly ntlst to ties (on the inlrrioi or both j

qr 5(.r,ip mc~tal t)il.)(~s ;1150 \\ ill \\lork, hut hol(~< mti\t bclti>(l. Use; t\vo Ihd or 2Otl gnlvanizccl i;ails prr tir to ;Inc-hor hIhem to th(a slnkes. Additional 10 or II spihlls c;1n h(> trsc4.Ihrough thl> tic9 (or more strength Drilling holt~s 111.htstie5 wilt make iI much Qasier lo c]rivc the spikes (NotrPicccs ol reinforcing bar cab be used In


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. j. ( ,4;;* .,. *. . I.,./ :.: -. I_ ,I ,,f 65 ., ,- .,,i, ,- -3 ,_- B- .,. +, , --.Pframing miy be ;skd &rthe kneew od vent(l(~@n. In such cases, thk knee&all is nqt supportin&

pipes (or other ,$ea rpf ters. -Some support is given the raf the .kave (orses~ith post founc tilpn bottom plateof the rafter) whieh ii he dup.by osts; the rest is comprised of IdngQents wh.i~~ppen, . is given by:pipe .supports inside the greenhoyse. ThC lightqr)/ I , .,>. .~0* 3*I. I . -, -- .%..I . . : .-*..* . w(* .,, 1 ., .i: 5,.w, ,1

,- 1

r;

\~ ,.1 :

'.A.* . .,.-/ 1FIGURE 6TLightweight glaiing &p&M using metal post foundation d 3,. .,,_ ,, a Q .o. c ,.*a I ,= . _s c \: :D .,+4 : .> ::L .I,. 1 ,. .G 6 . _ -I, -I ,ii,,,. * il .: ., .- 4 c _L I *


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- .~ __ __ -... ;..-.. .- _.L* ,~ L . . . . :.-- - :_ ..--.~ _ _~ _.., . - _~. ~_ --.. Y..> .- -----_- .~- - . (_ ..~ - __

- .,- . .--, ---1 .-I 68 ---L. ./ . .

r r Joining rafters of attached @,r.ecnhouse to the house. builders need not worry about ch;innk>ling nil the. conclons+Where rafters. or rafter ties join the house, i plate or tion o ff to a single locations, bu:t must. be concerned aboutledger (usua lly 2 X 4 or 2 X 60 is lag-screwecl into the studs keeping this wate,roblem in attacheat leas? partof tlie year, moist-air in the greenhpu, into lhq maiif house ancl rcplacecl with drier hoite,vcr, such venting is not operational year-roundII~LISI be taken -to--build all-surf~aces~ of bothmatta-

/~~~~~G3~011;c5 -.insiclc~ ahcl QLIold, singlo-gl;lzod, Inppc:&filassilion chl,nn(:Is wore I,royicitd i(I Chapter 7). The walvi rilll clown each piece of glassoverlap, whcrc it then ran sideways to. the ,glnzingI;ports). It;^th~n dripped clown c-han nr s in thr r;i+ftrrs ,into a gutter 21 IJitl eavt; a/id off to a convenient collectionarea. Preventing dripping was important in many of these0 greenho&s.es, s*ince water drips could spoil valcrops.In doljble-g/aged splai-. greenhouses, less water terihs to sideytion for raimvat& runoff.The slope ad the sills be/on i ->tcondense on--the--inner ,glazing because &s surface temprr- r --jh_e glaring help~protect-the.ature stays warmer than dqes single glazing: Solar gieerihou%e ivoocf~.from rotting.1,LI \- /

/ . I1 2 .


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( ,.II = j- . 74 ::.I..1 _;- . , 1. ,(, _ __ ~ ), Lt.1B 4:~I _I .(To bcsl~inlegralo the g&&housc< with /P-.

.*1 ~ *Ihcthouse, lhtf ml(~r-of th,e walls shoulc .I ,LIC,sneetecl ano panlecl iike the nt- grcatcr use of the .grt>c>nhouse. czpcci;illy during Ihc colt1rc possible. Any e,tcrioi treattmc>ntJmonths Institlf a Fcrren door ;iz~vrll, if ymou plan to II;? Ihidirxt accesq opcninz to vctnt solar heat: It \vilI helt,kern should ii~qluclesicling of reasonable quaIit-\/,(tigl>t Irini aroiinti 1.k c?rnersi and cave,5: fflasliing where nesessary, caulking be- greenhou+ peitsout OF the-ho~~se&nd house pets out of thextween trim and siding, and a paint o r slain finish (9 greenhouse1

._: / .ze a general .constru~ tinf~~ text). Va[ticle board, plywoocl or other glurd A second door likt~lihoo~l ol- I-ontin~tc~c .l cnryr~ l to dCl. I~~,rsl \\lindv ,rnal~rinls 1qM 10. cl@c; *cif I ho ~~lit5 ,t rt r1:pos( 5 and pcroplt in and out;Jhe outside door, wideC,llt tlli1l~~riillS, c;trt*full mit y(~t1r.L\hc clli,~rro\~~, should hc pIdCMhnsfTTitit,tiillt~lj,;tnc.tl, If y.ot~~tl~~ tst~~Ihtqt, Ihtll(~n ,111 t2lc~rto cornc\rs

., i(lls .0i 1hci grtbtanhou5c* ii pc;t5sihl ~ ii rhtb :(I,w~;Itltl VtltItt:j.ii~l .ifJinPi, r~tttlk ill1 Iiori/o~ll;ll jrlinlj.I P 111 $(IIC , \vintly SitIt:,111( .lI\OGts 211 llft,\ Il~,If sJli,ttlCl I>(* gl,i/ctl, ,I (((lr1th~~~h~~i~ltlt dkfs 0i,*1 . : 111, lll,tl lrtitl I? lic*pl p,iinlf*tl clllCl Ll - y ngtl .tsilt cl[,nr \vtlh ,tnv pl,t\ltr gl,r/ing ~hot11cJ htp I/trill ( (,(i-ijiltrth h I?) II ~IxNII~ tYP ~l~~lt1~l~:-~l~t~~Itlti Ih(s grcv~riliott5c~ cGj~osfd Ic) splashing Witltl. ../ .I,I ,I; I d0ttbl~~ gl;t/(~d), ttghlly sc~~il~yl, ,tn(l \vta,II hc~r~lril)pc~d If 11

: ,I %,;-r-~.(yo~s c -* lt>a5l \vincly \icl,~~~ F0r.J I&4:os ,.~11~(~;5ho[ts(?t tllrl Iloo;- is I int>lht* ;itlditttrn

ti , Th(a c~sj.jcr~sc~s high: I;l,lfive fp thy aniouni I serve brat, prevent shock to the plants when the cloor iopened, and provide sonit storagca spaic. A vrsti,bulr shouldI QL hCl;\l SIIVed. InsktlJlinti iWt>tll~~l I C p~~rinic~tc.,r ilS,sLtjgf?stcdtn Ih~~~l-oltti(l,t(i(li~ &lion) i> f;1r more tisefal. bt> big epough to Irt you enter the ow door and close i ,. before op~riing the inncrdoor However, if you.clont plan L. .d . I. use the greenhouse during the c&l whit& mony;ls, or if youb, .?OOKAND VEhjULEaS r

COP nttnqho$ grccnhousr~s, qn,r*dooi- should Ieaj directly.,irr building in a mild-wrath.er area, a ve.stibu~:~probablynot worth the esperise. -. .._

into tilt: altachecl ~ttilcling if al crll possible,Direct hccessIS;IVCS heat, eliminates-the nrcd for nd mini- A kvihtertinie alternative to a vestibule is an old blatike{,,nailed upinside thti-butcr daor When you operi the door on6tizesshock to the plant cluking cold.wihfir n>ontLi. Quick rijld, days; ypu can SCOQ~behind .the.blanket withqyt jetting~dncl easy access ,also protn.otcs bettgr ti-ianage-nip. and out too much heat.pr Iktting in tpo much cold. ~ u/ \ (I .*. . ( I: .b


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n . si . .-, 81 I', 7 " ,> , i..,. '- 1 ~3.,, 6 : "i *j. i i /' I', a I/ rh ._..- ---A-w-..-- :;. ..---- -..--.-i _-- +--.--.

forswqlr:r to clrLli,n.oCf (Figiirc . ..,......... n.~. ,nthe futilrcl glalilig

For rlou1-d-_ ._,.. ) ~ 5-. ic : . 3,. 0 r t-.- ,,.. . ._I/ 7 ., ** _- t -. > ,.,: : * -1 . . ,, .;A c 1


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>. \

I

~Ihc lal>,or~and inslnlltiiion msls I or Ihi:s(: unil; arca ni[lch 1155 (ire, csvrbnI\. lh,lilII r-iif,. I~LI~. if, you an nof v(.lry c,lo,lr,(.hiln for Iwo inrlivitlcinl Iavers c ti 11) ht> grclc~iiho~i\c~.insI>lling Ihe glazing yotmolf 2nd nbcl paying high Iahors cmt5,yourr~ay want to cor (Iii-f~ 9c,xt light proniottlYmr)rc~ irnllorili gro\\lOn the othrhr h,~nil, s~nc-cb.lif I\ Ir,in5luc-c~li( r,lthcar Ihin lrtiliidpnrc;it, mdnv pmplt~ rhoo\t~ othclr in,itc*ri,il5 Iitiomt~c-errs ;I \vlricln\r.\vlttl ,I Idvclritc~ \flit\v \,, . INSTALIATION: Obt~iirx ln ~r/n/ij:ht- tjiGh l~iii-lpc fisivc* i#.l ou Ixiy lh(~iii cril ,(c) witlth). I h(b coSl of IhCW~ nci- :'(t~~~t;~t~~~~~~;1~~.i~l~~l~~ ;~S~ Itl~ t~~t~l~l lnringciel cttlilc &I bil, txy,il~~r~~r or Iiiois(kIrt:.( *III IIUIIII 1111n31((1 ,I \ ,I( k or roll 4 . IhIc ,nI,l~I~ri,rI ,in~l c ~li~r~~~Ioi~~ lin~

LIFESPAN: Dilfqtml gr;lttc$ of Il


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/ ,. 9b =\/ ,, n

I _, -1 ,this batten has logs (WC ; Figure 7.17 j. (Jsc minimum 2 % 66 rricrdd with altimiritrrn ,I h(v g,ll\;ci~iic:~ ,I(-tlrln hc*t\vctc*n the-rafters for 76 glass .Icqgths. Consult L7 tructurnl enginoc~ring r~li~ninuni and tk pIJtin, ~1 vill cdtiw corrosion and c~clnlu,il tj3blc for/.ln,rger spans. Wlion the framing is built, take c;Ir( , dcst d fciion 0i tlw c-onn6ct~on Stdir3l~ki~ 5trtbl wro\v~;, onthothat the, raftizrs; top and bottom rafter plates, and any other /ICC$ on which the glass will bear are 211 n the manic plane :

Othrar hdnd, \vi.ll not rc~dcf~,\vith that altrr-niriiinl A-lihough iili~+i~.,scrc\vs aie esljcrlsi\.e, not many are required It h a.5 bettn >ug-If thejraming surfac& are w.grpedLmthe glass or t,he factOry g,estecl that a small amount oi silicone cairlking brtwritn Clseal n aybreak when tighteninl:rlown,the battens. Again. primp pI~ted scre\\s ,~ncl the alumintrni bafie& ~vo~rld he sufficientand dint all WOQCI urfaces before glazing.d ,Use three hi oprenc kctting bldcks under rac:h glnsq u~;it at =

to keep the t\vo ircm toirchii g-(alidlhence fro.m galvanically{ ,/I.. acting.pn one dnothiar),.but thi> i5 riskycat IhCst Ircdrill the

th~~/30ttOn~. I ho hlorl~5 ; ~IVilil~II~lO from gl;lsS Clf*;1IPl~C or im b.~ttrns tO~~tI~6harlk iizc Of the jcr;b\v; thm, \vith thr button;t5IIc~rs, ni~isl s\lppOrt thla idgcy (if I,oth sh~x~ts Of glais in t.htb in pl;1~.0, drill thr holtl< into thr jraniing LO thca icrcw sh,l/ftunit. CJSI~>LIIyI glil7icrs l;ll)O I>l~ldJr*c~tl lllfl glclSL5 G-lltl tlll~ irillll-ing for hc tlcling,

,~IL~I [Smh Iigtrrc~~7 1.1 for c~~pl~iii~ition oi rcJlc~ (YI~:I~ ni th ~I,Is~ wltll \ili(.cliitt, Lillil LlW >et Illl)..l~lo~hs Olj thwhich I)rrvc nls the weight Of th( . gl;~ss from c-oriiprt%ing ,trrf,lc,t of Ihi c1111 it5,bJi IO c.uilliori 111111~1; 7~-- - -. _ ___-llw Inp-too I~ILICII. (Noc ~.ht ;j 40 s 7b rlouhl~: t)dlic,(_lmr Unclqr thtb hottnnl c~lgcl (11 vlsrtlc.~ll gl,~r~ng:, I,I ii Itiit)ort,lntlitc: w(:ighs 0vcr :150 Ibs.) Ihcl t;lj~r cOiii~5 on (1 roll and Ls to u5t \ctting hluc~h\ ,~ncl to (.,illlj-..t io i,njirlCt I htr9, ( ~.11idt~iiG,1-av;lil;iblc irt.)tl2 fil~ii,s clc5tl(m (>r inst;~llt~rs.--.It i5 ctuitt stick):. tlori \\11Il ht> cl~innt~l~cl C~~~,~ \rcirn t-fib ~00~~ in.?-lw- wotiii. and will stliico/.c out lx:twtx~ii the glass ,incl th~l ~Ootl, ,intlalso be~wtirn the glass and ht: bntlc>ns yht ii the 5crr\\3 arc, A~,III~, the vtrtic dj b,iltt~ri\ (cm thtl sliitfs) L\dill Ix, siifficit~nltc? hold tht> bottom ;dg~ in pld(-tb Tht~ alLJlllil- 1Ilijl fiidingLigl1 tend. For a good yisiial chyck on screw tightnc.$s, tighten shOulcj cOnit up just slightly bclhincl thch glxs so il is ,sc~.rtirr~lthe sc.rys until the butyl jcrs\ b&ins to squeeze out. The in place _-.tiattfzn n7crlzt-not. contact ihe rafIt.rr.

Yrhe ~~l~~~~iiIl~I~~ ;~bdtten; Solcl~bv Kalwall fcheck Rr.sOurceHorlzontnl ioints brt\vern t\vO glazing ilnics (Figirrc: 7

\vill Occur onI\ on long: rtim.oi 212s;:I /)

The silicone sealant, List) nrcl tmyi~m~tded hPcaiisc;thc.stiift?nrrs(the t\vg tabs ,011 picthocl is ;i_de~~l;~te,~al~hOc~ghnoL1quIte.a safe as th6 f~lashecI tho b0ttoii~~of~ lhcl batlcn iii thc\illusti;itio~r~~) prrvrnt thr -bat- unit (7 17) Piit 1 jpnll :, 5txicrr (such ;~s d nail) betw&n ton fr0.m hocP0ming \YilV\/ dnri qn5trrr lhat it is brnr.ing clown thr tInit< iit ;lr c~.ich>dgr and usr enough Ciliconc cai11.k 50:tigtitIy hotwoc~ii tli(, scrc~;. Sinipltl 1 X I/,,? altriiiiyrii Imr. ; that the glazing As 50011 a5 I C> stuck ni,\y ht i~sotl iri81~liitm(~ i tliis t~strusion 1~~11 ,ii \h,\t, t-,15(. silic-oncl is dry, trim it with ,I 5hGirl) rnl0r bl,irlP s(r it ij flush with - cr(+\ls iir(: rcqtlirml t:stq six inrl>t9 itislt~ncl,~> i c\ iijc.licG t htl k\\t\Brior sur/;li:tl I~. I.? 2 \vcd b,ttLc~iis nlso hdvo bten iiscd, but \vart>ing.;incl I hr il,~ihi,ng iiic,thod-hc~qliircls sonii~ t;iticric-c~.witIrh~,iiclin~Io;lk,l~~~ 7,aii 1x2 a prohlcn~ 111 you ,clq us r wcmt-l, us0 ;i ro t thr iltiniinuni ildshlng,,(/\ 5h&~tfmr~ i;Il. st)ot, coul.ci form thciclrtlsislnnl woc$ arid/or priiiit? ;IncCpnint~qrlllitr c:qrrJtIlty. DG notiisc 9 battc:n on the bottom of th6 glass ~11shis~\~LTRZtdP- plrts for you ) -rh flashing shmild fii 5rain and snow-the sicle battens kill hold the glass in place .seciircly.Use of

L( :y,. 1: ,


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, . +

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3 ' ,_ --.I ._.tern in your area, and ~OLI are trying*& keep material costs ,Ito a minimum,consider a different glazing option. .,

: A?S;&LE LAYER OL%l.ASS~

In Ve& -warm; climates, here freezing weather-ii infre-quent, one layer of glass is sufficient f.or a solar greenhouse.Or,.in cooler climates, Ia sing1.e layer o f gfjss in combi1nation\(vith an inexpensiye polyethylene glazing may be used:. ICOST: Single-layer, tempbrcd I,,, I patio door lites shor t\hbenvailnblc~fyom~a glass cli$trlbutoc for as little as 81.PJ1pcr,.square foot. Doyblc-strcriglth tiinclow glass (singlcJayer) cancos$quite a bit less, partir$l;irly in c.asc lots. tnstallatioi? hard-ware costs are thesame as or cloi~tllc glass unit,


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s in the greenholuJe wi l not ::spread to your house- owner to understand the .interrelationship between ventila?ionslants. I c . functions and plant needs.-1rstripping ana effective screens are not --- -q ~~~ First, there is an optimum temperature range w?thin.&h ich.primaryj ingredients to good ventilation and cooling S~S- all plants grow well. When the interior greenhouse tempeterns. Rat#r, it js the greenhouse operatbrs resp.gnsibility ature exkee& the upper limits of thi2:optimum growth tem Bllt airtigiht weathe-theto ensure, that these systems furiction properly. Manualsystems 14ust IX monitorccl freiluently. These tasks require a

p&ature range, plantprqductivity starts to decline sigvifcantly. flants become stressed, wilted or damaged, and mconsciclitiou~~tiiiic co,niniiInicnt. One clay of nctglc&. coirld possib)y d ie; or else they.becpmq m,ore susceptible to,insecdesirpy a crop Ditring 1110summer, vents musl be opeii in and disease infe?tntion. 1.bus, the ventilation system mu

0 the niornirig l2cforo Ihc sun go15 vc?ry high in thesky and function as the Lcmpc ratuic. guaidinn- rc:ducing excessivcloscld at night after Lhr warme$t part of Ihe clay. Oft& those.operations coincicle quite well tiith Il?c typical wor ipg day-hcnt buildup \vhc:n necessary.

open the vents before you go tq work 2nd close. them after Secondly, plants n&d O);ygcn~nll,tl rarbon cliosiclc for rrslliril-tion.and photosynthesis, respec.tivcly. Consitlc:rablr amounlre-turning home. Rut in the winter, days arc shortor, and-~ t..IYHI~ be.dnrk and cold whcn ~,ou leave for/wo rk, and the same of.CO: arc needed cluririg the d;ly, particularly on sunny. +\ts1.

. - . -. \-f

wl~cnyou return In ter in Iheday. I-ie~c~,~~lhe veniing rcquirc- ior ~)ln l~t gr.ou$ in occtlr, and liTis the host source f.o.r tniFlit% will diffea-fronl Y~~~~~~~~~~~~~~_CCtled~~Ie,f s-.-i--.-- :r -C . carbon diosidc. Tf-tb&.i-jI in a. greenhoyse ,is not change hosr .. .i to the pdiXirs:-ventilation mue all day, th?se operations present no re$ .problem~ but . yegularly, the plants deplete ijseaW.~~CO,i level:\vhere their growth begins to suffer. iif you are tryitig to+operatd a solar gre,enhpu air. Thus ventilation systeins) by exchanging inside air w-.$3 VENTIL&K[ON A outside air, functiqn to reduce the interior hu&idity and

,a As mentioned above,. p;operessential to obtain satisfactoryn greenhouse. It is importantfor e

maintain an adequate growing environment: On~thy othandco.oling arectivity in a s6lsr hand, in dry climates (where humidity is b.eldw 4-O percevgreenhouse plants may dry out an,d wilt. lr~ such a case, _huouse builder aid dification techr;iques shotird be used ib cbnjinction w


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." : 105 +;.. ... .', a. \ '. 'e. ..-- m .c . Ion trellises separated from the glazing by a foot orFore. prqduct ton&ins any chemicals or chemical co&pounds .tha{hese, like the deciduous trees, will provide partial shading woC ld damage the greenhouse glazing or caulking. White:clLiring,the warme.rmonths , and will lose their leaves (or you foresample, i< a Iime-bas~so7l;lion,~~~-c;lncailsecan completely remove the vines and trellises if the plants of plastic film and fiber:reinforc.ed plasticare aqriuals) i-n the fall. s. Thus, it should not be used on these glazings. _ Twij other techniques often are used -to provide some asl;nlso can react \vith m+ny surfAce paints andbarioussl~acling Coi,grccnhoiiscs. One is lo use se.,iii-lranspnrcnl blinds putties used to hold glass in place. r\dditionally, wheti theseinndc of wovrn palycstor, sl;~llctl woocl, hambod shad(ts or solutions,~wa sl;lllt ~l wood( n ;ind bamboo hlind~ dou\ pratlJ~ts.will last for ninr;y yeCirs if mai,n~nincrl wc:II, whil+-plastic \blintls or. shades tc-ncl to,clclorio rnl( nfl.c r ;I few yoaiis clu\~ lo ,-..ultf%viole( radiation cxj)osurr:. Thcso h @Is ancl shad05 are most, elfcdtivc if they arcnig~ii-Ml& I)lo outsido of 1% gtn/ing bccatlse they stop the.rays before they qnlcr Ihc grecnholrsc. Most roll-do\vnshadjng systems require simple pull-cord mechanisms toH.owever, theq-do-need- to be firmly attached albng .the top-and weighted at the bottqm edge to -prevent exces- :sive flapping .during win&periocls. Battens and hold-dywn . It may seem odd, but one way to reduce. the need for .clamps albngj the sides and boftom also work well, although venting and coolirig your greenhouse is to add m&e ther-these can bcfairly costly (check the Resource List for sup- ma/ storage. It helps, and heres how: The more-thermal ,pliers): i mass inside the greenhouse, ,the more excess he%{ it canIf you 0n)y have. a few pl%

I -IS in the greenhoclse which the dqy. Thjs excess heat is re-temperatures mare cooler- tl;lat is,rcquirr shading, it mdy be more practica.1 ~o~uspe~~cl sbmesemiltransI)nrclnt material, slatted ,blinclr or cheesecloth im- D .mccliatety.aboye the plantsto protect them individilnlly from . ,ar to-that which occurs during-thethe clirect~sunlight. winter, Ghen heat stdred during the day.is used to,gyt,Another shading techqique is to paint thb exterior glazing thqgrcenhouse throu$h*the cold nights. In summer, wewith whitewash or one of tile other commc rcially available dont need to worry so\, much about the nighttime tern-shading compounds. These proclucts are.eas\ly applied to the . peratures; rather,- heat storage is used to help remove ,ei-cess daytime heat.glazing material with brushes, cloths, rqjers, or brooms. iUsually,, they wash off grad.ually after a number of rains, so -. Using thermal mass will not eliminate totally the need,te sumnier the glazing is clear aga in. Soap and water fo.r other venting or cool\ng systems. It tiill however, re-used before winter.sets in t-o remove.any remaining duc.e the amount of-ventibg or coojinb.required.traces o f, these compounds. l3ut be careful. Befdre, using shy i . -of these paint-type shading compounds, check to.see if the. , .,

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itinhightr up \vhori~

build-ups are na.t as great as cluring the summer. Also, winter taped to the fan can be used as a-duct to distribute the aird$ys arenot .as ,lorig, so I&s photosynthetid activity takes .Cenerally, circulating fans are needed only in freestanding there is a rgdu&d -need for-carbon didside. On,. greenhouses ,or,in attached greeqhouses when air exchange winter days when vent.ing is, required, escllariging-green- limited bet\ve& the house and the gre.enkouse.i - / . 1 :Z__ -.08%- *m - I\ - ..-- ._ -.J -.-


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_____-jme in the future not to operate the greenh,ouse for food production in t,he \vinter, but rather to use it only as a daytimeIle.--open1s, use 22y4..- hole. Trim c-&in be place,cl Z&i. c-._- ,I . . _.. .~,. _I-.-. -. . , ._ ~_ -._- .--. - _._. -------i---- .-_...__ ~..--..- ----- -. I


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either thermostatically--or ntanually cotitrt

It is a good iclea to install screening across ail vent openings house apart. ;the greenhouse and ma/11 house. The scr$ening will Thcstiff galvanized steel flashing on the bottom andkeep greenhouse pests but of the house and household pets sides of flush vents will keep out much of the.rain; butout of the greenhouse. If yoil feel that greenhocrie. tempera- j water fro& a blowing raih will probably creep in. There-ture buildup becomes too high, or if. it is not practicil to buildvents large enough for natural cir&lation, very small blowers forq, flush vents should not be used in veiy rainy areas bron sh,alIow sropes (less than 30 from horiz@ltal).placed .in .thg upper v&t leading-~p_t~ghobrs.~or~~ t~Ll.l~~~in~- -------~- - ---. ._. I___.____ .--_I__ -- - .._..~- \ \. . ,


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bsorplipn by clirecrl,raclialjon, a fj,rm of passive

fans and blowers) :to a storage medicim Iotated entirely outhen needed, thelstorkd heat is pumped , .LF:k to the greenhouse. l3ut such an activesyste.m is rhore A101~ complex than passive systems,.and therefore,..I. .1. I

torage and l$ds as yell as between the.storage tb handle anclmovement. Fenches tha$ cover th6 cheapest ifi-most situations, we will discusiif irst. ., .,.Water Stdrage .

Y cause slgnlllcant heat .t[ansier from the storage to sur- used containers ,eor water storage. usually easy roundipg air. , find, relatively cheap (used dryms cdst.~~~to $l@each), eaThere aie varioul types of heat storage:+& most commonar6 rock-, water, masoiiry cind soil. Generally, the various types , .to handle ancl.:fiIM, atid strong .enough to, support beds benches To sorile p:eople, an oil drum in a solar greenhouseare coybrned:; for example, water b.arrels, a brick footpath, is an interesting syri;bol. of the transition from oil to sola,,and.deep soil beds. Since water.storage is perhaps thP easiest eneygy. Oil dealers, cardealers and, in large cities, cl;um:_ I, * :. ,J .a .; < -w . i :-


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/en smaller water containers, such as gallon jugs, two-

freezes. vlastic jugs mn take freezing without clamage. Thesesmaller containers do require shelves or some other place-ment structure, Stack them so that air can move around themif possible. More effort goes into installing these small con-tainers, b(lt their easy availability may make them worth thetrouble. Small containers make heat-storage areas out ofotherwise unusable nooks and corners in the greenhouse.\ \, 4

corners and t~ntler growfflg bedsning the water in the cold months.

.In attached greenhouses, ;omeheat from the main house Gailon /ugsphi-e? in tighr scan be relea-s@d into the .greenholrse at niiht to keep tem- iricrra.sr a grernhatiseb heat storage capaofy.4.1 .- 1 -: ,, ,A/ ., I s.freezing. A back-up he?ter in the greenhouse,;~l\~~ays bail. you out ahcl keep the storage iron1 in&r-amounl oflime n,nd monr y that backuplwating caniri bursl conlainrrs nntl irozc>r crc)pz- is concrl:te or 5Jo1if \valIs allnrc goocl heat storrs,. AcloWalso13~11fyriur gri~onhouso iisc5 norc b,~ck- i.~~goocl, although It dotls not hold a~ II~LIC~ heat a5 the more,Ilforc-I, then .it m%y not I I ,mntcriali Costs \vill vary, so check local prices.c spciikc~ to opclr,ile Ihllgrt clllllousc in


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,- ~-- _ m1. .T .J 128 ',;- * , ~ 1 L1to compens.ate fdr those inevitable nights wheg you for&t toclose the curtain, Using the suggested heat storage quantities a djstinct advantage over those without thermostats. Besidsa;ing fu&l, a thermostat makes backup heat.ing somewha,I in Tablep.1 1.p us night insujation , then, tiill decrease backupI heat use and Increase an attached greenhqclses heat contri- a;ltomatic. T,he greenhouse,can be left unat,tended dlrring coperiods if a, thermOstat is set to tilrn on the heater when I httfion to the maiti house. interior temperature drops too low Ccncralk, the ci;ldu1 t$mb-stol indication o

---.emember, Table 9.1 represented approkimate rules ,.of periocis of the day occur just before dawn; &hen- it is :-age (ap-

low s?tti,ng all night.if you think,th$ ehily &ornipg hour? going to be cold. But such a systein in;olves .guesswork, waching f.reezing) at night. But be sure tb: monitor both d ,iy rying, and.probably occasional mistakes in usirrg too littieoie temperatures clos~ly:~ l xc.Fssive daytime tem- too much backup heat:ln Any case, a thermost; it is a definit-. pcraturtrs accompanieci by acicquatc night temperatures often necessity if yb~r plan to bp -nway irom the gre~nhousc

1I pro, and nightti;indicales a problem with vcnlilnti?n r$lhtr than siorngcl. more than 3 day during carly spring. Int? fall or wintirr, *., . . If you ctioo$* 14211~0 lh~~ mnih I,~iilriin~s.dt;l~ti~ifi syslmi

.- toSsupply backuy~ hc>a to an ;I tt,ic.ht,lci-,jirc~clnhotls(l, you rn~P.4w fi,i,( I:SJi I( , $,t * remt>mber to open rloclrs, Lvincio\vs or vcaiitq, .hot\V(~(~n

/hn, ,c-,-,nrl tl,c tl[,.,t,~Lr;~* You muit d~3-irlt~ (>,I+ night if tlic

f tial th;lt th11 qrcaclnhousc> t,cbi 1p(r,\turrh &ill (.irop I0 ,ll,.,L ,k,LL,r(l yoii wi\h to ni,iirlt,lin, ;Inti 01Nln vo~Inly ~~\p~~ric~nc (~ vill tell you,*hoLv I;jr to ols, vents o.r doorsin ardor to k&r the greenhousba; 141 $rst iiidkc sure lo

\ ciependable bnckuj> heating system is BLISS about esscn-I for. a solar grc~nhduse., E,ven it yoci arc tirs~gning.Jhfgrecnhoiisc to hc 100 perco,nl sblarh :aS.lcti - nn,~~sprnsivc~ ol)-tion whicli is nof covcrcd *in this, ~tiiin.ual - n backLIp hoa cris good. insurance for those long,ycolci, cloud\/ periods. 1-11~:kup heat must c,omplement,the gesign of the.greenhousew~lI/s the lifestvles,ofthe owners. A manually controlledwood heater may be the cheapest solution in sonik cases.but it r&uires careful attention during colci .weather. Addi-

able tcmpcraturth. Also,. yoting system is capable of hancili.?g the exti;lIhouse. I f the house hcat;r cannot keep the r0ot-he gr&nhouse \/pry warm, chances arcit will, Ilt CjuIc Lt) Ileat thegreenhouqeairtight \chen- ,trTrc &,,lL, nr Thuy, the appropriate backup heat

,L,11..1 L4 b8 Lis ,i rhaiick- .minimum tta,icrortiingl\~t ty \vi nd 011at a rcasoii,houses heaofthe greeriadjacent tbI.- mL.I- c,. I-.i-iona OLI must ensure that the greenhouse is .,ever costly bacl(up\pat is used, Many oper;iLv,, cLILIIIX LIIr

systrm for/your, grctape all the vent? i-l~s~ci~,cluring the colclest 17;irtbf wintcr house ic a function of availability, espense, a)lci person. Given the heat stor>igc quanitities suggcstrci in Tab,ltT 9.1, cor>mitmeiit 1\4akr surtl the> syz,t,t m ~OLI c~ml~lny~sronsisto ~backup het will I,,> ,,rwACITL 1 111 LJL I L\\II.\ i frcquI:ntly during mirl-Gtrtrr ft*ifJl \t,Ji:11 VotI can n itorti anti i13dilLl~,c \vPII.,\,, .111... ,, ---- *,-j.,_and occasic ,ntilly clirring the pring and fall. 13nckup hc?ters . .Woocj?Hcal Backtjp i1,al50 nro used. by many growers in Ihc snrine : ciirfctl\l undtlr Iii sonit rur,lI artas. wood ii Lo d\v-c.osl-iucll that may hwire-sSreen she,lv.es t.0 stzeed secdljng g , L. .germination. ,..- ----, ---good b;lc,uI] hr,lt soL rc[k A.smnlI,, ,lirtight stove: can heat Cif grt~ciibou~~ spacr. t3ut:a goo+qu,ililynAlmosl any tyfic..of.b.ack~Ip h&at will \vork ir~.the green; ,. lo-1 .UX~ st+l~c icrthpuse-ygu should LI.~ whatever is most availab:l,,le. The oper-ational tasks will vary fbr each,type, though, SO make your

stove thalt \vill kkpp a fire burni@ ilowly through LlI the canbe e,\pensiv~.~Additionally, chi.l?5decision accordinily. Backup heaters with thermosta.ts. have

ney. installatipn i?o ;&ail.ab.ility of wjood 2nd -the i,ntb;nvenience of tendirig t

, -- I,% e 1 , ,., .I II * ,.I I


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\

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.,. ,, _..,,_; _... ,.-.L - \ .. 1979 92 p;ages ^ $5.00 .$ Papers ra.nging from general overviews of the construction and operation

-. .~IJ@, guidebooksammarizes Ecotopcs considertible expedience with solar of several working sd.ar greenhouses through technical presentationsheat sforage in salts an d wet sand and active versus-passive economicsreliagt growing structures .in the Northwes,t. Feasibility, siting. deiigning,foundations. framing, glazing, insulating, sheathjiig: thermal mass and and efficiencies are printed in this volume.Tbese proceedings offer -finishing ,areoiltIiriGd in the text with generous charts and diagrams hc- , good summary bf divcr$e approiches to solar heating both large acompanyiny. fhc How to Put On a Workshop c\hapt& will bc cspccially small growing structuresuseful jo mar$ Pacific Northwest insulbtidn ahd hea \loss data con-, i. .,cl~~dcs ~hc boqk. Rrrommenclrcl lot both thr novic;?ancl th$c &prticncTc,d N& England Conference on Encrgin Agriklturc -.-grecnhousc bdilclcr. May 3 an?4. 1976.,Durham, New Hamprhire.Editedby: ., _ . _ R.C;. LightSun Angles for Dyign Sponsored by. 1 ,-- Prepaieclby:Robert Bennett .: /Published by: ,Robert Bennctf A I

:-.-e--p --- -- ------------- ~. -. K .,o.--.-:- -._-

,- . ..6 ,.* Av+lllablt~ ironyC:c>t Lakes Solar Grecnhou~eTlonfercncc ~~qcerdings h\ld-Atl>ntZ Solar Enrryy Alsogiarlon b ,Orlober 6 and 7, 117tl. Mirjl,ln d, Michigan .-2736 Grays Fcr.rvAvrn~it~ ,. .I-.lrlit~d Iby: fhil~(it~$h~a.PPnns\~l\,~ii~i~~l 19146.C: C. Currln i&Yin . * 951 pages [,B-vojtmrs)Sl,nort tl,l,y, -- $2~1.0%Chiplxn\va Nnturcs Ccsnt(Jr As the &&G,statcc- thtlsea volumes rcl;re-sent the state-of-the-art throughavailably Iroln: Spring oi 78 Cart> studios of pnrs~vc yrccnhouscs, direct gairi s+t&i,N;ltLlrcb C:onti ~ mass, walls, mas rooL,-pa3sive combinations, nncl ,hybrid rystrmF .:-100 S. IJadour Rtl RO~I)O #I .- prt~s~~ntctl in Vblilmc I Vol~lnir II covcrs rimulation a$cl testing Of rY&Mi$l,rnd, Ml . . poncnts \(olumc Ill reviews policy, rducation. and econinics. The se-1978 tion on greenhouses consists of seven semi-tcchnical,tcports on plnnneI. l-111 pagPs $7.00----* aiid alrcxly-buil t units emp1oying.a varieiyof-passive heating tcchniqurr,?---., A worthwhile source book .:,-I, _.

. _.-.

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. , . -.~~i;,- , -.~5 r \k: I,. .--.Prp,~edings:-~-,~~~n~~renSe;on Solar Energy for Available frbm: *and C,r,eeqhryp$Res~denlial Combinatims, . Environmental:Re>etichla66;atory .: :~ __ Clevc.land,Ohio Tucson Internation>l Airpprt

Compiled by: Tucson, Arizona 85706i ITed H. ShortY,Sponsored by: 413 p,ag& 515.00Ohio Agricultural R a.D Center and Energy ReTearch and- , Commercial greenhouk backgiound and situafion, DcyclZpmcnt Kdmin,istration Avililable from: / *Departmhnt of A&ul.Qy,l Engineering --O.A:R-:&CT ~~~ n.-.,. Wboster;OH 44691. \. I .p x_l,, 1.1977 ,- 344 pa?ees... ssz, . Proceedings of the 1978Annual Mee,ti+ ..This volume-summarizes primarily govern;nPntrf&nded greenhouse and Prepared by:oiheragri~ultural.solar heating projects and studie Qeports on active

dI Karl W. Boer, Gregory E. Franta -

solar systems and energy conservation,in gr&enho ses are included in Sponsored by: the papefs. The highly-technical discussions k+,f cbtting energy use in the American Section of thednternational Solar-Energy Societyplant house will be of USC tosomc greenhouse dssigner$. Available from.( .- A.S. of I.S.ErS.n .proccrdings of the Conlcrcncr on Energy-ConscrtiinR L American Tprhnolog ical Unjvrrsltv.Scjlar-Hralcd Greenhouses PO. Ilol\l416Novcnihor I ) ililt 20, lO7~~; M;\rll>oro, V~ rmonl v Killrrn 1-S 70511/---_.---..1____litlilctl hy:

~-___,,,-~------.--_x1078 , It),31 S vnlrrmcs) ,I-_$26 , t) ISIrS kt:nil) ,:rklny~~ ;111clDr(sw Cilloll I Ibl .SO Non-mc:mbc~r,~----___~-Sponsoktlhy: ; -.-..".- --...-_"._o .__.....----- - ~--~ll-hls-ronlil\v)R~ t-&~~z~fg ral,~~tion~i~; ,Ect,;tr~njJr &;I &&I, 1~:F___^_ -. -.. - - c ._ -I-of-the+rt tllrnl~h-rnrl\lJfll Rti[tiiti 68 c~ arK{: passivca solar grcrsnlyuq mnticli~n~ .n ld rqlorti on attached ,snl,,lr grc*c?nhc?il?,Pc: ;~nl p,ipc rs *oncolq foo&dryinj~ w11l bt, ,pi to t% $ Ti:tynhc)ust~ gin&i ,&II tht>phpci5 nit~r~~lati\t.lg tc)c-hntc-,ll , ,,I; ,.,,,. .. . ,$. . _^-, ) .( $ _ .

Proceedings of ihe Third NSfiondl Passive Sol;ir Co.nlqr&ncc: Ianuar\-11 throltfil~l3;1179.San Jose, Galifornk, ii I ; \ t ,. .._ ~~~~~,~~,+b,~.-.- l__.._--.l_..-- -......... --.---- .---.-------;Harry hllller, hltchael Rtordan. David Richards ,Sponsored by. *, l.LI 5. Department oi.Energ)International Solar Energy Society ..,,A\,allablr from, ,*.T --Prnccrtlings of the Inlcrnatiltlla~,Sympnsiun; on h 5 oi I S.E.SC(~nlrollctl-Cnvironmclil Agriculture , Amrrlcan Irchnologlral Clmverslt\Alxil 7 .~nrl~lucat~n,.Ar~~on,~ 4 4.. \

; B-----1---Mc~ll(* I I ](1~$(11 ,: 1179 J I.+?-17 pagrs $26..50 ISES Mc,mbrr ,-Sl,ollsolc:tl I,\#

:i-TL ..-L-.8 \O Non-mrmbcrsI -L--+-A.---Invlrnnmc~llt,11 oi~ISE~~~.,;~ssi~c~rd;;irrence proceedjngs presentation5_:- /-. . .Impro\,ing eacp year as the field maturcs The- 1979 event ~inctuclptl\\t.llth of technical datson passive solar grccnhousc monitoring, thermal ,I/_ -, .., ,


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D. igi , ,

r*.-::- ,.1dodeliqg, materials and products. Reports on sessionson domestia.f.n,d New M&icoSolai Energy Assbciation NetisletlGi:-em_,.-. mmyzial scale greenhouses, and on greenhouse/dwell ing, combi,,v,$on$ Published by:*,are part,of the proceedings document. This is an essential deslgn..ald .N.M.S.E.A.: bfor the seriotis energy self-sufficien t greeqhouse builder. P.O. Box2004., ,J Santa,F& YM. 87501-,:/.,Procee.dings: Third A&olar- grcVnhoust:s Octobrr 1976~~1hd Novcmh(arl-977- are-\ptJc 131 grrcnhousc~ ii$urs..:-.

Milad,l, MNI ,.- I

-$-- c.,r---- ~-..-- ,SkIt,scrj llti~,rl Iriar shlar Crrcntxrusr OixotIA hi-mY)nl lily Ilir;~:ll%ili( IcuI;cCrilCd with energy production Iron1 n;ttur,~l ,I~ilhlls~ly by1 Sol.lr.(.rc l?l~llou\~ ~ iIlfic~\lsmIrcI;s,nntl cxnclrgy ronsc:rvktion. ,i Lip~(:iillllous~~s.

1l; I? 0 I$\ b26 _ ;l FIag\IIfI. AZ HbUO.3I/ I :

: ,


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I: ..._;i) .- 162 -i 1 .-. :I,.., , 1 c-. -_I ,. Subscrrptj on Price: %7/yea&- Coristructidn bilh Surface Bonding ..,:. - $1 Z/two years. .t&,riculture information Bulletin#37JBi-monthly magazine focusing on the design, constructioti and manage- Prt+paI,ed by:

. . . B. CarlJjaynes, 1.W Simonsment of solar greenhouses of all sizes. , Published by-.\, _,

ransitional Network for Appropyiate/Alternative Tech&j6gi& ,U.S. Departtic@ of Agriculture.

Published by: Agriculture Researc,b,,Service..z

-Distributed by:TRANET 1: .,\ t,

P.O. Box 567. Superintendent of Docu~~e~~s.:. ,RangeIcy, NE 049?0 U.S. CoverrYment Printing Offic:,_

I ,,, .r,*, -,, I- .,,, ., .4r Washington, D.C~. 20402 Y__,,.,,... ha. : Membership-Price: 415/year. --J __ 1974 . . 18 pages\.., _ 8.45A quarterly, newsletter-dirdctbry ofpeople involved in appropriate tech- Describes concrete block wall construction &which blocks-are itackednology. A good solargreenhouse design/research project refereq,ce. dry;then trowelled. on both surfaces with a cen&nt-glass fiber mixture.A stronger wall than a co?ventional mortar-joint blo&.wall is the result,with a ,considerable time savings..This technique is &pec:lly useful fo,r an inexperienced block-layer. l\ _, ,*. , .c Noti Solar Greenhouse Performance and Analysis - l., \.U..,,\

iLA kS AN

Prepared by:Eric Hoff, David lenkins, jim Van,DuynPublished by:An Attached Solar Greenhouse . LJniveKty ofQre+nPrepared try: Department of AgricultureBill and Susan Yanda Eugene. OR 97403Publir;hed by:The ightnin$Tr&e P.O. ox 1837

k,, $nta Fe, NM 87501 r

17 pages /and schematics revealing the back wall and gravel fjbor heat storage;

$1.75 ) sod roof, gnci fram? construction arc presented, vcryic-lcarly. A. detailed.lnStructions tor the(design, construction akd management-of a solar green-.. thermat analysis of the buildings perfcjrmance- in-alljseasons is prcse;ltcd. house. Each step is presented in English and Spanisli. The tianual tellshow to build a low-cost. unit in a simple, undersiandable s_tyle. )/I.Plastic Greenhouje Manual: Planning, Construction and Operation/ . .I Prepared by:Br$dwall System Window andI3reeniow.e Plans Raymond Sheldrake, Jr., Robert M SaylesPrepared and Published by: pPublished by: Department of Vegetable Crops .* Zomeworks Corporation. .- . , New York State College of Agricultural and Life SFiencesCornell University

Albuquerque, NM 87102 Ithaca, New York,14850l977, 1

.,7 pages BIS on 1977 I , 21 pages : $2 00

Coml)lct(? blueprints ;;ntl ihstructionsfoi a ljcacl Wall movable insu[a. This design guide details usc~ful tcchnique for use in commercial green-tion system and a grccnhousc~. A lironse to build a ,140 sq. ft Bead Wall housrs glazed with plastic films. Generjl data on plartlcs ancl ipccifiris incluclcd .Surh a movable iniulntion system typically costs about $8 , instructions on building the Cornell Exterior Plywood Cussctt: Designto %I0 per square foot tobui

low-cost passive solar greenhouses

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