low noise dynamic mixer

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VLSI Design of Low Noise RF down conversion

Mixer for Dynamic Band Allocation

Ebenezer Abishek.B, Mr.D.Ruban Thomas ASST PROFFESOR

M.E (VLSI Design)VELTECH MULTITECH DR.RANGARAJAN & DR.SAKUNTHALA ENGINEERING COLLEGE, AVADI, CHENNAI,[email protected]@gmail.com

AbstractThis work focuses the demand of dynamic range RF

mixers to achieve adaptivity in modern wireless communication

systems. The aim of this work is to increase the performance

figures of Dynamic range frequency receptions, intermediate

frequency conversion gain and Noise filtering. An ISM band RF

mixer is designed for experimentation procedure and theconversion gain of this system is reached up to 8.9 dB with a

Local oscillator frequency of 3.15 GHZ. The proposal of

introducing a Channel Analyzer will help to increase the dynamic

needs of the Communication system. Thus channel analyzer is

used to adaptively tune the Voltage control local oscillator

frequency by predicting the channel conditions, which offers

increase Conversion Gain. The dynamic range of a RF Receiver

is often limited by down conversion mixers. Mixers perform

frequency translation by multiplying two signals and also their

harmonics. Down-conversion mixers employed in the receive

path have two distinctly different inputs, called the RF port and

the LO port. The RF port senses the signal to be down-converted

and the LO port senses the periodic waveform generated by the

local oscillator. The input impedance in heterodyne mixer

architectures should be well matched to increase the overall

conversion gain. To achieve these design specifications GILBER

MIXER Cell Design is implemented and tested with various

dynamic channel conditions and posses good efficiency in

dynamic channel environment.

Keywords:-LO, IF,RF,WLAN,IIP3,SNR

I. INTRODUCTION

The important part of wireless communication system to

achieve noiseless communication is RF mixer. The dynamic

range requirements are needed in the modern wireless

communication systems. First down conversion mixer limits

the dynamic range of the receiver. The dynamic range of the

receiver for the ISM band is obtained by using ISM BAND RF

DOWN CONVERSION MIXER.

An Integrated RF Mixer circuit is implemented to handle

Multiple Channel Conditions and to adapt to the required

necessity. Due to its configurability nature of this Mixer it can

be reconfigured to handle Multi Band capabilities without

much variation in power consumptions. The new design of

proposed Mixer must be in a way that it should not affect the

Gain, linearity and Noise Power. Our design considering all

these Constraints designed to optimize results without affecting

existing performance of the MIXER.

II. PROJECT OVERVIEW

A. Select an existing down conversion mixerMixers are abundant in electronic systems ranging from

inexpensive consumer products to sophisticated military

hardware. You'll find them in entertainment equipment as well

as communications gear, test instruments, radar units and

countermeasure systems. There is a tradeoff of parameter for

several mixers. The important parameters considered for this

project are gain and noise figure. Therefore the best suitable

mixer largely used is Gilbert cell mixer.

B. Improving the signal to noise ratio of the mixerThe signal to noise ratio is reduced in the channel due to

frequency migration.

Causes for frequency migration are

Material impact,
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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Interference of signal,

Fading,

Radiation pattern.

The frequency migration is eliminated or overcome by

using channel analyzer thereby increasing the signal to noise

ratio.

C. Modifying the mixer for dynamic band allocationThe selected Gilbert cell mixer circuit is modified such

that the mixer operates in dynamic range. Dynamic Range is

the amplitude range over which a mixer can operate without

degradation of performance. It is bounded by the conversion

compression point for high input signals, and by the noise

figure of the mixer for low level input signals. Since the

thermal noise of each passive mixer is about the same, the

conversion compression point normally determines the passive

mixer's dynamic range. The 1 dB compression points is

generally taken to be the top of the dynamic range of a mixer

because the input RF power that is not converted into desired

IF output power is instead converted into heat and higher

orders inter modulation products. The inter modulation

products that begin to appear when RF power is increased

beyond the 1 dB compression point can begin to obscure the

desired IF output. Generally the 1 dB compression point is 5 to10 dB lower than the LO power, so a high level mixer has a

higher 1 dB compression point than a low level mixer, and

therefore a wider dynamic range.

Dynamic range of a receiver is defined by two

parameters: spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) and blocking

dynamic range (BDR). Figure below illustrates the SFDR and

BDR for a receiver. SFDR is the input signal range from the

intercept of noise floor and fundamental signal power to the

intercept of noise floor and the 3rd order intermodulation

distortion power. BDR is the input power range from the

intercept of noise floor and fundamental signal power to the

input 1 dB gain compression point (P-1dB).

III. LOWNOISERFDOWNCONVERSIONMIXER

FORDYNAMICBANDALLOCATION.

FIG.1.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROPOSED MIXER.

The above figure shows the block diagram of Low Noise

RF down conversion mixer for dynamic band allocation. The

important components in the mixer are channel analyzer and

dynamic mixer is shown in fig.1. The importance

A. Channel Analyzer

Fig.2. Proposed Gilbert Mixer Structure with channel analyzer

Channel analyzer is used to reduce the external noise.

The proposed circuit for the channel analyzer is shown above.

The channel analyzer analyzes the channel condition and

automatically changes the local oscillator to reduce the

external noise. Channel analyzer is the circuit which reducesor eliminates frequency migration.


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B. Dynamic mixerThe Dynamic mixer operates in the dynamic range.

Dynamic range is the amplitude range over which a mixer can

operate without degradation of performance. Upper limit of

dynamic range is limited by P1dB and lower limit is

determined by noise floor and min SNR required. Modernwireless communication systems demand stringent dynamic

range requirements. The dynamic range of a receiver is often

limited by the first down conversion mixer. This forces many

compromises between figures of merits such as conversion

gain, linearity, dynamic range, noise figure and port to port

isolation of the mixer. Integrated mixer is more desirable than

discrete for higher system integration with cost and space

savings. In order to optimize the overall system performance,

there exists a need to examine the merits and shortcoming of

each mixer feasible for integrated solutions.

C. FIFO BufferBuffer circuit is generally used to synchronize two

asynchronous circuits. The input for a mixer circuit is possibly

a variable frequency signal. So to match the variable speed of

the input signal to the mixer circuit a FIFO based buffer circuit

is designed using TANNER version 13 tool.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS:

This adaptive receiver was designed for a wireless local area

network operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band. It supports

selectable channel bandwidths of 625 kHz to 2.5 MHz, any

changes made in the transmitter will be detected by receiver

channel analyzer. The simulated waveforms are measured andverified with the expected frequency spectrum analysis.

V. SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig.3.Oscillator Wave for Gilbert Mixer

Fig.4. Physical layer implementation of adaptive Mixer


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Fig.5. Resultant Voltage curve for input and output spectrum

Fig.6.Layout for channel analyzer

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0

Time (ns)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

V

o

lta

g

e

(V

)

v(11)

Synch

0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0

Time (ns)

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

1.1

1.2

V

o

lta

g

e

(V

)

v(9 )

Synch

Fig.6.Output for FIFO Buffer

VI. CONCLUSION

A fully integrated adaptive RF Mixer for ISM band receiver is

implemented in a 0.6- m CMOS process Technology. The

low-pass filter is implemented with a single-stage differential

amplifier with an RC feedback to determine the cut-off

frequency of 2.4GHz. The differential amplifier is also source-

degenerated to improve the linearity for the overall system.

VII. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS

An adaptive Swarm based Intelligence RF MIXER circuit can

be designed which can change its frequency settings

automatically by analyzing the Dynamic Channel conditions,

to provide best Quality communication service.


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