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Low Temperature Investigation on the Combined Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and Steel Slag in Asphalt Mixture
Tokyo, Japan, November 20-21, 2017
Ki Hoon Moon
Augusto Cannone Falchetto
Michael P. Wistuba
Gabriele Tebladi
Oh Sun Kwon
Augusto | Low temperature investigation on the combined recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement and steel slag in asphalt mixture| 20 – 21 Nov, 2017 | 2
Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i g
• Introduction
• Materials and Experimentation
• Results and Analysis
• Summary and Conclusions
Outline
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gIntroduction
• Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and Electric ArcFurnace Steel Slag (EAFSS) are commonly used forasphalt pavement construction.
• Approximately 70 million tons of RAP are reused forpavement application in US, and 47 million tons of RAPare reused in Europe, making RAP one of the mostrecycled materials.
• Several studies were performed to address the use ofEAFSS in asphalt mixtures.
• However, not many studies can be found on thecombined use of these materials.
Augusto | Low temperature investigation on the combined recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement and steel slag in asphalt mixture| 20 – 21 Nov, 2017 | 4
Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i g
Experimentally investigate the effect of adding different
amounts of RAP and EAFSS on the creep and fracture
response of asphalt mixtures at low temperature.
Based on:
• Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) tests
• Semi-Circular Bending (SCB) tests
Quick look at Permanent Deformation and Skid Resistance
Research Objective
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gMaterials and Testing
Table 1. Asphalt mixtures
Materials
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gMaterials and Testing
BBR creep testing
reduced timeα coefficient of thermal contraction
of asphalt mixture
Figure 1. BBR Device
0 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )t t
t E D t d E t D dτ τ τ τ τ τ= ⋅ − = − ⋅∫ ∫
( ') ( )( ) ( ') ' ( ( ) '( )) '' '
td d TE d E t t dtd dt
ξ ε ξ ασ ξ ξ ξ ξ ξ ξξ−∞ −∞
∆= ⋅ − = ⋅ −∫ ∫
• Relaxation modulus, E(t)
• Thermal stress
/ Tt aξ =
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gMaterials and Testing
SCB fracture testing
ff
lig
WG
A=
• Semi-circular shape with diameter of 150mm, thicknessof 30mm and straight vertical central notch of 15mm
• The sample is placed on a frame consisting of two fixedrollers and having a span of 120mm.
The fracture energy, Gf:
Wf work of fractureAlig area of ligament
Figure 2. SCB Test
Augusto | Low temperature investigation on the combined recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement and steel slag in asphalt mixture| 20 – 21 Nov, 2017 | 8
Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gMaterials and Testing
SCB testing
The fracture toughness (critical stress intensity factor), KIc :
where,KIc mode I stress intensity factorPc peak loadr radiust thicknessYI normalized stress intensity factora notch lengthΔs0 geometry parameterB parameter depending on a and r
0( / ) 0[ / (2 )] ( / )Ic c I S rK P r t a Y s r Bπ = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ∆ ⋅
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gMaterials and Testing
Resistance to permanent deformation
• German standard FGSV TP Asphalt -StB,Part 25 A1 (2010).
Skid resistance
Figure 3b. Wehner/Schulze machine
• German Standard TP Gestein-StB,Part 5.4.2 (2010).
Polierstation Griffigkeitsmessungpolishing friction measurement
Figure 3a. Stamp testspecimen
stamp
T = +50 °C
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gResults and Analysis
Creep Tests Results
Figure 4. Creep stiffness (left) and m-value (right) mixture results at 60s (lowPG+10ºC)
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gResults and Analysis
Thermal stress and critical cracking temperature results
Figure 5. σ(T) comparison (2ºC/h and 20ºC/h cooling rate)
PG 58-28 mixture
PG 58-34 mixture
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gResults and Analysis
Thermal stress and critical cracking temperature results
Table 2. Critical cracking temperature, TCR, comparison (PG 58-28 mixture)
• For 75% EAFSS+25% RAP, and 25% RAP, higher σ(T) and TCR werefound compared to mixtures designed with virgin material for both binder.
• When the aggregate skeleton was entirely (100%) replaced with EAFSS,a very close response to that of mixtures prepared with conventionalaggregates was observed, both in terms of thermal stress and criticalcracking temperature.
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gResults and Analysis
Thermal stress and critical cracking temperature results
Figure 6. Statistical comparison of σ(T)
PG 58-28 mixture
PG 58-34 mixture
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gResults and Analysis
Fracture energy and fracture toughnessTable 3. SCB test results
Figure 7. Load vs. LLD curves for PG58-28 and PG58-34 mixtures
Mixture Fracture energy: GF (J/m2) Fracture toughness: KIc (MPa*m0.5) Control E100% E75%+R25% R25% Control E100% E75%+R25% R25%
58-28 mixture 0.446 0.599 0.512 0.381 1.106 1.324 1.234 1.026
58-34 mixture 0.495 0.641 0.567 0.420 1.157 1.383 1.279 1.100
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gResults and Analysis
Resistance to permanent deformation
Figure 8. Results of mixture penetration testTP Asphalt -StB, Part 25 A1 (2010)
• A decrease in permeant deformation is achieved for mixturescontaining both RAP and EAFSS.
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
A B C D E F G H
Pene
trat
ion
dept
h (m
m)
Mixture
PG58-28 PG58-34
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gResults and Analysis
Skid resistance
• The results were addressed by measuring the frictioncoefficients after 90,000 and 180,000 polishing cycles.
• An overall decrease was found for larger contents ofEAFSS: from a value of 0.245 and 0.221 for 90,000 and180,000 cycles in the case of virgin material to 0.198and 0.172 for mixture prepared with 100% slags.
Augusto | Low temperature investigation on the combined recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement and steel slag in asphalt mixture| 20 – 21 Nov, 2017 | 17
Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i g
• The effect of the combined use of RAP and EAFSSon the low temperature creep and fractureperformances of asphalt mixture was experimentallyinvestigated based on BBR mixture creep SCBfracture test. Eight asphalt mixtures with twodifferent asphalt binder were prepared and tested.
• In addition, a preliminary investigation on permanentdeformation and skid resistance was performed.
Summary and Conclusions
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i g
• BBR results indicate that mixture prepared with 100%EAFSS aggregate have similar low temperatureresponse to that of conventional mixtures.
• Mixtures containing a combination of EAFSS (75%)and RAP (25%) shows higher thermal stresses andcritical cracking temperature.
• Better fracture performances were found for EAFSS100% and EAFSS 75%+RAP 25% mixtures.
• Better resistance to permanent deformation and lowerfriction coefficient are exhibited by mixture preparedwith EAFSS.
Summary and Conclusions
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i gAcknoledgements
Laboratory Team
Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i g
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Topics• Bitumen aging mechanisms and characterization• Chemo-mechanical coupling• Low, intermediate and high temperature behavior• Microstructure and micro-mechanics• Thermal properties• Recycling and rejuvenation• Nanotechnology for bituminous materials• Multiphase analysis of binders
Important DatesNov. 27th, 2017 Submission of paper open
Apr. 10th, 2018 Submission of paper due
Jun. 1st, 2018 Notification of papers acceptance
Sept. 17-18th, 2018 RILEM 252-CMB Symposium
Sept. 19-20th, 2018 RILEM Annual Meeting
RILEM-CMB-SYMPOSIUMBRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANYSEP TEMBER 17–18, 2018CHEMO MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
Augusto | Low temperature investigation on the combined recycling of reclaimed asphalt pavement and steel slag in asphalt mixture| 20 – 21 Nov, 2017 | 21
RILEM-CMB-SYMPOSIUMBRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANYSEP TEMBER 17–18, 2018CHEMO MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
Contributions and Publicationo Authors can submit a short 6-page document per email ([email protected])o Papers must be written and presented in English.o The 20 best contributions will be selected for oral presentation,
out of which 6 papers will be invited to submit an extended versionfor consideration in the International Journal of Road Materials and Pavement Design.
Sponsors and exhibitorsA specific area of the conference venue will bedevoted to sponsors and exhibitors to present the latestproducts, testing equipment and technologyfor asphalt materials characterization and innovation.
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RILEM-CMB-SYMPOSIUMBRAUNSCHWEIG, GERMANYSEP TEMBER 17–18, 2018CHEMO MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF BITUMINOUS MATERIALS
Conference ChairsChair: Lily Poulikakos, EMPA, SwitzerlandChair: Augusto Cannone Falchetto, TU Braunschweig, Germany Co-Chair: Bernhard Hofko, TU Wien, AustriaCo-Chair: Laurent Porot, Kraton, NetherlandsCo-Chair: Hervé Di Benedetto, Université de Lyon, FranceCo-Chair: Michael P. Wistuba, TU Braunschweig, Germany
SecretariatNina Eßmann, Technische Universität Braunschweig,ISBS - Braunschweig Pavement Engineering Centre,Beethovenstraße 51 b,38106 Braunschweig, Germany.Phone: +49 (0)531-391 [email protected]
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Institut für StraßenwesenT U B r a u n s c h w e i g
Thank you!