lower git disorders

8/9/2019 Lower Git Disorders

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Intestinal Obstruction

1. Volvulus

2. Intussusception

3. Adhesions4. Hernia

5. Tumors


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Adhesion

Adhesions

are bands of

scar-like

tissue that

form between

two surfaces

inside the

body.


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Causes

Inflammation, surgery, or injury can cause

tissues to bond to other tissue or organs,

much like the process of forming scar tissue.

Sometimes, adhesions can form between

the two surfaces. Other causes of adhesions

include:

Abdominal surgery Appendicitis

Endometriosis

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)


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Exams and Tests

Physical examination varies depending on

where the adhesion is located. The health

care provider may recommend procedures

such as:

Hysterosalpingography

Hysteroscopy

Laparoscopy


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Intussusception

- is a rare,

serious disorder

in which one partof the intestine

slides inside

another part.


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Cause

There is no known cause for most

cases of intussusception. Rarely,

intussusception is caused byconditions such as appendicitis,

tumors or a polyp (a growth inside the

intestine).


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symptoms

Stomach pain (that can last for 15 to

20 minutes at a time)

Vomiting Irritability

Bloody stools

Fever


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Diagnostics

X-ray orother abdominal imaging.

Airor bariumenema.

Sometimes an air or barium enema willcorrect intussusception, and no further treatment

is needed.


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Volvulus

Abnormal twisting of the intestine which can

impair the blood flow to the intestine.

Volvulus can lead to gangrene and death of thatsegment of the gastrointestinal tract, intestinal

obstruction, perforation of the intestine, and

peritonitis.

The stomach, small intestine, cecum, andsigmoid colon are all subject to volvulus.

Malrotation of the bowel during fetal

development can predispose to a volvulus.


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Symptoms

Bloody or dark red stools

- Constipation or difficulty releasing stools

Distended abdomen- Pain or tenderness in the abdomen

- Nausea or vomiting

Shock

-Vomiting green materialSymptoms are usually severe enough that

infants are taken early to the emergencyroom, which can be critical for survival.


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Exams and Tests

Barium enema

Blood tests to check electrolytes

CT scan

Stool guaiac (shows blood in the

stool)

Upper GI


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Hernia

Also called: EnteroceleA hernia occurs when part of

an internal organ bulgesthrough a weak area of muscle.Most hernias occur in theabdomen.


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Types ofHernia

Inguinal, the most common type, is inthe groin

Umbilical, around the belly button Incisional, through a scar

Hiatal, a small opening in thediaphragm that allows the upper partof the stomach to move up into thechest.

Congenital diaphragmatic, a birth

defect that needs surgery


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Hernias are common.

They can affect men, women andchildren.

A combination of muscle weakness

and straining, such as with heavylifting, might contribute.

Some people are born with weak

abdominal muscles and may be morelikely to get a hernia.


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nursing diagnoses

deficient fluid volume

monitor vital signs, pulmonary artery pressure,

cardiac output, CVP

measure urinary output hourly and nasogastric

drainage every 2-4 hours.

maintain IVF and blood volume expanders as

ordered. The amount of fluid administered is

calculated to meet ongoing fluid needs andreplacement.

measure abdominal girth


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lower git disorders

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