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ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM AND ITS IMPACTS

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LOCATION Madhya Pradesh, India.

Heart of Bhopal city

Latitude : 2314' - 2316' N

Longitude : 7724'-7725' E

495 m above sea level

Catchment area : 9.6 sq.

km

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HISTORY The lower lake was constructed in Late 18th Century on the down stream

of the dam of Upper lake by Nawab Chhote Khan (a Minister of Nawab

Hayat Mohammed Khans regime) to enhance the beauty of the city

Type of Dam - earthern

The Upper Lake and the Lower are divided from each other by an over

bridge.

The Lower lake is surrounded from all sides by human settlements.

Lower Lake is positioned in the heart, so you can take a close look at thecity. It's very nice to bask in the beauty of the pristine lake and

panoramic vistas of the city at a time. Along with enjoying a languid stroll

around the lake, you can make good use boating and sailing facilities that

are here.

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PHYSICAL DIMENSIONSSURFACE AREA [KM2] 1

VOLUME [KM3] 0.008

MAXIMUM DEPTH [M] 10.7

MEAN DEPTH [M] 6.2

WATER LEVEL Regulated

LENGTH OF SHORELINE [KM] 6.3

DRAINAGE BASIN TYPE Open

SALINITY TYPE Fresh

STORAGE CAPACITY (MILLION CUM.) 4.3

ALTITUDE 500m

DRAINAGE BASIN AREA 9.6km2

SOURCE OF WATERRain water, Seepage from Upper Lake

and Domestic Sewage

MAIN USE OF WATER Washing and Boating

CLIMATE Warmer humid (humid subtropical)

POPULATION DENSITY 1350 Persons/km2

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PHYSIOGRAPHIC FEATURES

Names of main islands : Anisland towards south side of

the lake.

Number of out flowing rivers

and channels : 1

GEOGRAPHY

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MAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUESMAJOR ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

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Sewage and sullage

inflow into the lake

Washing activities

and Dhobhi ghats

Human intervention

and development ofslums

Excessive growth of

aquatic plants

Deposition of solid

wastes

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VisarjanGhat

Dhobi Ghat

Boating

Nallah -

Balagarh

slum

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The livelihood of 250 washer-menfamilies belonging to socio-economicallyweaker sections of the society isdependent on the Lower Lake.

Large Quantity of detergent, chemicalsand furnace ashes enters lake daily dueto washing.

The lake has great

importance to

local people, whotake bath and

wash their clothes

because of

scarcity of water.

WASHING ACTIVITIES AND DHOBHI GHAT

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DEPOSITION OF SOLID WASTES

Muncipal corporation is able to collect

only 96 tons per day of garbage against

131 tons per day and dump it at a site

12km away (Bhanpur).

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Eutrophication is result of anthropogenic pollution

with nutrients, particularly the release of sewage

effluent into the lake.

The lake has a basic defect in its construction of the

lower dam wall which is without a sluice gate andonly aerated surface water continuously overflows

the dam wall.

Fecal bacteria population is very high indicating a

high degree of contamination, causing a variety of

problems such as a lack of oxygen in the water withlow fish production.

EXCESSIVE GROWTH OF AQUATIC

PLANTS

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HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND SLUM DEVELOPMENT

Since, the lake is surrounded by the

rows of houses within a hilly terrain

the water remains stagnant without

any circulation and mixing of the

aerated and anaerobic bottom waterand increases the sinking rate of the

silt particles into the bottom.

The whole lake is thus converted into

a large septic tank making the lakeshallower and shallower day by day.

Water is also used for gardening but

there is no well developed tourism

because of the fowl odour of decaying

algae.

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Inflow of 28 nallahs and drains carrying50 million litres/day

Environmental problems resulting in

deterioration of their water quality mainly

due to inflow of untreated sewage

The city does not have any organized

sewerage network facilities to old Bhopal

city, and other areas falling in the

catchment area of lakes.

SEWAGE AND SULLAGE FLOW

The lake is situated within the city anda number of ward or colonies

contribute sewage and sullage

flowing through open drains which

ultimately finds its way into the lakes.

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IDOL IMMERSION The immersion of idol of Lord Ganesh and Goddess Durga during Ganesh Ustav

and Navratris festival is a major source of contamination and sedimentationto the lake.

On account of the immersion, materials like

clay, bamboo, grass, wood, metals, jute,

colors, painted cloth, flowers, incensesticks, dhoop, amphor, ash etc. are released

into the water bodies. Added clay results in

siltation of the lakes while immersed

biodegradable materials contaminate the

quality of the lake water.

The Urban water bodies are easily

approachable and so the idol immersion

activities are localized at various sites of

the lakes.

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Deposition of solidwaste and sewageeffluents in water

Eutrophication excessive growthof aquatic plants

Reduction in the

quality of water

Dead of Fishesand makes water

unfit for humanuse

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SOLUTIONSSOLUTIONS

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Initiations..

The State Government initiated a public awareness generation program of manual weedremoval called Sarovar Hamari Dharohar (Lakes are Our Heritage) in 1989.

The Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC) provided financial assistance, in the form

of a soft loan of 7.055 billion yen, out of the total project cost of 8.033 billion yen in 1993 for

implementation of the Lake Bhopal Conservation and Management Project (also known as Bhoj

Wetland Project), to be executed over a period of 5 years, beginning in April 1995. The projectinitially envisaged 14 sub-projects under the major topics of:

Desilting and Dredging (desilting and dredging of the lakes; deepening and widening of the

spill channel);

Catchment Area Treatment (afforestation, creation of buffer zones, construction of check

dams, silt traps, toe walls and cascading and garland drains); Prevention of Pollution (Sewerage schemes);

Shoreline and Fringe Area Management (solid waste management, prevention of pollution

from Dhobi ghats); and,

Improvement and Management of Water Quality (deweeding, biological control of weeds

through aquaculture, installation of floating fountains, water quality monitoring).

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The Bhopal Development Plan 2005,

prepared by the Directorate of Town and Country of Madhya Pradesh, provides the followingregulatory measures for the protection and management of lakes:

Fringe areas of the lakes have been declared as sensitive urban development. No

construction and development activities in 33 m space from the edge of the Lower Lake is

allowed. The space is to be kept open.

The practice of agriculture right along the lake fringe is to be discouraged so that water isnot polluted due to the addition of chemical fertilizer, pesticide and belonging to socio-

economically weaker sections of the insecticides.

Provisions in other national-level acts include the following:

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, amended in 1994 empowers the

Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board to take action against the polluters of the water

resources;

The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 also empowers the Madhya Pradesh Pollution

Control Board to take action against the polluters of the water resources; and

The Madhya Pradesh Municipal Corporation Act, 1956 (as Amended in 1995) empowers the

Municipal Corporation to take appropriate measures to prevent pollution of the water

resources.

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About 62 kms sewerage pipeline and 23 kms long forcemains are being laid in 23 municipal wards of the city which

is divided in 3 networks of Gandhinagar, Maholi and Kotra.Four sewerage treatment plants are also being constructedin these areas.

Provision of surface drain/pipe drains connected tosewage system, which will divert this water from the lakeand prevent silt entry from various stream.

SEWAGE TREATMENT

Prevent direct and indirect solid waste from entering

Good sanitation to nearby slums.

Bhopal Municipal Corporation providing dumper placers,

refuse compactors, a sewer-cleaning machine andcontainers. An electronic weigh bridge also was installed atthe dump site to monitor the efficiency of each vehicle.These measures resulted in the additional collection anddisposal of 70 metric ton of solid waste from the 18municipal wards located in the urban watershed

SOLID WASTEMANAGEMENT

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Shift dhobhi ghat and slum and development of the land so vacated. Attempt aremade to motivate the Dhobi community for voluntary shifting

Present dhobhi settlements are concentration near Kilol Park, Gokhale hostel &SBI training center Khatlapura.

New site : down stream of lake a nallah named Patra is flowing with sufficientopen spaces of lands along its banks. all facilities for colony road, water,infrastructure, water supply, sewage, street lighting etc. total 10.5 acre land hasbeen made available at Poshanbagh and Kewdaallah bagh near Patra nallah fornew Dhobhighatrelocation

WASHING ACTIVITY

AND DHOBHIGHATS

The desilting is to remove volume of silt and sedimentation from a long durationof settlement-reduced the storage capacity of lakes, accumulation of thenutrients that promote pollution, growth of aquatic weeds, algae, and bio-organisms.

About 85,000m3 silt already removed.

Done near nallah of BalgangaMVM hostel and Jahangirbad of lower lake and45,000 cum, 1000cum, 30000 cum of silt and mud is removed respectively.

Afforestation and creation of buffer zones-To prevent encroachment, human

settlement, cattle etc.

HUMAN SETTLMENTAND SLUM

DEVELOPMENT

Biological control aquatic weeds and plants with the view to improve quality of lake.

Aquaculture cooperation of fisher men

Harvesting fish has an aim of indirect removal of nutrients from the lake which isthe cause of europhication.

CONTROL OVEREUTROPHICATION

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THANK YOU