lp 17 endocrinology 2009
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Endocrinology
Hopefully made easy!
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Introduction/General Info
Endocrine glands- secrete hormones. Exocrine glands- produce secretions that
are released via ducts. Hormones- chemical messengers carried
by plasma. Regulates the activity of the target
organ. Not all hormones are secreted by
endocrine glands, some are produced in tissue from another organ. Like EPO – produced by kidney
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Introduction/General Info
Major Endocrine Glands- Pituitary Thyroid glands Parathyroids Pancreas Ovaries Testes Adrenal glands
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The Pituitary Gland
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Pituitary Gland
Divided into 2 lobes, each of which acts as a separate gland. Anterior Posterior
Mainly influenced by the Hypothalamus.
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Anterior Pituitary Gland
“Master Endocrine Gland” Develops from glandular tissue.
Hormones-1. Growth Hormone (GH)-
Promotes body growth Regulates metabolism Encourages protein synthesis
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Anterior Pituitary Gland…
2. Prolactin (PRL)- Triggers and maintains lactation.
3. Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH)- Stimulates the growth and
development of the thyroid gland.4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)-
Stimulates the growth and development of the adrenal cortex
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Anterior Pituitary Gland…
5. Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)- Stimulates the growth &
development of the ovarian follicles.
Stimulates the follicle lining to produce & secrete ESTROGEN.
Stimulates spermatogenesis.
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Anterior Pituitary Gland…
6. Luteinizing Hormone (LH)- Completes the follicle development
process. Can cause OVULATION. Can cause the development of the
CORPUS LUTEUM- Which produces PROGESTERONE, which maintains pregnancy.
Can stimulate the testes to develop & produce TESTOSTERONE.
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Posterior Pituitary Gland
Develops from the nervous system.
Does not produce any hormones.
Stores ADH & Oxytocin
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Posterior Pituitary Gland…
1. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)- Prevents diuresis-
Conserves water Urine is more concentrated
The release of ADH is inhibited by alcohol and caffeine.
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Posterior Pituitary Gland…
2. Oxytocin- Has 2 targets-
The uterus & mammary glands Can cause uterine contractions to:
Aid in the transport of sperm to the oviducts.
Aid in the delivery of the fetus.
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The Thyroid Gland
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The Thyroid Gland
Produces: Thyroid hormones
T3- has 3 iodine atoms
T4- has 4 iodine atoms Calcitonin
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Parathyroid Glands
Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Works opposite to calcitonin to maintain blood calcium levels.
Mobilizes calcium from bones to the bloodstream. Negative feedback loop.
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The Adrenal Glands
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The Adrenal Glands…
Actually 2 glands- Adrenal
cortex Adrenal
medulla
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The Adrenal Glands…
Adrenal Cortex- Develops from glandular tissue. Under the influence of ACTH, it
produces steroids: Glucocorticoids Mineralocorticoids Sex hormones
Chemicals derived from cholesterol.
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The Adrenal Glands…
Adrenal Cortex…1. Glucocorticoids-
Cortisone, Cortisol, & Corticosteronea. Cortisol- aka hydrocortisone,
influences the metabolism of sugars and has a anti-inflammatory effect.
b. Cortisone- similar to Cortisol, and can be prepared synthetically. Useful in treating inflammatory conditions.
Causes a hyperglycemic effect. Causes blood glucose levels to rise.
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The Adrenal Glands… Adrenal Cortex…2. Mineralocorticoids-
Regulates electrolyte levels. The primary one is ALDOSTERONE.
Reabsorbs sodium, excretes potassium.
3. Sex Hormones- Androgens- male Estrogens- female
Maintain secondary sex characteristics (beard & breast development)
These hormones are also produced in the ovaries & testes.
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The Adrenal Glands… Adrenal Medulla-
Develops from nervous tissue. Produces (catecholamines):
Epinepherine Norepinepherine
Chemicals derived from amino acids Along with the sympathetic nervous
system, these catecholamines stimulate the “Fight or Flight” response.
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The Adrenal Glands… Adrenal Medulla…1. Epinepherine-
heart rate, dilates bronchioles, and stimulates the production of glucose for energy.
2. Norepinepherine- Constricts blood vessels and
raises blood pressure.
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The Pancreas
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The Pancreas…
Controls metabolism Secretes:
1. Somatostatin- inhibits the secretion of insulin & glucagon.
2. Insulin- glucose 3. Glucagon- glucose
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Pathology
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Hyperthyroidism
The most commonly seen endocrine disorder in cats.
Very rare in dogs except as a result of neoplasia.
Bilateral thyroid gland enlargement occurs in 70% of cases.
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Hyperthyroidism…
Signs include: Weight loss Polyphagia Vomiting Increased appetite Tachycardia (with or without
murmurs)
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Hyperthyroidism…
Treatment options include: Surgical removal of the
thyroid gland Radioactive iodine treatment Antithyroid drug therapy
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Hypothyroidism Commonly seen in the dog. Clinical signs include:
Weight gain with no change in diet.
Bilateral symmetric alopecia & loss of hair on the tail (“rat tail”).
66-75% of dogs will have an increased cholesterol level.
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Parathyroid Hyperparathyroidism-
production of parathormone. Causes hypercalcemia. Etiology is often a parathyroid tumor.
Hypoparathyroidism- production of parathormone. Causes hypocalcemia.
This leads to a condition called tetany- Constant muscle contraction.
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Adrenal Cortex
Hyperadrenocorticoidism- “Cushing’s Disease” Produced by excess cortisol
from the adrenal cortex. Hypoadrenocorticoidism-
“Addison’s Disease” Hypofunctioning of the adrenal
cortex.
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Pancreas
Hyperinsulinism- Excess secretion of insulin
causing hypoglycemia. A problem of ferrets. Etiology may be a pancreatic
tumor or an overdose of insulin.
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Pancreas Diabetes mellitus-
Lack of insulin secretion or resistance of insulin to promote sugar, starch, and fat metabolism in cells.
Symptoms include: PU/PD, glucosuria, and +/- ketoacidosis. Ketoacidosis- fats are improperly burned leading to an accumulation of ketones in the body.
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Pancreas Type I Diabetes-
Insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus (IDDM) Onset is usually in young animals. A complete deficiency of insulin. Patients require injections of insulin for
treatment. Type II Diabetes-
Non-insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)
A separate disease from type I. Still has a deficiency of insulin. Usually in older, obese animals. Treatment is with diet and oral medications.
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Laboratory Analysis
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Lab Analysis…
Glucose tolerance Thyroid tests- T3, T4, Free T4,
TSH ACTH Stim. Dexamethasone Suppression-
LDDS HDDS
Urine Cortisol : Creatinine
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THE END!