lsgi521 l1 introduction to gis bw.ppt · lsgi 521: principles of gis lecture 1: introduction to gis...
TRANSCRIPT
8/28/2011
1
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GISLSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS
Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Dr. Bo Wu [email protected]
Department of Land Surveying & Geo-InformaticsThe Hong Kong Polytechnic University
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
1. Learning outcomes2. GIS definition3. GIS examples4. Brief history of GIS5 GIS categories
Contents
5. GIS categories6. GIS and other disciplines7. GIS applications8. GIS in Hong Kong
8/28/2011 2
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• By the end of this lecture you should be able to:– Explain what GIS is– Outline the characteristics of GIS– Give examples of the applications of GIS– Know where to find more information about GIS
Learning Outcomes
8/28/2011 3
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Map – A Geographic Language
A geographic language, which can be used to present our understanding of the real world.
Real World
Map
8/28/2011 4
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Map of China
(1679, Qing Dynasty)
(http://www.lib.utexas.edu) (2001)8/28/2011 5
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Map of Hong Kong
(http://www.lib.utexas.edu)
Guang Dong 1878Hong Kong & Kowloon 1915
Hong Kong 1970
Hong Kong 1984
Hong Kong 20028/28/2011 6
8/28/2011
2
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Characteristics of maps– A 2D presentation– Hardcopy – A presentation for a certain
time/period Static information
From Map to GIS
– Static information
8/28/2011 7
Need better ways to represent, understand, manage, and communicate our natural world
• Geospatial information technology– A technology covers of geospatial data and information
capture, process, management, visualization and distribution.
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Geographic Information System (GIS) is an informationsystem able to encode, store, transform, analyze, anddisplay geospatial information
http://www.asprs.org/society.html
GIS Definition
8/28/2011 8
Geotechnology identified as "one of the three most important emerging and evolving fields," along with Nanotechnology and Biotechnology.(Nature, 427:376-377, 2/1/2004)
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Example 1: Google Map
8/28/2011 9
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Example 2:Hong Kong Pubilc Transport Enquiry Service Sytem
8/28/2011 10
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Example 3: iPhone Maps
8/28/2011 11
(http://www.apple.com/iphone/iphone-3gs/maps-compass.html)
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Five components• Hardware• Software• Data
GIS Components
HardwareHardware
SoftwareSoftware
DataData
• People • Methods
8/28/2011 12
MethodsMethodsPeoplePeople
8/28/2011
3
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Data Input• Data management (data storage and retrieval)• Manipulation and analysis• Result output
GIS Functions
8/28/2011 13
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Development of GIS Definitions
• Map view: focuses on the cartographic aspects and hereGIS is seen as a map processing or analysis system(McHarg, 1969; Berry, 1987; Tomlin, 1990, 1991).
• Database view: emphasizes the importance of a welldesigned and implemented database (Frank, 1988). Asophisticated database management system is seen as
8/28/2011 14
an integral part of GIS.
• Spatial analysis view: focuses on analysis andmodeling and GIS is seen more as a spatial informationscience than a technology (Goodchild, 1990; Openshaw,1991).
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
In 1963, the Canada Geographic InformationSystem (CGIS) was initiated to serve theneeds of the Canada Land Inventory to mapcurrent land uses and the capability of theseareas for agriculture, forestry, wildlife andrecreation.
The Father of GIS
Roger Tomlinsonthe Father of GIS
Key developments:• Optical scanning of maps• Raster to vector conversion• A spatial database management
system
8/28/2011 15
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Public Lecture by Dr. Roger Tomlinson in Sep 2010
8/28/2011 16
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
In 1981, ESRI (http://www.esri.com/) launched the first commercial GIS ArcInfo in the world, starting a stage of strong competition among different vendors (Intergraph, ERDAS).
ArcInfo Launched
Jack Dangermondpresident and founder, ESRI
• ArcInfo• ArcView• ArcGIS• …
8/28/2011 17
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
The 1st Issue of IJGIS
In 1987, the first issue of IJGIS (International Journal of Geographical Information Systems) published, which facilitated the systematic
h GIS
8/28/2011 18
research on GIS.
In 1997, IJGIS changed its name from “System” to “Science”.
8/28/2011
4
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
In July 1990, Michael F. Goodchildmade a keynote speech to the 4thSpatial Data Handling conference inZurich, Switzerland. Goodchild’s talkwas entitled “Spatial InformationScience.” This prompted the changefrom geographic information
GIScience
Michael F. GoodchildUniversity of California, Santa Barbara
"systems" to "science." ProfessorGoodchild is acknowledged as theprogenitor of this switch.
8/28/2011 19
The 14th Spatial Data Handling Conference
was held here in PolyUin May 2010 !
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
The 14th Spatial Data Handling Conference
8/28/2011 20
May 26 to 28, 2010, Hong Kong
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Geographic Information Engineering: Concerns the design andconstruction of specific spatial information solutions such as inpredictive modelling, spatial decision support and location-basedservices.
Geographic Information Systems: Concerns the use of specialistsoftware in mapping and data mining applications in such diverse
From GI- Engineering to System to Science
so t a e app g a d data g app cat o s suc d e seareas as the environment, crime, health, education, transport andbusiness.
Geographic Information Science: Concerns generic issues in thehandling and analysis of geo-spatial data such as data structures,visualization, spatial data analysis, spatial data quality and thepropagation of uncertainty.
8/28/2011 21
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS and Other Disciplines
Geography
GISCartography Geodesy
Computer Science
• GIS is a multi-disciplinary technology
• Each related field provides some of the techniques which make up GIS
• As the integrating field, GIS often claims to be the science of spatial information
8/28/2011 24
CAD Computer GraphicsDatabaseSoftware
Engineering
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Understanding the real world and mankinds' place in it• Geographic research and forecasting• Provides techniques for conducting spatial analysis • A spatial perspective on research
Geography
8/28/2011 25
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• To represent and display of spatial information
• One of the major data sources for GIS: maps
• On design of maps - an important form of output from GIS
• Computer cartography (also called "digital cartography”) provides methods for digital representation and manipulation of cartographic features and methods of visualization
Cartography
8/28/2011 26
8/28/2011
5
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Surveying: provides high quality data onpositions of land boundaries, buildings, etc.
• Remote sensing: Images from space and the airare major source of geographical data.
Geodesy
• Photogrammetry: Using photographs andtechniques for making accurate measurementsfrom them.
• GPS (Global Positioning System): Utilization ofinformation broadcasted from satellites todetermine location of a specific point on earth’ssurface.
8/28/2011 27
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• CAD (Computer-Aided Design) provides software,techniques for data input, display and visualization,representation, particularly in three-dimensions.
• Computer Graphics provide hardware, software forhandling and displaying graphic objects, techniques ofvisualization.DBMS (D t b M t S t ) t ib t
Computer Science
• DBMS (Database Management Systems) contributemethods for representing data in digital form, proceduresfor system design and handling large volumes of data,particularly access and update.
• Software Engineering help to implement the actualsoftware system
8/28/2011 28
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Integrated spatial information from different data sources, including satellite imagery, aerial photography, maps, ground surveys and statistical censuses.
• Integrated expert knowledge in focused areas and generic knowledge over a wide range of topics.
Why Can GIS be Widely Used?
g g g p
• Offer a variety of scientific and professional disciplines the opportunity to collaborate and exchange information within the framework of a common generic tool.
• Common platform – spatial framework
8/28/2011 29
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
1. Location: where is it ...?
2. Attribute: what is it ...?
3. Trend: what has changed ...?
Basic Questions Can be Investigated Using GIS
4. Routing: which is the best way ...?
5. Pattern: what is the pattern ...?
6. Modelling: what if ...?
8/28/2011 30
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Stage 1: Inventory - initial development phase of assembling, organizing and undertaking an inventory of features of interest
• Stage 2: Analysis - more complex analytical operations which require access to data spread
Three Stages of GIS Applications
p q pacross several data layers and the use of statistical and spatial analytical techniques
• Stage 3: Decision Support - emphasis on sophisticated spatial analytical and modelling activities.
8/28/2011 31
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Environment– monitoring of forestation– monitoring seasonal floods– management of sea water temperature changes
• Transportation– management of traffic congestion– optimal traffic route selection
Major GIS Application Fields
• Urban– Cadastre management and static analysis– Urban planning and design
• Virtual Reality• …
8/28/2011 32
8/28/2011
6
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Applications: Queries
Application of Mobile GIS– searching possible fast food restaurants within 400 m ranges
Source pt.
8/28/2011 33
dest. Pt.
category
buffer
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Applications: Spatial Analysis
Flood Drowning Analysis
8/28/2011 34
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Applications: Spatial Analysis
Shortest path from Shatin to HKG Airport
8/28/2011 35
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Transportation GIS
8/28/2011 36
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Digital Wuhan
• The largest real 3D city model• Covering the whole city area of
8494km2
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Digital Wuhan: Indoor & Outdoor Routing
8/28/2011
7
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Digital Wuhan: Urban Planning/DesignLSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Night launch of “Opportunity” in July 2003
GIS Applications in NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Mission (MER 2003)
Launch of “Spirit” in June 2003
8/28/2011 40
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Seven Months Later ……
8/28/2011 41
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Spirit:launched: June 10, 2003Spirit landed on Mars January 4, 2004
Mars Rover in MER 2003 Mission
Opportunity:launched: July 7, 2003Opportunity landed on Mars January 25, 2004
8/28/2011 42
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Rover Track for Spirit & Opportunity
8/28/2011 43
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Spirit Traverse Map
8/28/2011 44
8/28/2011
8
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
Opportunity Traverse Map
8/28/2011 45
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
MER Web GIS
8/28/2011 46
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Lands Department (Land Information System)• Planning Department (Town Planning Information
System)• Civil Engineering and Development Department (Slope
Information System)• Census and Statistics Department (Statistical
GIS in HK Government Departments
Census and Statistics Department (Statistical Information Retrieve System)
• Highways Department (Utility Management System )• Transport Department• Rating and Value Department• Fire Service Department• Police Force• …8/28/2011 47
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Applications in HKTown Planning Information System
8/28/2011 48
Hand-held PC was used to capture data in field(Source: http://www.info.gov.hk/planning/index_e.htm)
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Applications in HKSlope Information System
8/28/2011 49
(Source: http://hkss.ced.gov.hk/hkss/eng/slopeinfo/index.htm)
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Applications in HKWeb GIS
8/28/2011 50(Source: http://www.centamap.com)
8/28/2011
9
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Applications in HKWeb GIS
8/28/2011 51(Source: http://www.ypmap.com)
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
GIS Applications in HKSpeedOnRoad
8/28/2011 52
(Advanced Research Centre for Spatial Information Technology, PolyU)
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• The Hong Kong Electric Company• Hong Kong Telecom• The Hong Kong and China Gas Company Ltd.
GIS Applications in HK Utility Companies
8/28/2011 53
LSGI 521: Principles of GIS Lecture 1: Introduction to GIS
• Further readings– Open Source GIS Applications (http://www.gislounge.com/open-source-gis-
applications/)
• Summarization of the main ideas presented in this lecture:
Review
• Summarization of the main ideas presented in this lecture:
• Questions?
2011/8/28 54