luas broombridge

Dominick

Broadstone - DIT

Phibsborough

Grangegorman

Cabra

Parnell

Marlborough

O’ConnellUpper

O’Connell - GPO

Westmoreland

Trinity

Dawson

St. Stephen’s Green

Broombridge

Annex EHuman Beings:Baseline Electromagnetic Radiation Assessment

Luas BroombridgeSt. Stephen’s Green to Broombridge(Line BXD)

Compliance Engineering Ireland LtdRAYSTOWN, RATOATH ROAD, ASHBOURNE, CO. MEATH, IRELAND

Tel: +353 1 8256722 Fax: +353 1 8256733

Client: Title:

Railway Procurement Agency Parkgate Business Centre Parkgate Street Dublin 8 Attention: Mr S Byrne

Annex E Luas Broombridge Baseline Electromagnetic Radia-tion Assessment

COPIES TO: Files

REPORT REF: N/A TESTED BY: P Reilly, N Duignan

DATE RECEIVED: N/A REPORT BY: J McAuley

ISSUE DATE: December 2009 APPROVED SIGNATORY: J McAuley

REVISION: Final JOB TITLE: Technical Manager

SIGNATURE:

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 1 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Table of Contents HUMAN BEINGS: RADIATION AND STRAY CURRENT ...................................................................... 3 1.0 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................. 3 1.0.1 EMI – DC and Quasi-DC fields ........................................................................................... 3 1.0.2 EMI – AC magnetic fields .................................................................................................... 4 1.0.3 EMI – Radio Frequency fields ............................................................................................. 5 1.0.4 European Emission Limits for Railways .............................................................................. 5 1.0.5 Guideline Limits for Public Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields ........................................ 6 1.0.6 Guideline Limits - Immunity ................................................................................................. 6 1.1 Field Surveys ...................................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Units of Measure .................................................................................................................. 7 2.0 EMI SURVEY MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT ................................................................... 7 2.1 DC Magnetic Field Measurement Equipment ...................................................................... 7 2.2 AC Measurement Equipment ............................................................................................... 7 2.3 RF Measurement Equipment ............................................................................................... 7 3.0 MEASUREMENT RESULTS ............................................................................................... 9 3.1 Site 1 Measurement Results, Trinity College Dublin .......................................................... 9 3.1.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 1, Figure 3 ...................................................... 9 3.1.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 1, Figure 4 ................................................. 9 3.1.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 1, Figure 5 ............................................ 9 3.1.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 1, Figure 6 to Figure 10 ................................. 9 3.1.5 DC Magnetic Field .............................................................................................................. 9 3.2 Site 2 Measurement Results, Rotunda Hospital ............................................................... 10 3.2.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 2, Figure 11 .................................................. 10 3.2.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 2, Figure 12 ............................................. 10 3.2.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 2, Figure 12 ........................................ 10 3.2.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 2, Figure 13 to Figure 18 ............................. 10 3.2.5 DC Magnetic Field ............................................................................................................ 10 3.3 Site 3 Measurement Results, Cutting Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line .......... 10 3.3.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 4, Figure 19 ................................................... 11 3.3.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 3, Figure 20 ............................................. 11 3.3.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 3, Figure 21 ........................................ 11 3.3.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 3, Figure 22 to Figure 26 ............................. 11 3.3.5 DC Magnetic Field ............................................................................................................ 11 3.4 Site 4 Measurement Results, Broombridge ...................................................................... 11 3.4.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 4, Figure 27 ................................................... 11 3.4.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 3, Figure 28 ............................................. 12 3.4.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 3, Figure 29 ........................................ 12 3.4.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 3, Figure 30 to Figure 34 ............................. 12 3.4.5 DC Magnetic Field ............................................................................................................ 12 4.0 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................. 12 4.1 DC fields ............................................................................................................................. 12 4.2 50Hz AC fields ................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 RF field ............................................................................................................................... 13 4.4 Electromagnetic fields and human health .......................................................................... 13


List of Figures

FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF MEASUREMENT SITES 1 TO 2 ............................................................................... 14 FIGURE 2: LOCATION OF MEASUREMENT SITES 3 AND 4 ............................................................................. 15 FIGURE 3: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 9KHZ TO 30MHZ ............................................................................. 16 FIGURE 4: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 30MHZ TO 300MHZ ........................................................................ 17 FIGURE 5: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 300MHZ TO 1,000MHZ ................................................................... 18 FIGURE 6: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 1GHZ TO 3GHZ ............................................................................... 19 FIGURE 7: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 3GHZ TO 5GHZ ............................................................................... 19 FIGURE 8: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 5GHZ TO 10GHZ ............................................................................. 20 FIGURE 9: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 10GHZ TO 15GHZ ........................................................................... 20 FIGURE 10: SITE 1, TRINITY COLLEGE, 15GHZ TO 20GHZ ......................................................................... 21 FIGURE 11: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 9KHZ TO 30MHZ ....................................................................... 22 FIGURE 12: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 30MHZ TO 300MHZ .................................................................. 23 FIGURE 13: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 300MHZ TO 1,000MHZ ............................................................. 24 FIGURE 14: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 1GHZ TO 3GHZ ......................................................................... 25 FIGURE 15: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 3GHZ TO 5GHZ ......................................................................... 25 FIGURE 16: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 5GHZ TO 10GHZ ....................................................................... 26 FIGURE 17: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 10GHZ TO 15GHZ ..................................................................... 26 FIGURE 18: SITE 2, ROTUNDA HOSPITAL, 15GHZ TO 20GHZ ..................................................................... 27 FIGURE 19: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 9KHZ TO 30MHZ ............................ 28 FIGURE 20: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 30MHZ TO 300MHZ ........................ 29 FIGURE 21: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 300MHZ TO 1GHZ .......................... 30 FIGURE 22: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 1GHZ TO 3GHZ .............................. 31 FIGURE 23: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 3GHZ TO 5GHZ .............................. 31 FIGURE 24: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 5GHZ TO 10GHZ ............................ 32 FIGURE 25: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 10GHZ TO 15GHZ .......................... 32 FIGURE 26: SITE 3, CROSSING OF THE PHOENIX PARK RAILWAY LINE, 15GHZ TO 20GHZ .......................... 33 FIGURE 27: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 9KHZ TO 30MHZ ............................................................................... 34 FIGURE 28: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 30MHZ TO 300MHZ .......................................................................... 35 FIGURE 29: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 300MHZ TO 1,000MHZ ..................................................................... 36 FIGURE 30: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 1GHZ TO 3GHZ ................................................................................. 37 FIGURE 31: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 3 GHZ TO 5GHZ ................................................................................ 37 FIGURE 32: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 5GHZ TO 10GHZ ............................................................................... 38 FIGURE 33: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 10GHZ TO 15GHZ ............................................................................. 38 FIGURE 34: SITE 4, BROOMBRIDGE, 15GHZ TO 20GHZ ............................................................................. 39

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 3 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ HUMAN BEINGS: RADIATION AND STRAY CURRENT 1.0 Introduction

In 2008, Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd. (CEI) was commissioned by the RPA to carry

out an Environmental Impact Assessment of Luas Broombridge. Baseline monitoring along

the proposed alignment was carried out by CEI in order to inform the Human Beings: Radia-

tion and Stray Current baseline (Book 1, Chapter 15) and impact assessment (Books 2 and

3, Chapter 6) of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

1.0.1 EMI – DC and Quasi-DC fields

Interference risks related to AC magnetic fields are relatively well known and documented in

the literature. In part that is because the use of electricity and the fields that emanate from

power sources are widespread. Less well known are interference issues related to DC or

slowly varying (Quasi-DC) fields, although some of the principles are identical to AC mag-

netic field interference. DC fields are not fields, but rather, lines of flux. These lines of flux

emanate from the earth and provide a compass with the ability to indicate “Magnetic North”.

The “flux density” of the Earth’s magnetic field varies from place to place on the globe, but

can be thought of as around 50µT.

In most circumstances, even equipment that is “sensitive” to elevated AC magnetic fields, is

unaffected by elevated DC fields. Since they are, for most purposes, considered static – they

do not move or increase/decrease in field strength – they do not induce changes in the elec-

tronics. However, under certain circumstances, these DC fields can be made to act like an

AC field. Their ability to interfere with electronics is then correspondingly increased.

Since magnetic fields prefer to travel inside of iron or steel, a large mass of steel (a train, car

or a truck) moving through a DC field will distort the lines of flux temporarily. When the mass

of iron is outside of the influence of the flux lines, they will return to their original position.

This movement will resemble, technically and in effect, a slowly oscillating AC field.

Although the Earth’s DC fields are relatively stable, there are inherent slight variations in both

field direction and strength, over time. These minor temporal instabilities are usually well be-

low the sensitivity of most electronic instruments and can usually be ignored. However, some

instruments like electron microscopes are sensitive to very small variations in field strength

or changes in direction. The movement of a mass of ferromagnetic material through the

Earth’s field will alter both the field strength and the direction of the Earth’s DC field. This

influence can be measured at relatively large distances from the source of the perturbation

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 4 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ and changes in the DC field environment caused by the external influences described above

(moving vehicles, trains, elevators, etc.) can adversely impact the stability and accuracy of

these instruments.

In DC railways the power supplied by the local utility (AC electricity) is converted by rectifiers

to DC. The magnetic fields from DC are identical with those from the earth, but, like AC

fields, are the result of a complete electrical circuit. The field strength from these circuits is a

function of the current (direct relationship) and the distance between the positive and nega-

tive currents (indirect relationship). In DC railways maximum current will flow when trains are

accelerating or braking and therefore the fields will increase when trains are either coming

into or leaving the stations – particularly during peak traffic.

1.0.2 EMI – AC magnetic fields

AC magnetic fields are naturally emitted by alternating current-carrying electrical conductors

and devices. The AC magnetic field strength emitted by electrical circuits is directly propor-

tional to the magnitude of electrical current. However, multiple conductor cables carrying bal-

anced currents have a low net emission; a consequence of natural cancellation of magnetic

fields between opposing conductors. If electrical current from a circuit returns via an alternate

path, then magnetic field levels emitted from such a circuit can increase significantly. This

condition usually occurs if neutral circuits are “cross connected” or unintentional connections

are made between a neutral and ground in an electrical distribution system. This is often re-

ferred to as “stray”, “ground” or “net-current” conditions.

AC magnetic fields decrease naturally in intensity as function of distance (d) from the source.

The rate of decrease however, can vary dramatically depending on the source. For example,

magnetic fields from motors, transformers, etc. decrease very quickly (1/d3) while circuits in a

typical conduit decay slower (1/d2). Magnetic fields from “stray” current on water pipes, build-

ing steel, etc. tend to decay much slower (1/d). Simply increasing the distance from the

source(s) of an area with elevated magnetic field strengths can often reduce magnetic fields

to an acceptable level.

Unlike electric fields that are relatively easily shielded by common materials used in com-

mercial construction, magnetic fields are capable of penetrating all but a very few, specially

manufactured and installed materials. AC magnetic fields will pass undiminished through

earth, concrete and most metals, including lead. The actual AC magnetic flux densities (B)

encountered within a given commercial building typically range from under 0.04µT in open

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 5 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ areas to several hundred near electrical equipment, but for practical purposes, an ambient

range of from 0.04 to 0.4µT can be considered typical.

AC magnetic fields at relatively low levels are capable of producing interference patterns on

computer monitors and have been shown to otherwise interfere with electronic equipment.

Equipment placed on the European Union (EU) market is required under EMC Directive

2004/108/EC to comply with AC magnetic field limits between 1.25µT and 38µT depending

on the intended application.

1.0.3 EMI – Radio Frequency fields

Radio Frequency (RF) fields are normally caused by private mobile radio (two way radios),

mobile phones, broadcasting and radar transmitters. Considering the rail environment these

fields will be predominately caused by two way radio or mobile phones and general EMI from

the vehicle. Depending on the type of equipment, radio frequency fields are normally consid-

ered to present an EMI risk to electronic equipment when the field strength exceeds

1 to 3V/m. Certain equipment, in particular medical and research equipment are more sensi-

tive and consequently, have much lower interference thresholds.

Electronic equipment will produce low level narrow and broadband signals at frequencies up

to and above 1GHz. The EU EMC Directive limits the maximum amounts of Radio Frequency

Interference (RFI) that equipment is permitted to generate. These limits are set in order to

prevent electrical and electronic equipment from interfering with the operation of radio and

television receivers.

1.0.4 European Emission Limits for Railways

Table 1: Maximum Radiated Emissions at 10 meters EN 50121-2; 750 Vdc Systems

Frequency (MHz) Limit Measurement Bandwidth 9kHz to 150kHz 50dB(µA/m) to 25dB(µA/m) 200Hz

150kHz to 30MHz 60dB(µV/m) to 10dB(µV/m) 10kHz

30MHz to 1GHz 85dB(µV/m) to 60dB(µV/m) 120kHz

Transient electromagnetic fields are produced by the switching of inductive loads such as may be caused by the sliding contact on the catenary wire. A transient signal in a cable pro-duces a radiated emission with a spectral content dependent on the amplitude, rise time and pulse width.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 6 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1.0.5 Guideline Limits for Public Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields

The guideline limits for public exposure to Electromagnetic Fields are published by ICNIRP and in the EU Recommendation 1999/519/EC.

Table 2: Guideline Limits for Public Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields

Frequency Range E – Field Strength

(Vm-1)

H – Field (Am-1)

B – Field (μT)

Equivalent plane wave

power S (Wm-2)

up to 1Hz - 3.2 x 104 4 x 104 - 1 – 8Hz 10,000 3.2 x 104/f2 4 x 104/f2 - 8 – 25Hz 10,000 4,000/f 5000/f - 0.025 – 0.8kHZ 250/f 4/f 5/f - 0.8 – 3kHZ 250/f 5 6.25 - 3 – 150kHZ 87 5 6.25 - 0.15 – 1MHz 87 0.73/f 0.092/f 1 – 10MHz 87/f2 0.73/f 0.092/f - 10 – 400MHz 28 0.16 0.092 2 400 – 2000MHz 1.375f1/2 0.0037f1/2 0.0046f1/2 f/200 2 – 300GHz 61 0.16 0.20 10

1.0.6 Guideline Limits - Immunity

Immunity of non radio electrical/electronic equipment is set by the EU EMC Directive 2004/108/EC. Limits or threshold values, used to analyse the measurement data are recog-nized industrial guidelines. 50Hz AC fields are considered a risk above 1.26µT or 38µT de-pending on the equipment type. Radiated RF fields are compared to a limit of 3V/m (129dBµV) or 10 V/m (140dBµV) depending on the classification of the equipment.

DC fields are not covered in current EU EMC standards. Traditionally, DC fields in excess of 200µT or with temporal shifts greater than 7.5µT are considered a risk to Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) based displays or analytical instruments.

It should be noted that these limits are “investigation” levels and are considered as guidance. There are instruments (Linear Accelerators, Computed Tomography (CT) Scanners, Mag-netic Resonance Imaging, Scanning Electron Microscopes, etc.) that are more sensitive to elevated fields. In certain cases, further examination of the interference and threshold immu-nities may be necessary. The limits for these items of equipment can vary from 50µT to 1µT.

1.1 Field Surveys

The primary means of establishing the base data was via field surveys. These are detailed in

Sections 3.0. The field surveys were performed using broadband radiation meters, spectrum

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 7 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ analysers and appropriate antennas. The frequency range covered was from DC (0Hz) to

18GHz. The location of the field surveys are shown in Figure 1and Figure 2.

1.2 Units of Measure

Magnetic flux densities (B) for AC and DC magnetic fields are reported using units of micro-

tesla (µT); (1µT = 0.000001 Tesla) for magnetic flux densities. Many equipment manufactur-

ers use the United States units of milliGauss. The conversion between these two units is 1

milliGauss = 0.1µT.

RF data are presented in either the EMI international standard units Volts per meter (V/m) or

microVolts per meter (μV/m) and in the logarithmic scale dB(μV/m). In the frequency range of

9kHz to 30MHz it is common to express the field strengths in the magnetic field units of

dB(µA/m).

2.0 EMI SURVEY MEASUREMENT EQUIPMENT

A variety of instrumentation was utilized to measure DC and AC magnetic field and RF condi-tions at the project site. A discussion according to frequency class follows.

2.1 DC Magnetic Field Measurement Equipment

For DC field measurements an Applied Physics Systems Magnetometer (APS538) was used. This sensor was monitored using Labview data acquisition and analysis software.

Measurements were taken at a standard elevation of 1-metre above grade, using a non-metallic support. The equipment was configured to record data in the three orthogonal planes (x, y and z) from which the resultant field was calculated. The resultant magnetic field is comparable to a maximum field value and is calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares for all three orthogonal axes Br = √(Bx² + By² + Bz²).

2.2 AC Measurement Equipment

AC magnetic field measurements were taken using a Narda ELT400 and electric field read-ings were measured using an EFM-111 meter. The measurements were carried out at 1m above ground as required by international standards.

2.3 RF Measurement Equipment

The equipment used included Rohde and Schwarz ESHS30 and ESVS30 Measuring Re-ceivers. In the microwave range an Agilent E4408L Spectrum Analyser was used. A range of antennas was used to document RF field strengths at the sites.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 8 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Table 3 RF Resolution Bandwidths

Frequency Range Wave Type Resolution Bandwidth

10kHz to 30MHz Magnetic Field 10kHz

30MHz to 300MHz Electric Field 120kHz

300MHz to 1,000MHz Electric Field 120kHz

1GHz to 18GHz Electric Field 1MHz

Unless otherwise stated, the RF measurements were carried out in peak detector mode.


3.0 MEASUREMENT RESULTS

3.1 Site 1 Measurement Results, Trinity College Dublin

Monitoring was carried out at this location (Figure 1) due to the potential sensitivity to elec-tromagnetic radiation of research equipment within the campus.

3.1.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30MHz, Site 1, Figure 3

The maximum emissions were primarily caused by broadcast transmitters with low level broadband interference probably caused by underground electricity cables. Also, there was no evidence, during the measurement and observation time of this study of any transient or intermittent events.

The highest levels measured were found to be within the limits discussed in Section 1.0.6.

3.1.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 1, Figure 4

The ambient signals were primarily caused by FM broadcast transmitters, TV transmitters, two way radio and paging systems. The RF levels as documented in this frequency band were not of sufficient amplitude to be of concern from an EMI point of view and were found to be within the 3V/m limit discussed in Section 1.0.6.

3.1.3 Radiated Emissions: 300MHz to 1,000MHz, Site 1, Figure 5

The ambient spectrum comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. The RF emis-sions profile in this frequency range was well below typical risk levels.

At this site the strongest emission was caused by a GSM900 mobile signal. Other RF levels in this band were caused by mobile radio, TV and cellular telephone transmissions. RF levels in this band of frequencies were less than the 3V/m limit specified in Section 1.0.6.

3.1.4 Radiated Emissions: 1GHz to 20GHz, Site 1, Figure 6 to Figure 10

The RF emissions in these bands were attributable to mobile telephone base stations in the 1,800MHz and 2GHz bands, wi-fi at 2.45GHz. At frequencies above 3GHz there was no evi-dence of radio frequency signals.

The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below typical 3V/m risk levels dis-cussed in Section 1.0.6.

3.1.5 DC Magnetic Field

The Earth’s DC magnetic flux density (B) was measured for a period of 1 hour at this loca-tion. The maximum variation was seen to be 0.21µT.


3.2 Site 2 Measurement Results, Rotunda Hospital

Monitoring was carried out at this location (Figure 1) due to potentially sensitive receptors being identified as a result of the RPA sensitive equipment questionnaire such as a scanning electron microscope (SEM).


In the range of 9kHz to 150kHz the ambient spectrum comprised broadcast transmitters. The levels were not sufficiently strong to pose a risk to equipment and were measured to be within the limits discussed in Section 1.0.6.


The ambient spectrum comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. The RF emis-sions profile in this frequency range was well below the typical risk levels of 3V/m.


The ambient spectrum comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. The RF emis-sions profile in this frequency range was well below the typical risk levels of 3V/m.


The RF emissions in these bands were attributable to mobile telephone base stations in the 1,800MHz and 2GHz bands, wi-fi at 2.45GHz. At frequencies above 3GHz there was no evi-dence of radio frequency signals.

The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below the typical risk levels of 3V/m.


The earths DC magnetic flux density (B) was measured for a period of 1 hour. The maximum field variation was seen to be 0.3µT. This was caused by the operation of an electric gate, which was within 5m of the measurement location.

3.3 Site 3 Measurement Results, Cutting Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line

Measurements were carried out at this location (Figure 2) as it is the point where the pro-posed scheme crosses the Irish Rail Phoenix Park railway line.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 11 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.3.1 Radiated Emissions: 9kHz to 30 MHz, Site 3, Figure 19

In the range of 9kHz to 150kHz the ambient spectrum comprised broadcast transmitters. The levels were not sufficiently strong to pose a risk to equipment and were measured to be within the limits discussed in Section 1.0.6.


The ambient signals were primarily caused by FM Broadcast transmitters, TV transmitters, two way radio and paging systems. The RF levels as documented in this frequency band were not of sufficient amplitude to be of concern from an EMI point of view as they were less than 3V/m.


The ambient spectrum comprised fixed and mobile radio communications, TV and other li-censed radio sources. At this site the strongest emission was caused by the GSM900 mobile signal band. The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below 3 V/m.


The RF emissions in these bands were attributable to mobile telephone base stations in the 1,800MHz and 2GHz bands, wi-fi at 2.45GHz. A signal was also detected at 5.1GHz. At fre-quencies above this there was no evidence of radio frequency signals. The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below the typical risk levels of 3V/m discussed in Section 1.0.6.


The Earth’s DC magnetic flux density (B) was measured for a period of 1 hour at this loca-tion. The maximum variation was seen to be 0.01µT reflecting the quiet nature of the meas-urement location.

3.4 Site 4 Measurement Results, Broombridge

Measurements were carried out at this location (Figure 2) due to its proximity to the Irish Rail station at Broombridge and an ESB 110kV substation.


In the range of 9kHz to 150kHz the ambient spectrum comprised broadcast transmitters. Emissions were also detected which could be resulting harmonics from localised sources. The levels were not sufficiently strong to pose a risk to equipment and were within the limits discussed in Section 1.0.6.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 12 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.4.2 Radiated Emissions: 30MHz to 300MHz, Site 4, Figure 28

The ambient spectrum comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. The RF emis-sions profile in this frequency range was well below typical risk levels of 3V/m.


The ambient spectrum of comprised radio, TV and other licensed radio sources. At this site the strongest emission was caused by the GSM900 mobile signal band. A strong radio signal at 390MHz was also measured. The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below typical risk levels of 3V/m.


The RF emissions in these bands were attributable to mobile telephone base stations in the GSM1800 and UMTS (2GHz) bands. Wi-Fi was also present at 2.45GHz. From 2.7 to 3.1GHz and at 5.6GHz radar was also detected due to the proximity of Ballymun to Dublin airport. At 3.5GHz Fixed Wireless Access Local Area (FWALA) broadband was detected. There were no other signals detected above 10GHz. The mobile phone signals measured at this location were stronger than at the previous two sites due to the measurement location being within 50m of a mobile phone mast, but the levels measured were still well below typi-cal risk levels

The RF emissions profile in this frequency range was well below typical interference risk lev-els of 3V/m.


The Earth’s DC magnetic flux density (B) was measured for a period of 1 hour. The maxi-mum variation was seen to be 1µT. This value was higher than those for the other sites due to a number of trains passing during the course of the measurements.

4.0 CONCLUSIONS

4.1 DC fields

The DC fields measured throughout the surveys were, in general, low. The levels measured at each site were equal to the earth’s magnetic flux density and the time variant aspect was typically less than 1µT. At locations where the field was not perturbed by neighbouring steel-work the earth’s magnetic field was between 48µT and 49µT.

The DC field variations measured at each site are a snapshot of typical levels. This is due to the level of traffic experienced differing quite significantly from one hour to the next so the results are only indicative and not the maximum possible value for each site.

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Compliance Engineering Ireland Limited Page 13 of 40 Title: Luas Broombridge Annex E 11 December 2009 _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.2 50Hz AC fields

There are at least two sites where the proposed line would pass high voltage underground power lines. The pre-existing 50Hz AC electric and magnetic levels were adequately below human health limits.

4.3 RF field

There was no evidence of potentially interfering RF emissions in the RF spectrum. Any new system installed is required to comply with the EU EMC Directives. As such, the telecommu-nications systems located along the proposed route should not experience interference from the Luas Broombridge system.

The surveys of the ambient electromagnetic spectrum also showed that there are no signifi-cant risks to the operation of the Luas Broombridge system, taking into account the compli-ance of the system with the applicable standards such as EN 50121-3-2 as required by the EU EMC Directive.

4.4 Electromagnetic fields and human health

The field strengths measured during these surveys also indicate that the existing environ-ment is benign from a human health standpoint.


Figure 1: Location of Measurement Sites 1 to 2


Figure 2: Location of Measurement Sites 3 and 4


Figure 3: Site 1, Trinity College, 9kHz to 30MHz

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Scan Settings (2 Ranges) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 9k 150k 200Hz 200Hz PK 20ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB 150k 30M 10k 10k PK 20ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB

Transducer No. Start Stop Name 6 9k 30M 6502

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Figure 4: Site 1, Trinity College, 30MHz to 300MHz

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Fast Scan Settings (1 Range) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 30M 300M 40k 120k PK 0.10ms 10dBLD ON 60dB

Transducer No. Start Stop Name 21 30M 300M Bicn_615

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Figure 5: Site 1, Trinity College, 300MHz to 1,000MHz

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Transducer No. Start Stop Name 22 300M 1000M LogP_615

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Figure 6: Site 1, Trinity College, 1GHz to 3GHz


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Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)




0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15

Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)



0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20

Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)


Figure 11: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 9kHz to 30MHz

Luas Broombridge Line LOOPLISN

16. Feb 09 14:28

PAGE 1

Scan Settings (2 Ranges) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 9k 150k 200Hz 200Hz PK 20ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB 150k 30M 10k 10k PK 20ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB

Transducer No. Start Stop Name 6 9k 30M 6502

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

dBuA/m 80

0.009MHz 300.1 1 10

50121


Figure 12: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 30MHz to 300MHz


16. Feb 09 14:12

PAGE 1


Transducer No. Start Stop Name 21 30M 300M Bicn_615

0

20

40

60

80

100

dBuV/m

120

30 MHz 30040 80 120 160 200 240 280

50121


Figure 13: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 300MHz to 1,000MHz


16. Feb 09 13:56

PAGE 1


Transducer No. Start Stop Name 22 300M 1000M LogP_615

0

20

40

60

80

100

dBuV/m

120

300MHz1000400 500 600 700 800 900

50121


Figure 14: Site 2, Rotunda Hospital, 1GHz to 3GHz


0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3

Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

3 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5

Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)




0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 9 9.5 10

Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

10 10.5 11 11.5 12 12.5 13 13.5 14 14.5 15

Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)



0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

100.00

15 15.5 16 16.5 17 17.5 18 18.5 19 19.5 20

Frequency (GHz)

Leve

l (dB

uV)


Figure 19: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 9kHz to 30MHz

Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd.Radiation Hazards Operator: Comment:

30. May 110 30:26

Scan Settings (2 Ranges)|--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 9k 150k 200Hz 1k PK 10ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB 150k 30M 10k 9k PK 1ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB

Transducer No. Start Stop Name 7 9k 30M LOOP6502

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

dBuA/m 80

0.009 MHz300.1 1 10

50121

Mkr : 87.40 kHz 0.8 dBuA/m


Figure 20: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 30MHz to 300MHz


30. May 110 30:40

Scan Settings (1 Range)|--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 30M 300M 120k 120k PK 1ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB

Transducer No. Start Stop Name 2 12 20M 300M BICON 21 300k 2643.03M NPS_1551

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

dBuV/m

100

30 300MHz

100

50121

Mkr : 46.0800 MHz 16.2 dBuV/m


Figure 21: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 300MHz to 1GHz


30. May 110 30:47


Transducer No. Start Stop Name 5 14 300M 1000M LOGP 21 300k 2643.03M NPS_1551

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

dBuV/m

100

300MHz1000400 500 600 700 800 900

50121

Mkr : 301.5600 MHz 18.3 dBuV/m


Figure 22: Site 3, Crossing of the Phoenix Park Railway Line, 1GHz to 3GHz


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0Freq (GHz)

Level (dBuV)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0Frequency (GHz)

Level (dBuV)




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0Freq (GHz)

Level (dBuV)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0Freq (GHz)

Level (dBuV)



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0Freq (GHz)

Level (dBuV)


Figure 27: Site 4, Broombridge, 9kHz to 30MHz

Compliance Engineering Ireland Ltd.Radiation Hazards Operator: C FeeComment: Mulliungar Garda Station

26. Jun 09 11:17

Scan Settings (2 Ranges) |--------- Frequencies -----------||----------- Receiver Settings ------------| Start Stop Step IF BW Detector M-Time Atten Preamp OpRge 9k 150k 200Hz 1k PK 10ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB 150k 30M 10k 9k PK 1ms AUTO LN OFF 60dB

Transducer No. Start Stop Name 7 9k 30M LOOP6502

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

dBuA/m 80

0.009MHz300.1 1 10

50121

Mkr : 82.80 kHz 8.9 dBuA/m


Figure 28: Site 4, Broombridge, 30MHz to 300MHz


26. Jun 09 11:31


Transducer No. Start Stop Name 12 20M 300M BICON

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

dBuV/m

100

30 300MHz

100

50121

Mkr : 76.3200 MHz 22.8 dBuV/m


Figure 29: Site 4, Broombridge, 300MHz to 1,000MHz


26. Jun 09 11:44


Transducer No. Start Stop Name 14 300M 1000M LOGP

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

dBuV/m

100

300 MHz1000400 500 600 700 800 900

50121

Mkr : 347.2800 MHz 22.4 dBuV/m


Figure 30: Site 4, Broombridge, 1GHz to 3GHz


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

3.0 3.2 3.4 3.6 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0Freq (GHz)

Level (dBuV)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0Frequency (GHz)

Level (dBuV)




0

10

20

30

40

50

60

10.0 10.5 11.0 11.5 12.0 12.5 13.0 13.5 14.0 14.5 15.0Freq (GHz)

Level (dBuV)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0Freq (GHz)

Level (dBuV)



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

15.0 15.5 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.5 18.0 18.5 19.0 19.5 20.0Freq (GHz)

Level (dBuV)

luas broombridge

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