1Lut kinh t

Ngi son tho: TS. Ng Huy CngKhoa Lut- i hc Quc gia H Ni

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2Phn 1: T chc kinh doanh

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3Tnh hung 1Cng ty N Hng c thnh lp, kinh doanh rt pht t trong lnh

vc cung ng thit b nng nghip. N Hng pht hin ra mt c hisn xut v bn my ct xn c cho mt s a phng vng su, vng xa, do n t hng sn xut thit b ny ti doanhnghip t nhn T Bng. Theo ng hp ng k kt vi TBng, nh k N Hng ti c s sn xut ca T Bng kim tratin sn xut, nhng thng khng gp ch doanh nghip TBng (ngi k kt hp ng vi N Hng) m ch gp v lmvic vi Thch Tin (ch doanh nghip t nhn Thch Tin). Bitrng, Thch Tin b tin mua trang thit b v a cho T Bngmt khon tin ln thc hin d n theo hp ng sn xut ck kt gi N Hng v T Bng m khng ly li theo nh k, chly mt t l nht nh trn s li nhun kim c t vic thc hind n ni trn. T Bng khng giao c hng gy thit hi ln choN Hng

Cu hi: Anh, ch c kin php l gi v trng hp ny?

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4Tnh hung 2

A pht hin ra mt c hi kinh doanh, nhng munmt mnh lm v hng, tuy nhin mun hn ch riro. A tho thun vi B cho mn tn thnh lp mtcng ty TNHH. B ly 10 triu ng ri cho mn tnv cam kt s khng ly li v khng tham d vo btk cng vic no ca cng ty. iu l ca cng ty ghiA gp 70% vn; B gp 30%. Cng ty hot ng c mt thi gian. B i chia li

theo ng t l ghi trong iu l.Cu hi: Vic gi s xy ra khi v vic ny v l?

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5Cng ty l g?

Cng ty l mt hp ng

Cng ty c 4 c trng sau:- Cng nhau gp vn

- Cng nhau hot ng chung

- Cng kim li chia nhau

- Cng nhau chu l

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6Bn cht php l ca cng ty

C nhiu hc thuyt khc nhau v bn cht php l cacng ty

Vit Nam, hu ht cc lut gia coi cng ty l mt chth kinh doanh, c ngha l mt nh ch

Php quan nim cng ty l mt hp ng, v th hin cth trong B lut Dn s v B lut Thng mi

Hoa K, nhiu lut gia coi Partnership (hp danh) lhp ng, v c nhiu hc thuyt khc nhau v bn chtca corporation (cng ty)

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7Cc hc thuyt khc nhau v bn chtphp l ca cng ty Hoa K

Hc thuyt h cu hay thc th nhn to

Hc thuyt tha nhn hay hc thuyt nhng quyn

Hc thuyt hin thc hay hc thuyt v tnh vn c

Hc thuyt doanh nghip

Hc thuyt biu tng

Hc thuyt mi lin h hp ng

Hc thuyt hp ng

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8Tnh hung 3

Long, ng v Sinh thnh lp mt cng tyhp danh mang tn Long ng Sinh. C 03 u l thnh vin hp danh. Hot ng c 03 nm, ng b cht. Ti sn li cho ngicon trai duy nht 10 tui. Long v Sinh rt bnkhon v s kin ny, v vy n hi lut sxem phi lm g.

Cu hi:Anh, ch hiu s vic ny nh th nov bt u s vic ny t u?

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9Tnh hung 4

Gi s Long ng Sinh HD chuyn i thnh cng tytrch nhim hu hn. Hot ng c mt nm, mt chn c i Long ng Sinh TNHH tr mt khon n l 03 t ng pht sinh t thi cng ty ny cn l cng ty hpdanh. Bit rng, ti sn ca Long ng Sinh TNHH ch c1,5 t ng.

Cu hi: Anh, ch s ni g v trch nhim ca h i vikhon n ny?

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10

C s ca vic chuyn ihnh thc cng ty

Sa i hp ng thnh lp cng ty hay iu l

Cng ty l mt hp ng

Hp ng ny th hin t do ch, t do lp hi, t do kinh doanh Nhng t do cn bn to ra tin sngcho con ngi

Hp ng ny to ra hnh thc cng ty c th; L lutca nhng nh u t trong mt cng ty c th

Hp ng ny cng vi iu l cng ty c coi lhin php ca cng ty

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11

Nhng hnh thc c chuyn i

Cng ty i nhn thnh cng ty i vn v ngc li V d :- Cng ty HD thnh : CT TNHH, CT CP, CT HVG, CT

HVCP- Cng ty TNHH thnh : CT CP, CT HD, CT HVG,

CT HVCP- Cng ty CP thnh : CT TNHH, CT HD, CT HVG,

CT HVCP- C mi hnh thc li c th i thnh cc hnh thc

khc

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12

Cu hi tho lun

1/ Mt t chc khng c t cch php nhnc th chuyn i thnh mt t chc c tcch php nhn c khng?

2/ Mt php nhn cng php c th chuyni thnh mt php nhn t php ckhng?

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13

Thc th kinh doanh

Thng nhnn l

Cng tyhp danh

Cng tyhp vnn gin

Cng tyc phn

MtthnhvinCng ty

trchnhimhu hn Nhiu

thnhvin

Cng tyhp vnc phn

Tpon

Cng tyd phn

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14

Cng tyhp danh

Cng tyhp vnn gin

Cng tyc phn

Cc loi hnhcng ty khc

Thngnhn

n l

Cc hnh thccng ty c hnhthnh nh th no?

Cng ty c phn nim ythin nay c xem lhnh thc cng ty hon bnht, v c nhiu l thuythin i v n

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15

Cc hnh thc cng ty ca Anh

Companies

Private Public

Limited Unlimited Limited Unlimited

By shares By guarantee

Withsharecapital

Withoutsharecapital

Withsharecapital

Withoutsharecapital

By share By guarantee

Withsharecapital

Withoutsharecapital

Withsharecapital

Withoutsharecapital

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16

Tnh hung 5

T Hi, Thu Kiu, Thu Vn, Thc Sinh v cng tyNguyn Du tho thun thnh lp mt cng ty TNHH. THi gp vn bng mt chic t. Thu Kiu gp vnbng quyn hng dng mt ngi nh mt ph. Thu Vngp vn bng kh nng nghin cu th trng ca mnh. Thc Sinh gp vn bng mt cng vic thch hp. Cng tyNguyn Du gp vn bng sn nghip thng mi camnh.

Cu hi: L lut s ca h, anh, ch c nhn nh g v cccch thc gp vn ny? Hy t vn cho h nhng imphp l cn thit, nu h ch c th gp vn nh vy!

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17

S php lut iu chnh cng ty Hoa K

United States Constitution (and federal laws made in pursuance thereofand treaties made under au thority of United States)

State Constitutions

State Corporate and Other statutes(of jurisdictions where incorporated and doing business)

Articles of Incorporation

Bylaws

Shareholder Resolutions Board of DirectorsResolutions

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18

Tnh hung 6Bnh, Cng v Chc thnh lp mt cng ty

TNHH vi iu kin Chc khng phi chu trchnhim v cc thua l ca cng ty. Sau mt thigian hot ng, Bnh n hi lut s t vn xemc th yu cu to n tuyn b cng ty v hiuc khng.

Cu hi: Anh, ch c suy ngh g v s vic ny?

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19

Tnh hung 7

Cng ty hp danh A&B pht hin ra mt thnhvin hp danh ca h ang l thnh vin ca mtcng ty hp danh khc.

Cu hi: Anh, ch, c nhn xt g v trng hpny?

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20

Tnh hung 8

Cng ty Thnh lit ht thi hn hot ng, nhng vn hot ng m khng gia hn. Trongthi gian ny mc mt khon n khng tr c. Mi thnh vin ca cng ty rt bn khon ti hilut s.

Cu hi: Cc hu qu php l ca s vic ny l g?

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21

Mt s c im v s v hiu cacng ty

Php lut Vit Nam khng d liu cc vn cng ty v hiu

Cc c im ca cng ty v hiu l h qu cacc c im ca hp ng thnh lp cng ty

S v hiu cn ph thuc cc hnh thc cng tykhc nhau

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22

Cng ty thc t v cng ty c thnhlp trn thc t

Ht thi hn vn hot ng

V hiu nhng cha b tuyn b l v hiu

Mang bn cht l mt cng ty nhng khng ngk

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23

Gii php cho cng ty thc tv cng ty c thnh lp trn thc t

Vn ra khi cc cng ty ny c quan h vingi th ba, c tranh chp ni b hoc vi bn ngoi, v lin h vi thu

Gii php thng c la chn l xem n nhcng ty d phn

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24

A joint venture (lin doanh)

L mt on th ngi, th nhn hoc php nhn, m thothun bi hp ng tin hnh, thng thng l ad hoc, mt vi cam kt chung nhm mc tiu li nhun bng cch tp hp cc ngun lc tng ng ca h, tuy nhin khng to thnh mthp danh (partnership) theo ngha php l hoc cng ty(corporation); tho thun ca h cng to ra mt cng ng lich trong lin doanh m mi ngi trong s h va l ch uva l ngi th u i vi nhng ngi khc trong phm vi ca lin doanh m ti mi thnh vin thc hin cc mc khc nhau quyn kim sot(Paul Latimer, Australian business law, CCH, Monash

University, 1987,p.551)

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25

Tnh hung 9

Trn, L v Nguyn tho thun thnh lp mtcng ty TNHH mang tn Ngoi Tm mt tnh xaH Ni. Do cn bn nhiu cng vic kinh doanhkhc, nn thu gim c lm i din theo phplut ca cng ty. Thay i gim c nhiu ln, nhng cng ty vn b mt ti sn do s thiu trungthc ca gim c. H n hi t vn php l tm cch tho g.

Cu hi: Anh, ch c gii php php l g v quntr cng ty trong trng hp ny?

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26

Tnh hung 10

Mt cng ty lut a ra gii php cho Linh m TNHH rng: nn thu 03 gim c lm qun lcng ty, v ch 02 trong 03 gim c k th hpng mi c gi tr.

Cu hi: Anh, ch c nh gi g v kin t vnny?

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27

Tnh hung 11

Theo quyt nh ca Hi ng qun tr cng ty cphn Hy Vng, Tng Gim c An k mt hpng vi khch hng tri vi qui nh ca iu lcng ty (gi tr hp ng vt qu 50% gi tr tisn hin c ca cng ty m khng c s ng ca i hi ng c ng). i hi ng c ngi hi hu b hp ng ny.

Cu hi: Anh, ch s t vn v trng hp ny nhth no?

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28

Tnh hung 12

Trong khi son tho iu l ca cng ty c phnBin o, mt s ngi cho rng: Nu iu l cacng ty c qui nh hon ton ging nh iu 76 v iu 77, Lut Doanh nghip 1999, th s gybt li cho nhng c ng yu th trong cng ty.

Cu hi: Anh, ch c nhn xt g v trng hpny?

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29

Basic corporate management structure

Creditors ofCorporation

(liabilites)

Corporation

$$$$Corporate assets

(Sharesof stock)

Shareholder (s) Creditorsof shareholders

(manage) Board of Directors

(elect)

(appoint)

Officers

(appoint)

Other Employees

(President.Vice-president (s),Treasurer,Secretary, etc.)

Manage-mentTechno-structure

(Agencyrelationships)

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30

C ng

Ngi cung cpnguyn vt liu

Khch hng

Ngi nm gichng khon khc

Cng nhnvin chc

Ngi cung cptn dng

Quyn lc

S chia x ming bnh quyn lctrong cng ty c phn

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31

Qun lcng ty c phn ca c

C ng

i hi ngc ng

Hi nggim s

Hi ngng s

Cng nhnvin chc

Kim ton vinc lp

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32

Qun l cng ty c phn Nht Bn

C ng

i hi ngc ng

Hi ng ng s

Cc ng s i din, ng s iu hnh, cc cn b qun l

cao cp khc

Hinggim

s

Ngiiutra

Ngigimstk

ton

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33

Tnh hung 13

Cng ty hp danh A&B bao gm 9 thnh vinkhng tho thun c ai l qun l.

Cu hi: Anh, ch suy ngh g v trng hp ny?

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34

Tnh hung 14

Mt thi gian sau cng ty ny tho thun 02 thnh vin l ngi qun l. Trong qu trnh hot ng, mt thnh vin khc yu cu t mnh thmtra cng vic ca 02 thnh vin qun l. Hai thnhvin ny khng ng .

Cu hi: Anh, ch cho bit kin ca mnh vtrng hp ny?

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35

Tnh hung 15

Cng ty o Tn c hai thnh vin hp danh l Hng vChnh. Do thiu vn kinh doanh, Hng v Chnh bn nhaumi thm Bng gp vn vo cng ty vi t cch l ngigp vn. Bng ng vi t cch , nhng vi mt iukin l phi Bng tham d vo cc cng vic ca kinhdoanh ca cng ty, v Bng khng tin ti kinh doanh caHng v Chnh.

Cu hi: Anh, ch c gii php g cho trng hp ny?

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36

Nhng thay i phi theonguyn tc nht tr

Quc tch

Hnh thc

Mc tiu

Tng phn gp vn

Hp nht, sp nhp, chia tch

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37

Qui nh ca Lut Doanh nghip 1999 i viCTTNHH

i vi cc quyt nh sau y phi c tnht s phiu i din cho 75% s vn ca ccthnh vin d hp chp nhn:

Bn 50% tng gi tr ti sn

Sa i, b sung iu l

T chc li

Gii th cng ty

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38

Qui nh ca Lut Doanh nghip 1999 i viCT CP

i vi cc quyt nh sau y phi c t nht sc ng i din t nht 65% tng s phiu biu quytca tt c cc c ng d hp chp nhn :

Loi c phn v s lng c phn c quyn chobn ca tng loi

Bn 50% tng gi tr ti sn

Sa i, b sung iu l

T chc li

Gii th cng ty

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39

Php nhn

* L mt ch th quan trng ca php lut

* Quan nim v php nhn c s khc nhau

* Cc BLDS ln trn th gii khng c nh ngha v php nhn

* BLDSVN 1995 c nh ngha v php nhn ti 94:

L mt t chc:

- c thnh lp, cho php thnh lp, ng k hoc cng nhn

- C c cu t chc cht ch

- C ti sn c lp v chu trch nhim bng ti sn

- Nhn danh mnh tham gia QHPL mt cch c lp

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nhnh nghnghaa khkhcc vv phphp p nhnhnn ccaaViVitt NamNam

NghNgh nhnh ss 1717--HHBT BT ngngyy 16/1/1990 16/1/1990 ccaa HHii ngngBB trtrngng quyquy nhnh chi chi tittit PhPhp p llnhnh HHpp ngng KinhKinh ttnhnh nghnghaa::

PhPhp p nhnhnn ll mmt t tt chchcc cc ccc c iuiu kikinn sausau y:y:

a. a. cc ththnhnh llpp mmtt ccchch hhpp phphp;p;

b. b. CC tti si sn n riringng vv tt chuchu trtrchch nhinhimm mmtt ccchch ccllpp bbngng ccc tc ti si sn n ;;

c. c. CC quynquyn quytquyt nhnh mmtt ccchch cc llpp vv ccc hoc hot t ngng ssn n xutxut kinhkinh doanhdoanh ccaa mmnhnh;;

d. d. CC quynquyn tt mmnhnh thamtham giagia ccc c quanquan hh phphp p lulutt ..

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Quan nim v php nhn di thi quanliu bao cp

* Khi nim php nhn t c cp

* B lut Hng khng Dn dng Lin X 1983 qui nh khibay quc t AEROFLOT c t cch php nhn

* L do: Nh nc bao trm ln cc quan h x hi, khuynhhng kim ch cc t chc ca t nhn

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Bt hp l trong quan nim php nhnhin nay Vit Nam* BLDSVN v Lut Thng mi VN xc nh: c nhn,

php nhn, t hp tc v h gia nh l ch th calut dn s v lut thng mi

* Php lnh Hp ng Kinh t ch p dng cho c nhnv php nhn

* Lut Doanh nghip 1999 qui nh cng ty hp danhkhng c t cch php nhn

* Hi: Cng ty hp danh c tham gia cc giao dch dn s, thng mi, kinh t khng? Vn bn no iu tit?

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43

Quan nim v php nhn t xa Vit Namiu th 284, BLDS Bc K 193 qui nh:Nhng on th sau ny c hng t cch php nhn:

1) Nh-nc;2) Hng-x;3) Hng-thn;4) Hng-gip (tc nhiu nh hp li c quyn-li chung vi nhau,

nht l v t-t);

5) Hng-xm (tc l nhiu nh hp li v tnh ln-cn v s t-t);6) Nhng hi c php lp;7) Nhng hi thng-mi thnh lp hp l.

Cn nhng hi mc-ch phi-php hoc tri phong-tc th khng c hngt-cch php-nhn.

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Cc loi php nhn theoBLDSVN 1995

110 qui nh php nhn bao gm cc loi sau:

C quan nh nc, n v v trang

T chc chnh tr, t chc chnh tr- x hi

T chc kinh t

T chc x hi, t chc x hi ngh nghip

Qu x hi, qu t thin

Cc t chc khc c iu kin theo 94 BLDS

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Phn loi php nhn theo cchkhc

Php nhn cng php

Php nhn t php:

- Php nhn dn s; v

- Php nhn thng mi

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46

Khi nim v php nhn ca Hoa K

Blacks Law Dictionary nh ngha:

Php nhn (legal entity) l mt thc th, khc hn mt t nhin nhn, m c i sng y trong s dliu php l rng n c th thc hin chc nng mtcch hp php, c th b kin hoc hoc tha kin vc th quyt nh thng qua cc i l nh trongtrng hp ca cc cng ty (corporations)

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To n gii thch khi nim php nhn qua mt bn n ca Phng dn s ngy 8/1/1954 rng:

Nhn tnh khng phi l mt s sng to ca lut l. Mimt on th c mt s pht biu tp th bo ton nhng lich hp php, ng c php lut cng nhn v bo v, u ct cch php nhn

Khi nim php nhn ca Php

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* Ci g ang chi phi cc quan nim v php nhn? v

* Php nhn sinh ra lm g ?

Vn t ra

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Cc hc thuytv

php nhn

Hc thuytgi tng

hc thuytthc ti

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HHcc thuytthuyt gigi ttngng

PhPhp p nhnhnn ll chch thth gigi ttngng

PhPhp p nhnhnn khkhngng cc chch mm chch con con ngngii mmiicc nhnhnn tnhtnh vv chch

XutXut phpht t tt chch nghnghaa cc nhnhnn, , coicoi trtrngng nhnhnnththnn, , coicoi nhnh tt chchcc

PhPhp p nhnhnn chch cc ccngng nhnhnn bbii phphp p lulutt vvphph thuthucc vvo o nhnh llm m lulutt

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Hc thuyt thc ti

Coi php nhn l nhng thc ti khng km gth nhn

Phi l ch th ca cc quyn

C mt ch tp th

Khng phi l s sng to ca nh lm lut ml thc t phi c tha nhn

Cn c cc qui tc v i sng php l

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Cc trng phi ca

hc thuyt thc ti

Trngphi

tm lx hi

Trngphi

thc tik

thut

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53

Trng phi tm l x hi

Php nhn c coi l mt c th gm cc t bo lthnh vin ca n m mt c nhn tnh

Bn th ca con ngi khng phi phn th xc m phn ch

Mt on th c ch tp th phi c coi l php nhn

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Trng phi thc ti k thut

Thc ti php l khng ch l phn nh th thin hin thc khchquan

N l tng khng phi l ch th ca cc quyn; ngy nay bo thai c hng quyn tha k. Vy nhn tnh c th c xemxt tch bit vi c th sinh l

Nhn tnh ch l kh nng tr thnh ch th ca cc quyn v chkhng phi l iu kin ca nhn tnh: ngi b tm thn v v thnhnin khng c ch m vn c nhn tnh

Trung tm ca php lut l quyn li ch quan ca c nhn v tpth, nn c php nhn v th nhn

Nh nc khng th to ra php nhn m ch kim sot chng

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S thng th ca hc thuyt thc ti

Hip nh khung khu vc u t ASEAN coi cng tyhp danh c t cch php nhn

Nht Bn coi cng ty hp danh c t cch php nhn

Hoa K c khuynh hng nh vy trong n l

Hc thuyt thc ti v php nhn ng h cho quyn tdo lp hi

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Quyn dn s ca php nhn

C tn ring

C quc tch

C tr s hay ch

C sn nghip

C nng lc php l

C trch nhim

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TTn n riringng

DDngng phphn n bibitt vv nhnhnn bitbit

CC quynquyn tt do do llaa chchnn ttnn

CC qui qui nhnh chchtt chch vv ttn: n: CCngng tyty ii nhnhnn, , theotheoqui tqui tc c tt ttn; n; CCngng tyty ii vvnn phphi i ghighi ththmm hhnhnhththcc vv ss vvnn vvo o ddii ttn n riringng

TTn n riringng ngng kk cc bbo o vv vv khkhngng aiai ccchimchim dngdng danhdanh tnhtnh

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TrTr ss

cc xemxem ll trtr ququnn ccaa phphp p nhnhnn

NNi i ngng ccaa cc quanquan ququnn trtr vv iuiu hhnhnh

cc chchnn khikhi thitthit llpp iuiu ll

ThayThay ii trongtrong mmtt ttnhnh thth khkhngng phphi i thaythay ii trtr ss

TrTr ss mmtt nni, i, cc khikhi hohot t ngng mmtt nnii

KhKhii kikinn nni phi php p nhnhnn cc trtr ss hohocc nni phi php p nhnhnncc chi chi nhnhnhnh ((didi chuychuynn ththmm quynquyn nhnh vvyy ttnn kmkm vv gigiii quytquyt vv vivicc cc hihiuu ququ))

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Quc tch

Phn bit php nhn ni a v php nhn nc ngoi: c thc qui ch ring

Nhng thi k khng hong, phn bit nh vy l cn thit

Nhng du hiu nh gi quc tch ca php nhn: Thnhlp theo lut u; Tr s chnh u; Cc cng dn trongban qun tr u; a phn vn thuc ai.

Thay i quc tch b rng buc bi qui ch cht ch bi quctchl mi quan h php l gia t nhn v quc gia

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SSn n nghinghipp

PhPhp p nhnhnn cc ssn n nghinghipp riringng

PhPhp p nhnhnn mmc c nn thth chch nn ccaa phphp p nhnhnn cc u u titinnlyly nn trtrnn ssn n nghinghipp ccaa phphp p nhnhnn trtrcc ccc c chch nn ccaaccc c ththnhnh vivinn

CCc c chch nn ccaa ththnhnh vivin n khkhngng cc lyly nn trtrnn ssn n nghinghipp ccaa phphp p nhnhnn nhnhngng cc thth saisai p p phphnn llii ccaaccc c ththnhnh vivin mn mc c nn

ThaTha kk chch cc hhngng trtrnn phphnn llii, , nhnhngng khkhngng cccan can thithipp vvo so sn n nghinghipp ccaa phphp p nhnhnn

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Nng lc php lut dn s ca php nhn

Kh nng php nhn c quyn v ngha v ph hp vi mc chhot ng ghi trong iu l

Bt u t thi im thnh lp, cho php thnh lp hoc ng k choti khi chm dt php nhn

Cho php php nhn s hu ti sn; c nng lc cam kt v chutrch nhim v cc cam kt ; hng tha k v tng cho

Ngi i din theo php lut hoc theo u quyn ca php nhnnhn danh php nhn trong cc quan h dn s. S thay i nginy khng nh hng n php nhn v giao dch ca php nhn vnphi thi hnh

Vic thiu nng lc hnh vi khng t ra vi php nhn v khi nim thuc v con ngi t nhin

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Trch nhim ca php nhn

C nng lc php l tc l c trch nhim

Hot ng c thc hin bng cc giao dch hay cc hp ng

Phi thc hin mi ngha v do lut nh

Phi thi hnh hp ng v chu trch nhim khi vi phm

Bi thng thit hi cho ngi th ba, chu pht, chutrch nhim hnh s

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63

Cc nguyn tc ca lut cng ty

T do ch

T do lp hi

T do kinh doanh

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64

Cam kt ca nh nc i vi doanhnghip

Cng nhn s tn ti lu di, pht trin vbo m quyn bnh ng

Tha nhn tnh sinh li hp php Cng nhn v bo h quyn s hu Bo m khng quc hu ho, khng b tch

thu bng bin php hnh chnh Bo m chi tr v to iu kin kinh doanh

khi b trng mua, trng thu

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65

Cc hn ch i vi victhnh lp doanh nghip

Hn ch v ngnh ngh kinh doanh (6, LDN)

Hn ch v ngi tham gia thnh lp doanhnghip (9, LDN)

Hn ch v hnh thc cng ty (46, 95, LDN; 27, k1(e), Ngh nh 03)

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66

Thnh lp cng ty hp danh

V nguyn l, cng ty hp danh c thnh lp trn cnbn ca hp ng thnh lp cng ty

Tuy nhin Vit Nam hin nay, ngi ta khng c quannim v hp ng thnh lp cng ty, mc d vn coi iul l bn cam kt ca cc thnh vin ca cng ty

V vy, khi thit lp iu l ca cng ty hp danh, cn philu ti nhiu c im php l ca cng ty hp danh c th x l nhng tranh chp xy ra sau ny

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67

Tnh hung 6

o Tin Thn c cc thnh vin ca cng ty hp danh LmLy nht tr cho nhp hi tr thnh thnh vin hp danh cacng ty. Sau mt thi gian nhp, o Tin Thn mi v nh rarng, cng ty ny ang vng phi mt khon n ln vo thiim trc khi anh gia nhp v cho n nay kh c kh nngtr n. o Tin thn rt hoang mang tm n lut s hi

Cu hi: 1-Nhng vn php l g lut s cn phi hi r trc khi t vn

cho o Tin Thn?2-Vi cc trng hp c lm r , lut s hy cho o Tin

Thn bit tnh trng php l m anh ta c th vng phi?3-Gii php ca lut s l g?

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68

Trch nhim ca cc thnh vin hp danh

Cn phn bit ba trng hp: Trc khi gia nhp cngty; Khi ang lm thnh vin cng ty; Sau khi ra khicng ty

Tnh cht trch nhim ca cc thnh vin: Ging vitrch nhim ca ngi bo lnh lin i

Lin i: Mt thnh vin tr n l lm cho cc thnhvin khc c gii tr ngha v; Thnh vin no tr n s c th quyn ch n i cc thnh vinkhc v c hng mi c li hay iu kin nhch n c tr n

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69

Trch nhim ca ngi qunl cng ty hp danh

Ngi qun l c trch nhim i din chocng ty v t mnh thc hin trch nhim

Qun l phi mn cn, trung thc

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70

CCuu hhii vv llpp phphpp

AnhAnh, , chch cc nhnhnn xtxt gg vv cccc qui qui nhnh ccaaphphpp lulutt ViVitt Nam Nam khkhngng chocho phpphp ththnhnh vivinnccaa mmtt ccngng tyty hhpp danhdanh nnyy ngng thithi llmmththnhnh vivinn ccaa mmtt ccngng tyty hhpp danhdanh khkhcc hohoccngng thithi llmm chch doanhdoanh nghinghipp tt nhnhnn??

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71

cng tyhp vn n gin

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72

c im cacng ty hp vn n gin C hai loi thnh vin L mt cng ty i nhn Do b chi phi bi qui ch ca cng ty hp

danh Nu c mt thnh vin nhn vn th ngi ny l

ngi qun l cng ty. Nu ngui ny b bi chcth cng ty khng th tn ti

Thnh vin nhn vn khng c lm thit hi vc ti quyn li ca thnh vin gp vn

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7373

TTnhnh huhungng 99

CCngng tyty o o TnTn cc haihai ththnhnh vivin n hhpp danhdanh ll HHngngvv ChnhChnh. Do . Do thiuthiu vvnn kinhkinh doanhdoanh, , HHngng vv ChnhChnhbbn n nhaunhau mimi ththmm BBngng gpgp vvnn vvo o ccngng tyty vvii ttccchch ll ngngii gpgp vvnn. . BBngng ngng vvii tt ccchch , , nhnhngng vvii mmtt iuiu kikinn ll phphi i BBngng thamtham dd vvo o ccc c ccngng vivicc ccaa kinhkinh doanhdoanh ccaa ccngng tyty, v, v BBngngkhkhngng tin ttin ti i kinhkinh doanhdoanh ccaa HHngng vv ChnhChnh..

CCu u hhii: : AnhAnh, , chch cc gigiii phphp gp g chocho trtrngng hhpp nny?y?

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74

Cng ty c phn

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Nhng c im ca cng ty c phn

Vn c chia thnh cc c phn Ngi nm gi c phn c gi l c ng Thnh vin c bao nhiu c phn th c by nhiu

phn trong cng ty Thnh vin ch chu trch nhim hu hn v khng c

t cch thng gia C phn c chuyn nhng Cng ty ny cn c gi l cng ty v danh Ch c cng ty l c t cch thng gia C ng trong cng mt cng ty khng c quan h

vi nhau m ch quan h vi cng ty

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76

Cc bc thnh lp cng ty c phn

Tp hp nhng ngi nhn mua c phn do cngty pht hnh

Thu tin ca nhng ngi nhn mua

Hp c ng thng qua iu l

Cng b iu l

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77

c im php l ca th tcthnh lp cng ty CP

Nhn xt: Thng thng vn tin hp ng lquan trng nhng khng nh hng ti gi tr cahp ng, tuy nhin vic thnh lp cng ty CP cnc qui ch ring, cht ch. Nu vi phm, cng tyc th b coi l v hiu

Vic thnh lp cng ty CP khng phi l vic giaokt hp ng n thun m l qu trnh to ra mtphp nhn

C s phn bit gia tin cng ty vi cng ty bt u c t cch php nhn mt cch c th

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Mt s ni dung php l c bn ca th tcthnh lp cng ty CP Son tho, thng qua iu l Cng khai ho cng ty Chuyn i c phiu (ghidanh, khng ghi danh) c li, chi ph thnh lp Gp vn bng hin vt Kim tra, gim st Bo co thnh lp Bt ng kin Khai bo cng ty Thm tra ca nh chc trch ng k cng ty v cng b Trch nhim php l ca sng lp vin, ngi iu hnh, kim tra, gim

st... Cc vn lin quan ti cc hot ng trong thi k tin cng ty

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79

Qui ch tin cng ty trong vic thnh lpcng ty c phnTh tc giao kt hp ng thnh lp cng

ty c phn rt phc tp, bi vic nhhng to ln ca loi hnh cng ty ny ticng chng

S thiu st trong vic thnh lp c thlm cng ty v hiu

Thi k sng lp c th c xem l thik tng i c lp v c qui ch ring

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80

Khi nim c phn

C hai ngha: tru tng v c th Ngha tru tng: phn quyn li ca thnh vin trong

cng ty Ngha c th: chng t, giy t xc minh v tung trng

cho phn vn v quyn li ca ngi nm gi c phntrong cng ty

C phn mang bn cht l mt quyn ti sn c th hinbng c phiu

C phiu l chng ch hoc bt ton ghi s c ghi tn hoc khng ghi tn

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81

cc iimm ccaa cc phphnn

CC mmtt mmnhnh gigi

KhKhngng thth phphn n chiachia

CC thth chuychuynn nhnhngng ((theotheo thth ththcc ththngngththngng ccaa lulutt ththngng mmi i chch khkhngng theotheo ththththcc chuychuynn nhnhngng trtrii quynquyn ccaa lulutt ddn n ss, , trtr cc phphnn ghighi danhdanh phphi i theotheo thth ththcc khkhcc))

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82

Phn loi c phn

C phn ph thng C phn u i: u i biu quyt; u i c tc; u i hon li; u

i khc do iu l n nh C phn u i biu quyt ch do t chc uc chnh ph u quyn

hoc c ng sng lp (trong thi hn 03 nm k t ngy c cpgiy chng nhn ng k kinh doanh) nm gi

Mi c phn ca cng mt loi u to cho ngi s hu c ccquyn li v ngha v ngang nhau

C phn u i c th c chuyn i thnh c phn ph thng, nhng khng th ngc li

C phn u i ph thng khng c chuyn nhng Ngi s hu c phn u i c tc hoc c phn u i hon li

khng c quyn: biu quyt; d hp i hi ng c ng; cngui vo HQT & Ban kim sot

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8383

CC ngng

LL ngngii muamua cc phphnn, , ttcc ll gpgp vvnn vvooccngng tyty, , khkhngng kk ngngii muamua theotheo lili mimi ccaangngii ssngng llpp hay hay muamua lli i cc phphnn tt taytaynhnhngng ngngii khkhcc vv sausau nnyy

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84

CphnC phiu

Ghidanh

Khngghidanh

Phn loi

Ph thng u i

Quynli

- Chiali

- Bu

- Muacphnmi

Qun tr

n lp Song lp

Cch

bu

Dn

phi

u

Kh

ngd

nph

iu

Thnh lpTincng ty

ng k

i hi ng

Snglp

Thng kBt thng

iu

l

Son

tho

Sa

i

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85

CCcc vnvn phphpp ll ccaa tintin ccngng tyty

ThThngng ththngng ngngii tata nghinghinn ccuu 2 2 vnvn chch yuyu ll::

-- NgNgii ssngng llpp; v; v

-- CCcc giaogiao dchdch tintin ccngng tyty

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86

Ngi sng lp- nh ngha khi nim

Sng lp vin c xem l ngi c sng kinmun lp cng ty, ng ra kt hp hi vin, ku gi gp vn, thu thp tin vn v lmnhng th l cn thit cho cng ty c thnhlp

(L Ti Trin, Nguyn Vng Th, Nguyn Tn, Lut thng mi Vit Nam dn gii, Quyn II, Nhm nghin cu v D hoch, Si gn, 1973, tr. 889)

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87

Gii thch khi nim ngi sng lp

Sng lp vin c v bt u thc hin sng kin v cng ty, vthng thng tip tc kim sot n. Hot ng sng lp baogm pht hin ra c hi kinh doanh, nghin cu tin kh thi, vtp hp nhng ngun lc, ti sn v nhn lc cn thit. Ccsng lp vin c i x nh mt hp doanh (a joint venture), v mt mi quan h u quyn gia h vi nhau. S rc ric bit l nhng vn v vic bi thng v tho thun tincng ty ca h c lp ra i vi ngi th ba nhn danh mtcng ty khng tn ti v sau, bao gm c vic ng gp cphn tin cng ty

(Harry G. Henn, John R. Alexander, Laws of Corporations, West Publishing Co., USA, p. 236)

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88

C ng sng lp theo Lut Doanhnghip 2005 ca Vit Nam

C ng sng lp l c ng tham giaxy dng, thng qua v k tn vo bniu l u tin ca cng ty c phn(iu 4, khon 11, on 2)

Cu hi: nh ngha ny c chun xc vmt khoa hc khng v lm g?

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89

Cc chc nng ch yu ca sng lp vin

Tm kim

iu tra

Tp hp

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90

a v php l ca sng lp vin trong thi ktin cng ty

Mi quan h u quyn v c u quyn nhtrong mt lin doanh (theo quan im ca HoaK)

Sau khi cng ty c thnh lp, mi quan hny c thay th bng mi quan h cng ty

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91

Ngha v v trch nhim ca sng lp vin ivi cng ty

Trung thc

Cng bng

Cng khai

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92

Nhng cng vic ngi sng lp phi lm

C th chia cng vic cn lm thnh 03 nhmchnh:

Yu cu tr gip: lut s, k ton, k s, nhnvin ngn hng...

Chun b c s vt cht- k thut: ku gi titr, thu, mua ti sn, s hu cng nghip...

Chun b nhn s: chuyn gia, ngi qun l, ngi lm cng

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93

B p chi ph cho sng lp vin

B p c th bng: tin, c phn hay quynmua c phn, hoc v tr c nhn lng trongcng ty

nh gi cng sc hay chi ph ca sng lpvin l mt vn quan trng ca vic b p chi ph

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94

Cc hp ng tin cng ty

Hp ng gia cc sng lp vin v vic thnhlp cng ty

Cc hp ng c ng

Hp ng lp hi

Hp ng gia cc sng lp vin v ngi thba

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95

Tnh cht hp ng gia sng lp vin vi nhngngi ng np vn trong thi k tin cng ty

Ngi ng np vn l ngi cam kt mua mt s cphn s pht hnh ca cng ty ang trong thi k snglp

Hp ng to ra s rng buc gia ngi sng lp vngi ng np:

+ Ngi ng np c ngha v gia nhp cng ty v gp vn+ Ngi sng lp c ngha v tin hnh thnh lp cng ty

v giao c phn cho ngi ng np Cng ty nu c thnh lp s phi gnh chu ngha v

ca ngi sng lp. V nh vy ngi ng np cng cngha v i vi cng ty khi cam kt gia nhp v gp vnvi ngi sng lp

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96

Cch thc ku gi ng np

Cng khai cho cng chng ai cng c chi ng np

Gi li ku gi ti nhng ngi c th

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Bn cht ca ku gi ng np vn

Ku gi ngi khc ng h cho nh camnh

C th xem nh li ngh giao kt hpng

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98

Cch thc biu l chLm mt thng bo cng cngTheo th thc lut nh:

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99

Ni dung ch yu ca thng bo cngcng Tn cng ty Mc tiu ca cng ty Tr s ca cng ty S c phn v mnh gi ca mi c phn Thi gian tn ti ca cng ty Nhng c quyn ca sng lp vin v ca nhng

ngi khc (nu c) Cch thc gp vn ngoi cch thc gp vn bng tin Cch thc triu tp v ni triu tp i hi ng c ng Tn v a ch ngi sng lp

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100

Cng ty trch nhim hu hn

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101

Phn loi

Nhiu thnh vin

Mt thnh vin

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102

C cu qun l CT TNHH NTV

Hi ng thnh vin: Gm tt c cc thnh vin, c quanquyt nh cao nht, hp t nht mi nm mt ln)

Ch tch hi ng thnh vin: Do HTV bu, c th lngi i din trc php lut, c th kim gim c hoctng gim c,)

Gim c (Tng gim c): iu hnh hot ng hngngy, chu trch nhim trc HTV, c th l ngi i din theo php lut, nu iu l khng qui nh ch tchi din)

Ban kim sot (i vi cng ty c trn 11 thnh vin): Do iu l qui nh

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103

cc iimm ccaa ccngng tyty trtrchch nhinhimm hhuuhhn n mmtt ththnhnh vivinn

ChCh ss hhuu ccngng tyty chch chuchu trtrchch nhinhimm vv cccckhokhonn nn ccaa ccngng tyty trongtrong phphm vi m vi ss vvnn iuiull ccaa ccngng tyty

CCngng tyty khkhngng cc quynquyn phphtt hhnhnh cc phiuphiu

CCngng tyty cc tt ccchch phphpp nhnhnn

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104

Tnh hung 14

Tnh- Ch tch kim Tng gim c cng ty TNHH B Ho- dnh k kt mt hp ng mua than ca cng ty TNHH Phm Li- c em rut ca An (thnh vin ca B Ho) l ph gimc lc ang cng tc ti M. Trc ngy d nh k hpng ny 15 ngy, Tnh thng bo cho tt c cc thnh vin ca B Ho bit. Mt thnh vin phn i v cho rng Tnh li dng vic ny mua chuc An ng h cho Tnh, v yu cu Hi ng thnh vin xem xt v quyt nh vic k kt hpng. Khi Hi ng thnh vin cha quyt nh, Tnh khp ng v cho thc hin ngay. Hi ng thnh vin yu cuto n tuyn b hp ng ny v hiu.

Cu hi: Liu hp ng ny c v hiu khng?

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105

Cch thc tng vn iu l

Tng vn gp ca thnh vin

iu chnh tng mc vn iu l tng ngvi gi tr ti sn tng ln ca cng ty

Tip nhn vn gp ca thnh vin mi

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106

Cch thc gim vn iu l Hon tr mt phn vn gp vi iu kin

ngay sau khi hon tr, cng ty vn bo m thanh ton cc khon n

iu chnh gim mc vn iu l tng ngvi gi tr ti sn gim xung ca cng ty

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107

Nhng khim khuyt chnh caLut Doanh nghip 1999

Cha coi cng ty l mt hp ng m trong nhng thnhvin c quyn t do nht nh

Khng d liu y cc hnh thc cng ty Khng d liu y cc trng hp chuyn i hnh thc

cng ty Khng thy ht cc c im ring bit ca mi hnh thc

cng ty Khng bo v c cc quyn li chnh ng ca cc thnh

vin Thiu nhiu qui nh lin quan ti vn tin cng ty v

trch nhim php l a ra nhiu hn ch thiu tnh khoa hc

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- iu tit cc quan h gia cc thng nhn hay cc hnh vi thng mi

- Bo m cho tnh t t chc, t iu chnh ca th trng

- Bo m ph bin thng tin nhanh chng, bo v ngi tiu dng, bo vqan h bnh ng trong thng mi

- To ra lng tin gia cc thnh vin ca th trung, mi quan h lm n lu di v tn trng hp ng

- Bo m cho ngi qun l ca cng ty theo ui li ch ca ngi shu

- Hn ch xung t v gii quyt xung t gia cc thnh vin cng ty

- Bo m hi nhp quc t

- To ra cc hnh thc SX, kinh doanh a dng

- Lm gim chi ph giao dch, n gin ho th tc to K cho cc giaodch pht trin

Cc chc nng ring calut thng mi

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109

Doanh nghip c vnu t nc ngoi

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110

Gii thiu php lut u t nc ngoi ti Vit Nam

Chnh sch kinh t mi Lin X c (1921-1924) mong munthu ht u t nc ngoi

Thp k 60 ca th k 20, cc nc ng u cng cho php u tnc ngoi. Tuy nhien khong thnh cng bi nn kinh t k hochho tp trung

18/4/1977, Vit Nam ban hnh Ngh nh 115/CP v Qui ch u tnc ngoi, song khng thnh cng

29/12/1987, Vit Nam ban hnh Lut u t nc ngoi ti VitNam, cho n nay d c sa i, b sung 04 ln (1990, 1992, 1996 v 2000)

Vit Nam ban hnh nhiu vn bn di lut lin quan ti u ttrc tip nh: hnh thc u t, ngoi hi, thu, quyn s dng t, lao ng, hi quan, chuyeenr giao cng ngh...

Lu : Ngh nh s 24/2000/N- CP ngy 31/7/2000 ca Chnhph v vic qui nh chi tit thi hnh Lut u t nc ngoi ti VitNam; Ngh nh 27/2003/N- CP; Ngh nh 38/2003/N-CP

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111

Phm vi p dng ca Lut u tnc ngoi

Hnh thc u t trc tip

Th tc cp giy php cho cc d n

Qun l d n

Gii th cc doanh nghip c vn u t ncngoi

Cc vn khc c lin quan ti hot ng u ttrc tip nh lao ng, thu, chuyn giao cngngh...

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112

cc iimm ccaa phphpp lulutt uu tt nnccngongoii tti i ViVitt NamNam

HHnhnh ththnhnh khikhi chcha xoa xo bb kinhkinh tt kk hohochch hoho ttpptrungtrung

HHnhnh ththnhnh khikhi cccc hhnhnh ththcc ccngng tyty tt nhnhnn trongtrongnncc chcha a hhnhnh ththnhnh

cc quanquan ninimm nhnh mmtt llnhnh vvcc phphpp lulutt riringng bibitt

B B ssaa ii, , bb sung sung khkh nhiunhiu llnn

ChnhChnh sschch khuynkhuyn khchkhch uu tt khkh hphp ddnn, , nhiunhiutrtrngng hhpp ngngii uu tt nncc ngongoii cc u u i i hhnn iivvii ngngii uu tt trongtrong nncc

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NhNhngng yuyu tt ththngng cc ngngii uutt nncc ngongoii quanquan ttmm

ChnhChnh sschch uu tt BBoo m m ss hhuu SS nn nhnh vv chnhchnh trtr SS ttngng trtrngng kinhkinh tt CC ss hh ttngng HH ththngng phphpp lulutt ThTh tctc SS can can thithipp ccaa chnhchnh quynquyn vvoo ccngng vivicc ccaa tt nhnhnn Lao Lao ngng VVnn hoho, , truyntruyn ththngng aa ll......

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Lut u t nc ngoi mu ca Vin lutquc t thuc i hc Georgetown (Hoa K)

Model Foreign Investment Law bao gm li ni u, 06 chng, 14 iu khon

Lut mu ny c lp ra khuyn ngh mt qucgia c th c th s dng trong hot ng lp phphng ti kinh t th trng

Lut mu ny s dng cch thc tip cn ti mi quanh c tnh cht hp ng gia ngi u t v ncch nh

Lut mu ny nhm gii hn cc th tc hnh chnhc th gy cn tr cho vic thu ht u t, ng thibo m quyn ca nc ch nh iu tit u tnc ngoi trong lnh th ca mnh

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115

Li ni u ca Lut mu

Hng dn vic gii thch v p dng lut

Tuyn b vic la chn chnh sch

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116

Chng 1- Ngi u t v u t c php

Nhng ngi u t nc ngoi c php u t hay phn loi ngi u t: T nhin nhn hoc cc linkt (undertaking: company or juridical person, or partnership, joint venture or other undertaking created by a greement conferring legal personality)

u t nc ngoi c php: cc ti sn v hnhhoc hu hnh, c ngha l bt k nhng g c gi tr, tr ti sn v hnh l uy tn hay khch hng(goodwill), bi s kh khn trong vic xc nh gi tr

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117

Chng 2- Nh chc trch ca nc ch nh

C quan qun l u t: Ch nh hay thit lp cquan hnh chnh qun l u t

Chp nhn u t: Xc nh hu qu php l ca vicchp nhn; C hai loi chp nhn (quyt nh hnhchnh hoc hp ng)

Xin chp nhn u t: thit lp tiu chun xin chpnhn u t

Ngn cn u t; xc nh mt danh sch cc ngncn hoc khng khuyn khch u t nc ngoi ti mt s cc khu vc a l hay lnh vc kinh doanh, ngnh ngh

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Chng 3- Quyn, ngha v v li ch cangi u t c chp nhn

Quyn: tha nhn quyn, s bo h v li ch cghi nhn trong vn kin chp nhn u t; tha nhnch i x quc gia; cho php s chuyn nhngquyn v hnh thc chuyn nhng; ngha v phitun th trong trng hp chuyn nhng

Ngha v: tun th php lut ca nc ch nh, trkhi vn kin chp nhn u t hoc iu c quc tm nc ch nh lm thnh vien c qui nh khc

Li ch; cp ti cc li ch khc c chp thuntrong vn kin chp nhn u t nh cchuyn tin, xut nhp khu...

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Chng 4- i tin v bo h u t

i tin: thit lp ti khon, t do chuyn itin, chuyn tin ra nc ngoi...

Bo h u t: thit lp c cu php l bo hli ch ca ngi u t, nhng vn tn trngch quyn ca quc gia ch nh

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Chng 5- Gii quyt tranh chp

Gii quyt tranh chp: thit lp cc nguyn tc giiquyt tranh chp gia ngi u t nc ngoi cchp thun vi c quan qun l u t hoc bt k cquan nh nc no ca nc ch nh; nu c tranhchp no khng gii quyt theo cc nguyn tc ny, th phi nu r trong vn kin chp nhn u t; hocnu khng c qui nh r rng th gii quyt tranhchp ph hp vi Cng c Quc t v Gii quyttranh chp u t gia cc quc gia vi cc cng dnca cc quc gia khc k ti Washington 18/3/1965 (ICSID Convention)

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Chng 6- Cc qui nh khc

Lao ng: nguyn tc p dng lut lao ng

Thu: tun th cc qui nh v thu

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122

Cc chnh sch ln v thu ht u t ncngoi ti Vit nam

Mc tiu ca Lut u t nc ngoi ti VitNam: Phc v cng nghip ho, hin i ho, phttrin kinh t, hp tc kinh t quc t

Chnh sch ln c la chn: khuyn khch ut, bnh ng, cng c li; bo h, to iu kinthun li trong lnh vc u t

C s thc hin chnh sch: tn trng c lp, ch quyn v php lut ca Vit Nam

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Cc hnh thc u t theo Lut u tnc ngoi ti Vit Nam Hp tc kinh doanh trn c s hp ng hp tc kinh doanh:

Hp ng hp tc kinh doanh l vn bn k kt gia hai bnhoc nhiu bn tin hnh hot ng u t m khng thnhlp php nhn (k 9, 2)

Doanh nghip lin doanh: (1) c thnh lp trn c s hpng lin doanh hoc Hip nh chnh ph; hoc (2) cthnh lp gia doanh nghip c vn u t nc ngoi vidoanh nghip Vit Nam hoc vi ngi u t nc ngoi khc

Doanh nghip 100% vn u t nc ngoi Hp ng xy dng- kinh doanh- chuyn giao (BOT); xy

dng- chuyn giao- kinh doanh (BTO); xy dng- chuyn giao(BT)

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Cc hnh thc u t khc

Thnh lp vn phng i din

Thnh lp chi nhnh

Khu ch xut

Khu cng nghip

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Tnh hung 17

Cng ty ZC ca Php v doanh nghip nh nc Tin Tngca Vit Nam cng nhau hp tc kinh doanh trn c shp ng hp tc kinh doanh c 02 nm theo Lut ut nc ngoi ti Vit Nam. Hai bn mun pht trin hnna trn tinh thn hp tc lm n, nn bn bc cng nhauchuyn i hnh thc u t thnh doanh nghip lindoanh. Nhng c hai bn u lng tng v cha nm rphp lut.

Cu hi: Theo anh, ch, vic chuyn i hnh thc cng tynh trn c c khng? Hy tm gii php v t vn choh cc vn php l cn thit

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TTnhnh huhungng 1818

CCngng tyty Saco lSaco l mmtt doanhdoanh nghinghipp lilinn doanhdoanh gigiaaccngng tyty Sa Sa SaSa ccaa NgaNga vv mmtt ccngng tyty ccaa ViVitt Nam. Nam. SauSau mmtt thithi giangian hohot t ngng bbnn ViVitt Nam vNam v bbnnnncc ngongoii cc btbt ngng ssuu ssc. c. ThyThy khkh cc thth hhppttcc cc, , bbnn ViVitt Nam Nam xinxin rrtt khkhii lilinn doanhdoanh bbngngccchch bbnn lli i phphnn vvnn gpgp chocho Sa Sa SaSa

CCuu hhii: : ViVicc nhnhngng lli i phphnn vvnn gpgp nhnh vvyy ccvvngng mmc c phphpp ll gg khkhngng? ? AnhAnh, , chch hhyy ttmm gigiiiphphpp vv tt vnvn chocho Sa Sa SaSa

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Cu hi tho lun

Doanh nghip 100% vn nc ngoi c phi lcng ty trch nhim hu hn mt thnh vinkhng? C phi l php nhn Vit Nam khng?

Cc tranh chp ni b ca doanh nghip loi nyc gii quyt nh th no?

Vic chuyn doanh nghip lin doanh thnh hptc kinh doanh trn c s hp ng c ckhng?

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cc iimm ccaa vivicc thitthit llpp cccc doanhdoanh nghinghipptheotheo LuLutt uu tt nncc ngongoii

HHnhnh ththcc bb hhn n chch

PhPhii cc ss chpchp thuthunn ccaa cc quanquan ququnn ll uutt

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TT chchcc lli i doanhdoanh nghinghipp

ChiaChia doanhdoanh nghinghipp

TTchch doanhdoanh nghinghipp

SSpp nhnhpp doanhdoanh nghinghipp

HHpp nhtnht doanhdoanh nghinghipp

ChuyChuynn ii hhnhnh ththcc uu tt

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Hp tc x

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Khi nim hp tc x

L hnh thc doanh nghip tp th do cc x vin tnguyn lp ra nhm pht huy sc mnh tp th ca tngx vin, cng gip nhau thc hin c hiu qu hot ngsn xut, kinh doanh v nng cao i sng vt cht, tinhthn

HTX c t cch php nhn, chu trch nhim i vi cckhon n trong phm vi ti sn ca mnh

X vin c th bao gm: C nhn; h gia nh; php nhn

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c im ring ca HTX

Ngoi cc c im ca mt doanh nghip, HTX cn mang cc dc im ring:

L mt t chc kinh t tng tr

Cn mt s thnh vin ti thiu bo m tnhtp th

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Chc nng ca HTX

Chc nng kinh t

Chc nng x hi

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Doanh nghip nh nc

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L do ra i cadoanh nghip nh nc

Khim khuyt ca kinh t th trng

S yu th ca nn kinh t trong nc so vi ncngoi

Nhng vn c tnh dn tc

Nhng dch v c tnh cht cng ng...

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nghnghaa ccaa doanhdoanh nghinghipp ccngng

PhPht t tritrinn nhnhngng llnhnh vvcc chinchin llcc

TipTip ccnn nhnhngng ngungunn tntn dngdng llnn

KhoKho lplp nhnhngng khokhongng trtrngng doanhdoanh nghinghipp

HH trtr chocho ngngii yuyu kmkm vv mmtt kinhkinh tt

TTngng mmcc tittit kikimm vv uu tt

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NhNhcc iimm ccaa doanhdoanh nghinghipp ccngng

SSn n phphmm ccaa doanhdoanh nghinghipp ccngng cc vv ssllngng vv chtcht llngng ththngng thpthp ddii mmcc kkhohochch rara

nnngng trtrchch nhinhimm tti i chnhchnh lln n chnhchnh phph

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Nguyn nhn ca nhng yu km

Thiu vng k lut th trng

Thiu nng lc p ng th trng

Tham nhng

Ch ngha thn hu

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nhnh hhngng cci i ccchch

CCi i ccchch cc chch ququnn ll nhnh nncc vv doanhdoanhnghinghipp theotheo hhngng ttngng ccngng tnhtnh tt chch vvtnhtnh kinhkinh doanhdoanh

TTo mo mi i trtrngng ccnh nh tranhtranh chocho doanhdoanh nghinghippccngng

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Phn loi doanh nghip cng

Cn c vo hot ng thng mi: Mc tiu linhun hay thng mi; Hot ng cng ch hay mc tiu phi thng mi

Cn c vo mc tiu pht trin kinh t x hi:Chin lc hay ch yu; Phi chin lc hay khngch yu

Cn c vo nng lc thc t ca doanh nghip:Tn ti c lp c (viable); C kh nng tn ti c lp (potentially viable); Khng tn ti c lpc (nonviable)

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Kinh nghip ci cchdoanh nghip cng

Ch yu/chin lc/tn ti c lp c: Duy tr

Ch yu/chin lc/khng tn ti c lp c: Duytr v c ci cch c th

Khng ch yu/khng chin lc/tn ti c lpc: T nhn ho mt phn hay ton b

Khng ch yu/khng chin lc/khng tn ti clp c: Gii th

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Doanh nghip hot ng cng chhay mc tiu phi li nhun

L do duy tr: Thc y s pht trin ca khu vc kinht; To vic lm; Phn phi li thu nhp; Phc v chonhng lnh vc thit yu

Du hiu ca doanh nghip hot ng cng ch:

- Mc gi ca sn phm hay dch v c n nh thp

- S dng thm lao ng nhm tng vic lm, hiu sut laong gim...

- c nh nc h tr hay tr cp

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KhKhii ninimm vv bbn n chtcht ccaadoanhdoanh nghinghipp ccngng

MMii ququcc giagia cc mmtt nhnh nghnghaa khkhcc vv doanhdoanhnghinghipp ccngng nhnhngng uu ddaa vvo o mmtt bbn n chtcht

BBn n chtcht ll nhnh nncc kinhkinh doanhdoanh ddii hhnhnh ththccdoanhdoanh nghinghipp nhnhmm::

-- ThThcc yy ccc c khukhu vvcc chinchin llcc

-- TTngng thuthu nhnhpp chocho ngngnn sschch

-- CCnh nh tranhtranh vvii nncc ngongoii

-- ThThcc thithi chnhchnh sschch cc quynquyn

-- GiGiii quytquyt ccc c vnvn x x hhii

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Du hiu ca doanh nghip cng

Du hiu v s hu: Nh nc s hu ton bhoc mt phn theo ch c bit c th chi phi hot ng ch yu ca doanh nghip

Du hiu v kim sot: Nh nc kim sot ivi qu trnh ra quyt nh theo ch c bithay theo cam kt khi thnh lp doanh nghip

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Khi nim doanh nghip nhnc ca Vit Nam

L t chc kinh t:

- Nh nc s hu ton b vn iu l hocc c phn chi phi, vn gp chi phi

- T chc di hnh thc cng ty nh nc, cng ty c phn, cng ty trch nhim hu hn

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CCngng tyty nhnh nncc

NhNh nncc ss hhu tou ton n bb vvnn iuiu ll

NhNh nncc ththnhnh llpp, , tt chchcc ququnn ll

ngng kk hohot t ngng theotheo LuLutt DoanhDoanh nghinghipp NhNhnncc 20032003

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PhPhn lon loi i ccngng tyty nhnh nncc

CCngng tyty nhnh nncc cc llpp: : KhKhngng thuthucc cc cucuccaa ttngng ccngng tyty nhnh nncc

TTngng ccngng tyty nhnh nncc: :

-- HHnhnh ththcc lilinn ktkt kinhkinh tt trtrnn cc ss tt nguynguynngigiaa ccc c doanhdoanh nghinghipp; ; hohocc

-- cc hhnhnh ththnhnh trtrnn cc ss tt chchcc vv lilinn ktktccc c n n vv ththnhnh vivin n cc mmii quanquan hh ggn n bbvvii nhaunhau vv mmtt llii chch

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CCngng tyty trtrchch nhinhimm hhu hu hn n nhnh nnccmmtt ththnhnh vivinn

Nh nc s hu ton b vn iu l

T chc qun l v ng k theo Lut Doanhnghip

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CCngng tyty trtrchch nhinhimm hhu hu hn n nhnh nncccc haihai ththnhnh vivin n trtr llnn

TtTt cc ccc c ththnhnh vivin n uu ll ccngng tyty nhnh nncchohocc ngongoii ththnhnh vivin ln l ccngng tyty nhnh nncc, , ccththnhnh vivin ln l tt chchcc cc nhnh nncc uu quynquyngpgp vvnn

TT chchcc vv hohot t ngng theotheo LuLutt DoanhDoanh nghinghipp

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CCngng tyty cc phphnn nhnh nncc

ToTon n bb cc ngng ll ccc c ccngng tyty nhnh nncchohocc ccc c tt chchcc cc NhNh nncc uu quynquyngpgp vvnn

TT chchcc vv hohot t ngng theotheo LuLutt DoanhDoanhnghinghipp

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DoanhDoanh nghinghipp cc cc phphnn, , vvnn gpgp chi chi phphii ccaa nhnh nncc

CC phphnn hohocc vvnn gpgp ccaa nhnh nncc chimchim trtrnn50% 50% vvnn iuiu ll

NhNh nncc gigi quynquyn chi chi phphii doanhdoanh nghinghipp

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Doanh nghip c mt phn vn canh nc

Phn vn gp ca nh nc trong vniu l chim t 50% tr xung

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QuanQuan hh gigiaa nhnh nncc vv doanhdoanhnghinghipp ccngng: : KinhKinh nghinghimm thth gigiii

K K hohochch ccaa doanhdoanh nghinghipp

HHpp ngng gigiaa doanhdoanh nghinghipp vv chnhchnh phph

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QuanQuan hh gigiaa NhNh nncc vv doanhdoanhnghinghipp nhnh nncc ViVitt NamNam

ThThcc hihinn quynquyn ccaa chch ss hhuu

ThThcc hihinn chchcc nnngng ququnn ll nhnhnncc

ChCha a thitthit llpp cc chch quanquan hh vvmmtt kinhkinh tt gigiaa nhnh nncc vv doanhdoanhnghinghipp nhnh nncc

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C phn ho doanh nghip nhnc

L mt qu trnh m ti nh nc chuynDNNN thuc s hu ca nh nc thnhdoanh nghip ca nhiu ch s hu thucnhiu thnh phn kinh t khc nhau

Nh nc nh gi DNNN, ri chia thnhnhng phn bng nhau gi l c phn, sau, v mt k thut, bn cho nhiu i tngkhc nhau

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Phn bit c phn ho vi t nhn ho

T nhn ho (privatization) l qu trnh chuyn shu nh nc cho t nhn nhm lm gim t trng shu nh nc v gim s kim sot ca nh nc ivi DN

C phn ho l mt bin php ci t DNNN lm chon hot ng c hiu qu hn

T nhn ho theo ngha rng l lm thay i h thngkinh t- x hi, l mt chnh sch iu tit nn kinh t

Nu hiu t nhn ho theo ngha hp l vic thay ihnh thc s hu, th c phn ho l mt trong nhiucch t nhn ho

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Phn II

Hp ng

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Tnh hung 19

Cng ty N Hng kinh doanh trong lnh vc cung ng thit b nngnghip. N Hng pht hin ra mt c hi sn xut v bn my ct xn ccho mt s a phng vng su, vng xa, do n t hng sn xutthit b ny ti mt doanh nghip t nhn T Bng. Theo ng hp ng k kt vi T Bng, nh k N Hng ti c s sn xut ca T Bng kim tra tin sn xut, nhng thng khng gp ch doanh nghip TBng (ngi k kt hp ng vi N Hng) m ch gp v lm vic viThch Tin (ch doanh nghip t nhn Thch Tin). T Bng khng thchin c ngha v giao hng theo hp ng, tranh chp xy ra. T Bng btrn vi hu ht ti sn ca mnh. S ti sn cn li khng tr n choN Hng.

Cc chng c cho thy, Thch Tin tho thun vi T Bng b tinmua trang thit b cho T Bng v a cho T Bng mt khon tin ln thc hin d n theo hp ng c k kt gia N Hng v T Bngm khng ly li theo nh k, ch ly mt t l nht nh trn s li nhunkim c t vic thc hin d n ni trn. N Hng i Thch Tin phitr n thay cho T Bng. Lut s ca Thch Tin cho rng, quan h gia TBng v Thch Tin ch l quan h vay n thng thng, v Thch Tincng l mt ch n ca T Bng, nn Thch Tin v N Hng u c lyn trn s ti sn cn li ca T Bng. V vy i hi ca N Hng i viThch Tin l v l.

Hi: Theo anh, ch, ai c l? Ti sao?

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Thnh Pht (l mt cng ty kinh doanh trang thit b vn phng mt tnhmin ni) yu cu L Hong Lm (l mt cng ty kinh doanh cng mthng) giao cho Thnh Pht 100 b bn gh vn phng (kiu dng nh ThnhPht tng mua ca L Hong Lm theo Hp ng s 01/LHL&TP m haibn k kt vi nhau v thc hin xong) vo mt ngy xc nh qua mtbc th m trong khng ni ti gi c, cht lng, a im giao hng, phng thc thanh ton. L Hong Lm khng tr li v khng giao hng. Thnh Pht i khi kin v dn chng, trong Hp ng mua bn thit b vnphng s 01/LHL&TH ni c iu khon: L Hong Lm sn sng cungcp nhng mt hng c ghi trong hp ng ny vo bt k thi im nokhi nhn c yu cu c th ca Thnh Pht, vi iu kin Thnh Pht phitr thm cho mi n v hng ho 0,1 phn trm gi c ca n v hng ho trong ln giao hng theo hp ng ny. L Hong Lm lp lun: (1) Hp ng ni trn chm dt vo thi im giao hng ln cui cng theohp ng (mc d khng c qui nh thi im chm dt c th), v Hpng ny ch lp ra cho cc ln mua bn ; (2) iu khon m Thnh Phtdn chiu rt mp m, khng th hin ch c th v cc im chnh cavic mua bn nh: gi c, phng thc giao hng, phng thc thnh ton, cht lng, cng nh a im giao hng...; (3) iu khon ch c xeml s tho thun cho vic m phn mua bn c th. Thnh Pht cho rngmnh tr 0,1%, nn c quyn i hi nh vy.

Hi: Lp lun ca L Hong Lm c l khng? Ai c th l ngi thng kin? Ti sao?

Tnh hung 20

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Cng ty trch nhim hu hn nh bt v ch bin hi sn Xa Khi vay 3,5 triuUSD ca ngn hng Lng L mua 03 tu nh c vi iu kin th chp c 03 chictu ny cho ngn hng Lng L. 03 chic tu nh c ny c ng k ti VitNam. Tu Xa Khi 01 c tr gi 02 triu USD. Tu Xa Khi 02 c tr gi 01 triuUSD. Tu Xa Khi 03 c tr gi 01 triu USD. Trong thi gian th chp, Xa Khi bchia tch thnh hai cng ty l Xa Xa v Khi Khi, trong Xa Xa c s hu tuXa Khi 01 v tu Xa Khi 02, cn tu Xa Khi 03 thuc Khi Khi. Ngn hngLng L cng b chia thnh hai ngn hng mang tn Lng Lng, v L L, trong Lng Lng nm 3/7 khon n ca Xa Khi, cn L L nm 4/7 khon n nitrn. Khng may, Khi Khi khng tr c n cho mt trong hai ngn hng nitrn, buc phi x l ti sn th chp, nhng tu Xa Khi 03 ang b bt gi ncngoi v vi phm nghim trng qui nh v nh bt c nc . Khi Khicho rng: (1) mnh n ngn hng Lng L ch khng n ngn hng Lng Lnghoc L L, nn hai ngn hng ny khng c quyn i n; v (2) ti sn th chp c phn chia v khon n c phn chia, nn khng bit ti sn th chpno thuc ngn hng no, do mt trong hai hoc c hai ngn hng ny khng thbt gi bt k chic tu no ly n. Hai ngn hng ni trn ti gp Vn phnglut s Gi M nh t vn. Bit rng tu Xa Khi 1 n cng cu h ca ch tuA vo ngy 1/9/2005, v ca ch tu B vo ngy 5/9/2005

Tnh hung 21

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Khi qut v ngha v

Ngha v l mt ch nh trung tm ca lutdn s

Vt quyn c lut dn s iu chnh trng thi tnh thuc phm vi ca lut ti sn

Khi ti sn c lu thng, th c xc nh trng thi ng. l ni dung ca tri quynhay ngha v thuc phm vi ca lut ngha v

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Ni dung dn lutQuyn li t Ch th quyn li t

Xc lpquyn li

Thc hinquyn li

Th nhn Php nhn

Theo chca

ch th

Quynbo v vyu cu

bo v khic vi phm

Bnhquyndn s

Quyn vnhn cch

T do dn s

An tonthn th

An tontinh thn

T dothn th

T do tinh thn

T do ngh

nghip

T do i liT do

hot ngT do ch

Bn tnh

Phn loi

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Xc lpquyn li

Ccquyn lich quan

Cn cpht sinhquyn li

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Cn c pht sinhquyn li

Truyn thng Hin i

Hp ngGn nhhp ng

Vi phmNgha vphp nh

Gn nhvi phm

Hnhvi

phpl

Skinphp

l

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Quyn li ch quan

Quyni vt

Ngoi snnghip quyn

Ngha vchuyn

giao

Ngha vhnhng

Ngha vkhng

hnh ng

Ngha vt nhin

Quyni nhn

Sn nghipquyn

Quynnhnthn

Quyngianh

Cc quynli v vt

Vt quynph thuc

Vt quynchnh yu

Vt ng sn

Dolutnh

Dobn cht

Bt ng sndo bn cht

Bt ng sndo dng ch

Bt ng sn do lut nh

Btngsn

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Khi nim ngha v

Ngha v l mt quan h php l, theo tri ch c quyn yu cu ngi th tri phi

thi hnh mt i tng c th tr gi bngtin.

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i tng ca ngha v bao gm:

1. Chuyn giao quyn s hu

2. Lm mt vic (hnh ng)

3. Khng lm mt vic (khng hnh ng)

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c im ca ngha v

1. L mt quanh php l

2. L mt quynti sn

3. L mt quyni nhn

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L mt quan h php l bi:

1. c php lut cng nhn

2. C gi tr cng bc

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L mt quyn sn nghip bingha v c th tr gi bng tin

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L mt quyn i nhn bi:

1. Ch c thi hnh i vi ngi th tri

2. Khng c thi hnh trn bt k mt ti sn cth no

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Khc vi quyn i vt, quyn i nhn c ba yu t:

1. Tri ch (loi ch th tch cc, c quyn ihi thi hnh ngha v). Do , ngha v c thl phn lm tng ti sn ca h.

2. Ngi th tri (loi ch th tiu cc, phi thihnh ngha v v quyn li ca ngi khc). Do , ngha v lm gim ti sn ca h.

3. Mc ch ca ngha v l mt i tng

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Quyn i vt l mt quyn cthit lp trn vt v l mt yu t lm tng ti sn

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Quyn i vt c hai yu t:

1. Ch th ca quyn li, c ngha l ngi cquyn

2. Vt lm i tng ca quyn li

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Cc h qu ca quyn i nhn

1. Vic chuyn giao ngha v khng c t do nhchuyn giao quyn i vt

2. Ngha v khng c hiu lc vi ngi th ba. V vyquyn i nhn c xem l th quyn tng i

3. Quyn i nhn c th do ch ca cc ng s to lpnn hoc do ngoi ch ca ng s. Do vy quyni nhn c tnh cch v hn nh, khc vi quyn ivt c tnh cch hn nh.

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Phn loi ngha v

D l mt quyn vhn nh do c to nn bi ch ca ng s vnhng trng hp trongcuc sng, ngha v vn

cn phn loi v vn c thphn loi

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CCc cc cn n cc phphn lon loi i nghnghaa vv

1. Theo 1. Theo ngungunn ggcc ((ccchch ththcc tto o llpp nnn n nghnghaavv hohocc ccn n cc phpht t sinhsinh rara nghnghaa vv))

2. Theo 2. Theo ii ttngng hay hay mcmc chch ccaa nghnghaa vv

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Phn loi theongun gc

L

cch

thc

phn

loi

c

bn

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Theo ngun gc, c hai loi ngha v

1. Ngha v hp ng (c to nn bi chchung ca cc ng s)

2. Ngha v ngoi hp ng (pht sinh ngoi chca cc ng s)

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Ngha v ngoi hp ng

1. Ngha v php nh(pht sinh ngoihnh vi hay nhngs kin ca ngith tri)

2. Ngha v pht sinhra bi s kin cangi th tri

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NghNghaa vv phpht t sinhsinh bbii ss kikinn ccaa ngngiithth trtrii ggmm::

1. Vi ph1. Vi phm (m (cc g gy y thithitt hhi i chocho ngngii thth baba))2. 2. CCnn vi phvi phm (vm (v ttnhnh llm m ttnn hhi i chocho nguingui

thth baba))3. 3. GGnn nhnh hhpp ngng ((nghnghaa vv phpht t sinhsinh nhnh cc

mmtt hhpp ngng cc thitthit llpp, , nhnhngng ththcc ttkhkhngng cc hhpp ngng).).

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Nhc im ca phn loi ngha vtheo ngun gc

1. Nhc im v gii thch hiu lc ca ngha v.

2. Nhc im v vic dn chng cc ngha v cmc ch khc nhau trong trng hp ngha vkhng c ngi th tri thi hnh.

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183

Phn loi ngha v theo mcch c bn cch

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Cchthnht

Ngha vchuyn giao

Ngha v hnhng.

Ngha vkhng hnhng.

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Cch th hai

Ngha v tch cc

Ngha v tiu cc

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Cch th ba

Ngha v mn cn v trung thc

Ngha v thnh qu

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Cchtht

Ngha vti sn

Ngha vphi ti sn

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Bn cht ca thc hin ngha v

Lm tho mn yu cu catri ch

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Cc nguyn tcthc hin ngha v dn s

Trung thc, thin ch

Hp tc

ng cam kt

Khng tri php lut

Khng tri o c

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Ni dung thc hin ngha vNi dung thc hin ngha v

Thchinnga

im

Thchinnga

im

Thchin

nghav vthigian

Thchin

nghav vthigian

Thchinngi

tng

Thchinngi

tng

Thchinng

phngthc

Thchinng

phngthc

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Thay i ch thtrong quan h

ngha v

Thay i ch thtrong quan h

ngha v

Chuyn giaoquynyu cu

Chuyn giaoquynyu cu

Chuyn giaongha v

Chuyn giaongha v

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Bo m Thc hin

ngha v

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193

Gii thiu

L mt ch nh quan trng ca dn lut

Lin quan ti c lut ti sn v lut ngha v

L mt trong nhng phn kh nht

Gp phn thc y s pht trin kinh t

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S cn thit cacc bin php bo m

Php lut c chc nng bo m cho cc d nhhoc k hoch tr thnh hin thc, nn vic thchin ngha v ca ngi th tri hay s tho mn quyn li ca tri ch c ngha quan trng

Vic thc hin ngha v ph thuc vo hnh vi ca ngi th tri, nn cn c bin php thc bucs thi hnh, nu h khng t nguyn

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Tt c ti sn con n ang c hoc s c trong tng laiu l ti sn bo m cho ch n

Nhng ti sn ny bo m chung cho tt c cc ch n

Ti sn ny c th b chuyn nhng hoc tu tn hoc trcho nhiu ch n

Do cc ch n c th i hi cc bin php bo m c bit

Nguyn tc bo m cho khon n

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Cc bin php bo m

Bo m i vt: Cho php ch n to ra mtvt quyn trn mt hoc mt s ti sn c thdng tr n khi khon n n hn, d thcn nhng con n vn khng tr n

Bo m i nhn: Mt ngi khc nhn bo lnh cho con n v cam kt tr n thay cho con n khi con n khng tr c n

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Giao dch c bo m theo php lut Hoa K

Giao dch c bo m l bt k giao dch no m trong ngi thtri trao cho tri chmt quyn li bo m i vi ng sn hocbt ng sn

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Bn cht cagiao dch c bo m

Bo m quyn li cho ch n bng cch chophp ch n s dng ng sn nh vt thay thcho vic thc hin ngha v ca con n hoc lphng tin c c vic thc hin ngha vca con n

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SS dngdng giaogiao dchdch cc bbo o mm

ThThngng ss dngdng trongtrong giaogiao dchdch mm doanhdoanh nghinghipp hay hay ngngii titiuu ddngng vayvay tintin muamua ssmm

NhNhngng tntn dngdng cc bbo o m nm ny y chocho phpphp doanhdoanhnghinghipp hay hay ngngii titiuu ddngng muamua ssm tm ti si sn n llnn trongtrongkhikhi vvnn bbo o m m chocho ngngii bbn hay n hay ngngii chocho vayvaycc chi chi trtr toton n bb hay hay mmtt phphnn khikhi ccnn thitthit tt tti i ssn bn bo o mm

CC thth mangmang tti si sn n rara bbo o m m chocho ccc c khokhonn tntndngdng trongtrong ttngng lailai

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Khi nim cm c hay pledge

L dng c nht v thng thng nht ca giao dch cbo m, bao gm: Bailment, pawn hoc deposit ng sn cho ch n nhm bo m cho khon n hoc cam kt

Con n trao cho ch n quyn chim hu thc t hay vtl ng sn ca con n

Cc ng sn ny c gi l collateral, bao gm ngsn v hnh, hu hnh

Vn ny cng c cc lut gia Hoa K cho rng cvn i vi dng cm c ny v vn chuyn giaoquyn chim hu ti sn t con n, v v vn khng t c mc ch ca giao dch tn dng nhm gip cho con n th c v s dng ti sn

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Quyn li bo m

Bi nhng hn ch trn, nn lut Hoa K cho phpnhiu giao dch khng phi chuyn giao quynchim hu

Nhng gii php ny bao gm: Th chp ng sn (Chattel mortgage); chng nhn tn thc (Trust receipt); chuyn giao ti khon c th c chpnhn (Assignment of account receivable) m UCC (B lut Thng mi Nht th) gi l cc quynli bo m (security interests)

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Nhng dng ti sn c th l i tngca cm c hay collateral

Hng ho

Cc chng t chng minh cc quyn (Thng phiu; chng khon; vnn; ho n)

Cc ti khon c th c chp nhn

Hu ht ng sn hoc bt ng sn do dng ch khc

ng sn s c th c trong tng lai

Lu : Loi tr nhng ti sn nh : Bt ng sn, mortgage, bo him, ti khon t cc, c quyn ca ngi cho thu t (Landlords liens), hay c quyn ca ngi cung cp hay ca ngi xy dng trn t(Mechanics liens), v cc quyn yu cu pht sinh t nhng v kin(claims)

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iuiu kikinn cc hihiuu llcc ccaaquynquyn llii bbo o m (attachment)m (attachment)

ThoTho thuthunn bbngng vvn bn bn, n, trongtrong m m tt tti i ssn bn bo o m vm v cc con con nn kk

ChCh nn traotrao mmtt gigi trtr chocho con con nn

Con Con nn cc ccc c quynquyn ii vvii tti si sn bn bo o mm

LLu : u : KhiKhi chch nn chimchim hhu u ththcc tt tti si sn n ththkhkhngng ccnn thotho thuthunn bbngng vvn bn bnn

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204

Cm c theo nguyn l caCivil Law

i tng l ng sn

c im: ch n chim hu thc t hoc cgiao cho ngi th ba chim hu

Ngi th ba c th em ti sn ca mnh bo m cho con n

Thi hn cm c theo tho thun hoc theophp lut

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Ngha v ca ch n

Khng c s dng v hng li t ti sn, tr khi c tho thun

Phi coi sc ti sn v chu trch nhim vmt mt hoc h hng

Phi tr li ti sn khi khon n hon tt

Ch n khng ng nhin tr thnh ch shu khi con n khng tr c n n hn

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Quyn v ngha v ca con n Phi bi hon cho

ch n nhng chi ph bo qun ti sn

C quyn i ti sn nu ch n lm dng ti sn

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Nguyn tc khng phn chiati sn cm c

Ti sn cm c khng th phn chia d khon n cth c phn chia gia cc ngi tha k ca ch nhay con n

Tha k ca con n d tr n phn ca mnh cngkhng c quyn i k phn trong ti sn cm c chon khi tr n

Ngi tha k ca ch n d c tr k phncng khng c quyn trao ti sn cm c cho con nm lm nh hng ti ngi khc cho n khi ctr n

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Cm c bt ng sn

Phi c ng k chng li ngi th ba

Khng c cm c cho nhiu ch n

Nu th chp hay ng ri cng khng c cm c

Ch n c quyn hng dng, nu chim hu thc t ti sn

C th chuyn nhng cm c cho ngi khc nhngphi c con n chp nhn

Li thu c vic hng dng theo tho thun c thc coi l tin li hay tr vo tin gc hay tin li

c quyn u tin ly n trong trng hp ti sn bbn bi ch n khc

Ch n chim hu thc t hay chim hu tng trng

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Cc nguyn tc chung cabo m thc hin ngha v dn s

Ti sn ca con n, khng k hin c hoc s c trong tnglai, khng k ng sn hay bt ng sn, u bo m cho thchin ngha v v l ti sn bo m chung cho cc ch n, trnhng ti sn c min tr t vic bt gi v di sn dng th cng theo qui nh ca php lut

Ch n v con n c th tho thun thit lp vic bo m trnti sn c ch nh

Ch n c th yu cu bt gi ti sn bn

Ch n cng hng c chia theo t l vi tri quyn ca h, tr khi c ch n c u tin

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ThTh chpchp hay hay ngng

L mt vt quyn c thit lp trn ti sn nhm bo m cho ngha v

L mt quyn ph thuc

Khng th b phn chia

i khng vi ngi th ba

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Th chp l mt vt quyn

C quyn theo ui ti sn d ai ang chimhu

Con n c th chuynnhng ti sn th chp

Tuy nhin phi ng kvi c quan c thmquyn

Ch n khng cn chimhu ti sn

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Th chp l mt quyn ph thuc

Th chp bo m cho ngha v nn s tn ti ca nph thuc vo ngha v chnh

Th chp b chm dt trong cc trng hp sau:- Khc t ca ch n- Ngha v chnh b tiu vong- Cc th tc thanh l khc (VD to n quyt nh xo

b th chp lp ra la di trong thi k chun b phsn)

iu 362 khon 1 ca BLDSVN qui nh thiu cc trng hp

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ThTh chpchp khkhngng thth bb phphn n chiachia

KhiKhi mmtt thth chpchp xxc c llpp trtrnn nhiunhiu tti si sn, n, thth ththchpchp khkhngng thth bb phphn n chiachia vv baobao trtrmm lln n ttttcc ccc tc ti si sn n , , baobao trtrmm lln n mmii tti si sn vn v mmiiphphnn ccaa mmii tti si snn

CCc tc ti si sn nn ny y bb phphn n chiachia hay hay nghnghaa vv bb phphn n chiachia khkhngng nhnh hhngng gg ttii thth chpchp

ChCh nn cc thth bbt t gigi btbt kk tti si sn nn no o trongtrong ssccc tc ti si sn n nini

Qui Qui nhnh nny y gpgp phphnn chocho khkh nnngng vayvay nn llnn

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Th chp i khng li vingi th ba

Trc ht cn phi ng k cng khai

Ch n c quyn theo ui, truy tm ti sn th chp d aiang chim gi

c im ny l h qu ca c im th chp l mt vtquyn

Hai c im ny khng cn lm cho ch n phi lo ngi ti sn rth chp b con n chuyn nhng

Thch hp vi hot ng kinh t a dng

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ng k th chp

Nhm:- i khng vi ngi th ba- Cnh tranh nhau trong th t c tr n- Xc nh tnh hp php ca ti sn th chp Ti sn c th chp cho nhiu ch n khc nhau, nn

ch n no ng k trc c u tin tr n trc Vic ng k gip xem ti sn c b hn ch g bi php

lut khng Vic ng k gip n gin v n nh cc quan h x

hi Ch n phi ng k v thm tra ti sn

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XX ll tti si sn n thth chpchp

XX ll phphi i cc phphp p lulutt quanquan ttm vm v bbo o hh vvtutunn theotheo thth tctc nghinghimm ngngtt

TTi si sn n ccmm cc, , thth chpchp khkhngng ngng nhinhinnthuthucc ss hhu u ccaa chch nn

iuiu 314 v314 v 359 BLDSVN 359 BLDSVN chocho phpphp ccc bc bn n tt thotho thuthunn xx ll, n, nn n phph thuthucc vvo o kk mmnhnh

ThTh gigiii cc nhiunhiu quanquan iimm vv vivicc xx ll

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Cc hc thuyt v th chp Hoa K

Hc thuyt s hu (title theory): Hin i; Ch n c quynchim hu ti sn d con n ang thc t nm gi

Hc thuyt trung dung (hybrid theory): Quyn chim hu cach n ch pht sinh khi con n c li

Hc thuyt truy ui (lien theory): Ch n ch c quyn theoui ti sn v khng c php chim hu cho ti khi tchbin ti sn v bn u gi

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cc quynquyn

LL ccc c quynquyn mm phphp p lulutt qui qui nhnh chocho chch nn cclyly nn u u titinn trtrnn cc ccc c chch nn cc ccmm cc, , thth chpchpdo do tnhtnh chtcht cc bibitt ccaa trtrii quynquyn ccaa hh

CCc c chch nn cc cc quynquyn lyly nn theotheo thth tt do phdo php p lulutt qui qui nhnh

iuiu 314 v314 v 359 359 ccaa BLDSVN qui BLDSVN qui nhnh ccc c quynquyn u u titinn khkhngng hhpp ll

CCc c iuiu 20 v20 v 22 22 ccaa LHKDDVN; LHKDDVN; iuiu 31 31 BLHHVN; BLHHVN; iuiu 66 66 ccaa BLLBLL; ; iuiu 38 v38 v 39 LPSDN 39 LPSDN cc ccc qui c qui nhnh vv cc quynquyn

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S thc hin (perfection)

Mun cho li ch bo m c hiu lc chng li ngi th ba, th nht thit phi lm cho quyn libo m c thc hin

Vic ny lm cho ch n c u tin trn nhngngi khc mun tch bin hoc thu dng ti sn bo m

Phng php thc hin tu thuc vo loi ti sn

C ba phng php thc hin: chim hu, tch bin v tuyn b ti tr

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Chim hu

L phng php thc hin cho cm c

c yu cu i vi cc thng phiu, trnhng ti sn v hnh tuyt i nh:

- Giy t chng minh mt quyn i vi ti sn cth c chp nhn

- Giy t v ng sn nh: chng t chng minhngha v c tnh cht tin bc v mt quyn libo m hoc cho thu mt hng ho c bit

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Bo lnh

Bn cht: Thc hin ngha v thay th, khi ngic bo lnh khng thc hin c ngha vca mnh

c im:- L bin php bo m i nhn- C gi tr khi ngha v chnh c gi tr (c ngoi

l)- Phm vi v iu kin nh ngha v chnh, nu

bo lnh ton b

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PhPhm vi bm vi bo o llnhnh

BBo o llnhnh khkhngng thth vvtt ququ phphm vi vm vi v ccc c iuiu kikinnccaa nghnghaa vv chnhchnh

NgNgii bbo o llnhnh cc thth khkhngng bitbit ngngii cc bbo o llnhnh vv bbo o llnhnh chocho mmtt ngngii bbo o llnhnh khkhcc

BBo o llnhnh mmtt phphnn vv bbo o llnhnh toton n bb

NghNghaa vv cc bbo o llnhnh: : nghnghaa vv chnhchnh, l, li, ci, cc c khokhonn phpht, t, bbii ththngng thithitt hhi, chi i, chi phph tt tngtng. . ccthth thotho thuthunn khkhcc (ph(phn n tchtch iuiu 368, BLDSVN)368, BLDSVN)

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QuanQuan hh bbo o llnhnh

NhNhnn quanquan hh ddii gigicc ccaa tngtng ngngii::

-- ChCh nn hohocc ccc c chch nn

LyLy vivicc yyu u ccuu vv ththcc hihinn nghnghaa vv llm m xutxut phpht t iimm

-- Con Con nn hohocc ccc con c con nn

-- NgNgii bbo o llnhnh hohocc ccc c ngngii bbo o llnhnh

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Ch nCh n

Con nCon nNgi

bo lnhNgi

bo lnh

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Ch n 1Ch n 1 Ch n 2Ch n 2

Con nCon n Ngi bo lnhNgi bo lnh

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Con n 1Con n 1

Con n 2Con n 2

Ch nCh n

Ngibo lnhNgi

bo lnh

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Ngibo lnh 1

Ngibo lnh 1

Ngibo lnh 2Ngi

bo lnh 2

Ch nCh n

Con nCon n

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Ch nCh n

Con nCon nNgi bo lnhNgi bo lnh

Ngi bo lnhcho

ngi bo lnh

Ngi bo lnhcho

ngi bo lnh

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BBo o llnhnh vv hihiuu

CCc c trtrngng hhpp ccnn nghinghinn ccuu::

-- GiaoGiao dchdch chnhchnh vv hihiuu ttngng ii

-- GiaoGiao dchdch chnhchnh vv hihiuu tuytuytt ii

-- GiaoGiao dchdch chnhchnh vv hihiuu mmtt phphnn

-- NgNgii bbo o llnhnh khkhngng cc nnngng llcc, , bb e doe do, , bb laladdii

-- GiaoGiao dchdch chnhchnh bb tuytuynn bb vv hihiuu, , ngngii ccbbo o llnhnh khkhngng ththcc hihinn nghnghaa vv hohon n trtr, , ngngiibbo o llnhnh cc phphi i ththcc hihinn nghnghaa vv hohon n trtr khkhngng??

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Hp ng

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Khinim Hp ng l s tho thun cahai hay nhiu ngi v vic xc lp,

thay i hay chm dt quyn li.

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Phn bit gia hnh vi php l, s thothun v hp ng

S phn bit ny c ngha quan trng nhm tm n bn cht ca hp ng v nn tng l lun calut ngha v

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LL mmtt ss bibiuu hihinn chch nhnhmm xxc c llpp, , thaythay ii hay hay chmchm ddtt mmtt quynquyn llii. .

chch cc thth ll n n phphngng ((nhnh llm m mmtt didi chchcc) ) hohocc cc thth ll ss ththngng nhtnht gigiaa ccc c chch mm ccggii ll ss thotho thuthunn..

HHnhnh vi phvi php p ll

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Hp ng

S tho thun c mc ch xc lp, thay ihay chm dt quyn li c gi l hp ng.

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Cc yu t to ra hp ng

Bao gm hai yu t:

Ngi giao kt hp ng; v

Mc ch ca s thng nht ch

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NgNgii giaogiao ktkt hhpp ngng

CCnn cc haihai ngngii trtr lln n

NgNgii cc thth hohocc ll thth nhnhnn hohoccll phphp p nhnhnn

LLu :u : CC mmtt ss trtrngng hhpp kk ktkthhpp ngng vvii chnhchnh bbn n ththnn mmnhnh

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Mc ch ca s tho thun

Xc nh r bn cht v mc ch ca hp ng

Lu : - S tho thun khng c ngha l biu l chcng mt lc

- Hp ng gia nhp c s hn ch vi t do ch hay s tho thun

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Hqu

Khng i hi ngi ktc phi tho thun v tt ccc iu khon ca hpng, nhng phi tho thunti thiu v bn cht v mcch ca hp ng.

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Phn loi hp ng

Ni dung ca hp ng c th thay i tu theo ch ca ng s.

Do hp ng khc nhau v hn nh.

Nhng trong khoa hc php l ngi ta vn phn loi chng da trn nhiu cn c khc nhau.

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Cn c vo hnh thc, chia thnh 3 loi hp ng

Hp ng ng thun: L loi cn bn, thng chnh thc bng vn bn lm bng chng.

Hp ng trng hnh th: Do cng chng son tho; Hoc buc phi ghi mt s iu khon; Hoc phi lu ti mt s iu khon thit yu.

Hp ng giao vt: Ph thuc vo vic giao vt(VD: cho vay tiu dng, k gi, cm c, thchp).

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Cn c vo ni dung, phn loi nh sau

Hp ng ng thun v hp ng gia nhp

Hp ng c nhn v hp ng cng ng

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CCn n cc vvo dung o dung llngng, ph, phn lon loi i nhnh sausau::

HHpp ngng n n vv vv hhpp ngng song song vv..

HHpp ngng hho to tm (vm (v ththngng) v) v hhpp ngngththngng ththngng (h(hu u ththngng).).

HHpp ngng chchc chc chn vn v hhpp ngng may may rrii..

HHpp ngng ttcc thth vv hhpp ngng koko ddi.i.

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Cn c vo phng din gii thch, phn loi nh sau

Hp ng hu danh

Hp ng v danh

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Kt lp hp ng

C ba iu kin. Nu thiu mt trong ba, thhp ng s v hiu:

- S tho thun

- Mc ch xc nh

- Nguyn nhn ch thc v hp php

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S thothun chai vn ln

1. T do ch

2. Cc vn chnhca sthothun

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TT do do chch

1. 1. KhKhii ninimm vv nnii dung.dung.

2. 2. NhNhngng hhn n chch ii vvii tt do do khkhcc..

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KhKhii ninimm vv nnii dung dung ccaatt do do chch

-- CC nhnhnn chch bb rrngng bubucc bbii chch ccaa mmnhnh

-- XtXt trtrnn ccc c phphngng didinn: : trittrit hhcc, , o o cc hhcc vvkinhkinh tt hhcc

-- PhPhp p lulutt cngcng rrngng bubucc con con ngngii

-- chch ll ccn bn bn n ccaa nghnghaa vv. . NuNu con con ngngii cctt do do ththngng llngng hhpp ngng, , thth ss ddnn nn mmtt ssccngng bbngng

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BBn n chtcht ccaa tt do do chch

TT do do chch ththcc chtcht ll mmtt hhcc thuytthuyt nhnhmmbbo o vv tt do do ccaa con con ngngii bbngng ccchch gigiii hhn n sscan can thithipp ccaa nhnh nncc vvo co cc c quynquyn llii tt

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Nhng hn ch i vit do kh c

* Hn ch i vi t do giao kt hp ng.

* Hn ch i vi t do khng giao kt hp ng.

* Hn ch i vi t do n nh hoc thay i cc iu kin ca hp ng.

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HHn n chch ii vvii quynquyn tt do do giaogiao ktkt hhpp ngng

* * HHn n chch vv bbo o m m trtrtt tt ccngng ccngng, , o o cc xxhhii

* H* Hn n chch vivicc knkn chchnn ngngii giaogiao ktkt hhpp ngng: : ThThhihinn qua qua hhpp ngng cc tnhtnh chtcht dchdch vv ccngng ccngng

* H* Hn n chch bbo o m m ss trongtrong ssngng ccaa ss thotho thuthunn: : KhKhngng giaogiao ktkt vvii ngngii khkhngng cc nnngng llcc hhnhnh vivi

* Ph* Phi i u tiu tin n nhnhngng loloi i ngngii nhtnht nhnh: : NgNgii angangthuthu nhnh

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Hn ch i vi quyn t do khnggiao kt hp ng

Hn ch trc tip hoc gin tip vic t chikhng k kt hp ng: Khng k kt v phn bitchng tc; phi bn hoc cung cp cc dch v qung co; phi k kt hp ng lao ng tp th

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Hn ch quyn t do n nh vthay i cc iu kin ca hp ng

Php lut qui nh mt s iu kin bt bucvi mt s loi hp ng m c th gy nhhng i vi trt t cng cng hoc ngi thba: VD Hp ng gia nhp, buc phi n nhmt s iu khon

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253

Cc vn chnh ca s tho thun

1. Bn cht ca s thothun.

2. S thng nht ch.

3. i din.

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Bn cht ca s tho thun

1. ch thc v ch ngha trng hnh thc.2. Hai yu t ca s tho thun: ngh giao

kt hp ng (s ngh); v chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng (s ng thun).

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chch ththcc** chch ththcc vv chch tuytuynn bb: BLDS Ph: BLDS Php p theotheo khuynhkhuynh

hhngng chch ththcc (( 1156); BLDS 1156); BLDS cc theotheo khuynhkhuynhhhngng chch tuytuynn bb ccn n cc vvo o ss tuytuynn bb trongtrong hhppngng..

* * NghNghaa vv chch phpht t sinhsinh khikhi chch ll ththcc ss vv nnii tti, i, nhnhngng phphi i bibiuu hihinn rara bbn n ngongoii khkhngng theotheo mmtt ccngngththcc nno co c khkhcc vvii chch nghnghaa trongtrong hhnhnh ththcc

* * SS ththngng nhtnht chch hay hay ss ngng thuthunn ggmm haihai yuyu tt: : nghngh giaogiao ktkt hhpp ngng vv chpchp nhnhnn nghngh giaogiaoktkt hhpp ngng

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HHnhnh ththcc ccaa ss nghnghgiaogiao ktkt hhpp ngng

1. 1. BiBiuu ll rr rrngng vv nhnhngng iuiu kikinn, , hohocc mmcc nhinhinnnhnh trtrngng bby y hhngng hoho, , vvtt phphmm..

2. 2. nghngh riringng, , hohocc nghngh chungchung chocho ccngng chchngng..

3. Ph3. Phn n bibitt gigiaa nghngh giaogiao ktkt hhpp ngng vv nghnghththngng llngng hhpp ngng..

4. B4. Bo lo lu u trongtrong nghngh giaogiao ktkt hhpp ngng: : TT nhnh rara, , hohocc mmcc nhinhinn..

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Hiu lc ca ngh giao kt hp ng

C ba trng hp:

1. ngh c thi hn v ngh khng c thi hn.2. Rt ngh:

- gi i, nhng ngi c ngh cha nhn cd bit;- gi ti trc thi hn xc nh trong ngh;- gi ti trong trng hp ngh khng xc nhthi hn.

3. Trong thi hn xc nh bn c ngh khng tr lihay khng ng thun, th ngh cng ht hiu lc.

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Sthngnht ch

1. Hnhthc.

2. Stngthchgia s nghv schpnhn.

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Hnh thc im lng

S im lng c xem l chp nhn vi cc iukin:

1. S ngh ch c li ring cho ngi cth hng;

2. Khi hai bn giao dch quen thuc vinhau.

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S tng thch gia ngh vchp nhn

1. Tng thch ton b.

2. Khc nhng im ph.

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SS ktkt llpp hhpp ngng

* * ThThngng ththngng hhpp ngng cc ktkt llpp khikhi ccss ththngng nhtnht gigiaa ccc c chch

* * CC mmtt ss hhpp ngng ii hhii hhnhnh ththcc cc bibitt

* * LLcc nno o hhpp ngng cc ktkt llpp ll mmtt khkhkhkhnn trongtrong trtrngng hhpp ccc bc bn n xaxa nhaunhau. . ccnhiunhiu quanquan iimm vv vnvn n nyy

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Cc gii php v s kt lp hp nggia nhng ngi xa nhau

* C bn hc thuyt:

- Tuyn b ch

- Tng t

- Tip nhn

- Thng tin

* y l vn rt quan trng v thi im vni k kt hp ng c rt nhiu h qu php l

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HHcc thuytthuyt tuytuynn bb chch

SS chpchp nhnhnn cc coicoi nhnh hohon n ththnhnh kktt ngngyy ngngii cc nghngh giaogiao ktkt hhpp ngngtuytuynn bb chch chpchp nhnhnn ththngng qua cqua cc c phphngng titinn lilin ln lcc

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Hc thuyt tng t

S chp nhn coi nh c hon thnh k tngy th hoc in tn chp nhn c gi i cho ngi ngh giao kt hp ng

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Hc thuyt tip nhn

S chp nhn c coi l hon thnh k tkhi ngi ngh giao kt hp ng nhnc th hay in tn chp nhn

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HHcc thuytthuyt ththngng tintin

S chp nhn hon thnh k t khi ngi ngh giao kt hp ng thc s bit r c schp nhn

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Cc hu qu php l cathi im giao kt hp ng

* Trc khi hp ng c kt lp th bn ngh cth thu hi ngh ca mnh

* Ngi c ngh cng c th thu hi s chp nhn* Ci cht hoc vic mt nng lc hnh vi ca ngi

ngh s nh hng ti s kt lp hp ng* Lin quan ti vic chuyn quyn s hu vt v chuyn

ri ro

* Php lut hin hnh lc kt lp hp ng s c p dng

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Cc hu qu php l ca ni k kt hp ng

* La chn lut p dng

* Xc nh to n c thm quyn

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i din

* Ngi giao kt hp ng c th t mnhbiu l ch hay thng qua ngi i din

* Vic biu l ch ca ngi i din srng buc ngi c i din hay ngiu quyn

* Trong vic i din ngi i din khngb rng buc vi ngi i c

* Trng hp vt qu s u quyn

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Bn cht ca i din

* C quan im xem t do ch l nn tng

* i din phi c nhn nhn bao qut hn

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CCc c iuiu kikinn ccaa i i didinn

* * NgNgii i i didinn phphi i cc quynquyn i i didinn

* * NgNgii i i didinn phphi i cc chch i i didinn

* * NgNgii i dii din phn phi i cc chch giaogiao ktkt hhpp ngng

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Quyn i din

* Quyn i din do ch ca ngi c i dintrao cho hoc do lut nh

* i din theo hp ng u quyn: Ngi uquyn phi c nng lc

* i din hn ch v i din tng qut

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chch i i didinn

* * NgNgii i i didinn phphi i bibiuu ll chch i i didinn

* * NgNgii i i didinn cngcng cc thth khkhngng tittit ll tt ccchchccaa ngngii cc i i didinn theotheo nghngh ccaa ngngiicc i i didinn

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ch giao kt hp ng

* Ngi i din khng phi l ngi trung gianthng thng truyn t ch ca ngic i din m chnh h phi giao kt hpng

* ch ca ngi i din l yu t quan trnglm cho hp ng c hiu lc

* Trng hp chon ngi khng c nng lchnh vi lm ngi i din

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NhNhngng khimkhim khuytkhuyt ccaa ss thotho thuthunn

* * SS ktkt llpp hhpp ngng ccnn phphi i cc ss thotho thuthunnccaa ccc bc bn, n, ngng thithi ss thotho thuthunn khkhngngcc cc tt

* * ThThngng ththngng ngngii tata bitbit nn bbnn tt ::

-- NhNhmm llnn

-- LaLa ddii

-- e doe do

-- ThiThitt ththii

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Gii php ca Lut La M

* Khng thi hnh hpng

* T quyn i lp li trng thi ban u, c ngha l hu bhp ng

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Bn cht ca quan nim v khimkhuyt ca s tho thun

* T do ch

* Php lut phi bo m s t do v ngay thng ca ch v quan nim ngi giao kt hpng phi chn chn v mt suy ngh v trng thi minh mm bnh thng

* Nhng khim khuyt ny cn c xem xt gic trt t cng cng

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Nhm ln

* C cc dng nhm ln sau:- Nhm ln v bn cht- Nhm ln v i tng hay mc ch- Nhm ln v nhn thn ca ngi i

c

* Nhm ln v gi tr ca vt cc xem l v hiu khng ?

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LaLa ddii

* * iuiu kikinn::

-- CC tnhtnh ccchch quytquyt nhnh ddnn ttii giaogiao ktkt

-- CC tnhtnh ccchch chch yuyu

-- XXy y rara trtrcc hohocc ccngng llcc vvii ss giaogiao ktkt

* * NgNgii bbn n hhngng nini ququ vv hhngng hoho ccaa mmnhnhhay hay khkhngng nini rr ccc tc t vtvt ccaa vvtt cc ccxemxem ll ss lala ddii hay hay khkhngng??

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e da

* Phn bit:

- e da th cht

- e do tinh thn

* iu kin:

- Khng chnh ng

- Loi tr s thi hnh quyn li ca ngi e do, tuynhin lu n tnh hp php v mi tng quan trctip gia quyn li v hp ng c kt lp

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Thit thi

Li ch khng tng xng

Php lut phi nh r s s thit thi

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TrTrchch nhinhimm ddn n ss

LL mmtt hhuu ququ btbt llii

LL mmtt ngungunn ggcc ccaa nghnghaa vv khkhngng ccn n ccvvo o chch ccaa ccc bc bnn

PhPhn lon loi: i: TrTrchch nhinhimm hhpp ngng vv trtrchchnhinhimm ngongoii hhpp ngng

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iu kin ca trch nhimhp ng* Civil Law:- C mt hp ng gia hai bn- S thit hi do s khng thc hin hp ng gy ra* Common Law:- C mt hp ng c gi tr gia hai bn- B n vi phm hp ng- B n khng c s bin h no thnh cng chng li yu cu

ca nguyn n v s vi phm hp ng- Bn thn hp ng khng qui nh vic bi thng hoc gii

hn vic bi thng

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Cn c xc nh bi thng thit hi theophp lut Vit Nam

C hnh vi tri php lut

C thit hi thc t xy ra

Mi quan h nhn qu gia hnh vi vi phm php lut v thit hi xy ra

Ngi vi phm c li

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Quan nim khc v cn ctrch nhim dn s

Thit hi

Li

Mi quan h nhn qu

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SS thithitt hhii

KhKhngng cc thithitt hhi i thth khkhngng cc ll do do iibbii ththngng

ViVicc khkhngng thithi hhnhnh nghnghaa vv khkhngng hhn ln l phphi i chuchu trtrchch nhinhimm ddn n ss, , trtr khikhi ggy y thithitthhii

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iu kin ca s thit hi

* Thit hi phi xc nh hay chc chn:

- Hin ti

- Tng lai (Chc chn xy ra v c th clng c gi tr)

* Thit hi phi cha c bi thng

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Li

* C hai loi: - Hnh ng (c )- V i vi hp ng ch cn khng thc hin ngha v l coi

nh c li, khng cn chng minh li ca ngi th tri Ngi th tri phi chng minh mnh khng c li Trng hp khng phi bi thng: Bt kh khng hay li

ca tri ch Ngha v thnh qu: khng phi chng minh c li Ngha v mn cn, trung thc: Phi chng minh

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Nguyn nhn bn ngoi

Bt kh khng (vis major)

Tc ng ca ngi th ba

Li ca nguyn n

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BtBt khkh khkhngng

TrTr llcc khkhchch quanquan

KhKhngng thth oon n trtrcc cc

KhKhngng thth chchngng cc cc

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Lut

thng mi

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I- Dn nhp

* Ngy 10 thng 5 nm 1997, o lut thngmi u tin ca CHXHCN Vit Nam ra i

* nh du vic pht trin mt nn kinh t thtrng

* Mt mn hc mi ra i: lut thng mi

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II- Khi nim lut thng mi

* Cn c s tranh ci

* Ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic xc nh hnh vi thngmi

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* LTM lsn phmca kinht thtrng

* Khngxut hindi thiCNXH

iukin

xuthinLTM

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Blacks Law Dictionary: Lut thng mi (commercial law) l thut ng c s dng chton b mt ngnh lut vt cht p dng cho cc quyn li giao dch v quan h ca nhng ngi hnhngh thng mi, bun bn (commerce; trade; or mercantile pursuits)

nh ngha LTM ca Hoa K

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nh ngha LTM ca Php

Petit Dictionnaire de Droit: Lut th