lubica pincikovà organisation of the monument protection ......lubica pincikovà are associated...

Lubica Pincikovà

Organisation of the Monument

Protection System in Slovakia

after 1989

In this article, I discuss the organisation o f the m onum ent protec

tion system in Slovakia after the year 1989 w ith the aim to evalu

ate the actual efficiency o f this protection after 1989. I focus on

the year 2002, w hen a new act on protection o f m onum ents and h is

toric sites bringing an essential change came into force. However, it

w as the year 1989 that launched preparations for the new act and

stim ulated all subsequent changes in organisation o f the protection

o f monuments. At the beginning, I describe the im plem entation of

protection of monum ents and historic sites in Slovakia until 1989.

I continue w ith an evaluation of the organisation o f the system of

protection o f monum ents and historic sites after 1989 and changes in

the structure and num bers o f m onum ents and historic sites, briefly

m entioning the inform ation system of m onum ents and historic sites,

including the geographical inform ation system o f m onum ents and

historic sites o f the Slovak Republic. Then, I elaborate on the struc

tu ral and technical condition and form s o f ow nership o f monuments

after the year 1989.

1. Implementation of protection of monuments and historic

sites until 1989

The beginnings of organised protection o f cultural and historic monu

ments in the territory of Slovakia date back to the mid-i9th century and

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are associated w ith com petences o f bodies responsible for m onum ent

protection in the territory o f then Austria-H ungary. The so-called

V ienna M ethodology o f Care o f M onum ents influenced the develop

m ent o f this field for decades. The Governm ental Com m issariat for

M onum ent Protection acted in Slovakia from 1919, already in the

first Czechoslovak Republic. A fter World W ar 11, the D epartm ent

for Care of M onum ents o f the M in istry o f Education and N ational

E nlightenm ent1 took over the duties o f the Com m issariat.

The Institute of M onuments,2 w hich became a national scientific

and research institution competent in protection o f cu ltural and natu

ral monuments, w as established in 1951. The fact that the G overnm ent

o f the Slovak Republic had acknowledged in 1950 that eight Slovak

towns would be considered as tow n historic reserves3 also contrib

uted to establishm ent of the Institute. Activities o f the Institute w ere

divided into four areas: registration and docum entation o f m onu

ments, collaboration at practical recovery o f m onum ents (especially

research and m ethodical assistance), restoration o f cu ltural m onu

m ents and consultancy provided to the Departm ent o f Education,

Sciences and A rts and the Slovak Office for Ecclesiastic A ffairs. The

Institute w as also responsible for subm itting proposals for declaring

an object a monument. The Institute's competences w ere laid dow n

as a specialised professional assistance in the field o f state adm in

istration of monuments, especially in activities related to restora

tion and promotion o f monuments, as w ell as scientific evaluation

of cultural monuments, and study and development o f conservation

methods. The first specific act on cultural m onum ents w as adopted

1. See: h ttp :/ /w w w .m k sr.sk /k u ltu rn e -d ed icstv o /o ch ran a -p am iato k (all th e In te rn e t

lin k s in th e te x t accessed on 09.06.2011).

2. See: h ttp :/ / w w w .cu ltu re .g o v .s k / k u ltu rn e-d ed icstv o / o ch ra n a -p a m ia to k a n d http://

w w w .p a m ia t k y .s k / p a m ia t k y / o c h r a n a - p a m ia t k o v e h o - fo n d u / d e jin y - p a m ia t k o -

vej-sta ro stlivo sti/ .

3. M agd alén a B râ zd ilo vâ , "D ejin y p a m ia tk o v e j s ta ro s tliv o s ti” in h ttp :/ / w w w .p a m ia tk y .

sk / p a m ia tk y / o ch ra n a -p am iatk o v eh o -fo n d u /d e jin y -p am iatk o ve j-staro stlivo sti/ .

172

http://www.mksr.sk/kulturne-dedicstvo/ochrana-pamiatokhttp://www.culture.gov.sk/kulturne-dedicstvo/ochrana-pamiatokhttp://www.pamiatky.sk/pamiatky/ochrana-pamiatkoveho-fondu/dejiny-pamiatko-http://www.pamiatky

Organisation of the Monument Protection System in Slovakia after 1989

in 1958. The Institute w as later renam ed the Slovak Institute for Care

o f M onum ents and Natural Protection. The Institute was responsi

ble for research, documentation, evaluation, popularisation, and

restoration o f monuments, providing also specialised and m ethodi

cal assistance to the care o f monuments, especially national cultural

m onum ents. A t this time, great attention w as paid to the monuments

o f w orkers’ movem ent, the Slovak National U prising and Liberation,

and the h istory o f the Com m unist Party o f Czechoslovakia. M ain

tasks o f the Institute in the said period included completion of

the national list o f cultural m onum ents and preparation o f the List

o f M onum ents in Slovakia, * w hich w as finally published in the 1960s.

The N ational Conference o f Care o f M onuments in Slovakia and

the Czech Republic held in 1972 decided on a new model o f Slovak

care o f m onum ents. A tem porary statute defining the Institute’s m is

sion o f acting as central body o f state care o f monuments and natu

ral protection w as issued in 1973. A new departm ent o f design was

established, and a process o f preparation o f a detailed list o f h istori

cal m onum ents in Slovakia (finally completed in 1976) w as launched.

The A ct No. 27/1987 Col., on the State Care o f M onuments, w as adopted

in 1987 effective from January 1,1988. The A ct was amended several

tim es and rem ained in force till 2002. Based on the Act, the Institute

o f M onum ents issued expert opinions, w hilst decision-taking powers

w ere exerted b y bodies o f general state adm inistration - district and

regional offices - w hich did not alw ays respect the opinions sent to

them . ' Since the discussed period belongs to our “common m em ory”

w ith the Czech Republic and its analysis is also provided in an article

4. See: "S iip is p a m ia to k na S loven sku ," z v ä zo k 1-3, v ed eck â re d ak to rk a A lżb eta G ünthe-

ro vâ, S lo v en skÿ ù stav pam iatkovej staro stlivo sti a och ran y prirody, Obzor, Bratislava

1967. ["List o f M onum ents in S lovakia,” vols 1-3, scien tific editor A lżb eta G üntherovä, the

Slovak Institute for Care o f M onum ents and N atural Protection, Obzor, Bratislava 1967].

5. In fo rm a tio n on th e d eve lo p m en t o f th e sy ste m o f m o n u m en t p ro te ctio n in S lo v ak ia ,

on m o n u m e n ts a n d h is to ric sites, and on im p lem en tatio n o f p ro te ctio n o f m onu

m en ts c a n b e a lso fou n d on th is w ebsite: w w w .p a m ia tk y .s k .

173

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Lubica P in iik o v â

prepared by Dr. Śtulc, I w ill not elaborate on the topic any further.

In the following sections, I w ill focus on the changes in the system of

protection of monuments after the year 1989.

2. Implementation of protection of monuments and historic

sites after 1989

PreparationandadoptionofaNewActonProtectionofMonuments

and Historic Sites - from 1989 to 2002

Changes in socio-political and econom ic conditions in the year 1989

exerted pressure on overall organisation o f protection o f m onu

m ents in Slovakia. Two variants o f an am endm ent to the A ct on Care

of M onuments w ere prepared. The Institute issued the d iction ary of

unified names o f cultural m onum ents registered in the state regis

try. Moreover, a Computerised R egistry o f M ovable C ultural M onu

ments w as prepared in 1991. The Institute w as renam ed as the Slovak

Institute for Care o f M onuments.

Organisational changes leading to im provem ent o f professional

care of monuments w ere introduced in 1994. The Slovak Institute for

Care of M onuments w as joined w ith the State Restoration Studios.

Between 1994 and 1996, the Institute prepared several m ethodo

logical documents related to the description o f cu ltural m onum ents,

methodologies of protection of graphic and artistic-artisan decora

tions, documents related to passportisation o f arch itectural graphic

and artistic-artisan elements, and m ethodology o f nationw ide m ap

ping of grisaille glass panes in Slovakia. The preparation o f a project

o f publication of the Central List o f C ultural M onum ents, as w ell as

other projects should also be m entioned in this context. The prepa

ration o f national m ethodological centres w ith in the jurisdiction

of the M inistry of Culture caused furth er reorganisation leading

to the establishm ent o f the National Centre for M onum ents and

Landscape that w as dissolved in 1998. The structu re o f the Institute

w as changed so as to correspond to its in itial function o f central

methodological organisation responsible for the com pletion o f tasks

o f state care o f monuments, and the Institute w as again renam ed as

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Organisation o f the Monument Protection System in Slovakia after 1989

the Institute o f M onum ents w ith Regional Centres and W orkplaces

and w ith Regional Restoration Studios. In its capacity o f a central

organisation in charge o f research, expert methodology and docu

mentation, the Institute performed conceptual and law -m aking

activities, research activities and documentation o f monuments and

historic sites. The m ost im portant tasks in the year 1999 included

the preparation o f a N ew Act on Protection o f M onum ents and the

Term inological D ictionary of Care o f Monuments. The Institute

focused on revision o f the Central List of Cultural M onuments in

Slovakia w ith field physical inspections and identification o f monu

ments. Updated lists o f monuments are now processed electronically.

In December, 2001 the National Council o f the Slovak Republic

adopted the A ct No. 49/2002 Col., on Protection o f M onum ents and

H istoric Sites,6 w h ich cancelled the A ct o f the National Council of

the Slovak Republic No. 27/1987 Col., on State Care o f M onum ents, as

am ended by A ct No. 183/2000 Col. o f Laws.

A New Act on Protection of Monuments and Historic Sites: Act

No. 49/2002 Col., on Protection of Monuments and Historic Sites -

from 2002 to present times

A ct No. 49/2002 Col., on Protection o f M onum ents and Historic Sites,

adopted by the N ational Council o f the Slovak Republic on December

19,2001 entered into force on April 1,2002. The A ct governs conditions

for the protection o f cu ltural heritage m onum ents and historic sites

in accordance w ith scientific knowledge and on the basis o f interna

tional conventions in the field o f European and world cultural herit

age to w h ich the Slovak Republic has acceded. The A ct considerably

changed the previous organisation o f protection o f m onum ents in

Slovakia. It is based on legal regulations and practice applied in some

European countries w ith a strong tradition o f protection o f monu

m ents (e.g. Germ any, A ustria and the Netherlands).

6. See: h ttp :/ / w w w .cu ltu re .g o v .s k / m im ste rs tv o / le g is la tv a 2 / p rv n e -p re d p isy -v -o b la sti-

-kultry/zkon y/49/20 0 2.

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Lubica Pincikovà

The M onum ents Board has been established on the basis o f the

act as a specialised body o f state adm inistration. This step aim ed at

an increase o f efficiency o f tools for protection o f m onum ents and

historic sites.

The Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic (s r ) w as form ed by

transform ing the Institute of M onuments at the tim e as w ell as its

regional centres and workplaces. The transform ation process also

included a m andatory transfer o f labour-law relations o f employees of

district and regional offices, who had hitherto perform ed duties con

nected w ith the state care o f monuments. The Institute w as changed to

board and establishm ent o f the specialised state adm inistration body

enabled to remove duplicate decision-m aking in m atters o f protec

tion and recovery o f monuments. The Monuments Board s r acquired

a right to issue decisions (in very simplified terms it can be described

as the so-called round stamp). Unlike the previous "state care o f m on

um ents” declared by the state, the Act lays down “protection o f m onu

ments and historic sites” as a specific activity aimed at prevention and

restriction o f any interferences w ith monuments and m onum ents’

territories w hich threaten, damage or destroy the m onum ents and

the monuments’ territories (the so-called preventive measures), as

w ell as at rem oval o f impacts o f harm ful activities (the so-called cor

rective actions). The protection o f monuments also applies to movable

and immovable items w hich have been declared cultural m onum ents.

The Act removed the previously existing differentiation betw een

national cultural m onum ents8 and other m onum ents. A ll m onu

ments acquired the same im portance and the same level o f protection

and received the title o f “national cultural m onum ents” (hereinafter

only referred to as the “NCMs“). The Act defined m onum ents and h is

toric sites, paying special attention to the protection o f archaeological

finds and sites. It also introduced registration o f archaeological sites.

7. A ro u n d stam p is u sed in th e S lo vak R ep u b lic fo r r u b b er-s ta m p in g d ec is io n s.

8. In 2001, th e S lo v ak R ep u b lic h ad 72 n atio n a l c u ltu ra l m o n u m en ts, w h ic h c o n sis te d o f

69 im m o vab le and 3 m ovable m onu m ents.

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There w as also an improvement in the transparency o f the proc

ess o f declaration o f monuments and historic sites. In accordance

w ith the Constitution o f the Slovak Republic and the Declaration of

the National Council about Protection of Cultural Heritage, the Act

stated that m aintenance o f monuments is the matter o f public inter

est, imposing an obligation on every citizen to act so as not to cause

adverse changes to monuments and historic sites. At the same time,

the A ct strengthened the position o f the ow ner o f a n c m by the applica

tion o f a procedure according to the so-called rules of adm inistrative

procedure,9 w hich enable an owner of a n c m to appeal against an unsat

isfactory decision to an appellate body or even to a court. Obligations

o f an ow ner o f a n c m lim iting his ability to freely handle his ow ner

ship are compensated by the possibility to apply for a contribution for

m aintenance o f heritage value o f a cultural monument, for an adequate

compensation for provable losses, and for free provision o f professional

and m ethodological assistance from the Monuments Board.

The A ct specifies conditions for conducting o f researches on

m onum ents, w h ich can only be carried out b y a natural person

on the basis o f a licence issued by the M in istry of Culture (m c ) .

The licence for perform ance o f researches is issued to a natural p er

son only on the basis o f his practical experience and after passing

an exam in front o f an exp ert com m ission of the m c s r . T o ensure

q uality research docum entation and adequate protection of a n c m ,

a person processing the research o f m onum ents that necessarily

includes a plan o f recovery o f a m onum ent shall subm it the docum en

tation to the Technical-M ethodical Comm ission o f the M onuments

Board for a review and discussion, based on w hich the M onum ents

Board S R issues an opinion on results o f the research.10 O nly then

can the research docum entation be used as a basis for the Regional

M onum ents Board’s opinion on recovery o f the n c m in question.

9. A c t No. 71/1967 Col.

10. See: h ttp ://w w w .p a m ia tk y .sk /p a m ia tk y /o ch ra n a-p a m ia tk o v e h o -fo n d u /o d b o rn o -

-m eto d icka -k o m isia /.

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Eubica P i ncikovâ

In order to increase its efficiency, the A ct also tightens sanctions for

its violation, for dam aging the m onum ents and historic sites.

A fter evaluation o f its functioning, the A ct w as p a rtia lly am ended

from the perspective o f its practical application. That m eant m inor

changes, m ainly related to protection o f archaeological heritage,

m odification o f certain com petences o f the M onum ents Board and

the regional m onum ents boards, including th e process o f declara

tion o f a N C M , correction proceedings, reco very o f a cu ltu ra l m onu

m ent and adaptation o f a real estate, offenses and adm in istrative

offenses, and im position o f fines, w here a m axim u m lim it w as

increased.

3. Organisation of Protection o f Monuments and Historic Sites

in Slovakia after 1989

Based on the law, the specialised state administration in the field

of protection of monuments and historic sites consists of:

- the M in istry o f Culture o f the Slovak Republic

- Advisory bodies: M onuments Council, A rchaeological Council

- Committee for Verification for M onum ent Researchers

- Inspection o f M onum ents and H istoric Sites o f the M in istry

- the M onum ents Board o f the Slovak Republic

- Regional M onum ents Boards (8).

Also the self-governing regions, m unicipalities and ow ners of

m onum ents have th eir m andatory duties in the field o f protection of

m onum ents and historic sites.

B rief description o f specific organisations involved in protection

o f monum ents and historic sites:

The Ministry of Culture of the Slovak Republic:

- prepares the strategy for the protection o f cu ltu ra l heritage

m onum ents and historic sites;

- subm its to the governm ent o f the Slovak Republic strategic pro

posals and recom m endations for the solution o f fundam ental

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issues o f the conservation, use and presentation o f monuments

and historic sites;

- controls the activities o f the M onum ents Board;

- directs and controls state adm inistration activities in the field of

protection o f monuments;

- carries out central state supervision in the field of protection of

m onum ents through its Inspection o f M onum ents and Historic

Sites;

- review s the decisions o f the M onum ents Board issued under

adm in istrative proceedings;

- sets the conditions for a grant-based and m ulti-sourced system of

fin an cin g for the conservation o f cultural heritage m onuments.

Monuments Council:

- is a professional advisory and initiative body o f the M in istry

o f Culture for fundam ental issues concerning the protection of

m onum ents and historic sites;

- discusses and assesses concepts and strategies for the protec

tion o f m onum ents and historic sites and fundam ental issues of

th eir conservation, renovation, restoration, regeneration, use and

presentation;

- is appointed and recalled by the M inister o f Culture o f the Slovak

Republic.

Archaeological Council:

- is a professional advisory and co-ordination body o f the M in istry

for archaeological research, archaeological finds and archaeolog

ical sites;

its tasks include in particular:

- to consider applications from legal entities for the issue o f author

isations to engage in archaeological research;

- to evaluate the conditions and the quality o f the research carried

out;

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- to co-ordinate the perform ance o f im portant archaeological

research for w hich it reserves the right o f assessm ent;

- M embers o f the Council are appointed and recalled b y the M inister

o f Culture o f the Slovak Republic.

Committee for Verification of Special Professional Qualifications

for Carrying out Research on Monuments and Historic Sites:

- is an advisory body to the M in istry for verification o f the special

professional qualifications o f natural persons authorised to carry

out research on m onum ents and historic sites;

- considers applications by natural persons for obtain ing special

professional qualifications;

- subm its proposals to the M in istry for gran tin g authorisations on

special professional qualifications for carry in g out research on

monuments;

- M em bers o f the Committee are appointed and recalled b y the

M inister o f Culture.

Note: Research o f monuments can be only executed by physical persons

with this verification.

Inspection of Monuments and Historic Sites of the Ministry:

- is an organisational body through w hich the M in istry o f Culture

carries out central state supervision in the field o f protection of

monuments and historic sites;12

- decides under central state supervision w h eth er com petent

authorities in the field o f the protection o f m onum ents and h is

toric sites apply the provisions o f this A ct and the gen erally bind

ing regulations adopted for its implem entation;

- supervises compliance by ow ners o f cu ltural heritage m onum ents,

legal entities and natural persons w ith th is A ct and the generally

и . S ectio n 6 o f A c t No. 49/2002 Col., on P ro tectio n o f M o n u m e n ts a n d H isto ric S ites.

12. Ibidem , S ectio n 4.

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binding regulations adopted for its im plem entation and their

adherence to decisions issued by authorities for the protection of

m onum ents and h istoric sites;

- supervises the status o f cultural heritage m onum ents and com

pliance w ith the conditions for the protection o f cultural herit

age m onum ents and historic sites, as w ell as imposes duties on

the authorities for the protection o f m onum ents and historic sites

to rem edy deficiencies found during supervision;

- controls the fu lfilm en t o f m easures taken for the rem edy o f defi

ciencies.

The Inspection co-operates m ainly w ith the M onum ents Board,

Regional M onum ents Boards, m unicipalities, other control authori

ties, authorities involved in crim inal proceedings and other authori

ties and legal entities.

The M onum ents Board and Regional M onum ents Boards exercise

state supervision over com pliance w ith provisions o f A ct no. 49/2002

Col. and gen erally b inding legal regulations adopted for its im ple

m entation, as w ell as supervision over compliance w ith valid issued

decisions, and th ey take decisions for rem edying deficiencies w ith in

th eir scope o f com petence.

Monuments Board of the Slovak Republic

The M onum ents Board o f the s r is a legal en tity headquartered

in B ratislava w h ich is fin an cia lly connected to the budget o f the

M in istry and w h ich ensures, w ith in its scope o f com petence, wages

and m aterial m eans for the regional m onum ents boards and acts

as an em ployer for the em ployees w orking in the regional m onu

m ents boards. The M onum ents Board executes state adm inis

tration at a nationw ide level in the m atters entrusted to it by law.

It is governed by the G eneral Director, appointed and recalled by

the M in ister o f C ulture s r after consultations w ith the M onum ents

Council. The M onum ents Board executes state adm inistration as

the second instance auth ority in the field o f the protection o f monu-

Eubica P in ä k ovä

m ents and historic sites concerning matters decided in the first

instance by regional m onum ents boards. It also:

- governs and controls the perform ance of the state adm inistra

tion in the field o f protection o f monum ents and historic sites by

Regional M onum ents Boards;

- resolves and co-ordinates professional and research tasks and

develops theories and m ethodologies for the protection o f monu

m ents and historic sites;

- monitors the status o f m onum ents and historic sites and the con

ditions for their protection;

- takes decisions in adm inistrative proceedings as the first instance

authority in the field o f protection of m onum ents and historic

sites;

- takes decisions on appeals against decisions by Regional M onu

m ents Boards and review s th eir decisions,

- acts as an adm inistrator for the respective p art o f the state infor

m ation system ;

- keeps special records (an archive) in the field o f the protection of

m onuments and historic sites;

- ensures the developm ent of theories and m ethodologies for resto

ration, and establishes educational, development, analytical and

technological w orking places and laboratories;

- ensures research and restoration works as a special-purpose

state aid for cultural heritage monuments in danger;

- carries out and co-ordinates documentation, educational, edito

rial and prom otional activities;

- provides professional and m ethodological assistance to Regional

M onum ents Boards;

- co-operates w ith civic associations and foundations established in

order to protect, use and present monuments and historic sites;

- takes part in international projects for the protection and con

servation o f cultural heritage monuments and historic sites and

co-operates w ith international organisations and partner in sti

tutions abroad.

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Regional Monuments Board

- executes state adm inistration on its respective territory, w hich

is identical w ith the territory o f its region. The Slovak Republic

has 8 regions, w hich m eans that there are 8 Regional M onum ents

Boards. The Regional M onum ents Board acts and takes decisions

on adm inistrative legal matters independently. Responsibility

for the activities o f each Regional M onum ents Board is borne by

its director, appointed and recalled by the General Director o f

the M onuments Board;

- is the first instance competent adm inistrative authority to take

decisions on the rights and duties o f legal entities and physical

persons in the field o f the protection o f monum ents and historic

sites;

- monitors the status and use o f m onum ents and executes state

supervision over the protection o f m onum ents and historic sites;

- draws up docum ents connected w ith the preparation o f urban and

regional planning docum entation for the competent state adm in

istration authorities, and co-operates w ith them on the prepara

tions o f the project and restoration docum entation for the conser

vation and renovation o f m onum ents and historic sites;

- provides regional and district state adm inistration offices, on

their request, as w ell as self-governing regions and m unicipali

ties w ith extracts from the List o f M onum ents and H istoric Sites;

- directs the activities o f legal entities and physical persons in

the field o f conservation and use o f monuments and historic sites;

- ensures, w henever necessary, tem porary professional custody of

movable cultural heritage monuments;

- provides m unicipalities w ith m ethodological and professional

assistance in keeping records on the local sights o f these m uni

cipalities;

- monitors actual state o f conservation o f monuments;

- monitors compliance w ith this Act, takes m easures to rem

edy deficiencies in protection of m onum ents and historic sites,

imposes fines, etc.

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The m ain tasks o f the M onum ents Board and Regional M onum ents

Boards include basic research on m onum ents and h istoric sites and

revision o f the Central List o f M onum ents and H istoric Sites. Its

schedule is based on gradual processing of updating sheets o f in d i

vidual im m ovable and movable NCMs w ith an update o f data from

the land-use register, description o f actual condition, preparation

o f photographic docum entation, a detailed breakdow n o f contained

objects thorough identification and specification o f heritage v a l

ues o f a N C M . The Regional M onum ents Boards w ith th eir depart

m ents and all branches o f the Departm ent of State A dm in istration o f

the M onum ents Board take part in o f the im plem entation o f the tasks.

It is a long-term and system atic goal. Its p rim ary output serves as

a basis for decision-m aking needed for the state adm in istration in

the field o f protection o f m onum ents and historic sites. The task o f

revision of the Central List o f M onum ents and H istoric Sites is inter

alia followed by the preparation o f the List o f N ational C ultural

M onum ents o f the Slovak Republic. The activ ity does not only con

sist in an update o f the list, w hich, as I have m entioned earlier, w as

created in 1967 (see note. 4), but represents an en tire ly n ew principle

o f its creation. A n objective o f the prepared publications is to provide

inform ation on monum ents and m onum ents’ territories and th eir

heritage values as a prerequisite for acquiring know ledge about

the monum ents and historic sites, creation o f a positive attitude

tow ards them , and, thus, also takin g a positive approach to th eir

protection, recovery, presentation and future preservation.

The List o f National Cultural M onuments o f the Slovak R epublic13

w ill be divided into several volum es, w hich w ill be based on the ex ist

ing territorial and adm inistrative division o f Slovakia into d istricts.

Each volume w ill map m onum ents o f the capital o f an individual

d istrict and monum ents o f an adjacent district or, as the case m ay

13. th e is t vo lu m e o f th e list: Col.: N atio n al C u ltu ra l M o n u m e n ts in S lo v a k ia , D is tr ic t

R u źo m b ero k , issu ed b y th e M o n u m en ts B oard s r , p u b lish e d b y s l o v a r t , sp o l.s.r.o .,

B ra tis la va 2008, h as a lre a d y b een p u b lish ed .

184

O rganisation o f the Monument Protection System in Slovakia after 1989

be, several d istricts form ing a topographic unit. Such a m ethodol

ogy allow s to w ork not only w ith isolated facts, but also to cover

a w id er context and relations, and sufficiently dive them according

to the subject o f research.

4. Changes in the structure, numbers and ownership of monu

ments and historic sites after 198914

Based on A ct no. 49/2002 Col., on Protection o f M onum ents and H is

toric Sites, the m onum ents and historic sites o f the Slovak Republic

are defined as m ovable and im m ovable property declared as national

cu ltural heritage m onum ents, h istoric reserves and historic zones.

Property or objects in relation to w hich proceedings have been

initiated for th e ir declaration as cu ltural heritage m onuments, h is

toric reserves and historic zones, can also be considered as monu

m ents and h istoric sites.

The term cu ltu ra l heritage value m eans the aggregate value of

im portant h istoric, social, rural, urban, architectonic, scientific,

technical, v isu a l art, artistic and craft values for w hich the property

or objects are subject to individual or territorial protection.

C ultural heritage m onum ent m eans a movable object or im m ov

able property o f cu ltural heritage value w hich has been declared

a cu ltural heritage m onum ent for its protection. In the case of

archaeological finds, a non-uncovered movable object or non-uncov-

ered im m ovable p roperty discovered using m ethods and technolo

gies o f archaeological research m ay also be considered a cultural

heritage m onum ent.

A h istoric site m eans a residential territorial unit or rural ter

ritorial u nit o f concentrated historic m onum ent values or archaeo

logical finds and archaeological sites declared as a h istoric reserve or

a historic zone for th eir protection.

14. E u b o slav S k o v ie ra , D e p a rtm en t o f S tate In fo rm atio n S ystem o f th e M o n u m en ts

B o ard S R p rep a re d th e tab les in c o llab o ra tio n w ith th e au th o r o f th is d ocu m en t.

185

Lubica P in ćik ονά

A n archaeological find m eans any m ovable object or immovable

property w hich provides evidence of the life o f m ankind and related

activities from the oldest era to m odern tim es and is usually located

in the earth, on the ground or under water.

The term archaeological site m eans a topographically definable

unit w ith uncovered or non-uncovered (not presented) archaeologi

cal finds in their original archaeological settings.

The term protection of monuments and historic sites means the sum

m ary of activities and measures aimed at the identification, research,

documentation, conservation, renovation, restoration, regeneration, use

and presentation o f cultural heritage monuments and historic sites.

Monuments Board of the s r administers the Central Register of

Monuments and Historic Sites,15 which consists of:

a. the register o f movable cultural heritage m onum ents (Movable

C ultural Monuments);

b. the register o f im m ovable cultural heritage monum ents (immo

vable Cultural Monuments);

c. the register o f protected historic reserves (Monuments Reserves);

d. the register of protected historic zones (Monuments Zones).

Both movable and im m ovable m onum ents can be form ed by sets

of objects. In such cases, inform ation on these objects is also recorded

in the register. As o f January l, 2010, the Central List o f M onuments

and Historic Sites s r contained 9,647 im m ovable national cultural

m onuments, w hich consisted o f 14,346 objects, and 14,577 movable

national cultural m onuments, w hich consisted o f 31,864 item s.16

15. Data abou t W orld C u ltu ra l H eritage S ites (w c h Sites) a re k e p t sep a ra te ly . A ll record s

s p e c if ic a lly m en tio n i f a m on u m en t is p a r t o f a w c h Site.

16. See: h ttp :/ / w w w .p a m ia tk y .s k / p a m ia tk y / p a m ia tk o v y -u ra d / e v id e n c ia -k u ltu r n y c h -

-p am iatok-n a-sloven sku /. On th is w e b site you ca n a lso fin d in fo rm a tio n o n n u m b ers

o f m ovable and im m o vab le m o n u m en ts b y th e ir te rr ito r ia l d iv is io n , a lis t o f m onu

m en t re se rv e s , m o n u m en t zon es, and o th er s ta tis t ic a l d ata abou t m o n u m en ts and

h is to ric sites in th e s r .

186

http://www.pamiatky.sk/pamiatky/pamiatkovy-urad/evidencia-kulturnych-


Slovakia also has 5 World Heritage Sites, 28 historical reserves and

85 historic zones. Statistics on records o f m onum ents and historic

sites started to be prepared in 1988, w hich represents an especially

suitable starting point for com parison o f their num bers in the period

from the year 1989 to present tim es.

The Computerized Information System for Protection o f Monuments

and Historic Sites has been developed for the purpose of registration

of monuments and historic sites. In the period o f 1988-2001, the sys

tem was built in Xbase program m ing environment. The development

o f the system since the 1980s has been based m ainly on specialised

information, originated from the period of preparation of the List

o f Monuments in Slovakia. However, a lot o f new expert knowledge

resulting from researches on monuments, as w ell as archaeologi

cal, historical, ethnographic, and other studies, w hich w ere based

on researches conducted in the second h a lf o f the 20th century and

which, in m any cases, radically changed previous presumptions about

heritage values, w ere system atically omitted in the basic inform ation

database o f the inform ation system. Even an update o f the system in

the 1980s and 1990s m ainly focused on identification data and data

about property rights and on changes resulting from a new territorial

and adm inistrative division. Expert data for development of a com

prehensive computerized registry w ere not collected systematically.

Such a task required the preparation of a uniform term inology of

monuments and historic sites in the preparatory phase, w hich could

be later used in the products o f inform ation technologies. The diction

aries for movable and immovable cultural monuments w ere prepared

in the mid-1990s; they have become basic w orking tools used at gen

eral revision o f the Central Register o f M onuments and Historic Sites,

w hich was initiated in 2000 and still continues till today. Its basic goal

is to validate heritage values o f a n c m from the perspective of actual

scientific knowledge and verified inform ation and increase their

objectiveness. In accordance w ith the definition o f a national cultural

heritage and on the basis o f the above facts, the goal also includes

a definition of a heritage value in accordance w ith its definition in

187

Lubica P i nêikovà

the new Act. In connection w ith the step-by-step prepared update,

the inform ation system was converted in 2002 into s q l environm ent,

thus becoming applicable on the Internet and the Intranet applications.

It has a separate application - the Geographic Inform ation System o f

Monuments and Historic Sites s r .

Geographical Information System of Monuments and Historic

Sites of the Slovak Republic (g i s )

The Inform ation System utilises all the existin g data, the data o f

Central Register o f M onum ents and Historic Sites. The System is

"open“ to new ly formed, actual needs. An uncentralised collection,

as w ell as data exchange should be enabled. More p artn ers can co-

-operate at the form ation and fulfillm ent of the Inform ation System .

The Information System should also support professional w ork w ith

confidential data having different levels o f protection. It m eans that

the System m ust also enable a "differentiated" approach to data.

Monuments Board o f the s r has decided to use the fo llow ing soft

w are as the most suitable one:

Application aScH iLight - Landscape Edition - w ork in g on basic

web server and integrating:

- databases from different sources - e.g. from m s s q l /o r a c l e / o d b c /

s y b a s e / m s Access;

- maps - both types - geographical and special ones (maps o f m on

um ents territories, h istorical maps);

- other types o f data such as text files, photo-docum entation, draw

ings, videos, graphic files, etc.

This softw are application is used also in the creation o f digital

data, utilisation o f already existin g data and creation o f th eir te rr i

torial projection. M oreover, aScH iLight Publishing Edition softw are

is used for publishing and presentation purposes (-0 Fig. 1)17.

17. E ubica P in iik o v a , "G e o g ra p h ica l In fo rm a tio n S ystem o f th e M o n u m e n t F ou n d o f

th e S lo vak R ep u b lic” in: B rief Proceedings o f the s r e n 2005, F loren ce, A p r il 2 -8 , 2005,pp. 137-139.

188


C en tra l a u th o rizatio n w orksp ace

A uthorization w orkspace

M S tn V8

Direct access to file s tructu re .M ap and docum ent in tegration to the system. Access to analytic m odule.Synchronization o f database w ith AR.

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$MSSQLODBCOracleAccessdBase

CAD, GIS, Models

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W MS ZM OS, ISOMI,

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F ig· 1. A s c h e m e o f t h e d a t a m o d e l o f t h e g i s

The fin an cial support for the purchase o f some basic equipm ent

needed for the creation o f the g i s w as obtained from participation in

the u n e s c o program m e in 1999.

The maps from the Geodetic and Cartographic Institute in Brati

slava w ere used for geographical identification of the monuments

and historic sites.

The gran t system o f the M in istry Culture o f the s r , called “Let’s

renew our home" has been included into the database o f the g i s m f s r .

Therefore, the M in istry o f Culture utilises the g i s data and it helps

it to decide on distribution o f financial support dedicated for recon

struction o f h istorical cu ltural m onum ents in the Slovak Republic.

189

Lubica Pincikovä

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G eografickÿ in form aćny systém ochrany pam iatkového fondu S lovenskej republiky

Autor: Ing.arch, tub i ca Pinokovà, Pam iatkovÿ ûrad S lovenskej republiky, BratislavaSpolupraca: Mgr. Lydia Kravjanské, Ing.arch. Jana Pappovâ, Ing.arch. Viera Dvo fâkové, Ing.arch. tudm ila Husovskâ

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Q G IS OPF SR zobrazuje pam iatkovÿ fond, ktorÿ je podla Zâkona Ć.49/2002 Z.z. o ochranę pam iatkového fondu vyh lésenÿ Min isterstvom kultury SR za nârodné kultüm e pam iatky, pam iatkové rezervëcie a pam iatkové zôny.

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Q Radi Vés priv itam e aj na dom ovskej strânke Pam iatkového tiradu SR - www.pamiatky.sk

Fig. 2. The p ic tu re illu str a te s th e g i s m f s r b y M icro so ft E x p lo re r /on -lin e co n n e c tio n o f

th e u s e r to a c tu a l data

A ny user o f the g i s needs connection to the i n t e r n e t / i n t r a n e t

and the Internet Explorer softw are. On this basis, anyone can be

allowed to have free access to m ost o f the data in the g i s . O f course,

users can com m ent and also create (add) new docum ents into the

Inform ation System after obtaining a corresponding approval from

the adm inistrator.

190

http://www.pamiatky.sk


The m ost pressing need today is a form ation o f a dem ilitarised

zone w ith the h ighest level o f protection - after th is step the g i s can

be published also on the i n t e r n e t . One o f the actual future tasks

is the creation o f selected accesses to the g i s depending on the pro

fessional ab ility o f an user. In the future, the M onum ents Board s r

predicts interconnection o f the g i s w ith the com plex internet portal

register o f the M in istry o f Culture s r and co-operation w ith addi

tional m in isterial branches w hich deal w ith such topics as: regional

developm ent, school education o f every type and level, tourism ,

building, engineering, environm ent, historical sciences, architec

ture, culture, etc.

A n actual draw back of the database is that the database uses only

the Slovak language - however, translation o f g i s into English is

expected in the near future.

Graphic docum entary inform ation subsystem supplements the

data on docum entation of monuments, library units, recovery, designs

and plans o f cu ltural monuments, and maps and photographic docu

m entation stored in the A rchive o f the M onuments Board s r along

w ith other collections o f docum ents and arch ival items (-t> Fig. 2,

Tab. 1 and 2).

Monuments and Historic Sites s r from 1988 to 201018

-t> Fig. 3, Tab. 3

W hile a faster or slow er grow th o f quantity could be seen in all kinds

o f cu ltu ral m onum ents, m onum ents o f h istory experienced a rapid

decline up to 1995. Since then, however, th eir num ber has been ris

ing slightly. This resulted from re-assessm ent o f heritage values

o f m onum ents o f h istory after the political change in 1989, espe

cially in the case o f the m onum ents from the period o f the previous

com m unist regim e. The process included discarding o f m em orials

and com m em orative plaques associated w ith the establishm ent of

18. S ta tis t ic a l d ata fro m th e y e a r 2010 are g iv e n as o f 24.04.2010.

191

Lubica Pincikovà

24400

24225

24050

23875

23700

2000 2002 2003 2006 2009 2010

Fig. 3. T o ta l n u m b e r o f n atio n a l c u ltu ra l m o n u m en ts in th e y e a r s 2000-2010 in g ra p h ic

rep resen ta tio n .

I T a b le 1. M o n u m e n ts a n d H is to r ic S ite s s r fr o m 1988 to 2010M o n u m e n ts a n d H is to r ic S ite s Y e a r

1988 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

W H C Sites 0 0 3 4 4 5M on u m en ts R eserves 21 26 28 28 28 28

M o n u m en ts Z ones 0 6 72 87 89 85M ovable C u ltu ra l M onum ents* 12,269 13,048 4,835 14,582 14,392 14,577Im m ovab le C u ltu ra l

M o n u m en ts3

10,494 9,578 9,205 9,516 9,501 9,647

1. Prepared b y Luboslav Śkoviera, D epartm ent o f State Inform ation System o f the m b s r ,

as o f A p ril 23,2010 for the m c s r .

2. Sets o f M ovable C ultural M onum ents th at can also consist o f severa l m onum ents.

3. Sets o f Im m ovable C u ltu ral M onum ents th at can also con sist o f se ve ra l m onum ents.

the Com m unist Party o f Czechoslovakia and w ith various prom i

nent figures o f the labour m ovem ent and the C om m unist Party,

especially from the post-war period. From 1990 to 1995, the num ber

of these m onum ents fell b y as m any as 1,144. In contrast, the num ber

of technical monum ents in the same period rose by 243 m onum ents,

192


Table 2. Total number o f national cultural monuments in the years 2000-2010

Y e a r

C u lt u r a l M o n u m e n ts

Im m o v a b le M o va b le T o ta l

2000 9,516 14,582 24,089

2002 9,554 14,355 23,909

2003 9,518 14,354 23,872

2006 9,525 14,437 23,962

2009 9,647 14,577 24,224

2010 9,681 14,654 24,3351. Sets o f Im m ovable C u ltu ral M onum ents th at can also consist o f several m onum ents.

2. Sets o f M ovable C u ltu ral M onum ents, th at can also consist o f several m onum ents.

i.e. th eir num ber alm ost doubled. This increase w as associated w ith

the pressure from society on protection o f m onum ents o f this kind.

5. Development of the structural and technical condition

and ownership form of monuments in the years 1989-2010

-t> Tab. 3, Fig. 4

The stru ctu ra l and tech nical condition o f national cultural monu

m ents has been successfully stabilised, m ainly thanks to grant

program m es. The percentage o f m onum ents in good condition (1)

gradually decreased from 34% in 1994 to about 31% in 2004, and since

then it has been m aintained at th is level w ith sm aller fluctuations

u n til 2010. The portion o f m onum ents in danger, i.e. damaged monu

m ents (3) and m onum ents in a desolate condition (4) perm anently

decreases, from 27% in 1994 through 25.25% in 2004 up to 23.60%

in 2010. The biggest num ber o f m onum ents w as m oved to the “quite

good” category (2), w ith and increase from 33% in 1994 to nearly 40%

in 2010. This m eans that together w ith the m onum ents in good con

dition, m ore th an 70% o f m onum ents in 2004 are in satisfactory con

dition, and i f w e added to th is the m onum ents undergoing conserva

tion, the num ber w ould rise to 75.4%.

193

L u b icaP in cikovà

Table 3. Number of some selected types of Immovable Cultural Monuments

from 1988 to 2010

Objects* of immov

able cultural monuments

by the kind

Year

1988 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

A rc h a e o lo g ica l m o n u m en ts 287 317 362 340 360 393

M on u m en ts o f a rc h ite c tu re 6,254 7,004 7,028 7,515 7,738 8,164

M on u m en ts o f h is to ry 2,142 2,530 1,416 1,397 1,386 1,399

Folk a rc h ite c tu re 1,152 1,301 1,526 1,821 1,833 2,043

D raw in g m onu m ents 376 590 739 818 1,005 1,450

T e ch n ica l m onu m ents 281 389 435 451 454 524

H isto rica l ga rd en s, p a rk s, etc. 7 312 332 333 340 373* Im m ovable cu ltu ra l m onum ents can consist o f several m onum ents.

39,30%

18,80%

4,80%5,io %

□□H□

desolate

u n der con servation

u rb an good

quite good

dam aged

Fig. 4. G rap h ic re p resen ta tio n o f th e s tr u c tu ra l and t e c h n ic a l co n d itio n o f c u ltu r a l

m o n u m en ts in 2010

194


Development of forms of ownership of immovable cultural

monuments in the years 1989-2010 (-0 Fig. 5)

In 1989, 0% o f m onum ents were owned by legal entities and 98% of

m ovable cu ltu ral m onum ents w ere owned by registered churches

and religious associations (-t> Fig. б)

Development of forms of ownership of cultural monuments

after 1989 (-t> Tab. 4)

98.5% o f m ovable cu ltu ral m onum ents in Slovakia today are owned

by churches and religious associations (h> Tab. 5).

The developm ent o f ow nership form s o f m onum ents faith fu lly

reflects social changes and reform s. The share o f the state fell grad

u ally from 36% in 1989 to 9.00% in 2010. The largest decreases of

state-ow ned m onum ents occurred in the years w hen the state w as

retu rn in g p roperty w ith in the restitution process (1990-1994) and on

tran sfer o f com petence and property to m unicipalities (1997) and to

the H igher Territorial U nits (2006). This w as a reflection o f a hando

ver o f state p rop erty to m unicipalities and higher territorial units.

D iscarding o f unauthentic m onum ents o f h istory and m em orials of

20%

■ p h ysica l p erson s

G state

EH ch u rch

H m u n icip alities20%

F ig. 5. O w n e rs h ip o f c u ltu r a l m o n u m en ts in 1989 in%

195

Lubica Pincikovà

Я p h ysical persons

□ state 26.15%

СИ com m unite

[3 ch urch

□ legal entities

F ig.6 . O w n e rsh ip o f c u ltu r a l m on u m en ts in 2010 in%

Table 4. Structural and technical condition of NCMs in the years 1994-2010

A c tu a l c o n d itio n 1994 1996 2004 2007 2010

o f c u lt u r a l m o n u m e n ts* % % % % %

1 - good 34 32 30.75 30.5 31

2 - q u ite good 33 35 38.25 39-7 39-3

3 - dam aged 20 20 19-75 19.15 18.8

4 - desolate 7 5-7 5-5 4-75 4.8

5 - u n d e rg o in g c o n se rv atio n 6 7-3 5-75 5-9 5-1* See: http://w w w .pam iatky.sk/pam iatky/pam iatkovy-urad/

evidencia-kulturnych-p am iatok-na-slovensku/

the Com m unist P arty also affected the num ber o f state-ow ned m on

uments, especially in the years 1990 to 1995 (-> Tab. б).

W ith respect to the com parison o f structu ral and tech nical con

dition and ow nership form s o f monuments in 2010, it can be stated

that their satisfactory condition - good (1) and quite good (2) is rela

tively balanced: 63.9% - legal persons, 66.71% - physical persons,

196

http://www.pamiatky.sk/pamiatky/pamiatkovy-urad/

O rganisation o f the Monument Protection System in Slovakia after 1989

Table 5. Development o f ownership of immovable cultural monuments

1988-2010 [in %]

in the years

Owners 1988 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

S tate1 36 34 20 16 15 9M u n ic ip a lity * 20 20 24 24 24 26

C h u rc h 5 20 21 23 23 24 26

L eg al p e rs o n s 4 - - 5 8 8 9P h y sica l p e rso n s 24 25 28 29 29 301. State, i.e. state ad m in istration bodies and organ ization s established by them .

2. Self-govern m en ta l bodies, i.e. m unicip alities, h igh er territo ria l u nits, form er local, m unicipal,

d istr ict, and region al cou n cils and organ ization s established by them .

3. C hurch i.e. reg istered ch u rch es and relig iou s associations.

4. Legal en tities, i.e. o th er legal entities than ch urch es and organizations established by state

and self-govern m en tal bodies.

Table 6. A ctual technical condition of monuments w ith comparison to ownership

in 2010

A ctual state

(condition)

Good Quite

good

Damaged Desolate Undergoing

conservation

Total

O w n e rs h ip

S tate 409 493 223 99 70 1,294

M u n ic ip a litie s 1,303 1,363 730 150 138 3,684

C h u rch 1,263 1,544 724 71 148 3,750

L eg al p erso n s 386 452 267 105 100 1,310

P h y sica l p e rso n s 1,083 1,789 899 259 276 4,308

T o ta l 4,446 5,641 2,843 684 732 14,346

69.56% - state, 72.36% m unicipalities, and 74.85% - churches. As for

m onum ents in desolate condition, the w orst situation can be seen in

the case o f legal persons - 7.63%, followed by natural persons - 6.4%,

the state - 5.4%, churches 3.94%, and m unicipalities - 3.74%.

197

Lubica P in ä k o v a

The current situation o f protection o f m onum ents and h istoric

sites is affected by the developm ent up to 1989. M any h itherto state-

-owned buildings w ere returned to th eir origin al ow ners, often

in bad physical condition. M any apartm ents, m ain ly in h istoric

buildings and tow n centres, w ere tran sferred to the ow nership

o f m unicipalities. Reforms are not sufficien tly fast and consistent

even in this area; some steps are ham pered b y low budgets o f local

governm ents. As protection o f m onum ents is p rim a rily the respon

sibility of th eir ow ners, there rem ain m any questions to be resolved

w ith respect to the financial aid provided b y the state, m unicipali

ties, sponsors and donors. M oreover, there are also other accom pa

nying factors arising from transition from the state “m onum ents

monopoly” to private ow nership and com petitive environm ent, as

w ell as to increased participation o f m unicipalities, citizen s and

civic associations.

6. Funding of monuments and historic sites

In the Slovak Republic, conservation o f m onum ents and historic

sites is funded from several sources - through the ow ner, whose

co-participation is u sually a prerequisite for acquisition o f fin an

cial support from other sources, such as the gran tin g program m e

of the M in istry o f Culture of the Slovak Republic “Let’s renew our

home,” w hich considerably contributes to satisfactory stru ctu ral

and technical condition o f cultural m onum ents in the s r .

The granting program m e of the M in istry o f C ulture o f the Slovak

Republic "Let’s renew our home” is intended to support projects of

system atic approach to protection o f cu ltural m onum ents, projects

for preparation and implem entation o f reco very or restoration of

cultural monum ents also in the World C ultural H eritage Sites, and

projects for identification, docum entation, presentation, in terpreta

tion, publication, and use of monum ents and historic sites in accord

ance w ith their heritage values. In each budgetary year, the M in istry

can provide a subsidy from the state budget for protection, recovery

and developm ent o f cultural heritage.

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The program m e has the follow ing subprogramm es:

- Subprogram m e 1.1: Recovery o f cultural monuments

- Subprogram m e 1.2: R ecovery o f cultural m onum ents in the World

C ultural H eritage Sites

- Subprogram m e 1.3: Activities of cultural policy and publishing

activities in the field o f protection of monuments and historic sites.

The objective o f the Subprogram m e 1.1 is to provide support to

a system ic approach to protection o f cultural monuments, prepara

tion and im plem entation o f recovery and restoration o f cultural mon

um ents, presentation and usage o f cultural m onum ents in accord

ance w ith th eir heritage values, and support to projects o f recovery

o f the cu ltural m onum ents qualified to be labelled as a part o f the

European Cultural Heritage.

Subprogram m e 1.2 is intended to support the projects o f system ic

approach to protection o f cultural m onum ents in the sites inscribed

in the u n e s c o World Heritage List, preparation and im plem entation

o f th eir recovery, restoration and regeneration, presentation and use

o f cu ltu ral m onum ents w ith in m onum ents’ territories in accordance

w ith th eir heritage values.

Subprogram m e 1.3 is focused on system ic support to entities

involved in the process o f protection o f m onum ents and historic sites

(e.g. ow ners o f cu ltu ra l m onuments, non-profitable organisations,

civic associations, n atu ral persons, self-governm ents, etc.), whose

objective is protection, identification, docum entation, presentation,

and interpretation o f cu ltural and heritage values o f monuments

and historic sites and m onum ents’ territories.

7. Conclusions

Changes caused by the year 1989 in the field o f protection o f monu

m ents and historic sites w ere reflected in preparation and execution

o f A ct no. 49/2002 Col., on Protection o f M onuments and Historic Sites,

w hich had far-reaching consequences for the area of protection of

m onum ents in Slovakia. A principal change resulting from the estab

lishm ent o f a specialised state adm inistration body - the M onuments

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Lubica Pincikovä

Board s r and eight regional monuments boards - has been reflected

in protection o f monuments and historic sites and has led to im proved

efficiency of tools for protection o f monuments and historic sites. This

can be seen in the following changes:

- improved condition o f m onum ents and historic sites

- central adm inistration system is more com petitive and effective

- better funding o f monum ents and historic sites

- regulations for m onum ents’ territories have to be im plem ented

into m unicipal plans

- im provem ent o f effectiveness o f preservation

- improved quality o f research on monuments

- improved awareness o f the public about m onum ent and heritage

protection

- strengthened position o f ow ners of cultural m onum ents based on

application o f the so-called rules o f adm inistrative procedure.

System atic update o f the Central List o f M onum ents and H istoric

Sites, preparation o f the list o f m onuments, revision and creation

o f principles o f protection o f m onum ents’ territories, system atic

m onitoring, and m any other activities contribute not only to better

knowledge o f m onum ents and historic sites, but especially to th eir

better protection. O f course, there are alw ays w ays to evade or ignore

the law. Pressure exerted by various strong developers som etim es

overrides the law and public interest in protection o f m onum ents,

and historic sites lose ground to other kinds o f "public interest." A lot

also depends on individual exp ert assessm ent m ade by conserva

tionists. However, the law now already enables us to use qualified

research of monum ents as the basis for the assessm ent. It is still

necessary to improve the developm ent of public aw areness about

monuments and historic sites, as w ell as to continuously broaden

the knowledge o f conservationists, civil servants. There is still room

for im provem ents in the area o f protection o f heritage values, m onu

m ents’ territories and m obilisation o f local com m unities, etc. It can

already be stated, however, that in Slovakia the efficiency o f tools for

protection o f m onum ents and historic sites has im proved.

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