lucio paternò - inaf · lucio paternò department of physics and astronomy university of catania...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
![Page 2: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lucio Paternò
Department of Physics and Astronomy
University of Catania
(not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *)
The Solar Differential Rotation:
a Historical View
* Birthday on December 22nd, this year
Rome 24 June 2009
![Page 3: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Lucio Paternò
I.N.P.D.A.P. – National Institute for Social Security of Civil Servants
The Solar Differential Rotation:
a Historical View
Baia delle Zagare 23 June 2011
![Page 4: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
PRE-HELIOSEISMOLOGY
ERA20 years of work in 25 minutes
![Page 5: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Observations of differential rotation-Sunspots motions
Scheiner (1630): first noticed that the equatorial sunspots had a shorter rotation period than the polar ones
Carrington (1863): first established a dependence of rotation on latitude
Spörer (1874): established the law of rotation
Maunder (1905): discovered the famous minimum of sunspots between 1645 and 1715 by analyzing the old available data, and established a law of rotation
Newton & Nunn (1951): established the modern law of rotation by analyzing some 10 years of sunspot recurrent group motions
Ω(φ) = 14.38 – 2.44 sin2 φ deg/day
Ward (1965): considered sunspots of different areas and types
![Page 6: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
All determinations Ward’s determinations
![Page 7: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Spectroscopic observations (Doppler effect)
Adams (1909)
Plaskett (1915)
De Lury (1916)
Cimino & Rainone (1951)
Livingston (1969)
Howard & Harvey (1970) *
* Ω(φ) = 13.76 – 1.74 sin2 φ – 2.19 sin4 φ deg/day
![Page 8: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rotation periods determined by sunspot motions are shorter than those determined by spectroscopic measurements
Howard & Harvey vs Newton & Nunn
![Page 9: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Secular variation of equatorial velocity
Pobs 34 years
P 20 years, for L 29 (LHp 2R )
![Page 10: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Appenzeller & Schröter (1967) < 6 K
Plaskett (1970) 5 %
Caccin et al. (1970) < 1 %
Altrock & Canfield (1972) < 1.5 K
Rutten (1973) < 3 K
Noyes et al. (1973) < 7 K
Falciani et al. (1974) 0 K
No pole-equator temperature differences
![Page 11: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The observations of the surface rotation and pole-equator temperature differences were the only information the scientists of the ’60s and ’70s had in the hands for explaining the mechanism that generates the solar differential rotation.
Plus a theoretical knowledge of the internal stratification of the Sun as given by the evolutionary models that indicated a depth of the convection zone of about 0.8 R, shallower than that derived from helioseismology and from the modern theoretical models.
Scarce computing facilities for approaching complex fluid dynamic problems.
![Page 12: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The proved existence of a quasi-stationary equatorial “acceleration” implies the action of a mechanism that transfers angular momentum toward the equator balanced by an equal amount of viscous momentum transferred from the equator to the poles.
Plausible mechanisms
- Large scale meridian circulation
- Reynolds stress
![Page 13: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Large scale meridian circulation
![Page 14: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Reynolds stresses
-Correlation of perpendicular velocities:
<uθ’ uφ’> ; <ur’ uθ’> ; <ur
’ uφ’>
![Page 15: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Anisotropy of viscosity
![Page 17: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The pioneer: Ludwig Biermann 1951
![Page 18: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rudolf Kippenhahn 1961
Anisotropy of viscosity
![Page 19: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Following Kippenhahn with anisotropic viscous momentum transfer:
Sakurai 1966 - Cocke 1967
![Page 20: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Then Köhler 1970
![Page 21: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Rüdiger 1974 – Λ effect
1989
Dominance of latitudinal Reynolds stresses with respect to the radial ones
![Page 22: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Global convection
![Page 23: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Durney 1970 – Global convection
(see also Busse 1970, Yoshimura 1971)
![Page 24: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Gilman 1972 – later Gilman & Gatzmaier
![Page 25: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Interaction of rotation
with turbulent
convection
![Page 26: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Nigel Weiss 1965 (The Observatory)
Ωg
θ Ω2 gβ/4Θ
The latitudinal variation of the angle between Ω and g affects the convective flux thus determining a meridian circulation
K(r,θ) = Ko(r) [1 + εTaP2(cos θ)]
Ta = 4Ω2 L4 /
![Page 27: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Durney & Roxburgh 1971
![Page 28: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Belvedere & Paternò 1976 -1977
Then B & P + Stix 1980
![Page 29: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
![Page 30: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Pidatella, Stix, Belvedere, Paternò 1986
![Page 31: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Two milestones in solar differential rotation research
![Page 32: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
In order to have a correct dynamo action (sunspot drift toward the equator):
(r) < 0 in the northern hemispere (NH)
but > 0 in the NH from poloidal-toroidal field phase relation observed at the surface
therefore r < 0 an angular velocity increasing inwards is required
but r > 0 in the convection zone from mosthydrodynamic models (rotation in cylinders)
and (r) > 0 in the NH (dynamo cannot work correctly)
Differential rotation and dynamo problemin the pre-helioseismology era
![Page 33: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Belvedere, Paternò, Stix 1980Dynamo model with calculated differential rotation
![Page 34: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Two possible scenarios predicted after 20 years of efforts in solar differential
rotation research
wrong dynamo action bad dynamo action
![Page 35: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Douglas Gough 1978 – The birth of helioseismology for probing internal rotation.
EPS Workshop on Solar Rotation – Catania, September 1978
![Page 36: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The response of the true Sun to the research efforts
![Page 37: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Helioseismology era – the true dynamical Sun
Di Mauro, Dziembowski, Paternò 1998
![Page 38: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Core rotation ?
Di Mauro 1998
![Page 39: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
This is the end of story
The continuation is left to the fantasy, application and love for scientific
research of the young scientists, who will soon replace those who worked for more than 40 years and are on the way of retirement or definitively retired, like
me
![Page 40: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
My grandsonsMathieu 6.4 ys
Lucio 5.3 ys
Gianmarco 2.5 ys
![Page 41: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
![Page 42: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Lucio Paternò - INAF · Lucio Paternò Department of Physics and Astronomy University of Catania (not yet retired, not yet 70 year old *) The Solar Differential Rotation: a Historical](https://reader035.vdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022070917/5fb7a10acbeae22613256fb1/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)