1. Al-Ansari, N.A., 1998, Water resources in the Arab countries: Problems and possible solutions, UNESCO International conf. (Water: a looming crisis), 3-6 June 1998, Paris, 367-376.

2. AFED (Arab Forum for Environment and Development), “Impact of Climate Change on Arab Countries,” 2009.http://www.afedonline.org

3. Dasgupta, S. Laplante, B. Meisner C. and Yan, J., 2007, “The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Developing Countries: A Comparative Study,”World Bank Policy Research” Working Paper 4136.

4. WRI, World Resources Institute, “Drylands, people, and Ecosystem Goods and 8 Services: A Web-based Geo- spatial Analysis,” 2002. http://www.wri.org

5. Al-Ansari, N.A., 2013, Management of Water Resources in Iraq: Perspectives and Prognoses, J. Engineering, V.5, 8, 667-684.

6. Issa, I.E., Al-Ansari, N.A., Sherwany, G.,and Knutsson, S., 2014, Expected Future of Water resources within Tigris–Euphrates Rivers basin, Iraq, J. Water Resource and Protection, V.6,No.5,421-432.

7. Al-Ansari, N.A., Ali, A. and Knutsson, S., 2014, Present conditions and Future Challenges of Water Resources Problems in Iraq, J. Water Resources and Protection, V.6, No. 12,1066-1098.

8. Al-Ansari, N.A., Ali, A.A. and Knutsson, S., 2015, Iraq Water Resources Planning: Perspectives and Prognoses, ICCCE 2015 : XIII International Conference on Civil and Construction Engineering, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, 26-27 January, 2015,2097-2108.

9. Al-Ansari, N.A. and Knutsson, S., 2011, Toward Prudent management of Water Resources in Iraq, J. Advanced Science and Engineering Research, V. 1,53-67.

10. ESCWA (Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia) ,2013, Inventory of Shared Water Resources in Western Asia, Salim Dabbous Printing Co., Beirut, Lebanon, 626p.

11. Cullen H, deMenocal., 2000. “North Atlantic influence on Tigris –Euphrates stream flows”. International Journal of Climatology. 20, 853-863. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1097-0088(20000630)20:8%3C853::AID-JOC497%3E3.0.CO;2-M/pdf

12. IPCC,1990a. “Assessments Reports (1990- 2013)”. https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_and_data_reports.shtml

13. IPCC, 1990b. “Climate Change: The IPCC Scientific Assessment, Introduction (1990). https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_first_assessment_1990_wg1.shtml

14. IPCC. d., 2000. Working Group III “Special Report on Emission Scenarios-SRES.”. IPCC-UNEP https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/special-reports/spm/sres-en.pdf

15. IPCC, 2001. Climate Change: Synthesis Repot. “Sea level Change; Q.02.12-19 and Q. 03.9&Q3.13”. Synthesis Repot. 2001. https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessmentreport/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_Chapter13_FINAL.pdf

16. IPCC. c.,2007a. Working Group 1. “Climate Change: Understanding and attributing climate Change, The Physical Science Basis.”. Fourth Assessment Report,2007. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spmsspm-understanding-and.html

17. IPCC,2007b. Climate Change: Synthesis Report. “The Physical Science Basis”. Synthesis Report. 2007. https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg1_report_the_physical_science_basis.htm

18. Al-Ansari, N.A., Abdellatif, M., Ezeelden, M.,Ali, S. and Knutsson, S.,2014, Climate Change and Future Long Term Trends of Rainfall at North-eastern Part of Iraq J. Civil Engineering and Architecture,V.8, 66,790-805.

19. Al-Ansari, N.A., Abdellatif, M.,Ali, S. and Knutsson, S.,2014, Long Term Effect of Climate Change on Rainfall in Northwest Iraq, Central European Journal of Engineering, V.4, No.3, 250-263.

20. Abbas, N.; Wisimi, S. and Al-Ansari, N.A., 2016, Model-Based Assessment of Climate Change Impact on Issac River Catchment, Queensland, Engineering, V. 8, No. 7, 460-470.

21. Abbas, N.; Wasim, S.A. and Al-Ansari, N.A., 2016,Assessment of climate change impacts on water resources of Khabour in Kurdistan, Iraq, J. Environmental Hydrology, V. 24, paper 10, 1-21.

22. Abbas, N.; Wasim, S.A. and Al-Ansari, N.A., 2016,Assessment of climate change impacts on water resources of Lesser Zab, I, Kurdistan, Iraq, J. Engineering, V. 8,10, 697-715.

23. Abbas, N.; Wasim, S.A. and Al-Ansari, N.A., 2016,Assessment of climate change impacts on water resources of Al-Adhaim, Iraq, J. Engineering, V. 8, 10, 716-732.

24. Abbas, N.; Wasim, S.A. and Al-Ansari, N.A., 2016, Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Diyala River Basin, Iraq,J. Civil Engineering and Architecture, V.10, 10, 1059-1074.

25. Abbas, N.; Wasimi, S. and Al-Ansari, N. A., 2016, Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources of Greater Zab River, Iraq,J. Civil Engineering and Architecture, V. 10, 12, 1384-1402.

26. Osman Y.;Abdellatif, M.; Al-Ansari, N.A.; Knutsson, S., and Aljawad S.B., 2017, Climate Change and Future Precipitation in Arid Environment of Middle East: Case study of Iraq, J. Environmental Hydrology,V. 25,paper 3, 1-18.

27. Abbas, N.; Wasim, S.A. and Al-Ansari, N.A., 2016, The Impacts of Climate Change on Fitzroy River Basin,Queensland, Australia, J. Civil Engineering and Architecture, V. 11, 1, 38-47.

28. Abbas N.; Wasimi S.A. and Al-Ansari, N.A., 2017, Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources of Greater Zab and Lesser Zab Basins, Iraq, Using Soil and Water Assessment Tool Model, International J. of Environmental, Chemical, Ecological, Geological and Geophysical Engineering,11, 10, 808-814.

29. Osman, Y; Al-Ansari, N.A. and Abdellatif, M., 2017, Climate Change Model as a Decision Support Tool for Water Resources Management: A case Study of Greater Zab River, J. Water and Climate change Change, V. 8, 8, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.083

30. Adamo, N.; Al-Ansari, N.; Sissakian, V.; Knutsson, S. and Laue, J., 2018, Climate Change: Consequences on Iraq’s Environment, J. Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, V.8,3,43-58..

31. Adamo, N.; Al-Ansari, N.; Sissakian, V.; Knutsson, S. and Laue, J., 2018, The Future of the Tigris and Euphrates Water Resources in view of Climate Change, J. Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, V.8,3,59-74..

32. Adamo, N.; Al-Ansari, N.; Sissakian, V.; Knutsson, S. and Laue, J., 2018, Climate Change: The Uncertain Future of Tigris River Tributaries’ Basins, J. Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering, V.8,3, 75-93.

33. Abbas, N.; Wsaimi, S.; Al-Ansari, N. and Sultana, N., 2018, Water Resources Problems of Iraq: Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation, J. Environmental Hydrology, V. 26, Paper 6, 1-11.

34. Adamo, N. and Al-Ansari, N.,2018, Climate Change and its effect on Iraq, Water Scarcity in Iraq: Reality and Future Challenges, Conference organized by the Iraqi Forum for Intellectuals and Academics, 16-17 August, Istanbul, Turkey.

35. Adamo, N. and Al-Ansari, N., 2018, Climate Change and its Implications on Iraq: A review, International conference on Earth Science and Climate Change, 6-7 September, Zurich

36. Adamo, N. and Al-Ansari, N.A., 2018, Climate change and its effect on the Middle East, Geological and Engineering problems of Mosul Dam, Vaasa Wild life Festival, 26-30 September, Vaasa, Finland.

37. Adamo, N. and Al-Ansari, N., 2018, Climate change in Middle East and its effect on Iraq,Workshop on The risks of water crisis in Iraq and its causes and possible solutions, Organized by Iraqi Ministry of Planning, 10-11 November, 2018, Baghdad, Iraq.

38. Naranjo, L., 2016, Crisis in the Cresent, EARTHDATA. https://earthdata.nasa.gov/user-resources/sensing-our-planet/crisis-in-the-crescent

39. TRW, b., , 2018, Iraq's disappearing Eden: Water shortages could force four million people to flee their homes, INDEPENDENT news paper, 8 October, 2018. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-water-shortage-unesco-garden-of-eden-bible-four-million-people-homes-latest-a8574781.html

40. World Bank ,2006, Iraq: Country Water Resources, Assistance Strategy: Addressing Major Threats to People’s Livelihoods, Report No. 36297-IQ, 97 p.

41. World Bank, 2006, Multiple Cluster Indicator Survey, Iraq. http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/16

42. Al-Ansari, N.A. and Knutsson,S., 2011, Possibilities of restoring the Iraqi Marshes known as the Garden of Eden, Water and Climate Change in the MENA-Region, International Conference, Germany, 28-29 April, 2011.

43.

Figure 1

Countries

Tigris River Euphrates River

Catchment area Catchment area

(km2) (%) (km2) (%)

Turkey 57614 12.2 125000 28.2

Syria 834 0.2 76000 17.1

Iraq 253000 58 177000 39.9

Iran 140180 29.6 - -

Saudi Arabia - - 66000 14.9

Total 473103 100 444000 100

Figure 2

Figure 3

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

Oct

.

Nov

.

Dec.

Jan.

Feb.

Mar

.

Apr.

May

June July

Aug.

Sept

.

Disc

harg

e (m

³/s)

Month

1930s1940s1950s1960s1970s1980s1990s2000s

Figure 4

Figure 5:Examples of dust in the Middle East. (NASA, Earth Observetory, 7https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/91207/dust-blankets-the-middle-east).

Figure 6:Predicted Sea Level Rise Extent within Euphrates and Tigris Rivers Delta as predicted by (+1m) SLR Scenario

Figure 7

Figure 8

Dam River Height (m)

Purpose Completion Date

Baath Euphrates 14 P, I, F 1988

Tabaqa Euphrates 60 P, I 1975

Tishrine Euphrates 40 P 1999Upper Khabour Khabour I 1992

F: Flood Control I: Irrigation M: Military P: Power W: Water supply

Table 2Dam River Height

(m)Purpose Completion

DateDez Shatt Al-Arab/Karun 203 I/P 1963

Shahid Abbaspour (Karun1)

Shatt Al-Arab/Karun 200 P 1976

Masjed Sulaayman(Karun

2)

Shatt Al-Arab/Karun 164 P 1976

Karun 3 Shatt Al-Arab/Karun 205 I/P/F 2002Karun 4 Shatt Al-Arab/Karun 230 I/P/F 2010Garan Tigris/Diyala/Sirwan 62 I 2005

Darayan Tigris/Diyala/Sirwan 169 I/P 2010Upper Gotvand Shatt Al-Arab/Karun 180 P 2012Lowe Gotvand Shatt Al-Arab/Karun 22 P 1977

Karkha Shatt Al-Arab/Karkha 127 I/P 2001Seimare Shatt Al-Arab/Karkha 180 P 2013

Khersan 3 Shatt Al-Arab/Karun/Karkha

195 P/F 2015

F: Flood Control I: Irrigation M: Military P: Power W: Water supply

Table 3 IranDam River Height

(m)Purpose Completion

DateḈetin Dam (Alkumru)

Tigris/Botan 145 P 2016

Aslandaḡ Tigris/Greater Zab/Bembo

60 I/M/P(future) 2012

Beyyurdu Tigris/Greater Zab/Bembo

48 I/M/P (future) Under Construction

Atatṻrk (Karababa)

Euphrates 169 P 1992

Balli Tigris/Khabour /Hezil/Ortasu

49 I/M/P Under Construction

Batman Tigris/Batman 74 I/P 1999Beyhan I Euphrates/Murat 97 P 2015Beyhan II Euphrates/Murat 62 P PlannedBirecik Euphrates 62.5 I/P 2001Burḉ Bendi Euphrates/Gṏksu 47 P 2010

Cizre Tigris/Botan 46 I/P Planned

Ḉoukurca Tigris/Greater Zab/Gṻzedlere

45.5 W/M Under Construction

Dumluka Euphrates/Bugur 30 I 1991Erkenek Euphrates/Adiyaman - p OperationalGṏksu Euphrates/Gṏksu 52 I 1991

Hecihider Euphrates/Sehir 42 I 1989Hancaḡiz Euphrates/- - I 1988Ilisu Tigris 135 I/P/F 2017

Upperkalekṏy Euphrates/Murat 137.5 P 2017Lower kalekṏy Euphrates/Murat 115 P Planned

Karakaya Euphrates 158 P 1987Karkamiṣ Euphrates 21.1 P 2000Kavsaktepe Tigris/Khabour

/Hezil/Ortasu66 W/M Under

ConstructionKayacik Euphrates/Sajur 45 I/P 2005

Keban Euphrates 207 P 1974Kirazlik Euphrates/Botan 60 I/P 2011Kralkizi Tigris/Maden 113 I/P 1997Musatatepe Tigris/Khabour

/Hezil/Ortasu34.5 W/M Under

ConstructionSilope Tigris/Khabour /Hezil 79.5 W/M/P 2012Silvan Tigris/Batman 174.5 I/P 2017Sirrntiṣ Tigris /Birimşe 92 I 2013Ṣirnak Tigris/Khabour

/Hezil/Ortasu56.8 W/M 2012

Uludere Tigris/Khabour /Hezil/Ortasu

55.5 W/M Under Construction

F: Flood Control I: Irrigation M: Military P: Power W: Water supply

Table 4

Figure 9

Figure 10

Figure 11

Figure 12

Figure 13

Figure 14