lurji tvinis proeqtiadamianis saketildreod zalian bevri prob-lemis mogvareba seuzlia. 50 mecniereba...
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xdari industriuli transformacia. teq-nologiuri singularobis koncefciis Ta-naxmad, xelovnuri inteleqtis ganviTareba SeiZleba kontrols aRar daeqvemdebaros da kacobriobas realurad daudges adamia-nis evoluciuri saxecvlilebis safrTxe, rac absoluturad amoayiravebs dRemde ar-sebul yvela warmodgenas samyarosa da mis eTikur sistemebze. miuxedavad amisa, msof-lio istoria aCvenebs, rom teqnologiuri progresis SeCereba ara marto SeuZlebelia, aramed sworic araa, radgan miuxedavad im uamravi riskisa, rac am process axlavs, mas adamianis sakeTildReod Zalian bevri prob-lemis mogvareba SeuZlia.
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mecniereba
lurji tvinis proeqti
Blue Brain Project
ganviTarebis etapebi
TaTia kuxalaSvili
adamianze Wkviani manqanebi, kiborgiza-cia, adamianis saTadarigo srulfasovani sxeulebi, fiqriT marTuli avatarebi, huma-noidi robotebi, marsis kolonizacia da bolos – adamianis ukvdaveba – XXI saukunis damdegis fantastikuri Janris es litera-turuli saxeebi ara marto axali, meoTxe in-dustriuli revoluciis wamyvan ideologe-mebad iqca, aramed gamalebiT mimdinareobs maTi samecniero-teqnologiuri SemuSave-bis procesi, rac pirdapir ukavSirdeba xe-lovnur inteleqts. rogorc Cans, am revo-luciis masStabi, gaqaneba da, rac mTavaria, siCqare gacilebiT STambeWdavi da Sokis-momgvreli iqneba, vidre yvela manamde mom-
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teqnologiuri sin-gularoba – samecni-ero codnis eqsponen-cialurad, anu geomet-riuli progresiiT da-Cqarebuli ganviTarebis koncefcia, romlis Teoreti-kosebis (vernor vinji, rei kurceili)… da mimdevrebis azriT, dadgeba hipoTeturi momenti (sxvadasxva pro-gnoziT – 2030-2045 ww.), roca teqnologiuri progresi imdenad daCqardeba da garTuldeba, rom SeuZlebeli gaxdeba misi Semecneba da marTva.
neiromecniereba _ nervuli sistemis, ne-ironebis da neironu-li sqemebis Semswav-lel mecnierebaTa erToblioba, rome-lic sakuTriv neiro-biologiasTan erTad moicavs kognitiur me-cnierebas, bioqimias, informatikas, lin-gvistikas,medicinas, fizikas, filosofias, fsiqologias.
kacobrioba Sedis neiromecnierebis xanaSi. tvinis kvleva intensiurad mimdinareobs. es wamyvani qveynebisaTvis mecnierebis strategiuli mimarTulebaa. dRes msoflios masStabiT mimdinare amgvari proeqtebidan umTavresia amerikis, evropis, iaponiisa da CineTis 10-15 weliwadze gaTvlili iniciativebi, sadac ori aTasamde mecnieria CarTuli. es megaproeqtebia:
lurji tvinis proeqti
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BRAIN Initiative (Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies) _ tvinis kvleva mowinave inovaciuri neiroteqnologiebis meSveobiT, TeTri saxlis TanamSromlobis (nawilobriv saxelmwifo, nawilobriv kerZo dafinansebiT) iniciativa, romlis dawye-bac obamas administraciam 2013 wlis 2 aprils gamoacxada.
Blue Brain Project (2005)/Human Brain Project (2013) – Sveicariis tvinis nacionaluri ini-ciativa, lozanis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis (EPFL) da tvinisa da gonebis institutis (the Brain Mind Institute - BMI) proeqtebi, evrokomisiis `momavlis da ganviTarebadi teqnologiebis~ programis flagmani. xorcieldeba evrokavSiris, lozanis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis da kerZo seqtoris dafinansebiT.
Brain/MINDS (Brain Mapping by Integrated Neurotechnologies for Disease Studies _ integ-rirebuli neiroteqnologiebiT tvinis kartografireba daavadebaTa kvlevisTvis) iaponiis ganaTlebis, kulturis, sportis da teqnologiebis saministros proeqti (2014 wlidan).
China Brain Project _ CineTis mecnierebaTa akademiis neiromecnierebis institutis pro-eqti, xorcieldeba baidus (vebservisebis Cinuri kompania, saZiebo sistemebis erT-er-Ti lideri msoflioSi) mxardaWeriT (2016 wlis ivnisidan).
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gansxvavebuli midgomebisa da priori-tetebis miuxedavad, am proeqtebs aerTia-nebs tvinis uprecedento detaluri kar-tografirebis, misi ujredebis gansxvave-buli tipebis, maTi aqtivobebis da urTi-erTqmedebebis asaxvis ambiciuri mizani. rogorc acxadeben, yvela es proeqti mi-marTulia Seqmnan tvinis paTologiebis (Sizofreniis, depresiis, alcheimeris, parkinsonis, autizmis da sxv.) prevenciu-li diagnostirebisa da Sesabamisi mkurna-
lobis (simptomatikis daTrgunvis magier) srulfasovani meTodebis safuZvlebi. isic naTelia, rom es kvlevebi fasdaudebe-li iqneba xelovnuri inteleqtis srul-yofisTvisac.
zemoT CamoTvlili proeqtebidan yve-laze masStaburia lozanis federaluri politeqnikuri skolis (EPFL) proeqtebi, romelTa saerTo dafinansebac 1,6 miliard evros aRwevs.
yvelaferi daiwyo 2005 wels Blue Brain Project-iT. am farTomasStabiani kvleviTi programis mizani iyo mRrRnelis tvinis struqturis da funqcionirebis cifruli modelis Seqmna adamianis neokorteqsis (axali qerqis) modelirebis perspeqtiviT. proeqtis damaarseblis, direqtoris da sa-xis henri markramis da misi gundis novato-roba is iyo, rom gadawyvites tvinis Sems-wavleli mecnierebebis im droisaTvis ar-sebuli yvela miRwevis TavianT kvlevebSi integrireba, sakuTari empiriuli monace-mebis damateba da am safuZvelze tvinis funqcionirebis cifruli modelis Seqmna.
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neokorteqsi (axali qerqi) Tavis tvinis didi naxevarsferoebis qer-
qis yvelaze rTuli agebulebis nawilia, romelic evoluciis gvir-
gvinad miiCneva _ mis Seqmnas 11 miliardi weli dasWirda. misi ganvi-
Tarebis xarisxi swored isaa, rac adamians sxva cxovelebisgan ganasx-
vavebs. Tevzebs is ar gaaCniaT, qvewarmavlebSi Zalian mcire zomisa
da martivad mowyobilia, ZuZumwovrebSi mravalSreobrivi agebuleba
aqvs da wilebad iyofa, adamianSi ki rekorduli raodenobis Sreebi-
Taa warmodgenili da Seadgens Tavis tvinis qerqis ZiriTad nawils.
neokorteqsi mdebareobs tvinis naxevarsferoebis zeda fenaSi. misi
sisqea 2-4 mm. neokorteqsi ganagebs sensorul aRqmas, cnobier azrov-
nebas, motoruli brZanebebis Sesrulebas da metyvelebas adamianeb-
Si. neokorteqsis Sreebis raodenoba mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs saaz-
rovno procesze. ZaRlis tvinSi neokorteqsi oTxSriania, amitomac
am cxovels ar aqvs, magaliTad, situaciis prognozirebis da am prog-
nozze dayrdnobiT Semdgomi logikuri moqmedebebis unari. adamianis
neokorteqsSi ki eqvsi Srea, rac mas Sesabamisi sirTulis unarebiT
aRWurvavs. neokorteqsis SemadgenlobaSi ori tipis neironebia: pi-
ramiduli (80%) da Sualeduri (20%). es neironebi gaerTianebulia
neironul svetebad, anu kortikalur modulebad.NE
OC
OR
TE
X
henri markrami (daibada 1962 wels samx-
reT afrikis respublikaSi) Blue Brain Project-
isa da Human Brain Broject-is damfuZnebeli da
direqtori, Sveicariis „tvinis da gonebis in-
stitutis“ (BMI) damaarsebeli, lozanis fe-
deraluri teqnologiuri skolis profeso-
ri da misi neironuli mikrosqemebis labora-
toriis xelmZRvaneli.
h. markrami ikvlevs sinaptikur plastiku-
robasa da neokorteqsis mikrosqemebs. mis um-
niSvnelovanes aRmoCenaTa Sorisaa likvidu-
ri informatika da autizmis intensiuri sam-
yaros Teoria. markramis STagonebis wyaro
autizmisa da zogadad tvinis kvlevisas aris
misi vaJi – kai markrami, romelsac 5 wlis asak-
Si daudginda aspergeris sindromi (autizmis
erT-erTi forma). h. markrams gamoqveynebuli
aqvs asze meti samecniero naSromi, romlebic
25000-ze metjeraa citirebuli. henri mark-
rami xuTi Svilis mamaa.
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adamianis gonebis xelovnuri analogis Seqmnis idea ramdenime saukunisaa. mis pirvel Teoriul safuZvlad dekartes meqanikur Te-orias miiCneven. dekartem naSromSi „msjelo-ba meTodis Sesaxeb“ (1637) gamoTqva im drois-Tvis Zalze eqstravagantuli azri: adamianis sxeuli aris „cxoveluri manqana“ (meqanizmi), romelic SeiZleba mecnierulad Seviswav-loT. is fiqrobda, rom adamianis qmedeba aris garemos mxridan stimulaciis sapasuxod „grZnobis organoTi“ kunTebis Sesabamisi jgufisTvis gadacemuli meqanikuri refleq-si.
„Wkviani manqanebis“ pirvel realizebul modelebad miCneulia blez paskalis „damTv-leli manqana“ da gotfrid laibnicis „ariTmo-metri“, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, safuZvlad dae-do Carlz bebijisa da ada lavleisis (jorj baironis qaliSvilis) pirveli programire-badi manqanis Seqmnis mcdelobebs (1823 wli-dan).
erTi saukunis Semdeg, meore teqnologi-uri revoluciis epoqaSi, anu XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, erTmaneTis miyolebiT ga-moqveynda naSromebi, romlebic ukve Tanamed-rove xelovnuri inteleqtis Teoriis ganvi-Tarebas daedo safuZvlad: bertran raselis da alfred nort uaiThedis `maTematikis principebi“ (1910-1913), romelmac gadatria-leba moaxdina formalur logikaSi; uoren makkalokis da uolter pitsis statia „ner-vul aqtivobasTan dakavSirebuli ideebis logikuri gaTvla“ (1943), romelSic pirve-
lad alaparakdnen neironul qselebze da xe-lovnuri neironis modeli warmoadgines; do-nald hebis „qcevis organizeba“ (1949), sadac aRwerilia adamianis tvinis ujredebis xe-lovnuri analogebisgan Sedgenili konst-ruqciis swavlebis meTodebi; alan tiuringis legendaruli statia „gamomTvleli manqane-bi da goneba“ (1950), romelSic avtori ayenebs sakiTxs, SeuZliaT Tu ara manqanebs fiqri, anu SeuZliaT Tu ara maT „iseTi moqmedeba, rome-lic ar gansxvavdeba gaazrebuli moqmedebis-gan“. 1952 wels alan loid hojkini da endriu haqsli qmnian maTematikur models, romel-mac aRwera neironebSi qcevis potencialis ganvrcoba da warmoqmna (hojkin-haqslis mo-deli). amisTvis isini 1963 wels dajildovd-nen nobelis premiiT fiziologiisa da medi-cinis dargSi.
XX saukunis 60-iani wlebidan dRemde xe-lovnuri inteleqtis kompiuterulma teq-nologiebma marTlac eqsponencialuri gan-viTareba aCvena. simboluri, logikuri, agen-torientirebuli da hibriduli midgomebis srulyofam migviyvana iqamde, rom mecniereb-ma manqanebs aswavles yureba, obieqtebis gan-sxvaveba, brZanebebis gageba, saxis mimikiT ganwyobis amocnobac ki. magram Riad rCeba sa-kiTxi, Tu rogor mivaniWoT manqanebs mgrZno-beloba da cnobiereba. mecnierebi mividnen im mosazrebamde, rom adamianis gonebis fenome-ni tvinis biologiuri struqturiT da misi funqcionirebis TaviseburebiT aixsneba. swored es idea daedo safuZvlad „lurji tvinis proeqtis“ wamowyebas.
Leibniz
Ada Lovelace
DescartesDescartes
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henri markrami ar fiqrobs, rom adamianis
tvinis agebulebis zusti aslis SeqmnisTvis misi
sirTulea barieri: „cxadia, tvins ukiduresad
rTuli struqtura aqvs, radgan Sedgeba trili-
onobiT sinafsisis, miliardobiT neironis, mi-
lionobiT cilis da aTasobiT genisgan, magram
yvela es ricxvi sasrulia. Tanamedrove teqno-
logiebi imdenad ganviTarebulia, rom mokle
vadebSi SevZlebT tvinis konstruqciis agebas“.
markrami xazs usvams, rom adamianis tvinis
modelirebis mTavari winaaRmdegoba ufro bo-
lo 100 wlis ganmavlobaSi nevrologia-neiro-
fiziologiaSi dagrovili aRmoCenebis uzarma-
zari moculobis daqsaqsulobaa. jerjerobiT
maTi mTlian suraTad Sekvra ver xerxdeba –
`dRes aravinaa iseTi, vinc tvinis muSaobis Sesa-
xeb icis yvelaferi, rac aqamde maszea cnobili.
tvinis modeli dagvexmareba yvelafer amis Sek-
rebaSi da saSualebas miscems nebismiers gadaa-
mowmos Teoriebi tvinSi mimdinare procesebis
bunebis Sesaxeb“. aseTi iyo gzavnilebi proeqtis
dawyebisas, roca markramis gundi neokorteq-
sis modelirebas Seudga.
Blue Brain Project-Si neokorteqsis neironu-
li svetebis modelireba IBM-is superkompiu-
teris Blue Gene-is (lurji geni) saSualebiT
xorcieldeba. am samuSaos pirveli miRweva iyo
virTxis tvinis neokorteqsis erTi svetis Seq-
mna. amisaTvis „lurji tvinis“ gundma gamoiyena
superkompiuteri, romlis 8192 procesori
10000 neironis modelirebas axdenda. xelovnu-
ri neironebis dasakavSireblad Blue Gene-ma 7Seqmna 3x10 sinafsisi. aseTi iyo pirveli wlis
Sedegebi. momdevno aTi weli virTxis 31000 nei-
ronuli svetisgan Semdgari mTeli neokorteq-
sis modelirebas dasWirda, risTvisac saWiro
gaxda tvinis ujredebis sxvadasxva tipis da maT
Soris urTierTqmedebebis TaviseburebaTa Ses-
wavla. virTxis neokorteqsis (misi moculoba 3mxolod 0,29 mm -ia) cifruli analogis emula-
cias dasWirda Blue Gene-is mTeli gamoTvliTi
simZlavre, romelic 209 teraflopss udris.
mecnierebma daiTvales, rom virTxis tvinis am
mcire nawilSi sul 40 000 000 sinafsisia da Ti-
Toeuli neironi mezobel an moSorebul ujre-
debTan 2000 sinafsisiTaa dakavSirebuli.
virTxis tvinis cifruli modelis saSuale-
biT SesaZlebeli gaxda gonebis erT-erTi feno-
menis safuZvlis mikvleva. aRmoCnda, rom gark-
veuli nivTierebebis (maT Soris kaliumis ione-
bis) koncentraciis perioduli cvlileba gav-
lenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor gadaewyoba indi-
vidualuri nervuli ujredebis urTierTqme-
deba. markramma aseTi fenomenis magaliTad SiS-
ze reaqcia moiyvana: adrenalinis da sxva hor-
monebis donis gazrdiT tvini SeiZleba gadaer-
synapsissinafsisi (berZn. kavSiri, SeerTeba) – or neirons an ne-ironsa da signalis mimReb ujreds Soris kontaqtis adgili.
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Tos agresiis an gaqcevis reJimze. h. markrami mi-
iCnevs, rom tvinis muSaobaze garkveuli nivTie-
rebebis koncentraciis gavlenis Seswavla saSu-
alebas mogvcems gavigoT, ratom iqceva adamiani
ama Tu im situaciaSi araadekvaturad.
BBP-is formatSi muSaobisas mecnierebi ga-
erkvnen imaSic, Tu rogor qmnian neironebi kav-
Sirebs mezobel ujredebTan. neironuli svetis
modelma aCvena, rom sinafsisis modelirebis-
Tvis, romelic neirons tvinis mezobel ujre-
debTan daakavSirebs, araa saWiro qerqis garkve-
ul SreSi neironis adgilmdebareobis codna.
neironuli kavSirebis maRali sizustiT prog-
nozirebisTvis sakmarisia garkveuli tipis nei-
ronebis Sesabamis SreebSi ganTavseba iseTi pa-
rametrebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rogoricaa maTi
ganTavsebis simkvrive da saWiro raodenoba.
BBP-is kvlevebiT dadginda, rom erTi ada-
mianis tvinSic ki ar arsebobs ori erTnairi nei-
roni. tvinis struqturis aseTi gansxvavebis mi-
uxedavad, adamianebs SeuZliaT erTmaneTTan
urTierToba imitom, rom neironebs Soris kav-
Sirebis qsovilis moxatuloba erTnairia yvela
adamianSi, anu tvinis qsovili yvelas identuri
aqvs. modeli, romelic markramis gundma Seqmna,
kompiuterze tvinis nebismieri struqturis ne-
ironuli svetis gamosaxvis saSualebas iZleva,
rac SesaZlebels xdis sxvadasxva adamianis mier
samyaros aRqmis principebi gavigoT.
proeqtis CarCoebSi ikvleven Teorias, rom-
lis mixedviTac adamianis tvini qmnis („sapnis
buStis“ msgavs) samyaros erTgvar models, rom-
lis proecirebasac realobaze axdens. es varau-
di xsnis, Tu rogor iRebs adamiani gadawyveti-
lebebs – Cveni yoveldRiurobis mniSvnelovan
Semadgenels. Blue Brain Project-is Seqmnili mo-
delis safuZvelze, – ambobs markrami, – SesaZ-
lebeli iqneba imis dadgena, aqvs Tu ara am Teo-
rias realuri mtkicebulebebi, sakmarisia Tu
ara tvinis gamoTvliTi simZlavre imisTvis, rom
SevqmnaT individis samyaros modeli, gavigoT,
ras niSnavs realobis aRqma da ra mizezebiT xde-
ba masSi darRvevebi“.
2010 wels henri markramma 80 evropeli da sa-
erTaSoriso partnioris konsorciumi Seqmna,
romlebmac SeimuSaves BBP-is Semdgomi gafar-
Toebis, anu „Human Brain Project“-is (HBP) sa-
proeqto winadadeba. 2013 wlis ianvarSi, mra-
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emulacia _ erTi gamoTvliTi (`stuma-ri~) sistemis funqciebis kopireba da ga-datana (datana) meoreze.
valsafexuriani ganxilvis Semdeg, proeqti air-
Cies FET-is (The Future and Emerging Technolo-
gies) evrokomisiis samecniero programis `mo-
mavlis da ganviTarebadi teqnologiebis“ ori-
dan erT-erT flagmanad da gadawyda misi 10-
wliani dafinanseba. proeqti daiwyo imave wlis
oqtombridan da amJamad 112 partniori hyavs.
proeqtSi CarTuli mecnierebi erToblivad mu-
Saoben rogorc neokorteqsis, ise tvinis sxva
nawilebis – sensor-motoruli qerqis, hipokam-
pis, naTxemis, bazaluri gangliebis – kompiute-
rul rekonstruqciaze, Semdeg ki gadavlen vir-
Txis mTeli tvinis modelirebaze. miRebuli Se-
degebi safuZvlad daedeba adamianis tvinis
srul rekonstruqcias. proeqti axali dawyebu-
lia da jer adrea mis Sedegebze saubari.
flopsi – gare sistemuri erTeuli,
kompiuteris mwarmoeblobis sazomi.
lurji tvinis proeqti
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monacemebiTa da Teoriuli baziT ex-mareba sxva qveproeqtebis muSaobas. virT-xa rCeba adamianis tvinis funqciis kvlevis saorientacio modelad. dRes qveproeqti 1 fokusirebulia tvinis oTx mTavar ubanze: neokorteqsze (Talamokortikaluri sis-temis CaTvliT), hipokampusze, bazalur gangliasa da naTxemze, aseve tvinis gansa-kuTrebul ubnebSi molekuluri, geneti-kuri da anatomiuri modelebis cal-calke Seswavlaze.
aq SemuSavebul monacemebs, meTodebsa da instrumentebs gamoiyeneben adamianis tvinis mravalSriani da mravalmasStabiani agebulebis, misi pirveli rekonstruqci-isa da simulaciis Sesaqmnelad da dasaka-noneblad. es monacemebi gaamdidreben HBP-is multimodalur atlass, romelic iqmneba qveproeqt 5-Tan TanamSromlobiT, radgan moicavs rogorc molekulur da ujredovan, ise sistemur doneebs. gamokv-leuli iqneba sxvaoba adamianis tvinsa da sxva biologiuri saxeobebis (ara adamianis msgavsi maimunebis, mRrRnelebis) tvinebs Soris.
qveproeqtis mizania im meqanizmebis ga-xsna, romlebic safuZvlad udevs kogni-tur (SemecnebiT) procesebs – Semecnebas,
Human Brain Project-i
12 qveproeqtisgan Sedgeba:
aRqmas, Zils, cnobierebas da urTierT-moqmedi sistemebis fenomenebs. proeqtis Sedegebi gaafarTovebs safuZvels kogni-turi da sistemuri donis procesebis ga-moTvliTi modelebis ganviTarebisTvis, romelTa realizebac SesaZlebelia robo-tebsa da neiromorful kompiuterul sis-temebSi moxdes.
aq momuSave Teoritikosebis gundi miz-nad isaxavs tvinis dabal donesa da didmas-Stabian aRwerilobebs Soris kavSiris dam-yarebas. ikvleven modelebs TiTo neironis donidan neironul populaciebamde, aseve tvinis funqciebis fundamentur aspeqtebs – spontanuri aqtivobis geneziss, dabali donis mxedvelobas, motorul kontrols, sensorul-motorul koordinacias, sivr-ciT navigacias.
qveproeqtis farglebSi HBP-is erT-er-Ti sakvanZo mimarTulebis – adamianisa da mRrRnelis tvinis eqsperimentul mona-cemTa bazaze kompiuteruli tvinis mode-lebis agebis mizniT Semdegi instrumente-bi da servisebi SeimuSaves:
monacemebisa da metamonacemebis Seyva-na Knowledge Graph-Si (Google-is seman-tikuri teqnologiisa da codnis baza-Si), romelic unda gaxdes mTavari re-sursi tvinis monacemTa farTo wris in-tegraciisTvis;
3 sistemebi da kognitiuri nei-romecniereba
adamianis tvinis agebuleba2
mRrRnelis tvinis agebuleba1
Teoriuli neiromecniereba4
neiroinformatikis platforma5
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monacemTaTvis adgilmdebareobis da-dgena standartuli atlasis sivrceSi da amiT Knowledge Graph-Si monacemTa dakavSireba Tagvis, virTxis da adamia-nis atlasebis linkebTan;
Knowledge Graph-Si aRmoCenil mona-cemTa dazusteba, ganxilva da analizi;
samecniero proeqtebis organizeba, romlebic xels Seuwyobs urTierTqme-debas, TanamSromlobas da uzrunvel-yofs xelmisawvdom vebsacavs HBP-is mTeli kolaboratoriisTvis (e.i. vir-tualuri saerTo laboratoriisTvis).
es aris internetiT xelmisawvdomi Ta-namSromlobis platforma, aseve tvinis si-mulaciis platforma, romelic SemuSave-bulia tvinis modelebis winaswari rekons-truqciisa da simulaciisTvis. man unda Seqmnas:
molekuluri donis grZelaqsoniani ne-ironebis dakiduli modelebi da kor-tikaluri da subkortikaluri regio-nebis SerCeuli ubnebis ujreduli do-nis rekonstruqciebi;
Tagvis mTliani tvinis qselis donis mo-delebi;
gamartivebuli modelebi neiromor-ful kompiuterul sistemebSi dasaner-gad;
tvinis simulaciis platformis sawyi-
si versia, gaerTianebuli algoriTme-bi da samuSao gegmebi rekonstruqciis da simulaciisTvis subujredul, uj-redul, mikrosqemis da tvinis moniS-nuli regionis an sistemis doneebze;
instrumentebi da oqmebi in silico eqspe-rimentirebis da modelis dakanone-bisTvis.
qveproeqti gankuTvnilia supergamoTv-lebis, monacemTa Senaxvis, vizualizaciis resursis rTuli modelebis simulaciis da neirosamecniero monacemebis gansakuTre-biT didi moculobebis analizisaTvis. mi-marTulebebia: monacemTa gamaZlierebeli supergamoTvlebi, interaqtiuli vizuali-zacia, dinamikuri resursis menejmenti, axa-li maRali siswrafis gamoTvliTi sistemebi.
maRali siswrafis analitikisa da gamoTvlebis platforma
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kalaTovani ujredi neokortikularulimikrosqemis cifrul rekonstruqciaSi
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monacemTa marTvis inovaciuri sistema, romelic mecnierebs aRWuravs klinikuri neiromecnierebis anonimuri (deperso-nalizebuli) monacemebis didi moculobe-bis miRebisa da analizis meTodologiiT.
saSualebas aZlevs araeqspert neiro-mecnierebs da inJinrebs warmoadginon eqs-perimentebi or rekonfiguraciul neiro-morful kompiuterul sistemaSi: Brain-ScaleS da SpiNNaker. isini gamoSvebulia proeqtis sawarmoo simZlavris fazis bo-loSi da mTlianad integrirebulia HBP-is platformebis infrastruqturaSi. orive sistema nergavs tvinis gamartivebuli da ganzogadebuli sqemebis modelebs.
programuli uzrunvelyofis da apara-turis infrastruqtura, romliTac SesaZ-lebelia tvinis dakanonebuli modelebis robotebis sxeulebis da maTi garemos si-mulaciebTan dakavSireba. neiroroboti-kis platformis pirveli versia moicavs rogorc robotebis dizainer, garemos mSe-nebel da daxSuli ciklis Zravas, ise plat-formis „maspinZel“ aparaturas. is uzrun-velyofs internetinstrumentebs da ro-botebis asawyob modelebs, eqsperimentebs da garemos. is mecnierebs TanamSromlo-bisa da virtualuri eqsperimentebis sa-Sualebas aZlevs.
exmareba HBP-s gadawyvetilebebis mi-RebaSi, ganagebs menejmentis struqturas da evropuli kvlevebis programas, uzrun-velyofs gamWvirvalobis da angariSval-debulebis garantiebs donorebis da mewi-leebis mimarT, inarCunebs xarisxis da Ses-rulebis standarts. misi umTavresi pasu-xismgeblobaa samecniero gzamkvlevis ko-ordinireba da proeqtis ganxorcielebis etapebisa da miRweuli Sedegebis meTval-yureoba HBP-is informaciuli da komuni-kaciuri platformis servisebSi.
eTika da sazogadoeba HBP-is arsebiTi nawilia. is uzrunvelyofs sando kvlevisa da inovaciis (RRI) mimarTulebis gatarebas da proeqtis miznebis eTikuri formiT gan-xorcielebas. qveproeqti atarebs HBP-is kvlevebis procesSi gaCenili konceptua-luri, socialuri, eTikuri, samarTleb-rivi da kulturologiuri Sedegebis da ga-mowvevebis eqspertizas. swavlobs neiroe-Tikis da filosofiis prognozebs, Tval-yurs adevnebs sazogadoebis CarTulobas da uzrunvelyofs kvlevebis Sesaxeb sazo-gadoebis informirebas. gundi HBP-Tvis qmnis praqtikuli ganxorcielebis eTikur programebs da TanamSromlobs eTikis da-moukidebel mrCevelTa sabWosTan.
8 samedicino informatikis platforma
9 neiromorfuli gamoTvliTi platforma
10 neirorobotikis platforma
11 centraluri servisebi
10 eTika da sazogadoeba
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unda iTqvas, rom gabeduli ideebis mas-Staburi wardgena xSirad uamrav oponents aCens. ase iyo, magaliTad, 1990 wels, roca bevrs ar sjeroda genomis gaSifvris proeq-tis warmatebisa. arc BBP/HBP aRmoCnda ga-monaklisi. amocanis ambiciurobam da kolo-salurma saxelmwifo dafinansebam samecni-ero wreebi aalaparaka. proeqtis kritiko-sebi mianiSnebdnen, rom SeuZlebelia im sis-temis konstruireba, romelzec cota ramaa cnobili. „araferi, ris danaxvasac am mo-delSi SeZlebT, zustad ar asaxavs tvinSi mimdinare realur procesebs“, – ganacxada kolumbiis universitetis Teoriuli nei-romecnierebis centris damaarsebelma, profesorma lari ebotma. imaves amtkicebda ciurixis neiroinformatikis institutis wamyvani specialisti rodni duglasic: „ki-dec rom gamovides modelis Seqmna, Cven ma-inc ver gavigebT rogor muSaobs igi. Cven ar gvaqvs kodi, gasaRebi, romelic mis gaSifv-raSi dagvexmareba. Tan arsebiTi gansxvavebaa kompiuterul modelsa da adamanis tvins Soris“. „ra saWiroa msgavsi simulaciebis ga-keTeba, roca Cven uZlurni varT wvimis Wia-yelis moqmedebis simulacia SevqmnaT, roca mas mxolod 300 neironi aqvs“, – ganacxada ne-irobiologiis profesorma ciurixis poli-teqnikuri skolidan rihard hanlozerma da proeqts `realuri SigTavsis armqone dapi-rebebiT savse nageboba“ uwoda.
mokled, saqme skandalamde mivida. cno-bili mecnierebis 156-kacianma jgufma xeli moawera evrokomisiisadmi werils („Open Message to the European Commission concerning the Human Brain Project“), sadac eWvqveS aye-nebdnen mecnierebis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze ambiciuri megaproeqtis aucileb-lobas da misi boikotirebiT imuqrebodnen. maT gaakritikes proeqtis marTvis xarisxi da moiTxoves miznebis gadaxedva. henri mar-kramma xelmomwerebze ganacxada, rom isini „ar iReben meTodologiuri paradigmis cvlilebas“ kompiuteruli modelirebis mi-marTulebiT, proeqts ki kvlav mravali mxardamWeri mecnieri hyavs. „dRes yvela ne-irofiziologi Tavis patara kuTxeSi iqe-qeba. Cven ki neiromecnierebis mTel samya-ros gaerTianebisken movuwodebT,“ – gana-cxada man.
miuxedavad uamravi winaaRmdegobisa, markramis da lozanis teqnologiuri sko-lis proeqti rCeba tvinis kvlevis da didi moculobis neiromonacemTa moZieba-siste-matizebis wamyvan samecniero kvlevad da mis ganviTarebas imedis TvaliT Sehyurebs mowi-nave samecniero sazogadoeba mTel msofli-oSi.
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1. rogorc viciT, tvini yvelaze rTu-li obieqtia samyaroSi da misi Seswavla XXI saukunis mecnierebis mTavar saqmedaa gamocxadebuli. ratom gaxda ara marto sa-Wiro, aramed SesaZlebelic amgvari zea-mocanis dayeneba maincdamainc axla?
– Tanamedrove neiromecniereba 100 wli-saa, mas ramon i kaxalma Cauyara safuZve-li. dRes tvinis gazomvis da manipuli-rebis teqnologia Zalian maRal done-zea (maRali simkvrivis eleqtrodebi, optogenetika, eqspansiuri mikroskopia da sxv.). amave dros monacemTa didi mo-culobebis marTva iseT safexurze avi-da, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda dagvewyo di-di moculobis monacemTa integrireba da analizi. paralelurad, neironul qselebs ganixilaven, rogorc xelovnu-ri inteleqtis formas da es interesic bevrisTvis STagonebis wyarod aqcevs tvins.
2. skeptikurad ganwyobil mecnie-rebs kontrargumentad mohyavT kurt gio-delis debuleba imis Taobaze, rom ar arse-bobs sistema, romelsac masze ufro rTu-li sistemis Seswavla SeuZlia. magram Cve-ni tvinebi xom TavianTi Tavis Seswavlas cdiloben, anu urTulesi sistema swav-lobs msgavsi sirTulis sistemas. SeiZleba amaSi optimizmis safuZveli davinaxoT?
me saSualeba momeca gavsaubrebodi am istoriuli samecniero proeqtis erT-erT wamyvan figuras, Blue Brain Project-is Tanadireqtorsa da Human Brain Project-is neiroinformatikis mi-marTulebis Tanadireqtors, profesor Son hils, risTvisac mas madlobas vuxdi Jurnal „Ce-mi samyaros“ da qarTveli inteleqtualuri sazogadoebis saxeliT. gTavazobT masTan eqskluziur intervius:
Son hili, Blue Brain Project-is Tanadireqtori, pro-eqtis neiroinformatikis mimarTulebis xelmZRva-neli, Human Brain Project-is neiroinformatikis qve-proeqtis Tanadireqtori. lozanis federalur po-liteqnikur skolaSi (EPFL) „tvinis mdgomareobaTa neironuli safuZvlebis“ laboratoriis xelmZRva-neli. SvedeTis samefo institutis `neiroinforma-tikis saerTaSoriso makoordinirebeli komisiis (INCF)~ aRmasrulebeli (2011-2013) da samecniero di-reqtori (2014-2016). koordinatoris da mrCevlis statusiT Son hili CarTulia klinikuri informa-tikis araerT iniciativaSi msoflios masStabiT. misi profesiuli kompetenciaa: didmasStabiani simula-cia, neiroinformatika, tvinis mikrosqemebi, neokor-teqsi, Talamusi, koneqtomi, Zilis da RviZilis mdgomareobebi, integrirebuli informacia, tvinis atlasebi, TMS (transkranialuri magnituri sti-mulacia), EEG (eleqtroencefalograma).
– mecniereba gvaZlevs analizis da sinTe-zis safuZvels, romelic STambeWdavad zogadi da mZlavria. me mjera, rom Cven gvaqvs saTanado arsenali tvinis funda-menturi principebis aRmosaCenad da ga-sagebad.
3. Tqvenma proeqtma xeli mohkida ne-okorteqsis – tvinis evoluciurad yvela-ze axalgazrda da yvelaze rTuli nawilis – modelirebas. ra aris dReisaTvis tvinis muSaobis modelirebis mTavari proble-mebi – hojkinis da haqslis mere xom bevri ram Seicvala. magaliTad, wamikiTxavs, rom Tu adre ujredis membranaze gamaval io-nis transports ubralod „kaliumis arxs“ uwodebdnen, dRes neironuli kaliumis ar-xebis uamrav qvetips gamoyofen da maT So-ris urTierTkonversiis SesaZlebloba-zec ki mianiSneben. amgvari axal-axali aR-moCenebi albaT Zalian arTulebs algo-riTmebis Sedgenas?
– pirveli, rac aucilebelia, aris monace-mebis qona, romlebic aRwers ionuri ar-xebis gansxvavebuli genetikuri tipebis mravalferovnebas. Cven srulvyaviT procesi, romelSic klonirebuli ionu-ri arxebis aRsawerad avtomatur patch-clamp (anu lokaluri fiqsaciis poten-cialis) robotebs viyenebT. Cven mudmi-vad vaumjobesebT meTodebs am monace-
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mebis modelebis asagebad da vaerTianebT maT ufro farTo sqemis modelSi. mTeli Cveni midgoma dafuZnebulia erT-erT iteraciul Sesworebaze – vswavlobT, Tu romel faqtorebs aqvs meti gavlena kon-kretul kiTxvebze da saWiroebis mixed-viT vxvewavT am kiTxvebze pasuxebis ga-cemis meqanizmebs.
4. Blue Brain Project-is neirofiziolo-gebma da programistebma aTi wlis muSaobis Semdeg SeZles virTxis tvinis pirveli xe-lovnuri analogis Seqmna, romelic 31000 neironuli svetisgan Sedgeboda. rogor ukavSirdeba es miRweva adamianis tvinis Seswavlis mimarTulebiT proeqtis gafar-Toebas? rogoria miRebuli modelis mas-Stabirebis mTavari principebi?
– pirveli cifruli rekonstruqciis age-bam migviyvana bevr axal warmodgenamde neokorteqsis agebulebis, misi kavSirebis da qselis gaCenis fenomenebze. es prin-cipebi TiTqmis utyuarad gvkarxnaxobs im mimarTulebebs, romlebic tvinis sxva areebis agebulebis da funqcionirebis gagebis saSualebas gvaZlevs. Cven gan-vagrZobT modelis masStabis gafarToe-bas, rogorc korteqsis, ise tvinis sxva ubnebis doneze.
5. Tqven ara marto didi mecnieri xarT, aramed menejeric. Zalian did mniSvnelo-bas aniWebT mecnierebaSi gunduri mu-Saobis kulturas, TanamSromlobas, gansakuTrebiT ki, monacemTa gaziare-bas. bevri giTanagrZnobT samecniero wreebSi? cnobilia, rom kavlis fondis proeqtis Neurodata Without Borders CarCoebSi Tqven Tanam-SromlobT tvinis kvlevis ame-rikul da iaponur iniciati-vebTan. sainteresoa, magali-Tad, CineTi Tu TanamSrom-lobs TqvenTan? Tanaxmaa China Brain Project-is mo-nacemTa gaziarebaze?
– globaluri TanamSromlobis Temis mni-Svnelobas tvinis yvela didi proeqti aRiarebs. China Brain project-is warmomad-genlebic adastureben, rom iziareben am-gvar midgomas. rogorc Cans, maTi proeqti ise viTardeba, rom maTac xeli unda Seuw-yon monacemTa gaziarebas.
6. Teoriulad uSvebT Tu ara imis SesaZ-leblobas, rom neiroteqnologiebis mxriv aramowinave qveynebis, magaliTad, saqarT-velos laboratoriebSic iyos Tqveni pro-eqtisaTvis sasargeblo monacemebi? arse-bobs aseTi qveynebis monacemTa saerTo ba-zaSi CarTvis ideebi?
– nebismier qveyanas dedamiwaze aqvs poten-ciali warmoqmnas faseuli monacemi Tu migneba tvinis sferoSi – laboratoriu-li gazomvebidan qceviT monacemebamde. realurad es damokidebulia qveynis mas-StabiT moRvawe konkretuli mecnierebis interesze da motivaciaze, TanamSromlo-bis ganviTarebasa da tvinis konkretuli aspeqtebis garSemo monacemTa standarti-zaciaze.
7. rogorc vxvdebi, Tqveni yvelaze di-di ocnebaa tvinis „virtualuri observa-toriis“ Seqmna, erTgvari 3D brain map-is. ra stadiazea dRes Tqveni Canafiqri? ra aris saWiro misi xorcSesxmisTvis?
– es marto Cemi ocneba ar aris. bevri ada-mianis saerTo xedvaa. dResdReobiT Cven
ganvixilavT tvinis saerTaSoriso sadgu-ris ganviTarebis gegmebs, rac saSuale-
bas miscems nebismier qveyanas Tavise-burad upasuxos tvinis Seswavlisa da
gagebis gamowvevas.
8. mecnierTa umravlesoba tvinis Seswavlis saqmeSi gadau-
laxav sirTuled asaxelebs cnobierebas – rogorc mis
definicias, ise gacifru-lebas. ra fenomenia subi-
eqturi realoba, rome-
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lic mxolod Rrma ZilSi an gulis wasvli-sas gvtovebs?
– me vTanamSromlob julio tononisTan (nevrologi da fsiqiatri, Zilis da cno-bierebis specialisti – T. k.), viskonsin-medisonis universitetidan, romelmac ganaviTara integrirebuli informaciis Teoria (iiT) – Integrated Information Theory (IIT). es Teoria uaRresad mni-Svnelovania imis gasagebad, Tu rogor xdeba nervuli sistemis mier cnobieri gamocdilebebis generireba. mjera, dResdReobiT iiT-i aris saukeTeso sa-Sualeba tvinSi mimdinare urTierTqme-debebis da sivrciT-droiTi masStabis integrirebuli informaciis analizis-Tvis, rac safuZvlad udevs cnobierebas.
9. lozanis politeqnikuri skolis proeqtebis miRwevebs yvelaze didi inte-resiT hi-tech-iT Sepryrobilebi akvirde-bian, isini, vinc ubralod Zlier xelov-nur inteleqtze (strong AI) ki ar ocneboben, aramed tiuringis testis gamarjvebulze, fiqriT marTul humanoid robotebze da ukvdavebazec ki (teqnologiurze). maTi Tanamegobrobebis aRmocenebas win uZRo-da singularisti mecnierebis prognozebi xelovnuri inteleqtis xanis dadgomaze, rac Cveulebrivi biologiuri adamianis cxovrebidan gaZevebas moitans. saintere-soa Tqveni piradi azri Tqveni proeqtis
egzistencialur riskebze, sabolood xom yvela samecniero garRvevas ori mxare aqvs – mSvidoba da omi an – piriqiT.
– Cven Zalian Sors varT cnobierebis da in-teleqtis arsebiTi elementebis im donis gagebisgan, rom maTi reproduqcia SevZ-loT. Tanamedrove xelovnuri inteleqti tvinis fiziologiis dawyebiTi klasebis donis xedvazea agebuli. Cven vfiqrobT, rom Cveni proeqtis cifrul rekonst-ruqciebs da simulaciebs aqvs potencia-li axali principebis dasadgenad, rom-lebic am da sxva aspeqtebs akontrole-ben. me mjera, rom yovelTvis saWiroa ne-bismieri axali teqnologiis potenciuri sikeTis da zianis awon-dawonva da misi da-nergvis usafrTxoebis garantireba.
10. transhumanistebi iseT garRvevas elodebian tvinis codnaSi, romelic fiq-riT marTvis mowyobilobebis Seqmnis Se-saZleblobas moitans. kavlis fondis mrgvali magidis CarCoebSi Tqven lapara-kobT „SesaZleblobaze viswavloT tvinis-gan, rogor mivaRwioT tvinis muSaobas mim-sgavsebul gamoTvlebs minimaluri simZ-lavreebiT“. vxvdebi, neirointerfeisebs gulisxmobT. rogorc vici, dReisaTvis in-terfeis „tvini-kompiuteris“ gamoyenebas xels uSlis is, rom ver gadailaxa tvini-dan momavali metismetad susti signalis problema. me wminda Teoriuli SekiTxva
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![Page 16: lurji tvinis proeqtiadamianis sakeTildReod Zalian bevri prob-lemis mogvareba SeuZlia. 50 mecniereba lurji tvinis proeqti Blue Brain Project ganviTarebis etapebi TaTia kuxalaSvili adamianze](https://reader033.vdocuments.net/reader033/viewer/2022052616/60a6f70cb9ad3c38db6aa185/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
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maqvs: kanonmdeblobam rom dauSvas da mo-iZebnos kamikaZec, vinc arasamedicino miz-niT invaziurad Caidgams tvinSi am siaxles, anu gaikeTebs uSualod tvinze mikropro-cesoris implants, nuTu es marTla im do-neze gazrdida signalis Zalas, rom misi sa-SualebiT avatarebis da sxva urTulesi ko-mpiuterebis gadaadgileba gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli?
– tvinma gamoamJRavna adaptaciisa da utilitizaciis STambeWdavi unari im mo-wyobilobebis mimarT, romlebTanac in-terfeisebulia. Tumca ase xdeba ZiriTa-dad ara imis gamo, rom Cven sakmarisad kargad gvesmis tvini imisTvis, rom misgan gacnobierebulad SevqmnaT amgvari mow-yobilobebi, aramed imitom, rom tvins aqvs TviTrekonfiguraciis unari axali monacemebis miRebis, gaazrebisa da gace-misTvis. sruli potenciali jer kidev Rrma Seswavlis procesSia – am etapze Cven ar viciT misi sazRvrebi.
11. henri markrami TED-is cnobili prezentaciis bolos ambobs, rom Tu moma-vali dekada warmatebuli iqneba, Catare-bul samuSaoze angariSis Casabareblad Tavis nacvlad ukve mis hologramas gamog-zavnis. rogoria misi xedva amis Taobaze?
– markramis es komentari yovelTvis xum-robad mesmoda. magram misi xedva mona-cemebiT marTuli modelirebis tvinis funqcionirebis principebis gasageb ins-trumentad gamoyenebaze sul ufro mzard mniSvnelobas iZens da, faqtobri-vad, aucilebelicaa, Tu Cven gvsurs kav-Siris Seqmna genoms, ujredul aqtivobas, sistemebis qcevasa da mentalur janmrTe-lobasa da avadmyofobas Soris.
12 Tebervali, 2017
lurji tvinis proeqti