luxor temple and the cult of the royal ka

7/29/2019 Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal Ka

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L U XO R T E M P L E A N D T H E C U L T O F T H E R OY AL K A *LA !V!VY B E L L , I ' n i \ ~ ~ r . \ i r ~ ~f C'liic,crgo

Drtl icwrrt l ro /he kaof Lahih Hahach i

BEc.AtlsE of it s unique subject mat ter . Lu xo r Temple (f ig. la-b) is perhaps theleast kn own ma jor mon um ent in the The ban a rea . Excava t ions begun the re in 1885were carried out sporadically unti l 1960. when the north face of the Pylon. the north-eas t corn er of the Co ur t of R amesses 11 , and the south end of the Avenue of Sphinx eswere revealed in their present s ta te.In 1966, Ebe rhard Ot to wrote :The or ig ina l cu l t o f t he [ t emple] i s unknown. . . [and] l i t t le i s known about the special cul tfor m [of the Amo n] of this temple o r even ab ou t the meaning of the I .uxor festival it sel f . . . . T h ehigh point of the rel igious l i fe of Thebes was the Luxor [Opet] fest ival . . . [where] the connec-t ion between king an d god experienced a n impressive dem on st ra t ion. Very often the king himselftook par t i n t he process ion , and severa l k ings were e l ec t ed [by the god Amon-Re] dur ing th i so c c a s i o n : a m o n g o t h e r s H a t sh e p su t a n d H o re m h e b . . . . [The] representation[s] of the fest ivalprocess ion . . . give a general idea of the fest ival 's progress, [but] they reveal very l i t t le about i tsmeaning . . . . [W lha t exact ly took place in the temple of Luxor '? Th e Egypt ians remain si lent .The a t t empted explana t ions of modern scholars may a l l be r igh t i n par t s . I t remains doubt fu l ,however, whether any on e of them has go t t o t he bo t tom of t he mat t e r . 'O t t o c onc l ude s i n de s pe r a t i on t ha t ". . . we must cons ider the poss ibi l i ty that theEgypt ians themselves los t the t rue u nde rs tand ing of th e fes tival in the course of time,"and this is where the s i tuat ion has remained d ow n to the present day.Progress in understanding the full s ignificance of this temple has been seriouslyhampered by the general lack of reliably published documentation on most of i tsreliefs and inscriptions. U p to now , knowledge of Lu xo r Temp le a t f i rs t hand has beennecessary to gain any appreciable ins ight into i t s inner workings . I t i s only af ter thenine yea rs tha t the Epigraphic Survey t eam has been working in Luxor Temple tha twe are finally in a posit ion to be able to present a completely new interpretation ofLu xo r and i ts g rea t annua l fe s tival , t he Feas t o f Op e t . We can now desc ribe Lu xor asthe t emp le dedica ted to the d iv ine Egypt i an ru le r or , mo re preci se ly , to the cu lt o f the

* Wherever possible I have uaed the s tandard ar t icle t i t les; thereaf ter ar t icles are ci ted by journal .abbre v ia t io ns found in Wolfgang Helck. Eberhard v o l u m e . an d y ea r o n l y . I would l ike to express myO t t o . an d W o l f h a r t W es t en d o r f , ed s . . Lr.uiXo17 der. sincere appreciat ion here for the t ireless effor ts ofk ' , q ~ ~ ~ ) r o l o , ~ i t ,1.A') (Wiesbaden . 1975- ) . vol . 4 . Mar t ha R. Bel l and Kather ine Roaich in the p repara-pp. ix-xxx. Ini tial ci tat ion s of jo ur na l ar t icles include tion of the typescr ipt of this art icle on the IBM 308 1 Dm ai n f r am e a t t h e University of Chicago Comput ingC e n t e r us in g T R E A T I S E S C R I P T t ex t f o rm a t te r .[ J I t T 4 4 n o 4 (1 98 5) ] 1 O t t o . O. \ i r i \ L I H ~4 I I I L I I ~ :KLI I I L I I I ~71,;Ii,yo .T1urror71985 T h e U n ~ \ e r s ~ t > (M un ic h. 1966). tran s. Ka te Boase-Ciriffiths. Eq111riur7f C h ~ c a g oA ll r ~ g h t \ e a e r ~ e d Ar r ur7(/ r l ~ e 'L I / I \ o f O. \ i ri . \ u r7(/ i111io17 (hereaf ter0022-2968 85 4404-0001$1 00 O\ i r i . \ u r7t l A17 ion ) (L on do n. 1968) . pp. 97-98. 100.


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F I G . I .---a) Ske tch- p lan of Luxor Temple , d rawn by W . Raym ond . lohnaon: the temple prec inct . a f te r Por te ra n d Mo a s. Topoyraphic,al Bihliogrophj. .

roya l k a . Al though much work remains to be don e in re f in ing th is s t a tement , I believethat i t represents a major breakthrough in our unders tanding of the cul t of the divineking, even the very nature of kingship in the New Kingdom.


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LLJXORT E M P L E N D TH E C U L TO F TH E R O Y A LKA

F I G . I . -b) Ske tch - p lan of L.uxor Temple. drawn by W . Raym ond J ohn son : de ta il of rooms sou th of theEigh teen th - l )ynas ty Po r t i co , a f t e r Nelson , K ~ J I .kr17\ Sllowin,g Loc,urior7r of Tllrho17 Gn>,~k~ ~ l ' l ' O l ' ~ t i O t 7 5 .

In an a t tem pt to bet ter und ers tan d the de tai l s of the reliefs which the EpigraphicSurv ey had recorded in t he Tu tan kh am un Colonnade , and to pu t them in to t he irprope r perspect ive, we began to exam ine the possib le me aning of the Opet Fest ival inthe con tex t o f L uxor Tem ple as a who le . In 1980-81 we were contacted by WolfgangHelck, who invi ted us to cont r ibute to the L ex ik o n c/er ~ ~ l p r o l o ~ i en the subject ofthe "Opet fest ," the "Luxor" ent ry al ready having been wri tten by Paul 8argu et .*Wil l iam M urn an e, who had been wi th the Lu xor project f rom the beginning, and w howas a l so p repar ing h i s Perigrrin Glricie t o Aric,ier~t Egj3,t)r a t t he t ime. ag reed tounde r take th is task . The result was encoura ging and provided the f i rs t real focus forou r researches . ' M urn ane then turne d his at tent ion t o the reliefs of the Bi r th R oo m atthe south of the temple. H e has now ma de hand-copies of the inscr ip t ions in the Bi r thSui te . B arque Vestibule. a nd Barque Sa nctua ry (R oo m s XIII : XIV, V111. and XI; XII) ,and has descr ibed their deco rat ion in considerable detai l.


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Du ring one of the many journeys which 1 made through the temple la ter that sameseason , my eye was a t t rac ted t o a n in scrip tion on a n a rch i t rave in the Co ur t o fAm enho tep I l l jus t to the south of the Colo nnad e. I ts tex t had long been publ ished,but no gre at significance h ad ever been att ache d to i t .4 He re Am enh ote p 111 states tha the was "one who made monuments in Luxor ( ' l p t ) for the one who bore h im,"describ ing Lux or Temple ashis ' p lace of just i f ica t ion (11 , - r ) . ' in wh ich he be com es yo un g aga in ((111,11./') . he p ala ce ( I,)f r o m w h i c h h e g o e s f o r t h i n j o y a t t h e ( p r o p e r ) t i m e o f h i s a p p e a r a n c e ( a s k in g ) (!I . f ' ) , hist r a n s f o r m a t ~ o n s( ! i / ~ r ~' ) be ing in eve ry face ( i . e . . L is ib le t o e ~ e r y o n e ) , h e L o r d o f t h e T w oL a n d s N e b m a a t r e ( i . e .. A m e n h o t e p 111).By the end of the Epigraphic Survey's 1981-82 season. 1 had begun trying to associateseveral d is t inct ive features of the decorat ion of Luxor Temple. These include thelocation in the First Court of named colossi of the deified Ramesses 1 1 ' (o therwiseknown for this ruler in the Luxor area only at his mortuary temple): the fact thatA l ex a nd e r t he G r e a t , w h o w a s co ns id er ed a s on o f ~ e u s - ~ m m o n , \ e b u i l t h e b a rq u e

4 C.'r!i. 1V. 1683 1-4. Fo r the eco nom y of wri t inge ~ i d e n t n the spell ing t i t s (/ \ \ I . ) . and in ! ir ( t i h ) n hr ~ t . 1 , .see Gardiner . E G . p. 52 (62) : M.h l l . 138.18.

5 I t ake th i s su f f ix t o r efer th roug hout to the k ing .a l thou gh b ' i l l i am Mu rna ne is equal ly conv inced tha tit per ta ins to Arnun . An inscr ip t ion o f Set i I o n a na r ch i t r av e o f t h e L u x o r C o l o n n ad e w h i ch ca l l s1.uxor Tem ple Arnun's "a ugust chap el of just if ica-t ion." 1 7 it t. f i l ) \ ( i , r ) n ( 1 . 1 ) it.1 7-1 ?1 ' ( cf . W h.Rrle,y\r. 1 . 310.9) . would seem to suppor t his vlew.H o w e ~ e r . he jus t i f ica t ion invo lved i s su re ly thek ing 's as muc h as the god 's . For Am enho tep I l ldescr ibed a t I .uxor Temple as ! ipr t ,~r i ic , ic \c ,11- t i?5 ' .se e 1't.X. IV. 1700.3: cf. 1698.17. G i \ en t h e c l o seassocia t ion o f k ing and god a t I .uxor . a c leard is t inc t ion between th em m ay no t be poss ib le . thegod ' s r enewal be ing ac h i e~ ed h rough the r eb i rth o ft h e ki n gs h ip d u r ~ n g h e co r o n a t i o n . j u bi lee . an d O p e tfestivals : cf , below. n. 154. Fo r the m erging of kingan d g o d . s ee D i e te r A r n o l d . D e r T e t i ~ l ) r l/ r \ K i j n i ,y \. \4~~17r~r / i o re /1 I . A r ( , l~ i reX,or i D ei r e l - Bul iur i , vol. t l i r~ r r i t // I e ~ i r ~ r r i , q ,O I . . / l i e M.ur i( /re li ef .\ /e \ Su t i l i t~ ru re ~,A V 8 an d I I ( M a i n / a m R h e i n . 1 97 4) . v o l. I . p. 73;vol. 2. pp . 32-33; see fur the r L. Bell. .MPlun,qrc.MoXIirur (hereaf ter .Me/. .MoXlirur: BdE. fo r th coming) .Jaros lav Cern) ' . Col i1 t i 7un i r1 . ,p. 35. quotes thispassage in h i s d i scuss ion of the te rm St-117 I , ci t ingas para l le l s a hym n t o the Aten In which Akheta ten isr e f e r r ed t o a s A k h en a t en ' s St-117- I ( i n a co n t ex tinvolving the H \ ~ . r - B t i h t i ) n d a n i n s c r i p t ~ o n n t h ewest face of the eastern obelisk at I .uxor extol l ingR am es s es I 1 a \ "one wh o makes benefact ions fo r hi sfather Arnun in the S t - I J I , 1" (see K. A. Kitchen.R U I J ~ . l l . 5 9 9 .6 ) . Fo r t h e Hic , r -h r ihn ,see fur thert i c ~ . r .n. 100 below.

' Fo r the r ange o f th i s word 's associa t ions wi th thek ing . see Alan H Gard iner . "The Corona t ion o f

K i n g H ar em h ab . " J E A 39 (1953) : 23; D onald B.R ed f o r d . E i , q l ~ r ( ~ ( ~ r i r l i pp. 3-27.. t i . .X L ab i b H ab ach i . 'e ur ur e.\ o f / l ie D r i f i ~ ~ u ~ i o t if

R N I I I P \ \ ~ \1 (hereaf ter F ~ N I L I ~ P I ) .D A l K 5 (G l i i ck -stad t . 1969). pp. 24-25.F r a n ~ o i s a u rn as . L A 11. 474; Helck. 1.A 1. 132.Fo r dif fer ing Liews on this quest ion in Hellenist ich ~ s t o r y .see D . G . Hogar th . "Alexander in Egypt andSo m e C o n s eq u en ces . " J E A 2 (1915) : 57-59 ( thi sr eference k ind ly ca lled to my a t ten t ion by Mar th a R.Bell) : Edwyn Bevan. Tl ir Ho~r\ca of Ptole1,71.: .4H i t r o r l . o f & I . / I / u r i t / r r r / i r P / o l e t ? i u i ~ ~ ~ , t i u \ r ~ ,( rep r int ed. . Ch ica go. 1968). pp. 12-14 ( thi s refer-ence k ind ly ca l led to my a t ten t ion by RichardJ as n o w ) ; R o b i n I . an e Fo x . A l e r u n t l e i . t ll r' G r ~ u r(Lo ndo n . 1973). pp . 200-18; A . B. Bosworth inK. H . Kinr l . ed . . Grrrc.c, uticl /l ie Eu trerti .\4et/ir r rr u ri e on ir i A n c .i rt i/ H i . \ r o r ~ . ~ n t / S t ~ r t / i r \r r l i i \ / o r ~ :Pr r \e r i r r t / ro F ririr: .S~ I7 u~ ~l ie r n i r 1~ rn / l i e O ~ ~ ~ u . \ i o r iof hi\ Ei ,y l~ t i e rhB i r r h t / o i (Ber l in and New York .1977) . pp . 51-75 ( thi s reference kindly cal led tom y a t t en t i o n by M ar t h a R . B e l l) : J . G r a f t o n M i l n e..M i \ ( . . Gr f~gor iu r iu ,pp. 145-49: G. T . Grif fi th . ed . .A l e \ - ~ t i t / e rhe G i.eo/: Tl i r . \4uin Prohle1,7r (hereaf terA l e v u ~ i t / r r l ir G r r u t (N ew York . 1966). pp. 151-58.166 (W . W. Tarn ) : pp . 179-87 ( 3 . P . V . D. Balsdon) ;p . 240 (3 . R . Ham i l ton) ; pp . 288-89 (E . Bad ian) : th i santholo gy kindly cal led to rny at tenti on by Ma rtha R.Bel l. For the Alexander Romance. see Ot t o . O\ir i . \on tl ,41,7ori, p. 98: Helck. L-i' 1. 132; Assmann in JanA s s m an n . Wa l t e r B u r k e r t . an d F r i t r S t o l r . F ~ i r i k t ior ien l in t / / .e i\ r~i r i,qet i / f a \ .M1,/1105: Dre i u I/ (~ rie t i t ul -i . \(. / i r Bricpiele. O B O 48 (Go t t ingen . 1962). pp . 3 1-33( th i s ref erence k ind ly ca l led to my a t ten t i on byH e l en J acq u e t ) ; H o g a r t h . J E A 2 (1915) : 56-57;Bevan. H ol r \ r of P r o l r ~ ~ ~ i ~ ,3: Ta rn in Grif f i th . ed. .i l Ie . ru r i t/e r t l l r Gr r t r r , p. [158] . F or a n analysis of thedescr ipt ion of the Siwa oracle i tself . cee tern)' in
http:///reader/full/1698.17http:///reader/full/1698.17


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L r : x o ~T E M P L EN D TIIE C U L TO F T H E R O Y A LKA 255chapel a t ~ u x o r . " ' eaving to his successors the renewal of the corresponding st ructurea t K arn ak ; an d the fac t tha t the cul t p lace of the divine Rom an em perors was s i tuatedin the f i rs t vest ibule (Room V ) so uth of the P ort ico (t he so-called h ypostyle) of theoriginal temple.Dur ing the course o f our 1982-83 season , Wi l l i am Murnane and 1 and our ch ie fa r t i s t , W. Ra ymo nd Johnso n . had the op por tun i ty to d iscuss ou r work in a se ri es ofinformal seminars , he ld in Luxor Temple , wi th col leagues who included Klaus Baer ,Edward F. Wen te , an d C harles Van Siclen of the Universi ty of C hicago; JanuszKarkowski , Jadwiga Lipinska , and severa l other members of the Pol ish-Egypt ianArchaeologica l Missions a t D ei r e l -Bahar i ; Er ik H or nu ng of the Basel Egyptologica lInst itu te ; R icard o Cam inos and Ji i rgen O sing of the Egypt Exp lora t ion Socie ty'sWad i Shat t e l -Rigal Projec t ; Gerhard Haeny of the Swiss Inst itu te ; and F ra n~ oi seTraunecker of the Franco-Egypt ian Center a t Karnak. The prepara t ion and presenta-t ion of ou r mater ia l before such professional aud iences helped us to refocus ou r ideasand made us think very logically about al l the possible implicat ions of our discoveries;we benefi ted trem end ous ly fro m the crit ical com men ts, searching questions, encou rage-ment, and suggestions of our l isteners.W. Murnane now relates the events depicted in the part of the temple studied byhim to the m yth s urr ou nd ing the succession of H orus (i .e . , the king) to the place of hisf a t h e r . H e o r g a n i ~ e s he mot i fs and themes of the decora t ion as fol lows: ( I ) concept ion a nd b i r th of the divine king; ( 2 ) his acknowledgment by Am un and nur tu r ing byvarious goddesses; (3 ) his coronation; ( 4 ) his public recognition by the Ennead: (5) thesubsequent renewal of his powers by the celebration of his jubilee festival. He callsa t tent ion to the prominence here of the goddesses who suckle the young king, and ofthe Irrr~tnurc


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257~ J X O R A N D T H E CULTEMPLE OF T H E ROYALKAa l tho ugh dynas t i c success ion cou ld som et im es be a r ea l p rob lem . t o be so r t ed ou t on lya f t e r t h e d e a t h o f o n e o f t h e r i va l c l a i m a n t s . I n e a c h a n d e v e r y r ei gn . t o b e s u r e . b u tespec i al ly w hen the l egi tim acy o f a par t i cu l a r ru l e r m igh t be ope n t o doub t , t he h ighes tau tho r i t y wh ich cou ld b e invoked t o c la r i fy t he m ona rch ' s s t a tu s is t he dev ice of t heroyal ha: al l genu ine k ings possess i t: no pr etend ers do .

I n a r e c en t c o m m e n t a r y o n E g y p t i a n ro y a l p r o p a g a n d a . 0 . D . B er le v h a s sh e d s o m el igh t on the m e ans u sed to ju s ti fy cases o f ex t r ao rd ina ry accession:T h e n o r m is i n t h e o r d e r o f th i n gs a n d t h e r e f o r e Lo id o f a n y i n t e re s t a s a p h e n o m e n o n . Q u i t ea n o t h e r m a t t e r i s a n e x c e p t i o n . . . . [l]t i h doub t l e ss ly t he excep t io ns t ha t coun te d wi th t heE g y p t i a n s . . . . Th e excep t ions a r e o f tw o k inds: e i t he r t he d iv ine marr i age t akes p l ace in t heKing' s fami ly . bu t t he ch i ld conce ived is female . o r t he S u n b l esses w ith h i s cho ice t he fami ly o f;I c o m m o n e r o r e \ e n a f o r e ig n e r .. . . T h e G o d 's & i ll . a s if d o r m a n t i n t h e o r d i n a r y c a s e s,buddenly awake, and makes i t se l f fe l t . In the case of 'Supreme Being. female ' . . . t he b reach o ft h e r o u t i n e m u s t h a \ e b e e n c a l c u l a t e d . a i m e d a t s o l ~ i n g h e p r o b l e m s w h i ch a r e b e y o n d t h ep o w e r o f t h e o r d i n a r y ( m a l e ) S u p r e m e B e in g s. I n t h e ca s e o f a S u p r e m e B e i n g born o u t s i d e t h er o y a l f a m i l y e x p e c t a t i o n s a r e s ti ll g r e a t e r : s u c h a d e v i a t i o n f r o m t h e n o r m i s o n l y t h e n c o n -c e i va b l e w h e n i t h a s s o m e o ~ e r w h e l m i n g c h i e ~ e m e n t . o m e t h i n g b o r d e r i n g o n a m i ra c le . a s i tse n d . ' S o t h e re ig ns o f H a t s he p s ut a n d H o r e m h e b a r e r a t i o n a l i ~ e d n d t h e ~ n i r a c u l o u s v e nt sa t t r ib u t e d t o t h e m e x p l a i n e d. ' "

Howe ver , it shou ld no t be fo rgo t t en tha t a l l r epo r t s o f o racu la r nom ina t ion t o o ff i ceo r d iv ine conc ept ion an d b i r th were recorded only af ter they had manifes ted themselvesunden iab ly : ' \ uccess ion to t he t h ron e was no rm al ly de f ac t o p roo f of l egi tim acy . O nthe o th er han d . Th u tm ose I l l cou ld nu ll ify t he l eg i tim acy o f H at shepsu t by deny ingtha t t he roya l ka had , i n fac t . descended u pon her2" (he was m os t vehe m en t i n sm a sh ingher f i gu res i n t he B i rth P o r t i co a t De i r e l -Bahar i ) . and so the Nine teen th Dynas tyc o u l d s i m p ly i g n or e A k h e n a t e n . S m e n k h k a r e . T u t a n k h a m u n , a n d E ye . c l ai m i ng t h e huh a d r e a l l y f a l l e n t o H o r e m h e b u p o n t h e d e a t h o f A m e n h o t e p I l l a n d c o u n t i n g t h e

1' D w i g h t W . Y o u n g . e d . , Stuclie, Pre\rr7rec/ toH u n , J uX o h P o l o t \ X ~ Eas t Glouces te r . Massachu-setts. 1 981). pp. 364-65.' 8 F o r t h e u s e o f r o l a l p r o p a g a n d a t o j u st if y t h e" a n o m a l o u s " r e ig n s o f H a t s h e p s u t a n d H o r e m h e b .see a l so Joh n Van Se te rs . In Seurc ,h o f H i t to q . :H i \ ro r~ogr .u / )h in the At7c.r~ntW o r / t /crncl th r Or!,qit7.\of H1hlic.01H ~ . \ r o g .N e w H a v e n a n d L o n d o n . 1 9 83 ) .pp. 174-76.I v H o r n u n g . The, Ot7r uncl the Mot71, p. 142 andn. 119: cf . Je an 1.eclant. "Su r un contre poids de

M e n a t a u n o m d e T a h a r q a : A l l a i t e m e n t e t ' a p p a r i -tion'royale.".Wt;l. )%furur..dE 32 (C airo . 1961). p. 264.For his defacement of the A-([-element in therebus of he r nam e M aatkar e , s ee U . Holscher ,Afet / inet Hohl i I I . p. I 3 ( f ~ g . I ); R . A . S c h w a l le r d e12ubic7. I .r \ Tt~n7plr.\ le KornaX (Par i s . 1982) . vol . 2 .pl. 106; D r i r e l - B a h u ri I. pls. 10-1 1. 11. pls. 33-37.40.44-45: I l l . pls . 56.64. 85; IV . pl. 106; Ku rt l .angea n d M a x H i r m e r . A, q ~ . l ~ rp n : r i . / i i t rX t ~ r r P la .c tiAM u l r r e i it7 ( I r e , J u / ~ r ra ~ r t e n c l t ~ n ,t h e d . ( M u n i c h .1975) . co lor p l . 16 (o pp . fig. 127) ; E t i enne t l r io ton .

" D e u x c r h p t o g ra m m e s d e S e n e n m o u t . " . 4SAE 38(1938): 239: Ludwig Bo rchard t . B e i t r t ~ eB/. 2. 1938.p. 47. f ig. 14 ( th is refernce kindly cal led to mya t t en t io n by C har les Van S ic len) . Fo r a s imila r f ri e7e~ r i t i n g h e e a rl y fo r m o f t h e p r en o m e n o fT h u t m o s e 1 1 1 . r M t ~ - ! 7 / ) r - X : - R - .ee Herbert Ricke.Heirrugi, Bf. 3.1. 1939. pi . I b: cf . p. 34 (3) : Al iRad wa n. "Der KBnigsname: Epigraphi sches 7umgot t l i chen Ko nig tu m im Al ten AgYpten ." St lrc l~ tv~urol tu,q~~/) t icc .hen (he rea f t e r S A K ) 2 ( 1975): 23 1~ r l t ~ r r .( D o k . 4 4 ) ; f o r t h e n a m e ,kft1-!7/11--X- R . see Bert rand.Jaeger. f i w i clc. c./u.\\i/icuiiot7 PI el f>. \/ ~ r ~ t i o ni ( . u r o h k ~ \M~nXhf ; / ; l ,e r r6F r i b o u r g a n d G o t ti n ge n .h clpr982). p. 129: J i i rgen vo n Beckera th . H ~ t ~ f / t l l r (M A S 20 ( M u n i c h a n d,q\.l)ri\c,hen ~ i j r 7 i ~ . ~ r 7 c r t ~ 1 e r l .Ber lin . 1984) . p . 226 . F or th e f r i e i e wr i t ing thep r e n o m e n o f A m e n h o t e p I l l i n L u x o r T e m p le , se en o w H e l l m u t H r u n n e r . D i e t ii t/ lr i .h e n R U L I ~ I PIf,.\T e t e 1 . i I I,tr.ror (he rea f t e r 1.lr.ror). AV 18(M ain 7 a m R h e~ n , 977) . p . 18 and p l s. 2 -3 . 9-16 ,18-19. 22.


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years of his reign accordingly:" to the victor the spoils and to the survivo r the l ia . T h ecom mo n def ini t ion of "usurper ." then, does not apply in the Egypt ian conte xt .

Th e k ing 's k a is bor n wi th him . o r ra th er i t is c rea ted when he i s conceived. perfec tf rom the very beginning, f lesh of god, and ful ly divine . For we see the infant k adepicted as his double2 ' throu ghou t the episodes23of the divine birth: and i t accom-p an ies h im t o th e g ra v e, a s we see in th e t o m b s of A m e nh o te p 1 1 1 , ~ ~ u t a n k h a r n u n . ~ ~an d ~ ~ e . "he representat ion of this k a is intende d as pro of of his divine origins2?a n dsufficient evidence that he was predestined to rule. But he actually becomes divineonly when he becomes one2Rwith the royal ka , when his human form is over taken bythis immorta l e lement , which f lows through his whole being and dwel ls in i t . Thishappens a t t he c limax of the corona t ion ~ e r e m o n y .~ ' hen he assumes his r igh t fu lplace on the "H orus- th rone of the l iv ing." According to this formula t io n, the royal k arepresen ts the "dignity" or office of kingship,30 while the individual king is viewed a s al ink in the chain of divine kingship which s t re tches back into the very dawn ofEgypt ian his tory. As an incarnat ion of the royal ka , each king was ex qf;fic.io a god:3 'but the dual na ture of the king i s c lear : embodiment of divini ty whi le on the throne ,his ow n m orta l i ty inexorably o ver takes him.

Th e t ransmission of the k a was achieved thr ou gh the agency of K amutef . the divinep ro ge ni to r pa r e ~ c e l l e n c e . ~ ~hereas the nature of Amun-Re is hidden within hisveiled naos d ur in g processions of his ba rqu e, even the bod y of Kamutef is visible to al l

21 C f . E d w a r d F . W e n t e a n d C h a r l e s C . V an shade, see Bel l . hIPI. .%-loXllrar (forthcoming).Sic len I l l . "A Chro nolo gy of the New Kingdom." in An oth er m eans of specifying that the king is act lng inJ a n e t H . J o h n s o n a n d E d w a rd F . W en t e . e d s . his Xu-aspect is found on s telae showing the Vi/ ierStu t / ie \ in Ho no r o f Gror , ye R. Hu,qhr.\ ~ J U ~ L I N ~ I Paser fol lowing R amesses I 1 car ry ing the s t andard of2.1977 ) (he rea f t e r Fc Hl ighe. \ ) . S A O C 3 9 ( C h i ca g o .1976). pp. 23 1-32.

7 ,-- S c h w e i t x r . M'e. \m t / rc Ku. p . 6 3 : J a c o b s o h n .Do,yt i~ar/ . \ le Str l lur7,q, pp. 57-58 .D e i r e l - B uhu r i 1 1 . pls. 46-55: 1 1 1 . pl. 56:B r u n n e r . Grht r r l t / r \ Got tX i j t ~ i , q \ ,pls. 1 - 15.

?".D I l l . 7 8 e ; F r ie d r i c h A b i t l , A'ijni,q l incl Go ll .A A 40 (W iesbad en. 1984) . p . 43 , f ig. 17.A k x a n d r e P i a n k o f f . S / I ~ ~ I J P . \ , 01l . 7; Trea.c~rrr. \T~r1ur7Xhut1~ t i t 1 ,x h i b i ti o n C a t a lo g u e . M M A ( N e wYork. 1976) . p . 31 : Ab1t7 . K i j n i g t i n t 1 G o t t , p . 8 4 .fig. 35.

2h Piankoff . " l.e s Pe in tures dans l a tomb e du ro iA'i." M I > A I K 16 (1958): pl . 24; Abi tz . K ij n ig ~ i t ~ i lG o t r , p. 88. f ig 38.

2 p. 123.e rmann Kees . O / ~ / P ~ I N I I : ,2 X Cf Schwei t ze r . M/e\en t/e.\ A'a, pp. 25 . 52 . Anu n u s u a l i c o n o g r a p h i c d e v ~ c eused to indicate theking's possess ion of the royal Xu is found in LD 1 1 1 .121a = Wal te r Wres7inski . AI /u. \ 1 1 . pl . 162: He inr ~chS c h a f e r a n d W a l t e r A n d r a e , Die K t r t~ . \ t /c,.c . 4 / t r nOr / rn r . \ (Her l ln . 1925) . p . 372 . where the inscriptionX i I I ( I . ) - \ I I . / h 1~ 11 . 1. appe ars beside anI n / ( , ) & ' ( I )open fan he ld above Hor emh eb ca r r i ed in proces sion .Kees. O/! fer /at7z. p. 235. n . 98 . po in t s o ut tha t th i sl a be l d o e s n o t d e s c r ~ b e h e f a n b e a r e r f o ll o w in g t h eklng 's p or t ab le throne ; Sc hw e~t re r . U'e.\m c/e.\ K u ,

p. 62 , is t roubl ed by the absence of a representa t ionof the Xu h e r e. F o r t h is f a n a s a s y m b o l o f th e d i v ~ n e

t h e r o y a l k u : M a r i o T o s i a n d A l e s s an d r o R o c c a t i.S l r l e r a l l r e r / ~ i g r i r f / l i D r i r r l ,Met l i tlo n -50001-r7 .50262 : C a t a logo ( / e l , M L I ~ I J O g i~ i o 11 To r i no(he rea f t e r S l r l r ) . Ser ie s econda-Col l e r ioni . vo l . I(Tur in . 1972). p 304 (50095) : D e ir r l M P i l in r l l(193-5-1940) 1 1 . pls . I0 (fol l . p. 78). 37 (fol l , p. 183):B M S ti ,lue 9. pl . 40.1 (328).

? S c h w e i t r e r . We.trn lr . \ A'a, p . 58 ; H o r n u n g . T h rOne ir t l t l lhr .MNI I I. .p 142. Han s Goedicke . /. 'Eq1./1t o l o g i r en 1979. A.\ -rc /~r io r i r i r i re . \ i le r r l .hr r t1 lr .c(he rea f t e r L 'L :q~ . l ) t o lo ,q i rr7 1979). Col loques in te rna-t i o n a u x d u C e n t r e N a t io n a l e d e l a R e c h e r c h eSclent i f ique. no. 595 (Paris. 1982). vo l. 2. p. 12 6.30 G a r d i n e r . " T h e B a p t i s m of P h a r a o h . " J E A 36( 1 9 5 0 ) : 7 a n d n . 2 ; R . 0 . F a u l k n e r , r ev ie w o f

i ler .. Greven. D e r K u i n T h r o lo , y ir ~ m t l ' i j n r ,y . ~ X ~ ~ l tkR tY )r r r i1r.c A l le n Rr ic hrc (Gli icks tadt . 1952). JE.4 41 (195 5) : 141. Her ma n t e Ve lde augges t s desc r tb ingth e Xa as " the pe rsoni f i ca t ion of kingship" ( p e r s o n a lc o m m u n ~ c a t i o n .1984).

' I S e e , f o r e x a m p l e . H o r n u n g . Thr O n r t r n t l r h rM o t ~ t . , p. 142: most recent ly Kltchen. P / la~ U O / lT r i t r n i l ~ l ~ a n t . p. 174-75. 178: cf . Art hu r I lar byN o c k . Z Y N N A O Z OEO Z , H a r v a r d S t u d i e s i nC las s i ca l Phi lo logy 41 (Cambr~dge .Mass . . 1930).p p . 9 , 1 4 : T a r n in G r l f f ~ t h . d . . Ale.\-utlt ler the Greirr.p. 154J a c o b s o h n . L A 111. 308-9 : id em . D og t i r a r / . \ ~ . h rS t e l l ~ m g .pp. 57-58.


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A N D T H E C I ~ L T K4 259c'/ tl ~r S~rtlu 1.o~ry.cor (hereaf ter Te111/>lr lrI5 H en r i F r an k f o r t . Kin,q.thi/ ) 1t1t1he, Got/.\ ( C h i - ~ 'HOI I I I I I ( , ) F o rP a r ~ s . 1957). \o1. 2. pl. 46c. thecago. 1948) . pp 77-78: Go yo n in Pa rke r et al . . d e ~ f i e d e ti 1 addressed by his son an d \ucce\ .;or asEtllfilr of Tohurc/(~,p. 72 an d n. 36: 78. 85: cf . 77. t1!1.11 111 11.1.11 r17/ )! ../ 1u r ~ n g u r i fi ca t io n r it es co n -( f o r t h co m i n g ) . ducted be fore a s ta tue o f h im. see Haro ld Hayden. 62 See fu r ther Bell . Me/. ~Mo/i l~/ur.j h F o r t h e K a m u te f s h r ~ n e n d w a y s t at i o n , qee N e l\ on a n d W ~ l l i a m M u r n a n e . Tlzr G~~,(III . / IO-Rlcke. Bri t rd~ e f. 3.2. \ / t I r Hull o / kar17aX. o l . I . pt. I . The U'oll Rrlirfcj' Hull). O I Pc h a e i t x r . U'ewt?tie.\ ku, pp. 25. 52. 55. Jaco b- ( h e r ea f t e r N e l s o n - M u r n an e . H ~ ~ / ) o c t \ ~ l rs o h n . L)i


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( m 3 ~ ' ~ ' . t i ) .nd rejuvenated (rnpy. t i ) . " The inscrip t ionu on the base of the s ta tue to theright of the entrance t o the Co lonn ade refers to " the l iv ing royal ka " un der the nam eof " ~ e - o f - t h e - ~ u l e r s . ~oday, these and two other coloss i a t Luxor Temple s t i l lhave the orig inal representat ions of lunmutef-pries ts4h on the front of their bases ;unfortunately the surfaces of several others have long since flaked off, so i t is nowimpossib le to determ ine w hether they were orig inal ly so decorated or not . KU-statues4'and Iunmutef-priests ar e character is t ic of royal m ortua ry temples , where the ka of thedeceased king was worshiped. The lunmutef in this context was a form of sem-priest ,usual ly thought of as a mortuary pries t responsib le for the cul t of the royal ka;symbolizing the eldest son and successor of the king, he is represented wearing aleopard skin and having the side-lock of youth.4RThe king 's barque i tsel f i s a famil iar feature in the royal mortuary temples ofDynas t i es XIX-XX . those o f Se t i I and Ramesses 11 a n d I 1 1 being the best known."On two occas ions the barque o f Ramesses 111 is shown in procession during thelifetime of the king. '' In bot h cases i t is a .~ e m - ~ r i e s t "ho at ten ds the k ing 's barq ue asdes crib ed as nh. rl nr:rt.r .r l rn/,r .rl nil R r nh In thespell for presenting red cloth. see Alexandre Moret .Ir R i r ~ r r l / LI , ~ ~ l r e/ i18in o r r rno l~ r r n E~ l . / ) r rl h / ~ r P . \lec / )~ / )I . ~ L I. \ Tet?r/)le c/e Sc;ri/e Berlin rr lec rr .rrrc ~ / L II(" a A h ~ , t l o \ herea f ter Rirr rel c/~r c.r rlrr t / il , ini o ~ r r n o l i r r ) ,A n n a l e s d u M u s ee G u i m e t 14 ( Pa r i s .1902) . pp. 185-86: Augu ste M ariet te. Ah~,t io .c I(Pa r is . 1869). p . 52.

44 K a 7 i m i e r ~Michatowsk i . Lo~rclcor Par i s . 1973).f ig . 34 : Cha r les F. Nims. Thrhrc of r l l r Phur(rol~,\( L o n d o n an d T o r o n t o . 1 9 6 5) . p . 1 42 ( f i g . 6 9 ) :Habach i . Feor~ r r r c . p . 42 . 19 ." Inscr ip t ions on the base o f the co lossa l s ta tue o ft h e d ei fi ed A m e n h o t e p I 1 1 sou th o f the Ten th Py lonat Karna k r efer to the royal X N of this king b] then am e " M o n t u -o f - th e - R u l er s . " I ~ r ~ i ~ i ~ u r e f - p r i e s t sr erepresen ted before the per son i f ied Horus name ofA m e n h o t e p I l l o n t h e f r o n t o f t h e b as e. See P i e r reClere et al . . "1.e Socle d u colosse o r iental dress6devant le Xr pyIBne de Karnak." h'orntrk 1: 1970-1972(Ca iro. 19751, f igs . 6-9 ( fol l . p . 166) . Fo r the nam eMon tu-of - the -Rule r s p reserved o n a f ragment o f thec o lo s su s wh ic h o n c e s t o o d o n t h ~ s ase. see Habachi .Feo r ~ rr c~c , . 4 8: Sch w a l l er d e L u b ~ cz . T c j ~n /~ l r c/c,h 'ornoh. \ol . I . p. 209 ( f ig . 135) : Redfo rd in M anfredG o r g . e d . . F orlrcjc ( r r y ~ ~ e f ~ i ronre\ : Einr Fr .r . t r ,qoh~I f t ~ l l ~ ,~ r r r A lt es T es t am en t 5r ~ r n n r r . i g y p t en u n d(Wiesbaden . 1983) . p l . I lb , c f . p . 368 , n . 15. Thelocat ion o f th i s s ta tue would pu t it a t the nor thernend o f the Process ional Way l ink ing Luxor andK ar n ak . E x cep t a t h i s m o r t u a r y t em p l e ( s ee H ab ach i .F e u r u r t ~ \ . p . 4 8 ) . n o o t h e r n a m e d c o lo s si o fA m en h o t ep I l l a r e k n o w n i n t h e L u x o r a r ea . Fo rH o r e m h e b d es c ri b ed a s t h e r o y a l k o o n t h e b as e oft h e co m p an i o n ( w es t e r n ) co l o s su s a t t h e T en t hPylon. see Gus tav e . lequier. L i l rc / li re( lure el lotlecororion elon.\ Ibn l.i en nr &q.l./~rr: I .rc /e~,r/)lrc~netn/) l i i re. \1,r r /iPhoin.\ e/t,.\ o r ~ , q ~ n r \ /(I . I - I , ~ ; ; ~e l ~ - n o \ r ~ e L ' A r l l ~ i r r l r ~ r r r . o l .hereaf ter 1 ) (Par i s .

1920). pl . 80.4; Sean Ca par t and Marcelle We rbrouck .T l iehr \ : T l rr G l o r~ . f a Grcor Pa . \ / (Brusse l s . 1926) :Harguet . Trt ,r /) le c/ 'Anlor l-Rd, pl . 34( H) . F or asuppliant kneeling before a seated royal s tatuea d o r ~ n ghe Xa of Ramesses I 1 as R -(n1.-)11& seeI ! ,B.M Sreloc, 10. pl. 61 (64641: temp. Il!n X I X ) .Jh Fo r a f r agment o f the base o f a colossal s tatue ofA m e n h o t e p 1 1 1 on which the k ing is addres jed a s theroyal X N by a I~rn~i r r r r t~f . A lexandreee Var i l le."Nouvel les l i s tes geograph iques d3Amenophls 1 1 1 a

Karnak ." A S A E 36 (1936) : 206-7 and p l . 3 ( I A ) .found r eused nor theas t o f the Mut Temple a tK ar n ak . t h i s f r ag m en t w as m o v ed t h e r e f r o m A m en -ho tep I l l' s m or tuar ] t emple a t Kom el -Hei tan : seeGe rha rd Haen!. Brilrugc, Bf. 11. 1981, p. 87 . 'Votetha t . \e/r r -pr iestsd e s ~ g n a t e d s " H o r u s -l u n m u t e f" a r eals o represented on the f ront of the bases of theseated colossi of Ramesses I 1 a t t h e G r ea t T em p l e o fAb u Sim bel: see Silvio Cu r to . V~rhlcr: \/aria cli LOINi \ , i l /u f a ~ ~ ~ l o \ ahereaf ter V l rh io ) (Novara . 1965) .f igs . 193-94. 180-81. 184: H a ba c h~ .Feur r r r r \ , p . 3( fi g . 2 ) ; C r n r r r c/e D o ~ ~ r n i r n r o r ~ o n . \lr rr c / ' E / ~ ~ t l r . \I'Hl\roirc, e lc ' 1'.4 rr rr ele lo C'i\. ilito rio~ l tit, l'L:qli/~rt,An l i rn nr (Bul le t in d ' in fo rmat ion pub l le par laI I e l6 g a t 1 on Pe r m an en t e d e l a R .A .0 , au p r e s d e1 ' U .N .E .S .C 0 . . 1959) . pp. 6 . 8-9: P,M VII . 100(24-27)

4 7 S c h w e ~ t r e r .U'c,.\rn elr \ Kci, pp. 86-90,4X Herman te Velde . f.k' 111. 212-13 Spe cifi call y.t h e I ~ r n ~ r ~ r r r r ft ten ds to "ceremonies of pur if icationan d coronation. cult of the ka Images of the Iningand dead k ing . r~ tu al f open ing the mou th e tc ." Ins h o r t . t h e l u n n i ~ r r r f S present off iciat ing in af fairs oft h e k o ." Yelson. "The Identi ty of Am on -R e of United-wi th -E tern i ty ." J.I'E.7 1 (1942) : 141-49; see fur therHell, MPI. M okl~rc rr for t hco min g) .5' ) Nelson. JA'ES 1 (194 2): 147. 150.5 ' S o specifically iden ti f ied a t Medinet Habu : the


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26 1r l x o ~T E M P L EN D T H E C U L TO F T H E R O Y A LK,Ispo kesm an or inte rprete r for the cult imag e inside i t , in precisely the posit ion occupiedby the Prophets of the gods ' barques in whose company i t i s represented. I t i s notunreasonab le to su ppose th a t the royal barque c onta ins a cult s ta tue of the king 's ka ,and the sem-priest here ac ts as the Iunmutef 'does a t Luxor , off ic ia t ing on behal f ofthe k ing 's ka a s h is i n t ermedia ry . When the b a rque o f Tu tan kha mu n appea rs in L uxor~ e m ~ l e , ~ ~ful l complement of four Prophets walks beside i t , complete ly indist in-gu i shab le f ro m the fo ur who accomp any each of the ba rques o f t he Theban Tr i ad .This i s not su rpr is ing s ince the cul t of the re igning king 's ka d ur in g the ce lebra t ion ofthe O pet Fest ival was a n ext remely e labo ra te affa i r. In this connect ion it should benoted th a t a t least two Pro phe ts were a t tached t o the cul t of the deif ied Tu tan kh am una t F a ras in ~ u b i a ~ 'nd tha t th is king a lso had a ba rque there ."

Th e rel iefs in the Co lon na de preserve for us the earl iest know n represen ta t ions of aroyal barqu e co ntem por ary wi th the re ign of the king whose ka- ima ge i t conta ined."Archi tec tura l con sidera t ions ( to be presented below) make i t probable tha t the l ia ofAm e n h o t e p 11 1 l ikewise appeared in i ts ow n barque a t th e Op et F est iva l . The ear l iesttextual reference to such a barque. how ever , is a ment ion of the "House of Nebmaatre( i.e .. Am e n h o t e p I l l )- i n - th e - B a r q u e ' a t ~ m a r n a . " Am e n h o t ep I1 1 was worshiped in

priest beside the royal barque at Karnak wears the proper dur ing Dynas ty X I X . when their use was\ '/I-colla r. which is associated elsewhere with the exten ded to the mo rtuary cults of these rulers.garb of the sen^-priest. Fo r this evidence, see Bosse- Excluding here those associated with the well-Griffi ths . "The Mem phite Stela of Merpt ah and known cul ts of Am enho tep I and Ahmose-Nefertari.Ptahmose," J E A 41 (1955): 59-63: to the Th eba n the reference s are as follows: Georg es Legrain.examples add Meciinet Hahu IV. pl . 224 (a ~IJI -pr ies t "Un Miracle d 'Ahmes I" a Abydos so us la regne deacco mpa nying the s tand ard of Nefertem dur ing the Ramses 11." A S A E I6 (1916): 161-70 and pl. foll.Sok ar Fes tival p rocession) . and James Edward p. 272 (Ahmose): Davies . T5r.o Ror~ le \ \ i t / c~ o t l ~h .~ .Quibel l and Wilhelm Spiegelberg. R anl e . \ \ eu~ t ~ , pl. 16 (Thutmo se I); Georges Foucart . Tonlhe>.\pl. 23.2-3. cf. p. 18 (38 ); the title .SIP?? ( I . ) Skr occurson on e of the associated fra gmen ts (pl. 23.4).5 2 Walther Wolf. Da.\ .sc,hijne Fest r.017 Oper: Die

Ftion.s,fi.ortiFaras (hereafter Fara.s V) (Warsaw.1981). pp. 1 15-16 (58).55The prototype of the royal barque is thatassociated with the cul t of the deified Sesostris I l la t Sem na and Uronar t i in Nubia . da t ing f romthe t ime ofTh utmo se I l l : 1.D Il l . 48b-49a,49b. 50b.51a-b; Dows Du nha m an d So7ef M. A. Sanssen.Srt t lno-Kun~t t?a. is. 17, 19. 22. 24: Van Siclen. Th eC'hal)el of Se.so.\tri,s111 ar Uronarri (San A n t o n i o ,Tex as. 1982) . figs. 13-14 (fo ll. p. 30): this lat terreference kindly called to my attention by C. VanSiclen. The form of this portable barque is deriveddi rec t ly f rom that o f the contemporary royal r iverbarge. depicted in Deir el -Bahari V. pls. 122. 125;cf. VI. pl. 155 (boat s tandard); Pierre Lacau andHenri Chevrier, Hat\he/~.sour,pl. 9 (171). Th e barquesof Dynasty XVlll kings were represented in Egypt

1hPhait7r.v: NP(~ropo1e rle Ilir d' Ahir't7-Nuga: Lr,tct t~lheau / 'A!t lon ~t~o . \r o t ~ l heau i " 19). M I F A O 57(Cairo. 1932). pl . 13 (Thutmose I l l ) . Charles VanSiclen has very kindly pointed ou t to me tworeferences to representations of the barque ofAmenhotep l l : P M V. 174: 11'. 428. The Elkabtemple of Amenh otep I 1 was enlarged by R amesses I I .who may well have constructed a barque fo r the cul tof his predecessor there. T he The ban stele apparent lycommemorates an oracu lar p ronouncement o f theRam es s i d e p e r~o d .Th e text given by Arthu r E. P.Weigall. "A Rep ort on the Excavation of the Fune ralTemple of Thoutmos i s I l l at Gurneh ," A S A E 7(1906): 132 (15). can be reconstructed as nh r i w t .': ( t ) - ~ / ) r b i ~ - R '? I 5 ' - & r ~ . \ C /~ JI - ] ,r hnt7 [ r ] ~ / l / [ n . ~ , [.C 11 iS t - ] ~ J I HI


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his t emple a t so l eb s7a n d a t ~ e s e b i , " where he prob ably had his own por table barques.W hen T uta n k h a m un (a t Kawa a n d ~ a r a s ) ~ ~nd later Ramesses I1 (at Gerf Hussein.e s- Se bu a, e d -D e r r , a n d A b u ~ i m b e l ) ~ ' ere deified in Nubia during their l i fet imes,both had barques there .Proceeding to the back of the Por t ico a t the south of the Court of Amenhotep 111,we f ind the three chapels where the divine barques rested wi thin the temple properpr ior t o the culm inat ion of the r i tes in the S anc tua ry. Whi le i t i s no t yet possible toexp la in fu lly the m a jor s t ruc tu ra l and func t iona l modi f i ca t ions undergone by two ofthese chapels ( those intended fo r Am un an d Kh onsu ) subsequent t o the re ign ofAmenhotep 111, the or iginal deployment of the barques was the fol lowing: Rooms 1(Kh ons u) and I1 (Mu t ) on the eas t side a re sepa ra t ed f rom Ro om I11 (Am un) on thewest. T he asy mm etry i s s t r iking and sure ly del ibera te . But th is arrangem ent leaves uswi thou t a p l ace fo r t he sac red ba rque o f Tu ta nk ham un (or ra the r o f Am enhotep 111,assuming tha t he did indeed employ one for the t ransport of his ka- image dur ing theOp et Fest iva l ) . Had i t been intended to lodge the king 's barqu e here , the space next tothe A m un chape l (R o om IV: occupied on ly by a s t a i rcase to the ro of ) cou ld eas ilyhave been designated for th is purpos e . But such a unio n wi th A mu n would have beenpremature a t th is t ime. W. Murnane had previously noted the disappearance of theking 's barque f rom the re l iefs represent ing Luxor Temple a t the south end of the~ o l o n n a d e " and i ts comple te absence f rom the p rocess ion dep ic t ed in the BarqueVes tibule (Ro om V II I ) . " Even assuming , however , t ha t t he roya l ba rque had a l readydropped out of the procession before reaching this point , we would st i l l require aro om in which t o stow i t unti l it rejoined the procession fo r the return journ ey thro ug hthe temple back t o K arnak a t the conclusion of the Opet Fest iva l .

A quick examinat ion of the ground plan of Luxor Temple reveals tha t there i s nosu i tab le cand ida te fo r t h i s sh r ine anywhere to the n or th o f t he E igh teen th Dynas tyPort ico. Im media te ly behind the M ut and Khon su chapels , however , is an unexplainedchap el s imi lar to them in size and design (R o om VI) opening off the R om an Vestibule(R o om V) . Th i s room would have served adm i rab ly to house the k ing 's ba rque , apossibil i ty strengthened by an examination of the decorative program of the rel iefs inthe Roman Vestibule i tself (see below). Unfortunately, since the walls of this smallchape l were rebui lt anc ien t ly and a re undecora t ed , we can ga in no fu r the r in forma t ionf rom i t, apa r t f ro m wha t we a re ab le to deduce f rom i t s l oca t ion .63Associated spatiallywi th the Mut and Khonsu chape l s , i t was a t some t ime connec ted d i rec t ly to the

57 1.D I l l . 84c. 85a. 87b-c. I IOk. h See. In general , Habachi . F r u i i i r r \ , pp. 1-16.5 8 A . M . B l ack m an, " P r e l im i n a r y R ep o r t o n t h e 43-44.E x c av a t ~o n s t Ses ebi . N o r t h e r n P r o b in ce . A n g l o- h ' Wolf . Sthiit7r Ft~ilci ,o n O p r t , pls. 1-2.Egypt ian Sud an . 193 6-3 7 ." JM 23 (1937) : 148-49 ; h 2 Schwal ler de Lubic7 . Trn l / , l r (I t , I ' Ho t t 1 t t 7 ~ .fo r the cor rec t r ead ing o f the k ing' s name a s god . see vol. 2. pl. 31.P M VII. 173 6 I am unaware o f any ev idence fo r the fo rmer59 Ku\c.u 1 . 3-4 an d pl. 4; 11. pl. 72c; Kark ows ki. exis tenc e of a staircase in this room : ibid.. pls. 12-14.Furu., C', pp. 28-29. 89-90. 1 15-16. 130-3 1. O n the I t doe s not ap pe ar in the plans of ei ther Borchardt orcu l t s o f Egypt ian k ings in Nubia and the i r de i f ica t~o n Nelson ; see Borchard t . "Zur Ge sch ~ch te es 1 .uqsor -as aspects o f the royal Xu, see fur ther Bell . .24r;/. tempels ." ZAS 34 (1896 ) : pl . 7 ( fol l . p . 138): Nelson.

.Mokh lu r ( f o r t h co m i n g ) . K e , Plun ! Showing f .o~.u t io t? \of T l ~ r h u n r t i l ~ ~ l eDe(orut io11c.O1P 56 (Chicago. 1941) . pl . 23.


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LL 'XO RTE M PL E N D T H E C U L TOF T H E R O Y A LKA 26 3Khonsu chape l by the opening of a com mun icat ing doo rw ay between them.64 Whenwe recall that both Khonsu and the king were the sons of Amun-Re, the associat ion ofthe ir cu l t p laces a t Lux or would ha rd ly be surpr i sing . In the Gr eco-R om an m ammis i sthe perso nae of the king an d the of fspr ing of the divine fami ly resident in each templeare inext r icably inter twined, wi th the god-chi ld dominant , be ing represented in thep lac e w h er e t he y o un g k in g is f ou n d in t he B irth R o o m a t ~ u x o r . ~ ~ith a slight shiftin emphasis , Luxor Temple could easi ly have served as the mammisi of KarnakTemple . At Luxor , however , the posi t ion of the king complete ly overshadows tha t of~ h o n s u ; ~ ~ of th e king's k a seem s t o have rem ainednd the abso lu te domina t ionunchallenged there dow n into the Ro ma n per iod.

Th e posi t ion of th is chapel adjacent to the Bir th R oo m ( R oo m XIII) ly ing just tothe sou th is highly suggestive. Th e associat ion of chapels I and V1 with the B irth Suite(R oo m s XIII-XIV) would give us an arrang eme nt whereby most of the areas dedica tedprimari ly to the king were placed on the left of the main axis. Exactly opposite theent ran ce to C hape l V1, and appa rent ly or iented towa rd i t , on the west s ide of theR om an V est ibule , d i rec t ly behind the Am un chap el , i s a smal ler chamber (R oo m V11).Likewise of un kn ow n func tion , and with none of the original decora tion preserved, i tma y be propo sed with a fair degree of confiden ce that this was the chapel of the king'ska-sta tue . In this way we may account for the evident disappearance of the royalbarqu e before the end of the O pet r i tua l .

The barques of Mut and Khonsu are depic ted on the east wal l of the vest ibule( R o o m V I I I ) b e f o r e t h e B a r q u e ~ a n c t u a r y . ~ 'vidently accompanying the barque ofAmun as far as the ent rance to the Barque Sanctuary. Because there i s but a s ingleshr ine in the Sanctuary, on each side of which only the barque of Amun is depic ted,we may be reasonab ly sure tha t t he ba rq ue o f A mu n a lone p roceeded beyond theBarque Vest ibule . The barques of Mut and Khonsu must have wi thdrawn to the i rsouth ern chapels , s taying there near the king 's barqu e dur in g the concluding episodesof the l i turgy. It mus t have been the king's ha-statue rath er :han his barqu e which wasushered from the Roman Vestibule into the presence of Amun-Re, escorted by thelunm utef-pr ies t . T he roy al ka-f igure fol lows the king in man y scenes here; but justinside the ent ran ce to the Barque V estibule is the representa t ion of a n enshr ined sta tueof A m en ho tep 111, fol lowed by his k a with offerings presented before him (fig. 2)."Ther e would seem to be l i tt le do ub t tha t th is i s the ac tual ka-sta tue of the king on theway toward i ts meeting with A mun -Re in the Barque San ctuary.

T o re tu rn to the de cora t io n o f the R om an Ves tibule, a t t he very top o f the wa llabov e the ent rance to the r oom here descr ibed as the chapel of the king's b arque are

h4 P r e s u m a b l y w h e n t h e K h o n s u b a r q u e h a d s tones . in the th ickness of the doo rway to th i s chape l .a l read y been re loca ted in the o ld Amu n chape l 65 F r a n q o i s D a u m a s . L A 11. 465 . 47 2-73.( R o o m I l l ) b y R a m e ss e s 1 1 ; cf . Char l es F . Nims . 66 Ibid. . 466."P laces ab ou t Thebes . " JYE S 14 (1955) : 118: Kit chen . h 7 Schwal le r de L uhic l . T e 1 , 1 / 1 / e e / ' H o ~ , ~ t , l e .o l . 2.K U I U . 1 i\ ( r. l l . 628 .1-7 . The or ig ina l en t rance in to pl. 31.t h e o ld K h o n s u c h a p e l ( R o o m I ) is n o w c o m p l e t el y h X Gayet . T ~ . I I I / I / ~l t , Lo~r.ror,pl. 34: cf. Arnold.b locked up . but i t remained in use a t l east in to the U'ut~rlrrl ie/ ,p. 52 . Fo r two sea ted s t a tues of Ame n-reign of Ram esses IV. as is indicated by a s tu dy of h o t e p 1 1 1 sharing offerings with Mut . see Ciayet .t h e p a t t e r n o f t h e p l a c e m e n t o f h i s c a r t o u c h e s o n t h e Te111l1lrIt , I . o ~ ~ . r o r .l s. 25-26 (M u t Barque Chape l .c o l u m n s o f t h e P o r t i c o a n d t h e d i sc o v er y o f o n e o f R o o m 11). 7 0 ( B i r t h R o o m . R o o m X I I I ) .his cartouches . part ia l ly vis ible behind the blocking


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l i u- force ." L ikewise t he r am ' s ho rn cu rv ing ac ro ss h is cheek is o f t en foun d wi threpr ese n tat io ns of dei f ied k ings ," an d ma y also be tak en general ly to s ign ify thei r~ n - a s ~ e c t . ~ ~

T h i s r a m 's h o r n t a k e s u s b a c k t o t h e C o u r t o f R a m e s s e s 11 . A t t h e r e a r of t h e A m u nchape l i n t he t r ip l e bar que sh r ine . t he re a re tw o n i ches . one r ecessed in to each s idew a l l . T h e y h a v e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f R a m e s s e s 1 1 on the i r wa l l s . a s we l l a s / ~ r / l t ~ ~ r t t ~ f '

8 1 C f . B a r gu e t. A S A E 5 I ( 1 9 5 1 ) : 2 1 I . A l dr e d. J E A55 (1969) : 75 and n. 5 , in discussing the rep resenta-t ion o fThu tn1ose I l l sea ted in a k iosk in the tom b ofRekhmire . p resen ts ev idence tha t the u te / - crown i shere associated with Re, rather than Osir is : ref .i:rX. IV. 1277.17. 1286.13. for the ure/ called the, ! f i t .- R'; cf. Aldred. AXhenuren untl h'efertirf (L on do n. 1973). p. 100 (n o. 14): this referenc e kindlk calledto m ) a t ten t ion by M ar tha R. Bel l. For theuref- crownassocia ted wi th Re in the con tex t o f the coronat ionor the ce lebra t ion o f jub i lees , see Lacau and Chevrier.Hur .\hel~ cour , l . l l ( 178) an d p . 249: Metliner HuhirV. pl . 291: VI . pl . 460; Chic. Or . Inst . photo 5283(nor th face of the west w ing of Py lon Vl l l a t K arnak .temp. Ramesses I l l ) . The near iden t i ty o f th i s so laru ref - crown and the h tnh tn -crown I S indicated inMetl it?er H uhu VIII . pl . 612. where the htnhti i -crownshown worn by Ramesses I l l is referred to in l ine 13of the acco mpa nyin g text with a hieroglyph in thefor m of the so lar (i re/: Fo r a wri t ing of thed e n o m i na t i be \ e r b i l l d e t e rm i n e d w it h t h e h t ~ i h t n -c r o w n ( t em p . R am es ses 1 1). s ee A b u b ak r . K n ~n en .p. 15(k) an d n. I : ref . Ma riet te. Ahj.c/o\ I , p. 52.29) .84 To the exam ples c i ted by Wi ldung . O LZ 68( 1 9 73 ) : 5 51 -5 2. an d i d em , 6 ~ 1 p r i u t 7urnrv, pp. 2-1 I .add Howard Car ter and Percy E . Newber ry . TheTotnh of Thournib.\i.\ I V (Westminster . 1904) . pl . 9(I ); Karol Myiliwiec . Srutliet? :urn GOII Arur?i.k o l . I , Die heili,qen Tiere (lev A r um . H A B 5( H i l d e s h e i n ~ .1978). pl. 52 (fig. 121); Torgny Sabe-So d e r b e r g h . Fo u r E i g h t eent h f ?~ , t ?u \ t ,~ ,ornhv, PTTI (Oxford. 1957) . pl . 31: Blackman. JEA 23 (1937) :149. n. I (descr ib ing the dei f ied Amenhotep I l l a tSeseb i as dep ic ted in the sam e way he i s a t So leb) :A m i ce M . C a lv e r l ey a n d A l a n H . G a r d i n e r .Ah~,clo.c V, p1. 78: Prisse d'Avenne s. Monurnen tc. s ec tle.s.\in.ceuh(.ure.\ su r lev lieuu (Pa ris. 1847).pl. 30 = J . Gardner Wilkinson, The hlat7ner .c antiC'u\tom.s of the At?c.ienr Eg~ ,l~t iut? . \ ,d . Samue l Bi rch(Lo nd on . 1878) . vol . 3 . pl . 64 ( fol l , p . 370) = L.D Ill132n (detai l) . For Ramesses I1 in the Grea t Temple atAbu Simbel , see Haba ch i . Featu re . \ , p l s . 2a = C u r t o .Nuhru. 313 ( f ig . 232) = Christ ian Leblanc . "Le Culterendu au x colosses 'osir iaques' d ura nt le NoucelEmpire. " B IF A O 82 (1982) : pl. 56a ( fol l . p . 31 I ) =S. D onadon i . H . e l-Achi r ie . C . Leb lanc (vo l . I ) , a n dFo ua d A bdel Haniid (v ol . 2) , Gruncl Tenil~le 1; lhouSic11he1:Ler SulIe.\ tlu trh .\or .cutl, CS. Cen tre d 'Etu deset de Docum enta t ion su r I 'Ancienne Egypte (Par i, .1975). vol. I . pls. 14. 59; vol. 2, pl. 6: 3 = Wreszinski ,

Arlu.\ 1 1 . pl. 180 = ILouis-A. Chribtophe. Ahoir-Si tnhel er / i ; l~o l~ i ;c~ie .\u tlii.oir~.c~tr (Brussels. 1965).pl. foll. p. 208: 4a-b ; W resl insk i. Alluc 11. pl. 179;LII 111. 191h. The aegis of the barque of Seti I . asrepresented by R am esse s 11 in the Hall of Bar que s( R o o m Z ) o f t h e Se t i T em p l e a t A b y d o s . a l s odisplays this ram's horn: unnumbered Chicago Housepr in t o f a n unpubl i shed Calver ley pho tograph :c f . A. R . L l a \ ~ d ,A Guicle to Rrli,qioii.c Rirlrul tr rAh~. t lo . \ Warm ins ter . 1981). p . 152 (Eas t W al l ) . ForAme nhotep I l l apparen t lh w ear ing the r am's hor n inh ~ ses t roked temple on E lephan t ine , see Dcj \( r i l ~r io t~ .AnriyuirP \ . bol . I . p l . 36.2-3; this reference cal led t om y a t t en t i o n b y W. R ak m o n d J o h n s o n . N o t e .however . that this detai l is not shown in VivantLlenon. C'o~.u,yr Iut7, lu H uc\r er la Hultre &y.l;r~rr(Par i s . 1802). p l . 128.4 : nor in T hom as Young .H i e r o , q l ~ . l ~ i ~ i c ~ \1-on don. 1823-28). pl. 60.

X 5 In T h eb an T o m b 131 (A m en u s e r ) . T h u t ~n o s e l lis represented seated in a kiosk, wear lng boththe so lar u re l - crown and the r am's horns o f Amu n.accom panied by the royal Xu: D av ~e s . The Egypt ianEx pe di t~ on 1925-1926." HM.MA 21 (1926) : pt . 2fo r December 1926 . p . 7 . f ig . 3 = M M A p h o t o7 .1273 . The p resence o f the royal Xt r when theking ap pe ar s in a kiosk is also specified elsewhere:Sav e - So d e r b e r g h . I . i ~ i r r i ,y hr er nr h f ?~ n u \ r l . o r ~ ~ h \ .P T T I (Ox ford , 1957). p l . I (Hatshepsut) : LlaLies.R eX h - t n - R c ' , p l . 1 3 (T I l l ) : T h eb an T o m b 8 5( A m e n e m h a b ) = M M A p h o t o 7 .2 5 75 ( T I l l ) +Kad wa n. Dur.\rc~lllrti,yie, re,yieret7clet1 Kijni,qc. M A S21 (Ber l in . 1969) . pl . 6 (A I l) ( this reference cal led tomy at tenti on by Peter Ller Man uelian) : Llavies .Tot~rhc f Tit 'o Off ic .~ul\ , l . I I ( T IV ): T h e b a n T o m b6 3 ( S e b k h o t p ) = M M A p h o t o T . 27 6 7 ( T I V):K a d w a n . f l ~ r \ t e l l ~ o i , q ,ls . 1 1 - 12: Lee a ls o M MApho to T . 2816 ( T IV); 1 .D I l l . 55a-b (T hutmos e 111offer ing be fore the deified Ses ostr is I l l ) . Aldred.JE A 55 (1969) : 73 , r ef err ing to r epresen ta t ions o f theem hr in ed A menho tep 111 in the tombs o f Khaem het .Kheruef , and Amen emhe t -Surero . says tha t " there i sl i tt l e do ub t tha t the e \ en t in ques t ion was a 5 ta teap p ea r an ce o f t h e Ph a r a o h d u r i n g ce r em o ni e s t h a tma rked his var l ous jubilees. when he received hiso f f ic ia l s in aud ience ." T here seems to be n o doub ttha t the in ten t o f thi s m o t ~ f as to r epresen t the fu llm eas u re o f t h e k i ng 's d i ~ i n i t y s a m an i f e s ta t i on o fthe royal Xu. F or th e s ignif icance of one of thegestures of the cour t ier5 In scenes of this tkpe. thepoin ting of the h w -f a n. see Bell. .2lel. .ZIoXhrtrr( f o r t h co m i n g )
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270 O F N E ~ RO I ~ K ~ A L EAST FRYST[ DIESpries ts .xh Un dou bte dly th e king ' s ku was ado red here." wi th smal l Xu-s ta tues of theruler p laced in the niches ." At the back of the lef t n iche Ram esses I 1 is depicted( f ig . 5 ) wear ing the curved ram's horn . " Th e head o f a s t a tue o f a He ll eni s ti c k ing (o rg o d ) w e a r i ng a c ro wn wi th th i s d i s t inc t ive ram's horn is to be foun d in the Ca i r o~ u s e u m . " 'T h e w e a ri n g o f t h e c u r ve d r a m 's h o r n . d e p ic t ed c o m n ~ o n l y n c o in s . w a sad op ted in the He l len is t ic wor ld a s a tok en o f the d iv in ity of Alexand er the Gre a t a f t e rhis conq ues t o f Egyp t. " Thes e ho rns have long been cor rec t ly as soc ia ted wi th the godAmun ." but the i r sym bol is m as a s ign of possess ion of the royal kn has never beentraced back t o i ts or ig in .y3 Alexander ' s ac t iv i t ies in Lu xo r undou btedl y reflect ana w a r e n e s s t h a t h is l e g i ti m a cy a s a n E g y p t i a n r u l er d e p e n d e d o n h is f o r m a l a c c e p t a n c ethe re by A mu n-R e du r in g the Ope t Fes t iva l . Th e Xu-sta tues of Ramesses I 1 in then iches o f the T r ip le Shr ine a t Luxor func t ion a s in te rmedia r i e s in fo rward ing h i ssubjec ts ' p leas to Amun:' " inscr ipt ion s in the Triple Sh rin e speak of it as a p lace "of

Xh Don ado ni. "1-e Peti t rem ple rarnesside de riot? (Ox ford . 195X). no. 12: Bengt Jul ius P eterson.Louqsor ." Blrllerit? (11, IN So(.iPrh c l ' h ~ ~ ~ p to lo g ie . ~ g y ~ t i s c h et e le n u nd S t el e nf ra g m en t e a u s S t o c k -Get7e1.e(hereaf ter B S E G ) 7 ( 1982): 13-14.

8 : In the cor respond ing s t ruc tu re bu il t by Set i 1 1 a tKarna k . o ne o f the s ta tues is addressed by thel u n r ? ~ ~ r t e /s the l ibing royal ku of this ruler : seeC h e \ r ie r an d D r i o t o n . LP T e t ~ ~ l ~ l e cle Seri I 1e/~o. \o i ri, k'urnuk (Ca iro. 1940). p . 33 and f ig. 3: Kitchen.rot?^. !n.\cr. IV. 256. 15-16.

KX D o n ad o n i . BSEG 7 (19x2): 14.K 9 Wildung . C ~ ~ , l ) / i u t ~aint \ , p . 8 .9') ( 'G 693: cited in lnge Ho frnann. .Sr~rtlirt? U ~ I Iri7r1.oiticc.lirn k'iinigrun7 (Brussel,. 1971). p. 47. See

fur ther Borchard t , .Sruturti un tl .Srururttc~ti i.onK on iget? un ti P r i \ ~ u t I e ~ r r e ~ ~ ,t. 3 (Berlin. 1930). p. 37.A para lle l is to be found In CG 380 2I ( te mp . Dynas tyXXX o r ear ly P to lemaic) . un inscr ibed , and l ikewiserepresen ting e i ther Arnun-Re o r a k ing as Amu n-Re) ;see Bodi l Hornemann . T1pc.c of Anc.iet?r Eg.~y)fi(it?S r u t ~ i o r ~ , .o l . I (Co pen hag en. 1951). pl . 165.

9 ' Marg are te Bieber . "The Por t r a i t s o f A lexanderthe Great ." Pro( .eedi t~g\of rlie Ar? ~e t-i (.u t~hilo\o/> hi( l Soc.irt . ( P A P S ) 9 3 ( 1949): 388-90. 397(fig. 12). 405-8 (figs . 34-37. 41. 45): this referencek ind ly ca l led to my a t ten t io n by Mar tha R Bel l:Bevan. Holrtr of Pro1eti1.1.pp. 7 . xxii ; Alf red R.Bellinger. t\u i - \ on / / i f ( 'o/na,qe of .41r.rundc~1.lirGreut , The Amer ican Numismat ic Soc ie ty . Numis-m a t i c S t u d i e s n o . l l (N ew York. 1963) . pp. 86-87an d pl. 2 .4 .5 ( th is reference kindly called to myat ten t ion by Rober t M. Whi t ing) : Tlir Seurc./i forAlrrut?t ler: An E.u/ i i /~ i r iot?,Exhib i t ion Cata logue:Nat ional Gal lery o f Ar t . Wash ing ton . D .C. (Bos ton .1980) . pp. 107-8 ( nos . 17-18): Hog ar th . . lEA 2(1915) : 58. Tar n in Grif fi th . ed. . AIer ontk ~r hr Greor,p . 175. in terp re t s the f ac t tha t A lexan der "never pu th is o w n h ead o n h i s co i n a g ew a s i g ni fy i ng t h a t h e d ~ dnot regard h~ ms el f a, a god: cf . Milne. ,211\(.G r r ~ o r i u n u ,pp. 147-48: O G r ~ f f i t h ,pp. 13- 14.

y 2 See Nelson-Murnane. H i y ~ o \ g . l e r ~ l l , l. 36 =Rlk ' 11 . pl. ROC: Tosi and Roccati . Srelr, p. 302(50092): C'ernq. Ex .lpr ~u t?Stelur~ n rlir NunXe.\ (;) l/e i.-

hol rner Sammlungen ." Ol~ucc.~r lu bol. 9.thrt?ier~t /ci .Skr i f ter u tg ivna av S\ensk a lns t i tu te t i Athen. 4".vol . 15 ( I -un d, 1969). p . 1 10. fig . 18: o I l e M 2596: B MStrlue 7. pl . 27 (279) : unpublished representat ion int h e O u t e r H y p o s ty l e o f t h e Se t i T em p l e a t A b y d o s .west wal l . be tween th e chapels o f Am un-K e and Ke-Horak h ty (per son al observat ion . 19x3). The r am'shorn is a l so a t tes ted o f Tho t h and Os i r i i : G i jn therRoeder . t ferr~7opol i r .pl. 64 (this reference kindl!c alle d t o m! a t te n ti o n b! W . R a y m o n d .l oh ns on );Anthes . , W D A l K 12 (1943): pls. 10-1 1 (cljc~tl-pillar):M M A p h o t o 7 .1 7 1 2 ( T h .T .6 5 : Ir ni seb a )." H o f m an n . Srutlic~t?z1rti7 ri7c~roiri\c~henKijnr,y-run7. pp . 46-47 , assum es tha t the Kush ite ru lers o fDynas ty XXV served as Alexander ' , mode ls in themat te r o f wear ing the r am's h orn ." Su r e ly a t t i m es o t h e r t h an w h en t h e b a r q u e o fA r n u n w as r e s ~ d en t h e r e d u r in g f e s t i ~ a l s .Fo r t h eroyal Xu, per ionif ied in Ramesses I I an d M er n ep t ah .ac t ing as in termediary between a n o f fic ia l and a godat Gebel es-Sils i la. see Rosell ini . .Lfot?t in~twri Ie l( u l t o . pl. 32.4 ( for the ep ithet of Pta h, read nhr i ~ ' ( I ) : Kitchen , Run, . In \ i . r . 1 1 1 . 48.6. reads t7h pr:Schweit i-er . U'etm cir.s Ku, p. 72, reads nh ~ I ( I , ) .und er s tan d~ nghis god as the royal ha of Ramesses 11;cf . below, n. 216 ( for a var ia nt of this genre of scene.in w h ~ c h h e s am e V i t ie r [ . \ Y r - r n l ) r ]a l s o ad o re s P t ahth rough the in termediary o f the royal Xu, se eC a t h e r i n e C h ad e f au d . Lr.5 Srurue\ porre-ensrignec( I c ' ' C ? J . ~ I I ~ [ISXO- 1085 ur7unrJ. C.]:S i ~ n r f i tic.ic9nnetot ion P I i r l ~ ~ r l io t ? lc9 r.ulre clu k'u1un.c ro,l,ul[hereaf ter Srururt porrr~-m.trigt?c.(1[Paris, 19821.pp. 121 [PE M.31. 144): 1.L) I l l . 200a. c; Jean-F r a n ~ o i sC h am p o l l i o n . M o n . 11, pi. 114 = Rosell ini .,b 'ot iut~~et i l i\ ro~ . i t i .pi. 120.1 ( fo r the tex ts f ram ingthis scene see Kitchen. Rot11. In\ ( -. IV. 73.5- 1 1) :F a r o u k G o m a a . Ch a~ t?l n.e \f,:oht? Ra1?7\e.\ 11. un (lH o h e ~ . l ) r ~ r t r r r (hereaf ter C huer ?~ w r t e ) .w n M r n ~ l ) h i \A A 27 (Wie sbade n . 1973). p . 130 ( fig . 30a) . W . M u r nane has now cal led a t ten t ion to the r am-headed


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m a king supp l i ca t ion and o f hear ing pe ti ti ons. "" i nd i ca ting tha t t he peop le were som e-t i m e s a l l o w e d t o a p p r o a c h t h e c ha p e l s w i th a p p e a l s t o t h e g o d s . " ' T h e c o l os s a l h u s t a tues o f Ram esses l l se rved the sam e way:" an d the po r t ab l e barques . i nc lud ing tha to f t he k ing . cou ld a l s o be app ro ach ed du r in g fes t i va l p rocess ions fo r subm i t t i ng ques -t i ons t o t he m fo r o rac u la r r esponses .' h

s t and ards ( in t /r t , ? / ) . \ I . ) ep ic t ed f l anking the fa l s e -d o o r a t t h e r e a r o f t h e A m u n c h a p e l i n t h e T ri p l eS h r ~ n e f R a m e s s e s I1 a t L u x o r T e m p le , p o in t i n g o u tthe i r ro le as in t e rmedia r i es in forwa rding pe t i t ions toAm un : Mu rnan e . :\ I&/. .MoXli rur ( for thcom ing) . Thedou ble fa l s e -door found here and in o the r Kamess idebarq ue sanc tuar i es s igna l s the presence of both k ingan d god in these shrines . s t ress ing their uni ty: Haeny .ReirrBxe Bf. 9, 1970. p. 91, n. 55: L A V. 570; and thes tandard i tsel f i s associated with the royal Xu. espe-cial ly i ts t ransmiss ion - H e lm u t S a t ~ i n g e r , I l erhe i l~g e t ab a l s Kraf tque l l e des Konigs: Versuch e ine rF u n k t i o n s b e s t i m m u n g d e r a g y p ti sc h en S t a b t r a g e r -Sta tu en ." J o l ~ r h ~ r t / il6.r t i trn\rliicro ri\t ./ lp Srri,rrii-hr/l ,qrn in U'ien, bol. 77 (V ie nn a, 198 1). pp . 9-43 (th isre fe rence ca ll ed t o my a t t en t ion by Chr i s t i an Lo eben) ;Ch ade fau d. Sruruec / )orrc-erl . \e i ,~ni .( , f , ibid. . / .A V.1224-32-ap parent ly he re spec i f y~n gA m u n - R e a scon st i t ut in g the king's Lo. Th e i )zt/ rt , . C / ) \ I , o f ( n l . )Ramesses I11 a t Med ine t H abu rece iked a n ext rap o r t l o n o f o f f er i ng s o n t h e d a y o f t h e c o r o n a t i o nfea st: Nelso n in MbrX iti U'etr rrn Th eha \ 1931-33.O I C I 8 ( C h i c a g o . 1 9 3 4 ) . p p . 4 8 -5 0 ; I f et li n at H o h ~ rIll . pls. 150.530. 15 2.591 . Clearlq related to this is ther i t e of present ing the ram-headed s t andard beforet h e e n t h r o n e d O s o r k o n 1 1 d u r i n g t h e c o r o n a t i o nceremonies a t h i s jubi l ee , a long wi th a sphin xrepre sent ing Atu m a s the roya l Xu: N avi lle . Fe,r i~,crl-Ha ll, pls. 1-2: Bargu et. AS ,4E 51 (1951): 213:cf . 210.f ig . 7 and n . I ; on the k ing in h i s Xu-aspec t \ i su a l i / edas a sphin x, see Bell . \ /PI. MoXhrur (fo rth co min g).Fo r the n r t l~ i - s t a f f n t e rpre ted a s the Xu in pa ra l l elt e x t s f r o m D q n a s t y X X . see Pa rk er et a l . . E~l i / ii .c>fT u I I N I . ~ ~ ,l . 35 (A52 840 ) . and p . 44 wi th n . 40 ."C f. Kitche n. Roiir. In.\i.i-. 11. 616.3 .16; 617.1.T h e se t e x t s co m p l e m e n t o n e a n o t h e r a n d a r e b o t h t obe recons t ruc ted as \ I \ r in ih s r_ ln i \pr \i . r n ( w r ) i!r.>t,r./nlr. Th e trac es follow ing \nin /i in 616.3 fit .\c/nipe r fect ly (pe rsona l co l l a t ion . 1983) ; c f . Ma hm udA b d e l - R a r i k . " T h e I l e d ic a t o r y a n d B u i ld i ng T e x t so f R a m e s s e s I 1 in I-ux or Tem ple. 11: Interp retat ion .". /FA 661 (19 75 ): 134.

9h Nims in Prot,c2c2~liti&\f 111e TM nt.1.- Tlir rtl I ilrar -no/ir)nol ('r)ii,qre\ o/ O r i e r i t a l i ~ r , ,C'oiiihriclqe -7/.\r-?h' // i A IIR U\I . 954 (1-on don , 1956). p. 80; this refer-e n c e k ~ n d l y a l le d t o m y a t t e n t i o n b y E d w a r d F .Wente . F or th i s form ula in o the r publ i c a reas oft e m p l e s, o r a s s o c i a te d w i th d ~ v i n e b a r q u e s , s eeKitche n. Roni. 1ti.cc.r. . 607.14- I5 ( insc r ip t ion adja -c e n t t o t h e " P e o p le ' s G a t e " o n t h e e a st o f t h e C o u r to f K a m e s s e s l l a t L u x o r T e m p l e . w h er eb q t h e

pop ulace ga ined access to th e cou r t dur in g fes tibal s:s ee fur the r be low. n . 128) ; He lck . DI P R i ru~I t l ( r r -\ r e l l ~ r t ~ g ~ t ~11~\ Rorrre \\eutii.\. ko l. I (hereafter Riruol-t lorc re l lu t i~a i i ) ,A A 25 (Wie sbad en. 1972) . p . 153;this reference kindly cal led to my at tent ion byE d w a r d F. Wente : s ee Chic . Or . Ins t . photo 5180.col l a t ed by me . 1983 (mar gina l t ex t benea th arepresenta t ion of a b a rqu e proces sion: read ' \ I ' \ r~i?r/ i, ( _ / , ) I \ / ) ~ I I . It i( I r t . ~ ) ]1111.11. rr in/ r l ) : U'b, B~~legsr .V.104.15 = 166.4 ( inscrip t ion in Stai rc ase V in theA b y d o s T e m p l e o f R a m e s s e s 1 1 . col lated by me.1983: for a reference to the cul t image of R ames ses I 1i n h is ba rqu e in the cont inu a t ion of th i s t ex t . cf . Wh,Bel (y \ r . 1 1 1 . 14.15; however. the aegis a t both thep r o w a n d s t e r n of t h ~ s a r q u e i s c le ar ly h u m a n -headed and wears the so la r ore / -c rown: co l l a t ed byme. 1983); .21et/lnar Hahtr l l I . pl. 18 1 A: this referencekindly ca l led to my a t t en t ion by Edw ard F . Wente(margina l insc r ip t ion on the wes te rn ex te r ior wa l l :read \1 \II IN /I sr_Inr \pr w [/ ii ( I , \ I . I ) ] riiir ~t, ' [r/)ilr]):C l a u d e T ra u n e c k e r . F r a n ~ o i s e e S a o u t . a n d O l i\ ie rM a s s o n , L o C ' / ~ u l ) rl l r l l i , h T , r i . \ ti ar r iu L . M e m o i r e sd u C e n t r e F r a n c o - E g q p t i e n d ' E t u d e d e s t e m p l e s d eKarnak 2 (Par i s . 1981) . 101 . 2. p. 110 (fig. 12.3) .p . 115 ( i ) ( insc r ip t ion of Akor i s on one of thep o l y g o n a l c o l u m n s e r e c t e d a r o u n d t h e B a r q u eS a n c t u a ry of t h e S m a l l T e m p l e a t M e d ~ n e t a b u ) .

9' Wildung. 0I . Z 68 (1973) : 553. 564: idem.cq ~, / ) r iu n o~ t i t . \ , p. 13. 28. I t is interest ing to n otetha t the l a rges t s t a tues foun d in Egypt (a t Ab uSimbel . t he Ramesseum . and the Coloss i of Me mn on )are of de if i ed k ings, ra the r than no nh um an d ib in it i e s.as thou gh the i r func t ion i s to con \ey to the v iewert h e i m p r e s s i o n t h a t t h e u n i o n o f k i n g a n d g o d h e a dhad c rea ted a superde i ty on ea r th . Schwei t re r . K 'e ,r ii~ Ie .5 Kc! p . 53 . notes tha t the co los sus of A men h o t e p 111 s o u t h o f t h e T e n t h P y l o n a t K a r n a k ( f o rt h e r e fe r en c es . s ee n . 4 5 a b o ~ e )s described as an" image" o r " l ikeness" ( I \ I , I )o f A m u n - R e . F o r r ~1 .rspecifqing the king a s the "(exact) l ikeness" of the sungod a s h i s ea r th ly rep resenta t ive . s ee Hornun g. "DerM e n sc h a ls 'Rild G o t t e s' in ~ g y ~ t e n . "n OswaldLoret7. ed. . Die Gorreh i~t ih i l~ l l i i . / IXr i ilec Mcn.,t~lir~ii(M un ich , 1967) . pp . 144-45, 152; Wi ldung, "Kamses,d ie grol3e S on n e ~ g y ~ t e n s . "A.5 99 (1972-73): 39.Th e Colos s i of M rm no n a r e each re fer red to as a rrt.1

< ( I ) .Hab achi . B~irr? j ,qt~ 1981. p. 44. f ig. 7: so/. l I .a l so the named colos sus of Ramesses I 1 before the1-uxor Pqlon: Kitchen. Rotn. In.,c.r. 1 1 . 629.7.98 C'erni . in Parker. Suirc Orut.lc, Pu/ )~ , ruc . p . 36 .4 0 . 4 2 - 4 3 .
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appl ied a t L uxo r genera lly to the E igh teen th D ynas ty temple f rom the Por t i co to theBarque ~ a n c t u a r y " ' or . mo re narrowly, t o the Fi rs t Vest ibule i tsel f. where the king'sbarque and ka-sta tue probably resided.

In 1965 Cha rles F. Nims descr ibed the cul t p lace of the divine Roman emperors a tL u x o r ~ e m ~ l e " 's fol lows:T h e c e n t r a l d o o r w a y [ f r o m t h e P o r t i c o o f t h e t em p l e p r o p e r ] g a v e a cc e ss t o a n e i g h t c o l u m n e dh a l l, w i t h a n o t h e r w i de d o o r w a y i n t h e o p p o s i t e w al l. W h e n t h e R o m a n s m a d e t h e I . u x o rT e m p l e t h e c e n t r e of a ( ~ ~ . t f r ~ o l i , w a s b l o c k e dh e s o u t h e r n d o o r w a y w i t h a n a p s e . B e fo r e t h isw a s a c a n o p y r e s ti n g o n f o u r p il la r s. t w o o f w h i c h s t il l re m a i n : u n d e r t h i s c a n o p y o n c e s t o o d as t a t u e o f t h e e m p e r o r . P a i n t e d o n t h e w a l ls o f t h e a p s e w e r e t h e f i g u re s o f t h e t w o A u g u s ti a n dt h e t w o C a e s a r s o f t h e e n d o f t h e t h i rd c e n t u r y A . D . . p a r t s o f w h i c h a r e s t il l v is i bl e . T h i s h a l l w a st h e s a n c t u a r y o f t h e i m p e r i a l cu l t a n d t h e . s o c ~ r l h r ~~~o r t h e s ta n d a r d s o f t h e R o m a n l eg i on w h o s eh e r o e s w e r e s h o w n o n t h e p a i n t e d p l a s t e r s u r fa c e c o v e r i n g t h e p h a r a o n i c r e li ef s. I t w a s i n th i sv e ry s a n c t u a r y t hl i t D i oc le t ia n a n d M a x i m i n I h i a c o m m a n d e d C h r i s ti a n s t o m a k e s a cr if ic es t ot h e d i \ , in e e m p e r o r . " 'The rea l na ture of th is unique monument has been obscured by i t s common misident i -f i ca t ion a s a Copt i c Ch urch , an e r ro r unfor tuna te ly pe rpe tua ted even in the s t anda rdTop ogra phica l Bibl iography of P or ter and MOSS." ' The Rom ans ' se lec tion of th is par tof the temp le fo r the w orsh ip of the divine emp erors was sure ly del ibera te , mot ivatedby awaren ess of the 1500-year-long tradit ion of its asso ciat ion with the cult of thed iv ine k ing . l I6 Th a t t he Ro man s cu t o ff d i rec t access to the A mu n sanc tua ry beyond ,however , s igni f ies tha t the s ource of the em per ors ' d ivini ty was now di fferent f ro mthat of the Egyptian king." '

The socle upon which the whole of Luxor Temple rests south of the Court ofA m e n h o t e p 111 del ineates the ear liest phase of the const ru ct ion of Am enho tep 111 an d

(1983 ): 130. n. 101; 132; fo r the ' h at K arnak as theplace where the king is born to Mut or Werrhekau.and nurtured by them. see Otto. Topogrul~hir .pp. 25-26; cf. Michel Gitton. "Le Palais de Karn ak."B l F A O 74 ( 1974): 63; this last reference kindly calledto my a t t en t ion by Labib Habachi . For fu r therrelevant exa mp les , see Kitchen. Ro t~ l. Ir7cc.r. I.220.6-7 (ref. Kar nak) ; 1 1 . 616.1 . I 5 (containingreferences to an ' b at Lux or) . An unpubl i shedarchi t rave inscript ion in the Colonn ade of L uxorTemple describes Set i I as "one w hom W erthekaunurtur ed (rrzn) in the P alace (:/I) of Ka rna k." InBrunner. Gehurt c/r\ Gorrhiini,q\, pl. 14, the child-king is acknowledg ed by A mu n-R e at 1.uxor. saying."My son of my body. my beloved. Nebm aatre, whomI have m ade of my (o wn ) flesh, one together with mein the midst of the Palace ('11): I have given to you alll ife and dominion. you app earin g as King of U pperand Lower Egypt upon the th rone of Horus . Mayyou be in joy with your Xu, like Re." Brunner. p. 26.n. 5. conside rs the po ssible identity of this Palacewith the Magistrates ' Chamber.

"2 After my initial research into this question,Wil l iam Mu rna ne pointed ou t to me the exis tence of

a Xhekrr-frie7e at the top of the walls of both roomsof the Corona t ion Sui te (R oo ms XIII -XIV ) . suggesting that this decoration served to designate thispart of the temp le specifically as the "Palace": cf.Gard iner . EG, pp . 494 ( 0 I I ) . 543 (Aa 30). for thehiero glyph used in writing the word 11. Howev er, hehas since noted this frie7e in the Portico. and I havealso found it in R oo m XX II: see Brunner. L~r.uor.p. 19 and pl. 31; cf. pl. 30 (reco nstruc tion).[ I 7 Barguet. L A 111. 1104.

' I 4 Nims. T/lehe\ of rlle P/~ ara oh. \ , . 128. For theoriginal publication of this material. see U . Monneretde Vil lard. "The Temple of the Imperial Cul t atLuxor," Arc. l~aeologiao r W ~ . \ r ~ r ~ l l a n r o u \ruc,fs Rt,-lorir7g ro A nr iy ui r~ , 5 (O xfo rd. 1953). pp. 85-105.115 P.V 11'. 320.116 Cf . D au m as . L A 11 . 474.I l 7 Nevertheless . the construct ion of a secondaryentra nce giving access to the south end of the templefrom the east indicates the cont inuance of someAmun ri tuals here. For the archi tectural modifica-t ions to I -uxor Temple dur ing the R oman per iod . see

Jean-Claude Golvin and Michel Reddci , .MIFA0(forthcoming).


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L ~ J X O R A N D T H E CULTO F T H E R O Y A LK,4E M P L E 275m ark s the limi ts of the sacred prec inct ."8 T hu s the app roa ch of the king 's su bjec tswould have been rest r ic ted to the area nor th of the Por t ico, where A me nho tep 111 la terconst ructed his Court . I f th is i s the Maru, "Viewing lace,""^ which Amenhotep 111s pe ak s of in h is gr ea t bu ild in g i n ~ c r i ~ t i o n , " ~he n he depicts this court12' as a "place ofreceiving the revenues of al l countries and the delivery . . . of the dues of al l lands,"pic tur ing himself in the midst of it as "Re of the Nine ~ o w s " " ' (put t in g him c learlyinto a re la t ionship wi th foreigner^).'^' T h e Maru seems to be a place wh ere the divineking 's power i s mad e m anifest . In fac t , A me nh ote p 111 descr ibes a grea t publ ic spec-tacle, a s ort of ro yal review a t which even foreign representat ives vie with ea ch ot he r inthe splendor of their offerings of si lver, gold, semi-precious stones, cat t le , f lowers, andwine. One i s reminded of the representa t ions of the Opet Fest iva l procession in theC o ur t of Rames ses 11"%nd the procession of the mineral regions bring ing their richesto the tem ple , '2s as well a s the sacr if ices depic ted a t smal l k iosks as the barqu es a reca r r i ed in and ou t o f the t emple in the rel ie fs o f t he ~o lo nn ad e . " ' Insc r ip t ions on thepilasters projecting sl ightly into the Co ur t a t the east '" an d west corn ers of the Po rt icoboa st th a t "al l lands and a l l cou ntr ies are a t the fee t of th is perfec t god ( the king)wh om a l l t he gods love and a l l the rekhjset ( the king 's subjec ts) ado re , tha t they m ightl ive ." The occurrence of th is rekhjset i o rm ula he re t ends to conf i rm the admiss ion o fthe populace to this place . '28

118 Georges Daressy . .\;oric e r ~ l ; l , l ~c .u r i \ ,elec ruirlec "refer r ing t o in ternat ional r e la t ions ." hee D a ~ i di l i r Te111/)le le Lu .ro r (Ca i ro . 1893) . p . 5 1 ; Barguet . 1-or ton. T he J ~ r r i t l i t a l r r r n i n o l o ~ ~ ./ l n ~ i ~ r ~ i ~ r i o r ~ t ~ l1.k' I l l . 1 103: Schwaller de Lubic7. Ter11l11e lr Relariorlc rn L:.:q ~.l~ riane.\-rc r h ro ig h I ) . I . I I . Y L'lll~ ' H O I I I I I I ~ . ( B a l t i m o r e a n d L o n d o n . 1 9 74 ) . p . 9 .ol. 2. pl. 13: Ha eny . B e i r r i i ~ rBf. 9. 1970. Addit i onalp. 19. r eferences inc lude Champol l ion . M OI I . IV. pl. 302 =

1 1 ' Alexander Badawy. "Maru-Aten : P leasure Rosell ini . M on u~ ne r l r i cror ic .1, pl. 59 = The Epi -R es o r t o r T em p l e ' ? . " JE.4 42 (1956) : 58-64: cf . g raph ic Survey . Thi , Bat t l r Rel ie f i of Kin,? Srr I , I.Helck. L A l . 3 78 -8 0. S e e n o w B e a tr ix G e s sl er - O I P 107 ( C h i c a g o. f o r th c o m i n g ); .Metliner Huh11 I .I 6 h r . Die hei l i ,yer~Seer1 u,y~, /~r ic ( , / iererri~; l ,eI,H A B pl. 11.1 1; 11. pls. 105.6. 120 A.5 . 120B.3: V. pl. 316.21:21 (Hi lde she im. 1983) . pp. 187-89. At A ma rna . VI. pl. 365.9: VII. pl. 557.6: VIII. pl. 606.13: R l K l l .th e S L ~ , ( I . ) ~ - R 's associated with the .M -r n, - 1117: 011 ' 35 (Ch icago . 1936). pl . 120 .4. See Gom aa.t ' a ~ r m a nn C o A 1 1 1 . 201 (c-e) : for the s ignif icance of C h u e r ~ ~ ~ t ~ e t e ,. 130 ( f ig . 30a) for the deif ied Mer-the "Sun sha de of Re." see Bell . WPI. MoXhrar nep tah . opera t ing in h i s La-aspect . ca l led "The( fo r thco ming ) . Migh ty Bull . Re o f t h e Nine Bows."

'2 0 i ' r k . IV. 1651.7-1652.9. '2 3 Fo r the r epresen ta t ion o f fore igner s associa ted121 See R a i n e r S t ad e l m an n . " T emp e l u n d T em p e l - with the use of this epithet . see Davies-Gardiner .namen In Theben-Os t und -Wes t ." W D A l K 34 H u l . . pl. 27: Sch wal ler de I .ubic7. T e n i l ~ l r \ i t,(1978 ) : 179 . Th e m os t r ecent d i scuss ions of the K a r n u k . vol. 2. pl. 407: L L ) 1 1 1 . 120-21; Champol. I- laru's loca t ion have r e lied on the impl ica t ions l ion . M o n . IV. pl . 302 = Rosell ini . . M o r l u ~n i , n t iof the sense of the com pou nd prepos i t ion h / t - b r - n ( 1,) .ctoric,i, pl. 59; Weclinet Hahu I . pl . I l( .l I); 11. pls.fo r p lac jng th i s s t ruc tu re ou ts ide Luxor toward the 105(.61. 120A( .5 ) . 1208( . 3 ) ; VI I I . p l. 606( .13) : R l Knor th : L ise Manniche in I . 'Egi, / ; l ,rolo: ir el l 1979. I I . pl. 120( .4) . In Wrcl iner Hahu VI, pl. 365.9.vol . 2 , pp. 271 -73; this reference kindly cal led t o my Ramesses I l l is addressed this way with reference toa t t en t i o n b y R i ch a r d Fa u i n i : C h r i s t ian e Wal le t - fo re ign lands bowing in submiss ion th rough f ear o fL eb r u n . " H f i - / ~ rda ns les t ex tes de cons t ruct ion ." h im. ( In .Mrt l iner Huhu V , pl. 316.21 , he is soG .M 58 (1982) : 75-94. addressed by Tho th as Amu n crowns h im wi th theI ? ? C f . H o r n u n g . The One an t / the .Morn,. p. 140. solar trre/,)n . 108 : the p resen t example ( l ' r k . IV. 1652.8) . one 1241-eclan t . "La 'Mas carad e ' des boeuf s g ra s e t l e f rom the r e ign o f Thu tmose IV ( ( I r k . IV. 1013.1 I = t r io mp he de I 'Egypte." . M D A l K 14 (1956 ): figs. 7-8. A n n e l ie s an d A r t u r B r ack . L1u.s Gra b c1e.c. T ju n u n i: Il5Kitchen , Rurrr. 111c(,r. l . 61 7.7-621.14. Thehen .Vr . 74. AV 19 [M ain r am Rhein , 19771 . Wolf . Sc. / i ijne Fe.tr \ ,on O l~ e r, ls. 1-2. pp . 39 . 83 and p ls . 28a + 2 9 a ) . an d an o t h e r d a t i n g 1 2 7 C f . G ay e t , Te ~ n/ )l ele Lou.\-or, p . 4 1 .

f r o m th e t i m e o f T u t a n k h a m u n ( l ' r k . IV. 2071.4 ) all Nims in P ro t r r t l i r l ~ c .of rhi, T\t.erlr I, -T l i i r t l an tedate the examples c i ted there . For th i s ep i the t I r ~ r e r r ~ a l i o n u l or1grec.c of Or i i , r~ru l i t r c .p. 80: idem.
http:///reader/full/I).I.IIhttp:///reader/full/105(.61http:///reader/full/7.7-621.14http:///reader/full/7.7-621.14http:///reader/full/105(.61http:///reader/full/I).I.II


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I f we leave the crowds outside and wi thdraw to the vest ibule before the BarqueSanc tua ry , we can fo l low the k ing 's t r ansforma t ions a s he d raws nea re r and nea re r thego d. In the upp erm ost register (be low the "fr ieze") o n the west wal l of th is cham ber ,we find a very revealing seq uen ce of rel iefs.'29 First the king, accom panie d by a ka -figure. run s before Am un-M in-by this ri tual exercise" ' the streng th of his ka isenha nced o r intensified. Next the king. his ka-p ow er renewed. presen ts offerings beforeAm un-Re-the measure of his near uni ty wi th the royal ka now indicated by the fac ttha t the f i rs t three names of his t i tu lary. h is Horus. Two Ladies. and Golden names.a re a l l t he ka -nam e; the k ing goes on to e rec t t he shn t -po le be fore Am un-M in , be ingdescr ibed as " in a joyful s ta te toge ther wi th his ka ." Final ly he kneels as H orus beforeAm u n - R e t o r ec eiv e t h e khepresh (blue ) crow n ( t he only crow n m ent ioned speci fica llyby H orem heb in his coro na t io n t ext ). "' whi le the I~ tnmurqf -pr i e s tmedia tes1" before

T/1ehe.\ o f th e Pharaoh.\. 108. This ri>kh).etfo rmu la isfound elsewhere in associat ion with por table barquesan d o t h e r ap p ea r an ces o r m an i fe s t a ti o n s o f t h e k i n go r a g o d . A t L u x o r i t is r ep ea ted t h r ee p l aces : ( I ) o nthe base o f the second co lumn f rom the wes t ( a t thel ef t o f t h e en t r an ce t o t h e A m u n ch ap e l ) o n t h epor t ico o f the Tr ip le Shr ine: c f . .I . Vercou t ter . "LesH ao u - N eb o u t I z) ( \~ i / t e ) . "BIF AO 48 (1949) :1 37 : ( 2 ) o n s ev e r a l f r ag m ent s f r o m t h e s i x th ( ~ o u t h -e r n m o s t ) w ay s t a t i o n f o r t h e b a r q u e o f A m u n w h i chH a t s h ep s u t e r ec t ed a l o n g t h e P r o ces s i o n a l Wayl ink ing Karnak and Luxor . r eused by Ramesses I 1 inthe con s t ruct io n o f the Tr ip le Shr ine . and iden ti f iedby me in Apr i l o f 1983 ( f rie7es o f ador ing r b~ . t -b i rdsa l tern ate wi th kneel ing ma le f igures . p robab ly to beidentif ied as I J ' I . in associ at ion with th: motifs of theu n i o n o f t h e t w o l an d s . . \ I , T ? - ~ ~ L I : I , , an d t h e s u b m i s -sion of the Nine Bows) : cf . F. W . von Bissing. "Ube rdie Kapelle im Hof Ram esses I1 im Tem pel vo n1,uxor ." Ac.ta Oriet~talia (1930) : 147; and (3 ) in thedeco ra t ion o f the "Peop le ' s Gate " on the eas t o f theCo ur t o f Ram esses 11: cf . Abd e l -Ra7 ik . "The l l ed i -ca to ry and Bui ld ing Tex ts o f Ramesses I 1 i n L u x o rT em p l e . I: T h e T ex t s . " J E A 60 (197 4) : 149 (5B): fort h e n am e o f t hi s d o o r w ay . c f . Ni m s. J ,VES 14 (1955):117 an d n . 74 . ( In the unpubl i shed deco ra t ion o f theex ter io r o f th i s doorway . the kneel ing male f iguresare iden t i f ied as v!i),r [S] and p ' t [N]: personalo b s e r v a t i o n . 1 9 8 3 . ) Wh en t h e C o u r t o f A m en h o t epI l l was enclosed by the cons t ruct ion o f the Colon-nade. access to i t was r es t r ic ted . and the Cour t o fRamesses 11. incorpo rat ing the old Hatsh epsut barq ues t a t i o n . b ecam e t h e p u b l i c a r ea o f t h e t em p l e .H a t s h ep s u t a l s o em p l o y s t h is f o r m u l a a t K a r n ak an dDei r e l -Bahar i : Lacau-Chevr ier . Har\hep.\orit, p . 44( f ig . 10) . pp. 265-67 an d pls . 13 + 17. 23. 24: D ~ i rel -Bnhar i 111. pl. 85; IV. pl. 110 = Bat t i scombeG u n n . " I n s c ri p t io n s f r o m t h e S t ep Py r am i d S i te . "A S A E 26 (1926) : 187 = A E O 1 . 102*; V. pl. 129;Karkowski . Deir

luxor temple and the cult of the royal ka

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