lymphatic system: structures & immune response honors anatomy & physiology wbc engulfs...
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Lymphatic System:Structures & Immune
ResponseHonors Anatomy & Physiology
Wbc engulfs bacteria: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUhSQ
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Lymph Vessels
Lymphatic vessels – drainage of excess interstitial fluid (lymph) that is returned to blood vessels
Lymphatic capillaries weave between tissue cells and blood capillaries in areolar tissue
Very permeable◦ Lacteals – specialized
capillaries found in villi of intestinal mucosa to help absorb fats
Flows to collectively larger vessels
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Lymphatic Vessel Drainage
•Right lymphatic duct• Right arm, side of head
and upper thorax
• Empties into the right subclavian vien
•Thoracic duct• Much larger• Rest of the body
• Empties into junction of left subclavian vein & jugular vein
•About 3L enters blood every 24 hours
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What is elephantiasis?
Lymphatic ducts get clogged with parasitic roundworms
Swelling of lower limbs and scrotum due to edema
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Lymph Nodes
Filters lymph fluid◦ Macrophages destroy
microorganisms Help activate the immune system
◦ Lymphocytes monitor & attack antigens
100’s of these small organs Bean shaped <1inch long Cortex (outer region)
◦ Dividing B cells◦ Circulating T cells
Medulla (inner region)◦ Plasma cells◦ macrophages
Fewer efferent lymph vessels than afferent vessels
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Lymph Organs
Spleen – monitors blood◦ Red pulp -extracts aged & defective blood
cells◦ Stores hemoglobin & platelets (recycled)◦ White Pulp -contains lymphocytes &
macrophagesThymus – T cells become immunocompetent
(specific)◦ Atrophy after puberty (replaced by adipose
tissue)◦ Does not directly fight pathogens
Tonsils – invaginations trap pathogens◦ Contains lymphocytes & macrophages
Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsils Pharyngeal tonsil Tubal tonsils
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Lymphatic Tissues
MALT: Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue
Protects passages open to exteriorProduces memory cells against
invadersIncludes:
◦Peyers Patches Clusters of lymph tissue on small
intestine◦Appendix
Off shoot of large intestine Destroys any bacteria may leave
intestine
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Innate (Non Specific) Defenses
1st line defense- Surface Barriers: ◦Skin & Mucous Membranes Physical barrier Acidity of skin secretions
(ph 3-5) Sebum – toxic to bacteria HCl of stomach Saliva & lacrimal fluid
contain lysozyme◦Enzyme destroys bacteria
Mucus traps microorganisms
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Innate (Non Specific) Defenses (20 Defense)
Cells◦Phagocytes – engulfs & digests
Macrophages from WBC monocytes◦Free (mobile) or fixed (liver, brain)
Neutrophils (WBC)◦Become phagocytic after encounters
pathogen◦Destroy self in process
Eosinophils (WBC)◦defend against parasitic worms
◦Natural Killer (NK) Cells “police” blood & lymph Detect lack of “self” antigens Direct contact induces target cell to
undergo apoptosis Lyse & kill cancer cells & viral infected
cells
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Innate (Non Specific) Defenses
Chemicals◦ Inflammation -Prevents spreading of pathogen &
disposes pathogens & cell debris Redness & heat
◦Mast cells release histamines causing vasodilatation Swelling & pain
◦ Increased permeability of capillaries ◦Clotting factors, antibodies & fluid leak into tissues
◦Antimicrobial proteins Interferons (IFNs)
◦Secreted by viral infected cells to prevent other cells from becoming infected
◦Stimulate synthesis of proteins that interfere w/viral protein synthesis (not specific)
◦Fever Response to widespread infection Macrophages and WBC release pyrogens
◦Chem that resets thermostat in Hypothalmus◦ Increases metabolism
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Adaptive Defenses (Specific)
Must be primed by initial exposure before it can defend against it
3 important features:Specific against a particular pathogenSystemic – not restricted to infection site
◦Humoral Immunity – circulating antibodies in body fluids
◦Cell Mediated Immunity – lymphocytes attack pathogens
Memory – recognizes and mounts strong attacks against previously encountered pathogens
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Antigens
Antigens – Foreign substances that provoke an immune response◦ Non-self - not normally found in the
body◦ Cause proliferation of lymphocytes &
antibodiesSelf-Antigens
◦ MHC (major histocompatibility complex) proteins on surface of “self” cells
◦ Variety - genetically determined
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Antibodies
AKA immunoglobulin (Igs)Secreted by B cells or plasma cellsStructure:
◦ ‘Y’ shaped; 4 polypeptide chains (2 Heavy, 2 Light)◦Variable region – 2 binding sites that responds to
specific antigens◦Constant region – determines Ig class
Antigen-antibody complex:◦Neutralizes - no longer harmful◦Agglutination – cross linked causing clumping
Inactivates pathogens and tags for destruction
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Humoral Immune Response
Antigen binding to receptor on specific B lymphocyte stimulates proliferation forming clones that differentiate into:
Plasma cells – secrete 2,000 antibodies per second (for about 5 days then dies)!!!
Memory cells – will respond to subsequent exposures to same antigen
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How do Vaccines work?
Contain dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens or their components
Spares us symptoms of disease that would normally occur during a primary response
Memory cells are formed against antigen (humoral only)
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Cell Mediated Response
T cells mature in Thymus Targets infected cells, cancer cells,
foreign tissues Helper T cells (CD4)
◦ Stimulates production of cytotoxic T cells and B cells, activates macrophages, and releases cytokines (chemicals that trigger proliferation and inflammation)
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)◦ Binds to infected cells and inserts
chemicals causing apoptosis Regulatory T cells
◦ Suppresses immune activity Memory T cells
◦ Responds quickly to subsequent infections (last years)
Double recognition on an antigen presenting cell:◦ Non self antigen◦ MHC proteins indicating “self” cell
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Types of immunity
Innate – genetically determined
Acquired – arises during life ◦Active – appears after exposure to antigen
Naturally- continually induced as encounter “new” pathogens or antigens
Induced – stimulated under controlled conditions◦Vaccine: dead/inactive pathogen that induces an immune
response
◦Passive – transfer of antibodies from another source Naturally – mother to baby
◦Gestation – via placenta◦ Infancy – via breast milk
Induced – antibodies administered to fight infection or prevent disease after exposure
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Select your Task…
Create a comic strip depicting the specific response of lymphatic system (combating a pathogen of your choice)
Write a script for a mini-play describing specific response of lymphatic system
May work in pairsEither choice should include: B cells, plasma
cells, antibodies, helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, memory cells, suppressor (regulator) T cells, and macrophages