{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnyaXya{ejU H|$Ð

E_. E. ^mJ-1 : _amR>r

Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ (EopÀN>H$) : 4 H$

cmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r cmoH$gm{hË`

2010-11

H I

K J

© Hw$bg{Md, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya (_hmamîQ´>)àW_md¥Îmr : 2010{ÛVr` Amd¥Îmr : 2012E_. E. ^mJ 1 H$[aVmgd© hŠH$ ñdmYrZ. {edmOr {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m nadmZJr{edm` H$moUË`mhr àH$mamZo ZŠH$c H$aVm oUma Zmhr.

àVr : 1,000

n

àH$meH$S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$bg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya : 416 004

n

_wÐH$lr. _§Xma ^moñVoH$aAYrjH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR> _wÐUmb`,H$moëhmnya : 416 004

n

ISBN- 978-81-8486-369-7

H Xÿa{ejU H|$Ð Am{U {edmOr {dÚmnrR> m~ÔcMr _m{hVr nwT>rc nÎ`mda {_iy eHo$c.{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, {dÚmZJa, H$moëhmnya-416 004 (^maV)

H Xÿa {ejU n[afX-B§{Xam Jm§Yr amîQ´>r` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>, Zdr {Xëcr `m§À`m {dH$gZ AZwXmZmVyZ `m gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$cr Amho.

(ii)

cmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r cmoH$gm{hË`E_.E.^mJ 1 : _amR>r (EopÀN>H$)

Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ : 4 H$

2011 nmgyZ hmoUmè`m narjm§gmR>r

n Aä`mg_§S>i : _amR>r n

l àm. S>m°. adtÐ Zmam`U R>mHy$aà_wI, _amR>r {d^mJ, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. EH$ZmW ~m~yamd AmidoH$aXÎmmOramd H$X_ AmQ>©g, H$m°_g© A°ÊS> gm`Ýg H$m°coO,BMcH$a§Or, {O. H$moëhmnya.

l S>m°. gwZrc dm_Z M§XZ{edoamOfu N>ÌnVr emhÿ H$m°coO, gXa ~Pma,H$X_dmS>r amoS> H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. lr_Vr gw_Z H¥$îUmOr MìhmU{dídmgamd ZmB©H$ _hm{dÚmc`, {eamim, {O. gm§Jcr.

l S>m°. {edmOr _hmXod hmoS>JogXm{edamd _§S>{cH$ _hm{dÚmc`, _waJyS>,Vm. H$mJc, {O. H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. g§O` XeaW nmQ>rcXÿYgmIa _hm{dÚmc`, {~Ðr, Vm. H$mJc, {O. H$moëhmnya

l S>m°. àH$me Hw§$^maZmB©Q> H$m°coO Am°\$ AmQ>©g A°ÊS> H$m°_g©, H$moëhmnya.

AÜ`j ::::: S>m°. A{Zc nm§Sw>a§J Jdir`ed§Vamd MìhmU H$m°coO, hcH$Uu, Vm. M§XJS>, {O. H$moëhmnya

(iii)

XyaoejU H|$Ð, oedmOr odÚm[rR>, H$m{ëhm[yan gëcmJma go_Vr n

_m. àm. (S>m°.) EZ. Oo. ndmaHw$cJwê$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) Ama. H¥$îUm Hw$_ma_m. Hw$cJwê$, `ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamîQ´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,kmZJ§JmoÌr, J§Jmnya S>°_Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

S>m°. A{Zc JdirA{YîR>mVm, H$cm d c{cVH$cm {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. gr. Oo. {IcmaoA{YîR>mVm, {dkmZ {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. ~r. amOJog§MmcH$, _hm{dÚmc` d {dÚmnrR> {dH$mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. ~r. E_. {hS>}H$anarjm {Z §ÌH$,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. E. EZ. Omoerd¡îUdr AnmQ>©_|Q>, gX{ZH$m Z§. 8, lra§JZJa, n§qnJ ñQ>oeZOdi, J§Jmnya S>°_ Odi, Zm{eH$-422 222

àm. (S>m°.) Ho$. Eg. a§Jmßnm_m. Hw$cJwê$, H$Zm©Q>H$ amÁ` _wŠV {dÚmnrR>,_mZgJ§JmoÌr, åh¡gya-570006

àm. ìhr. d|H$æ`mg§MmcH$, {dÚmà~mo{YZr S>m°. ~r. Ama. Am§~oS>H$a _wŠV{dÚmnrR>, amoS> Z§. 46, Á`w~cr {hc, h¡Ðm~mX-33 Am§Y«àXoe

S>m°. Oo. Eg. nmQ>rcA{YîR>mVm, gm_m{OH$ emñÌo {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. Ama. Or. \$S>VaoA{YîR>mVm, dm{UÁ` {dÚmemIm,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$m oëhmnya

S>m°. S>r. ìhr. _wioHw$cg{Md,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

lr. ~r. Eg. nmQ>rc{dÎm d coIm A{YH$mar,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

àm. (S>m°.) O`àH$me A. qeXo (gXñ` g{Md)g§MmcH$,Xya{ejU H|$Ð, {edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya

(iv)

Xya {ejU H|$Ð,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>,H$moëhmnya

cmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r cmoH$gm{hË`E_.E.^mJ 1 : _amR>r (EopÀN>H$)

Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ : 4 H$Aä`mg KQ>H$m§Mo boIH$

boIH$ KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ Am{U erf©H$

S>m°. g§nV Jm`H$dmS> 1. cmoH$gm{hË` : g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n{dqc½S>Z _hm{dÚmc`, gm§Jcr. 2. cmoH$gm{hË` : CËnÎmr Am{U ì`mßVr

S>m°. Zrcm Omoer 3. cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgnÕVrS>r. Ama. _mZo _hm{dÚmc`, H$mJc 4. _amR>r cmoH$JrVo

S>m°. gw{à`m Omoer 5. _amR>r cmoH$H$Wm2017 A-7, amOmam_nwar 6 dr Jëcr,^Ðo hm°pñnQ>cÀ`m _mS>rdaVr, H$moëhmnya.

àm. _mYwar ZmIo 6. _amR>r cmoH$H$cmg. ~. ImS>o _hm{dÚmc`, H$monmS>}

S>m°. àH$me XþH$io 7. cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AÜ``ZnÕVrXoe^ŠV AmZ§Xamd ~id§Vamd ZmB©H$ AmQ>©g² A°ÊS> 8. cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZnÕVrgm`Ýg H$m°coO, `ed§VZJa {MIcr, Vm. {eamim.

S>m°. Zrcm OmoerS>r. Ama. _mZo _hm{dÚmc`,

H$mJc, {O. H$moëhmnya.

n g§nmXH n

S>m°. S>r. E. XogmB©AÜ`j, _amR>r Aä`mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya{ddoH$mZ§X H$m°coO, H$moëhmnya

S>m°. A{Zc nm§Sw>a§J Jdirà_wI, _amR>r {d^mJ,

`ed§Vamd MìhmU H$m°coO,hcH$Uu, Vm. M§XJS>,

{O. H$moëhmnya

àñVmdZm

{dÚmWu {_Ìm§Zmo !

Xÿa {ejU H|$Ðm§VJ©V E_. E. ^mJ EH$ gmR>r {dÚmWu åhUyZ AmnU àdoe

KoVcocm Amho. E_. E. ^mJ 1 Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ Mma gmR>r EopÀN>H$ {df`

åhUyZ "cmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r cmoH$gm{hË`' hm Aä`mgH«$_ {ZpíMV H$aÊ`mV

Amcm Amho. `m Aä`mgH«$_mda _mÝ`da d VÁkm§H$Sy>Z V`ma Ho$coco ho "ñd § AÜ``Z

gm{hË`' Amnë`m hmVr XoVmZm A{Ve` AmZ§X hmoV Amho. `m Aä`mgn{ÌHo$_Ü o

Amnë`mcm OmJ{VH$ d ^maVr` nmVirdarc cmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$cZ, g§emoYZ

Aä`mgmd`mMo Amho. Ë`mMà_mUo _amR>r cmoH$gm{hË`mMo XmcZ g_¥Õ H$aUmao _amR>r

cmoH$JrV, _amR>r cmoH$H$Wm Am{U _amR>r cmoH$H$cm ho VrZ KQ>H$ Aä`mgmd`mMo

AmhoV.

hm Aä`mgH«$_ e§ a JwUm§Mm AgyZ gyú_ Am{U Ame`{ZîR> Amho. m Aä`mgH«$_mda

V`ma Ho$coco "ñd § AÜ``Z gm{hË`' AmnUmg Cn wŠV R>aUma Amho. `mVrc gd©

KQ>H$ gmÜ`m, gmoß`m Am{U AmnUmg g_Ooc Aem ^mfoV ñnîQ> Ho$co AmhoV. _yi

nwñVHo$, g§X^© nwñVH$mVrc d cmoH$OrdZmVrc, cmoH$g§ñH¥$VrVrc CXmhaUohr {Xcr

AmhoV. H$R>rU eãXm§Mo AW©hr {Xco AmhoV. narjoÀ`m Ñ{îQ>H$moUmVyZ Z_wZm dñVw{ZîR>

àíZ, cKwÎmar-XrKm}Îmar àíZ, Q>rnm Am{U Z_wZm CÎmaohr {Xcr AmhoV. eodQ>r A{YH$

dmMZmgmR>r g§X © J«§W {Xco AgyZ, Aä`mgnyaH$ CnH«$_hr {Xco AmhoV. `m gdmªMm

AmnU {ZpíMV Cn`moJ H$ê$Z ¿`mc Aer Amem Amho.

àñVwV Aä`mgn{ÌHo$À`m n{hë`m KQ>H$mV "cmoH$gm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm ñnîQ>

H$ê$Z nmíMmË` d ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$coë`m ì`m»`m d ñdê$n OmUyZ KoVco

Amho. cmoH$gm{hË` Am{U cmoH$_mZg d cmoH$gm{hË` Am{U cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mm

AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y ñnîQ> H$ê$Z cmoH$gm{hË`mMr cjUo {deX Ho$cr AmhoV. Xþgè`m

KQ>H$mV cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m CËnÎmr ~ÔcÀ`m {d{dY CnnÎmtMm nam_e© KoD$Z

cmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr d BVa kmZemIm§er cmoH$gm{hË`mMm. OdiMm g§~§Y H$gm

Amho `mMr _m§S>Ur Ho$cr Amho. {Vgè`m KQ>H$m_Ü o cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmcm

(v)

(vi)

g_¥ÕVm àmßV H$ê$Z XoUmè`m {d{dY g§àXm` d nÕVtMm Aä`mg _m§S>cm Amho.

Mm¡Ï`m KQ>H$mV _amR>r _mVrV ê$T> AgUmè`m Ame` d aMZoÀ`m ÑîQ>rZo d¡{dÜ` AgUmè`m

cmoH$JrVm§Mm Aä`mg _m§S>cm AgyZ _amR>r cmoH$OrdZ, cmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U cmoH$_mZgmMo BWo Xe©Z

KS>Vo. nmMì`m KQ>H$mV cmoH$H$Wm§Mr ^maVr` na§nam d Ë`m nmíd©^y_rda _amR>r cmoH$H$WoMo ñdê$n d

{deof OmUyZ KoVco AmhoV. ghmì`m KQ>H$mV cmoH$a§J y_rMo {deof d _amR>r cmoH$H$cm `m§Mm cmoH$Z¥Ë o

d cmoH$ZmQ>ço `m§À`m AZwf§JmZo Aä`mg H$ê$Z cmoH$m{dîH$mamMo ~XcVo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoVco Amho.

gmVì`m KQ>H$mV cmoH$gm{hË`mMm cmoH$VÎdr` Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ nÕVrZo H$gm Aä`mg H$aVm

oB©c `mg§X^m©V {ddoMZ Ho$co Amho. AmR>ì`m KQ>H$mV cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZmÀ`m joÌr` nÕVr d

ñVar` nÕVtMm g{dñVa {dMma _m§S>cm Amho.

`m gd© Aä`mgmVyZ cmoH$gm{hË`mMm EH$ {dñV¥V nQ> Amnë`mg_moa CcJS>V OmB©c Am{U `m

gm{hË`mMo AmOMo _hÎdhr cjmV oB©c. cmoH$gm{hË`mZo _amR>r _mUgmÀ`m _ZmMo ^aUnmofU Ho$co

Amho. gwg§ñH$ma, _yë`{ejU, l_n[ahma `mg§X^m©V `m gm{hË`mcm {deof _hÎd Amho. gm{hË`mÀ`m

Aä`mgmVyZ ì`{ŠV_ÎdmMm {dH$mg hmoV AgVmo. `mgmR>r ho gm{hË` {ZpíMVM Cn`moJr nS>oc.

S>m°. S>r. E. XogmB©AÜ`j, _amR>r Aä`mg _§S>i,{edmOr {dÚmnrR>, H$moëhmnya.

AZwH«$_{UH$m

KQ>H$ 1 cmoH$gm{hË` : g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n 1

KQ>H$ 2 cmoH$gm{hË` : CËnÎmr Am{U ì`mßVr 24

KQ>H$ 3 cmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg : g§àXm` d nÕVr 57

KQ>H$ 4 _amR>r cmoH$JrVo 74

KQ>H$ 5 _amR>r cmoH$H$Wm 105

KQ>H$ 6 _amR>r cmoH$H$cm 138

KQ>H$ 7 cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AÜ``ZnÕVr 170

KQ>H$ 8 cmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZnÕVr 200

(vii)

cmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r cmoH$gm{hË`E_.E.^mJ 1 : _amR>r (EopÀN>H$)

Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ : 4 H$

(viii)

n odÚmÏ`mªZm gyMZm

àË {H$ KQ>H$mMr gwédmV CoÔîQ>m§Zr hm{B©c. CoÔîQ>{ oXemXe©H$ AmoU [wT>rc

]m]r ñ[îQ> H$aUmar AgVrc.

1. KQ>H$m_Ü { H$m` oXc{c{ Amh{.

2. Vw_À`mH$Sy>Z H$m` A[{ojV Amh{.

3. odoeîQ> KQ>H$mdarc H$m`© [yU© H{$ë`mZ§Va Vwåhmcm H$m` _mhrV hm{Ê`mMr

A[{jm Amh{.

ñd`§ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r àíZ oXc{c{ AgyZ Ë`m§Mr A[{ojV CÎma{hr X{Ê`mV

Amc{cr Amh{V. Ë`m_wi{ KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg `m{½` oXe{Z{ hm{B©c. Vw_Mr CÎma{ ochÿZ

Pmë`mZ§VaM ñd § AÜ``Z gmohË`m_Ü { oXc{cr CÎma{ [mhm. hr Vw_Mr CÎma{ (qH$dm

ñdmÜ`m`) Am_À`mH$S>{ _yë`_m[ZmgmR>r [mR>dm`Mr ZmhrV. Vwåhr `m{½` oXe{Z{

Aä`mg H$amdm, `mgmR>r hr CÎma{ "Aä`mg gmYZ' (Study Tool) åhUyZ

C[ w·V R>aVrc.

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bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....1

1.1 C{Ôï>o

`m KQ>H$mMo dmMZ Ho$ë`mZo nwT>rb Jmoï>r g_OyZ KoVm oVrb;

· `m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va AmnUmbm bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo H$m` ho ñnï> hmoB©b.

· "bmoH$' Am{U "gm{hË`' `m XmoZ g§km bjmV oVrb.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m nmíMmË` d ^maVr` ì`m»`m§Mm AmT>mdm KoVm oB©b.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mV g_m{dï> Agbobr "bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr' bjmV oB©b.

· bmoH$gm{hË` d bmoH$_mZg `m§Mo AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y ñnï> H$aVm oVrb.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mMr bjUo g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

1.2 àmñVm{dH$

^maVr` OrdZYmaUm§_Ü o Jmoï>, H$Wm, X§VH$Wm, {_W, {_WH$ `m§Zm AmË §{VH$ _hÎd Amho. _amR>r^mfH$ g§ñH¥$Vrhr `mbm AndmX Zmhr. _amR>r ^mfoV OÝ_mbm oUmao H$moUVohr ~mbH$ EoHy$-~moby AWdmhþ§H$ma Q>mHy$ bmJbo H$s; Ë`mbm {MD$-H$mD$À`m Jmoï>r gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. Ë`mbm ^adVmZm, OmoOdVmZmJmUr åhQbr OmVmV. `m {edm` gUdma, D$Z-dmam, nmD$gYmam§Zm gm_moao OmVmZm n§M_hm^yVm§MrAmamYZm H$aUmè`m AZoH$ JmoîQ>r g§ñH$marV Ho$ë`m OmVmV. g§ñH$mam§Mr hr Ymam eVH$mZweVHo$ EH$m{nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«${_V hmoV OmVo. `m g§H«$_UmVM _mUgmÀ`m "_Zm'Mr g_mOOrdZmVOS>UKS>U hmoVo. g_mOOrdZmV OS>rV-KS>rV hmoUmam àË oH$ "_r' Agm KS>bm OmVmo. Ë`m§Mr Amhma-{dhmamMr, g_mO-Om{Udm§Zr `wŠV Aem "_Z_yg' V`ma hmoVo ...... Am{U {Vbm bmoH$_mZgmMo,bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo ñdê$n àmá hmoVo. Aem `m bmoH$_ZmMr A{^ì`ŠVr H$aUmè`m AZm{_H$m§Mm AZm{_H$àdmg eVH$mZweVHo$ gwê$M Amho. bmoH$OrdZmMr YmQ>r gm§ miV, nmogV, {dH${gV H$aV, Ë`mbm _yV©-A_yV©VoMo g§X^© XoV _mZdr-OrdZmMm hm àdmh Aì`mhVnUo dmhVmo Amho. Ë`mbmM AmnU AmO"bmoH$gm{hË`' Ago åhUVmo. Aem `m bmoH$gm{hË`mMm AmO emóewÕnUo Aä`mg hmoVmo Amho. hr EH$emóewÕ g§H$ënZm ~Zbr Amho. `m g§H$ënZoMm {VÀ`m ñdê$nd¡{eï>çmMm {dMma AmnUmbm `m KQ>H$mVH$amd`mMm Amho.

KQ>H$ : 1

bmoH$gm{hË` : g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n

bmoH$gm{hË` : g§km d AW©, bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m ì`m»`m : nmíMmÎ` d ^maVr`,bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$_mZg, bmoH$gm{hË`mMr bjUo

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1.3 {df`{ddoMZ

bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo H$m` ? bmoH$gm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm H$er ApñVËdmV Ambr ? {VMo ñdê$nH$m`? {VÀ`m nmíMmË` Am{U maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m H$moUË`m ? bmoH$gm{hË` m g§koMmAW©, bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$_mZg, bmoH$gm{hË`mMr bjUo `mJm^m yV {df`m§Mo {ddoMZ àñVwV KQ>H$mV AmnUmbm H$amd`mMo Amho. `m {ddoMZmVyZM bmoH$gm{hË` hrg§H$ënZm d {VMo ñdê$n A{YH$ ZoQ>Ho$nUmZo AmnUmbm ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

AmnU gwédmVrbmM EH$ Jmoï> {deofËdmZo Z_yX Ho$br Amho; Vr åhUOo ^maVr` OrdZYmaUm§_Ü og_mO-OrdZmV "_Z', bmoH$_Z', O{S>V KS>rV hmoV AgVo. {nT>çm§{nT>çm§Mm dmagm OVZ H$aV bmoH$-g§ñH¥$VrMm Am{dîH$ma hmoV AgVmo. `m Am{dîH$mamMr AZoH$ ê$n§ bmoH$gm{hË`mV g_m{dîQ> PmbobrAgVmV. H$Wm, JrVo, dmH²$àMma, åhUr, CImUo, bmoH$Z¥Ë`o, bmoH$ZmQ>ço, bmoH${dYr, {eën, _yVuBË`mXr H$bm, bmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$ «_ Aem {H$VrVar OrdZg§~§Yr ~m~tMm g_mdoe `m gm{hË`mV hmoVAgVmo. åhUyZM bmoH$g{hË` hr g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n AmnU àW_ bjmV KoD$`m.

1.4 bmoH$gm{hË`: g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n

bmoH$gm{hË` dmL²>_`{Z{_©VrÀ`m àdmhmVrb WmoS>mgm doJim Agm dmL²>_` àdmh. `m dmL²>_`àdmhmMm H$moUr EH$ H$Vm© Zmhr. A_wH$ EH$m {d{eï> H$mbI§S>mV {b{hbo Jobo; Agm {ZpíMV ñdê$nmMmH$mbI§S> Zmhr. {ZpíMV Aem ñdê$nmMr {b{IV qH$dm _w{ÐV g§{hVm Zmhr. Va bmoH$OrdZmV _m¡{IH$na§naoZo MmbV Ambobm, H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`ŠVrMr Zm__wÐm KoD$Z C^m Zgbobm, g_mOmÀ`m gd©KQ>H$m§Mo à{V{ZYrËd H$aUmam, l_ H$aVmZm, {dYr H$m } H$aVmZm, gU-CËgd gmOao H$aVmZm bmoH$m§H$Sy>ZbmoH$^mfoV CËñ\y$V©nUo N>§Xmo~Õ, Jo AWdm H$WmË_H$, H$WZmË_H$, ZmQ>çmË_H$ Aem {d{dY ñdê$nmVd¡{eï>çnyU© nÕVrZo Am{dîH¥$V hmoUmam hm bmoH$m{dîH$ma Amho.

Aem `m bmoH$m{dîH$mambmM AmO AmnU "bmoH$gm{hË`' Aer g§H$ënZm ~hmb H$ê$Z Ë`mMogm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U dmL²>_`rZ _yë` bjmV KoV AmhmoV. bmoH$OrdZm_Ü o ApñVËdmV AgbobrAm{U EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o na§naoZo g§H«${_V hmoUmar bmoH$JrVo, bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$H$bm,bmoH$^mfoVrb Hw$Q>o, àho{bH$m, åhUr, dmH²$à`moJ BË`mXr aMZm~§Ym§Mm, bmoH$_mZgmMm, OrdZÑï>rMmbmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m nañnamZw~§{YV OrdZmMm Am{dîH$ma hoM bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n Amho. VrM Ë`mMrì`mßVr Am{U _`m©Xm Amho.

Aem m bmoH$m{dîH$mamË_H$ AZm{_H$m§À`m AZm{_H$ Aem bmoH$gm{hË` g§H$ënZoMm n[aM` AmnUmbmoWo H$ê$Z ¿`md`mMm Amho. bmoH$gm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm, {VMo ñdê$n d _hÎd {deX H$amd`mMo Amho.

Ë`mgmR>r àW_ AmnU bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m nmíMmË` Am{U ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m bjmVKoD$`m.

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1.4.1 bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m ì`m»`m

"bmoH$gm{hË`' hr EH$ emóewÕ, Aä`mg{df`H$ g§H$ënZm ~Zë`mZ§Va d bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdén{demb, _Zmohar, öX`§J_ Amho; Ago Aä`mgH$m§À`m bjmV Amë`mZ§Va bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`mH$aÊ`mMo d Ë`mÀ`m ñdê$n {deofm§Mr Zm|X KoÊ`mMo à`ËZ _moR>çm à_mUmV Aä`mgH$m§_Ü o Pmbobo{XgVmV. ""bmoH$m§Mo gm{hË` Vo bmoH$gm{hË`'' Agm T>mo~i AW© bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Agbm Var AZoH$Aä`mgH$m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mMm d bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo H$m` ? m àíZmMo g_mYmZH$maH$CÎma {_i{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$ë`mMo {XgVo.

Amnë`mbm _m{hVM Amho H$s, 1846 gmbr {db`_ Om°Z Wm°åg øm§Zr 'Folklrore' hr g§kmdmnaÊ`mnydu `m gm{hË`mbm 'Popular Anti Quites' Ago åhUV AgV. gVamì`m eVH$mV ga Wm°_g²~«mD$Z Am{U Om°Z Am°~«o `m Aä`mgH$m§Zr nwamU na§nam§g§~§Yr {M{H$ËgH$ boIZ Ho$bo. \«$mpÝgg J«moO `mAä`mgH$mZo Va nwamVÎdemómg à{Vð>m àmá H$éZ {Xbr. d nma§n[aH$ _m¡{IH$, ñdê$nmV MmbV Amboë`m~m~tH$S>o bj {Xbo. Om°Z ~«°ÝS> `m§Zr Ë`m§À`m 'Observations on Popular Antiquities' `m J«§WmVna§nam§Mo g_mOOrdZmVrb ñWmZ ñnï> H$ê$Z "_m¡{IH$ na§nam' (Oral Tradition) VÎdmMm àW_M C„oIHo$bm. Ë`m_wio Aä`mgH$m§V `mda MMm© gwê$ Pmbr. Ë`mVyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m nÕVera d g¡Õm§{VH$,VmpÎdH$ {dMmamg gwê$dmV Pmbr. Ë`mVyZM bmoH$gm{hË` g§H$ënZm, {VMr ì`m»`m, ñdê$n d d¡{eï>çm§MrZm|X hmoD$ bmJbr.

àñVwV {R>H$mUr AmnUmbm bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m nmíMmË` Am{U maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m§MrZm|X ¿`md`mMr Amho. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n - d¡{eï>ço Amnë`m bjmV oVrb.

1.4.2 bmoH$gm{hË` : nmíMmÎ` ì`m»`m

bmoH$gm{hË` Aä`mgmÀ`m àma§ rÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mg§~§Yr g¡Õm§{VH$ ñdê$nmMo boIZH$ê$Z Á`m CnnÎmr _m§S>ë`m; Ë`mV OoH$~ bwL²>{dJ {J«_, H$mb© {dë`_ {J«_, _°Šgå wba, Om°Z S>ãë yH$m°H$g², am°~Q>© ~«mD$Z, A~«m_ ñ_mB©W nm_a, BË`mXr Aä`mgH$ hmoVo. `mVrb AZoH$ Aä`mgH$ ho^mfmemók, X¡dVH$Wmemók, _mZdd§eemók, g_mOemók hmoVo. Ë`mn¡H$s H$mhr _hÎdmÀ`m nmíMmË`Aä`mgH$m§À`m ì`m»`m àW_ AmnU bjmV KoD$`m.

B OmoZmg ~°{bg : OmoZmg ~°{bg `m Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo bmoH$gm{hË` ho Am{X_mZd {Z{_©VAgyZ Vo na§nam àmá AgVo. VgoM Vo gwg§ñH¥$V _mZdmZo XoIrb {Z{_©bobo AgVo. hr {Z{_©Vr ÜdZr Am{UeãX `m§À`mÛmao nÚ qH$dm JÚ ñdê$nmV Ho$br OmVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mV bmoH${dídmg, bmoH$ «_, ê$T>r,bmoH$H$bm àH$ma Ë`mMà_mUo Z¥Ë`-ZmQ>ç BË`mXtMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$g_yhmÀ`mna§namJV MmbV Amboë`m OrdZmÀ`m Am{dîH$mamMo emó Amho.

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B _m[a`g ~mS>m} : _m[a`g ~mS>m} `m nmíMmË` VÎddoË`mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMr g§H$ënZm ñnï>H$aVmZm Ë`mMr ì`mnH$Vm ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo ""{d{dY ì`dgm`mMo kmZ, AZw yVr,ehmUnU, H$m¡eë`, gd`r Am{U ê$T>r VgoM ì`dhma `mg§~§YrMo kmZ eãXmZo qH$dm H¥$VrZo EH$m{nT>rnmgyZ Xwgè`m {nT>rn ªV MmbV oVo. Ë`m gdm©g bmoH$gm{hË` åhUmdo'' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

B ~°ñH$_ (William R. Bascom) : `m Aä`mgH$mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mbm EH$ H$bmàH$ma _mZboAmho. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo ""bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo {_Ïg, åhUr, bmoH$JrVo Am{U Aem àH$mao ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZA{^ì`ŠV hmoUmao nma§n[aH$ H$bmË_H$ Am{dîH$ma hmo`.''

B ~m°Q>{H$Z (B. A. Botkin) : {dewÕ _m¡{IH$ qH$dm A{b{IV g§ñH¥$VrV gd© H$mhr bmoH$gm{hË`AgVo Ago Z_yX H$ê$Z `m Aä`mgH$mZo ""AmYw{ZH$ g_mOmVrb Ago kmZ Á`mV na§naoZo EH$m {nT>rnmgyZXwgè`m {nT>rn`ªV Amboë`m {deofm§Mo Am{YH$Ëd AgVo Ë`mbm bmoH$gm{hË` åhUVm `oB©b'' AerbmoH$gm{hË`mMr gd©gmYmaU ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho.

B pñnZmoPm : A°[a{bAmo pñnZmoPm `m nmíMmË` Aä`mgH$mZo bmoH$gm{hË` qH$dm bm¡{H$H$kmZ ho_mZdmZo wJmZw wJo KoVboë`m AZw dm§Mo Am{U {ejUmMo gmaê$n AgVo Ago åhQ>bo Amho. Vmo Am{X__mZdmÀ`m _ZmMm A{dîH$ma AgVmo. àM{bV Agbobo bmoH${dœmg, bmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$ «_, åhUr, CImUo,JrVo, H$WmJrV, bmoH$H$Wm, {dYr, mVw{H«$`m, VmoS>Jo Aem Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe m Aä`mgH$mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mVHo$bm Amho.

pñnZmoPm `m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`emómMo _hÎd gm§JVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""bmoH$gm{hË`emó ho {d{dYkmZemIm§n¡H$s Aer kmZemIm Amho Or `wJmZw`wJmÀ`m _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm Am{U OrdZmMm AW©bmdÊ`mgmR>r d Ë`mMo {díbofU H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ H$aVo, dJuH$aU H$aVo Am{U{M{H$ËgH$ Ñï>rZo AÜ``Z H$aVo.''

B Om°O© \$m°ñQ>a : `m Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo, ""bmoH$gm{hË` hm eãX bd{MH$ AgyZ Ë`mVbmoH$g_yhmÀ`m A{b{IV qH$dm _m¡{IH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m mfm{dîH$mamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.'' X¡dVH$Wm, H$WmJrVo,Am»`m{`H$m, bmoH$H$Wm, àho{bH$m, VmbJrVo, åhUr, bmoH$JrVo, bmoH${dœmg, bmoH$ «_ `m§Mmhr g_mdoebmoH$gm{hË`mV hmoVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ñdê$n{ZpíMVr Ë`mÀ`m _ybàH¥$Vrdê$Z qH$dm dmL²>_`rZ {deofm§dê$ZZ H$aVm Am{dîH$manÕVrÀ`m AmYmao H$amdr Ago \$m°ñQ>a `m§Mo _V Amho.

B {WAmoS>moa EM. JmñQ>a : JmñQ>a `m§À`m _Vo ""bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$m§À`m g§ñH$VrMm EH$_hÎdmMm KQ>H$ AgyZ Vmo bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {dMmanyd©H$ qH$dm AOmUVm g§a{jbm OmVmo. bmoH$gm{hË` hobm¡{H$H$ na§nam§Mm {ZYr AgVo. bmoH$OrdZmMm gd©g§J«mhH$ Agm KQ>H$ AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË` ho H$bm ddmL²>_` m§Mm ómoV AgVo.'' Vo bmoH$m§Mo bmoH$m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bobo Am{U bmoH$m§gmR>r AgVo. Ë`mVyZ bmoH$m§MràH¥$Vr Am{U gO©Zj_Vm àH$Q> hmoVo. Ë`mMà_mUo Ë`mV ì`pŠV{d{eï>Ëd ZgVo Va gmd©O{ZH$ gO©Z j_Vm

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à^mdr AgVo. `m gm{hË`mV bmoH${dœmg, bmoH$mMma, ê$T>r, {dYr, X¡dVH$Wm, bmoH$H$Wm, bmmoH$H$WmJrVoAm{U bmoH$H$bmH$m¡eë` `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo Ago JmñQ>a `m§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.

B hm_m}Z : E_². hm_m}Z `m Aä`mgH$mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m {d{eï> Aem bmoH$g_yhmÀ`mg§X^m©V Z H$aVm bmoH$gm{hË`mMr gm_J«r H$er g§nmXZ Ho$br OmVo, H$er Cn`mo{Obr OmVo, Ë`mMà_mUoVr EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rn`ªV H$er g§H«${_V hmoVo, `mdê$Z H$amdr, Ago Z_yX H$ê$Z""bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Am{dîH$ma H$moUË`mhr {df`mÀ`m g§X^m©V, H$moUË`mhr ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Am{U H$moUË`mhrg_yhmV, H$moUË`mhr ñWir, H$moUË`mhr doir hmoD$ eH$Vmo. ì`ŠVr Á`m n[apñWVrV OÝ_mbm Ambr AgobË`mVyZ H$mhr nma§n[aH$ kmZ, H$m¡eë`, H$ënZm g§nmXZ H$aVo. ho g§nmXZ Ë`m ì`ŠVrZo OmUrdnyd©H$ Ho$boboZgVo. Vo ghOnUo Pmbobo AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË` OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z_m©U Pmbobo ZgVo. Vo ghOV`m {dH${gVPmbobo AgVo. Vo ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z ñdrH$mabo OmVo. Cn`mo{Obo OmVo. Ë`mV ~Xb hmoVmV. Ë`mMo g§H«$_U hmoVoAm{U {dñ_aU hmoVo. ho gd© KS>V AgVm§Zm Hw$R>ohr ì`ŠVrMr ì`pŠV{Zð> Aer àoaUm ZgVo.... VabmoH$gm{hË` ho ì`ŠVr Am{U g_yh `m Xmohm|À`m {deofm§Zr wŠV AgVo'' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

B hmg©H$moãQ>g : _ob{dbo Oo hmg©H$moãQ>g m _mZdd§eemókmZo ""bmoH$gm{hË` nyd© wJrZ g§ñH¥$VrVAm{U gw{e{jV g_mOmMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ Adeofê$n AgVo åhUyZ bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m A{b{IV gm{hË`mbmbmoH$gm{hË` åhUmdo'' Aer bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m {Xbr Amho.

B haPm°H$ Om°O© : Om°O© haPm°H$ `m Aä`mgH$mZo ""bmoH$gm{hË`mV gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mgmÀ`m~m¡ÕrH$ Am{U dmL²>_`rZ AdñWm§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo.'' Ago Z_yX H$ê$Z _m¡{IH$ na§nam ho Ë`mMo H$maU AmhoAgo åhQ>bo Amho. bmoH$gm{hË` ho ZmJa VgoM J«m_rU g_mOmVM AgVo. `mV bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m gd©{deofm§Mm A§V^m©d hmoVmo Ago gm§{JVbo Amho. H$bmgm{hË` ho _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo EH$m {nT>rnmgyZ Xwgè`m{nT>rn`ªV MmbV `oVo. hr _m¡{IH$ na§nam {_Ïg, bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo, bmoH$moŠVr Am{U BVa _m¡{IH$nma§n[aH$ dmL²>_`àH$mam§À`m ñdê$nmMr AgVo, Ago haPm°H$ `m§Mo _V Amho.

B Ama. S>r. OoågZ : bmoH$gm{hË` hr gm§ñH${VH$ _mZdd§eemómMr EH$ emIm Amho, Ago `mAä`mgH$mMo _V AgyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m gm_J«r_Ü o {_Ïg, bmoH$H$Wm, na§nam, bmoH${dœmg, bmoH$ «_,{dYr, ê$T>r, bmoH$Z¥Ë` mMà_mUo _mZd A[U {ZgJ© mg§~§YrMr {d{eîQ> bmoH$g_yhmbm _mÝ`Vm Agbobrñnï>rH$aUo `mMm A§V^m©d hmoVmo. OJmÀ`m gd© ^mJmV gd© H$mimV hr gm_J«r CnbãY hmoVo. hr gm_J«råhUOo _mZdmZo H$pënboë`m aMZm AgVmV. g§H$Q>mÀ`m H$mir ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mO ho AZw d KoVmo.Ë`mVyZ `m aMZm CnbãY hmoVmV. _Zwî` Ooìhm {dnÎmrV AgVmo, ^`J«ñV AgVmo Am{U gwa{jV OrdZmMrË`mbm hihi bmJbobr AgVo Aem doir hr gm_J«r H$m ©àdU AgVo. H$maU Ë`mVyZ Vmo AmH$m§jm, rVrA{^ì`ŠV H$aVmo Ago bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V {ddo{Mbo Amho.

B Hw$amW (Gertude P Kurath) : `m Aä`mgH$mZo bmoH$gm{hË` hr àm_w»`mZo gm_y{hH$ {Z{_©VrAgyZ Vr na§naoZo MmbV Ambobr AgVo Ago gm§{JVbo Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo H$m ©joÌ {ddmÚ Amho.

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bmoH$gm{hË`mV nma§n[aH$ bm¡{H$H$ H$Wm, bmoH$ «_, VmbJrVo, {ZgJm©Vrb X¡dr eŠVr Am{U Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m{dídmgm§Mo CËgdê$nmV Ho$bobo {MÌU, bmoH$Z¥Ë` BË`mXr A§V y©V AgVmV. bmoH$JrVo, bmoH$H$Wm, H$ënZoZo{Z_m©U Ho$boë`m H$Wm øm§Mo ñdê$n nwamUH$Wm qH$dm {_Ïgnojm {Zamio AgVo. H$maU Ë`mV Ym{_©H$ A§eH$_r AgVmo Ago Hw$amW `m§Zr gwM{dbo Amho.

B _°H$ AdmS>© brM : ""bmoH$gm{hË` hm EH$g§K Am{U A{dH${gV VgoM {ZamJg bmoH$m§MmkmZg§J«h Amho. `m bmoH$g_yhmMr EH$g§YVm ^m¡{VH$ H$maUm§Zr ZgVo. Va Ë`m_mJo ^mdZm§Mr àoaUm AgVo.hr ^mdZm§Mr àoaUm gd© Am{dîH$mam§Zm g§ñH$m[aV H$ê$Z EH$mM doir bmoH$g_yhmVrb EoŠ`^md Am{UbmoH$KQ>H$m§Mr ì`pŠVd¡{eï>ço `m Xmohmo§Mr OmonmgZm H$aVo. bmoH$gm{hË` ho _ybV: ì`pŠV{Z{_©V AgVo.na§Vw bmoH$g_yhmZo ñdrH$mabobo AgVo. `mMo nwÝhm Zì`m ê$nmV gO©Z KS>Vo. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s, `mVAmd¥Îmr Am{U nwZ{Z©{_©Vr hr à{H«$`m gVV Mmby AgVo.'' Ago _°H$ A°dmS>° brM `m§Mo à{VnmXZ Amho.Ë`m§À`m _Vo, bmoH$gm{hË` hr gd©gm_mÝ` g§km AgyZ Ë`mV bmoH$JrVo, bmoH$H$Wm `m~amo~aM ê$T>r,{dídmg, na§nam, `mVw{H«$`m, åhUr BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

B H°$W[aZ ë y_mbm : `m Aä`mgH$mbm bmoH$gm{hË` hr g§km g§{X½Y dmQ>Vo. Am{X_mZdmÀ`mA{b{IV Am{U _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m dmL²>_`mMm `mÛmao ~moY hmoVmo, VgoM Ë`m§À`mV dgwg§ñH¥$V _mZdmÀ`m dmL²>_`rZ Am{dîH$mamV `mVyZ oX Xe©{dbm OmVmo, Ago ñnï> Ho$bo Amho.

B \«$mpÝgg nm°Q>a : ""àmMrZ g_mOOrdZmMo A{dZmer Adeof åhUOo bmoH$gm{hË`.'' AerbmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m nm°Q>aZo Ho$br Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, _mUgm§Mo OrdZ A{Ve` _§X JVrZo {dH${gVhmoV AgVo. g_mO OrdZmVrb ê$T>r, {dœmg m§Zm H$mbàdmhmV Am{X~§YmMo ê$n àmá hmoVo. m Am{X~§Ym§Zmg§ñH¥$VrÀ`m àdmhmV Zdo ê$n àmá hmoVo. nU _yi Am{X~§Y VgoM amhVmV. Ë`m_wio gdmªZm AmZ§X XoÊ`mMogm_Ï © Aem Am{X~§Ym§Zm àmßV hmoVo. Ago gm§JyZ "bmoH$gm{hË` hr g§km {dYr, bmoH${dœmg, bmoH$ «_,ê$T>r, AmMma, bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo `m§Zm CÔoeyZ Oer dmnabr OmVo Ver bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m emór`Aä`mgmbmhr bmdVm oVo Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

B _m[a`Z pñ_W : _m[a`Z S>ãë y pñ_W `m Aä`mgH$mZo bmoH$g_yhmMo (Folk) nma§n[aH$ OrdZ`mbmM ì`mnH$ AWm©Zo bmoH$gm{hË` åhQ>bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, "bmoH$' `mMo {Zamio ì`pŠV_Ëd {gÕH$aUo AeŠ` R>aVo. g_mOmÀ`m g§X^m©V {b{IV Am{U A{b{IV dmL²>_` Agm oX {Q>H$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wiobmoH$gm{hË`mMo ì`dÀN>oXH$ bjU gm§JÊ`mV, VgoM Ë`m§Mr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mV AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV.åhUyZM pñ_W `m§À`m _Vo, gd© ñdê$nmMo d gd©joÌì`mnr _m¡{IH$ gm{hË` åhUOo bmoH$gm{hË`. Ë`mVbmoH${dídmg, bmoH$ «_, {dYr, Ym{_©H$ AmMma, VgoM X¡dVH$Wm, bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo `m§Mm A§V^m©dhmoVmo.

B AmM©a Q>m`ba : `m Aä`mgH$mZo bmoH$gm{hË` EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«${_V hmoVo.Ë`mMm {Z_m©Vm AkmV AgVmo. Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr Hw$UmVar EH$m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Pmbobr Agbr

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Var {ZpíMVnUo Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo Zmd gm§JVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m aMZoMo ñdê$nhr ~XbVo AgVo Ago Z_yX Ho$boAmho.

B pñQ>W Wm°ågZ : `m Aä`mgH$mZo nma§n[aH$Vm ho bmoH$gm{hË`mMo à_wI bjU _mZbo Amho.na§nam øm EH$m ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m ì`ŠVrH$S>o hñVm§VarV hmoVmV. Ë`m ñ_¥Vr qH$dm bmoH$ì`dhmamÀ`m_mÜ`_mVyZ Ago gm§{JVbo Amho.

`m{edm` dmoJ°{bZ, Om°Z {_e, \«$m§{gg CQ>br, am°ë\$ ñQ>rb ~m°½O, emb©Q> gmo{\$`m ~Z© AemH$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zrhr bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m Zm|X{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho.

1.4.3 ^maVr` ì`m»`m

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMo _hÎd AZÝ`gmYmaU Agë`mMr OmUrd nmíMmË` Aä`mgH$m§ZmPmbr Am{U Ë`m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n, d¡{eï>ço {deX H$aUmè`m ì`m»`m Z_yX Ho$ë`m ho AmnUAmVmn ªV bjmV KoVbo. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm maVmV MmbZm {_imbr Vr maVr` àmÀ`{dÚoÀ`mAZwf§JmZo Am{U Ë`mZ§Va {dë`_ OmoÝgMo à`ËZ ^maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg hmoÊ`mg ghmæ` yVR>abo. {dë`_ OmoÝgÀ`m ZoV¥ËdmImbr {ZKUmè`m {Z`VH$m{bH$mVyZ nwamVZ àWm, dmL²>_` `m§Mm nam_e©KoVbm OmD$ bmJbm. `mZ§Va "am° b E{e`m{Q>H$ gmogm`Q>r'À`m à`ËZmZo ^maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mda àH$menSy> bmJbm. "B§{S>`Z A°{Q>ŠHo$ar' `m {Z`VH$m{bH$mVyZ nwamVZJ«§Wm§Mo g§emoYZ hmoD$ bmJbo. `m_wioMbmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm MmbZm {_imbr d ^maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMm nm`m KmVbmJobm. Ë`mVyZ ^maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n, {deof Am{U Ë`mMr ì`m»`m H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Pmbm. Ë`mì`m»`m§Mm Aä`mg AmnUmbm oWo H$amd`mMm Amho.

A) qhXr ^m{fH$ bmoH$gm{hË` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Hoo$boë`m ì`m»`m

qhXr ^m{fH$ bmoH$gm{hË` {demaX S>m°. dmgwXodeaU AJ«dmb, S>m°. gË |Ð, S>m°. H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m``m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m Imbrbà_mUo Ho$ë`m AmhoV.

B S>m°. dmgwXodeaU AJ«dmb : `m§À`m _Vo ""bmoH$dmVm© EH$ Or{dV emó h¡Ÿ& ghmZw y{V Ho$ gmWCgH$m AÜ``Z AnZr g§ñH¥${V Ho$ ybo nWm| H$m AÜ``Z H$a gH$Vm h¡Ÿ& bmoH$ H$m {OVZm OrdZ h¡CVZmhr bmoH$dmVm© H$m {dñVma h¡Ÿ& bmoH$ _o ~gZo dmbm OZ, OZH$s y{_ Am¡a ^m¡{VH$ OrdZ VWm VrgaoñWmZ _| Cg OZ H$s g§ñH¥${V BZ VrZ joÌm| _| bmoH$ Ho$ nwao kmZ H$m AÝV^m©d hmoVm h¡Ÿ& Am¡a bmoH$dmVm© H$mg§~§Y ^r CÝhr Ho$ gmW h¡Ÿ&''

B S>m°. gË |Ð : S>m°. gË |Ð `m§Zr ""h_ AnZr Ñï>rgo H$h gH$Vo h¡ {H$ bmoH$ _Zwî` g_mO H$m dhdJ© h¡, Am¡a Omo EH$ na§nam Ho$ àdmh _| {O{dV ahVm h¡, Eogo bmoH$ H$s A{^ì`ŠVr _| Omo VÎd {_bVo h¡ dobmoH$VÎd H$hbmVo h¡Ÿ& Eogo bmoH$ `m gm{hË` hr bmoH$gm{hË` h¡Ÿ&

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B S>m°. H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m` : `m§À`m _Vo ""g^r Ñ{ï>`m|go {dMma H$aZona "\$moH$bmoa' Ho$ ì`mnH$AW© H$mo àH$m{eV H$aZodmbm EH$_mÌ eãX "bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr' hr R>haVm h¡Ÿ& AV: bmoH$gm{hË` Ho$ {dÛmZBg eãX H$mo J«hU H$a BgH$m ì`dhma VWm àMma {OVZr erK«Vmgo H$ao, CVZm AÀN>m h¡Ÿ& qhXr _|bmoH$dmVm© eãX Zo Omo Aì`dñWm Am¡a JS>~S>r n¡Xm H$a Xr h¡ dh bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr eãX Ho$ à`moJgo gXm Ho${bE Zï> hmo OmEJr, VWm bmoH$gm{hË` Ed§ bmoH$g§H¥$Vr go nmW©H$` H$mo gabVm go g_Pm Om gHo$JmŸ&

~) _amR>r ^mfH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m

^maVr` ^mfoVrb _amR>r ^mfH$ gm{hË`{demaX `m§Zrhr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmg gwê$dmVHo$ë`mZ§Va bmoH$g{hË`mÀ`m ì`m»`m, ñdê$n, d¡{eï>ço, Z_yX H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. S>m°. qM. J. H$d},S>m°. Zm. Jmo. Zm§XmnyaH$a, S>m°. gamo{OZr ~m~a, S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§À`m ì`m»`m oWo bjmV KoÊ`mgma»`mAmhoV.

B qM. J. H$d} : BVa AZoH$ emóm§à_mUo bmoH$gm{hË` hohr nmíMmË` n§{S>Vm§Zr EH$ Aä`mgZr`emó ~Z{dbo Amho, Ago bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Z_yX H$ê$Z ""nwamVZ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambobo d~hþYm Vm|S>r Agbobo dmL²>_`, JmUr, åhUr, H$moS>r `m§Zm bmoH$gm{hË` Ago åhUVm oB©b Aer Amnbry{_H$m _m§S>br Amho.

B S>m°. Zm. Jmo. Zm§XmnyaH$a : `m§À`m _Vo, ""bmoH$m§Zr {Z_m©U Ho$bobo Am{U _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo àmáPmbobo Oo dmL²>_` åhUOo bmoH$gm{hË` hmo . `m gm{hË`mMm H$Vm© bmoH$M AgVmV. Vr AkmV AembmoH$_mZgmVrb ì`ŠVr AgVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zr Ho$bobo, bmoH$^mfoV Ho$bobo Am{U bmoH$m§À`m na§naoZoMmbV Ambobo Oo dmL²>_` VoM bmoH$dmL²>_` hmo .'' Aer ì`m»`m XoD$Z `m dmL²>_`mV bmoH$H$Wm,H$hmÊ`m, CImUo, bmoH$JrVo `m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho.

B S>m°. gamo{OZr ~m~a : `m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Amnbo _V ì`ŠV H$aVmZm ""{d{dYàH$mam§À`m Om{Vd§V ñda{dbmgm§Zr {eUJmabobo d A{e{jVm§Zr {H${VH$ dfmª_mJo aMbo AgVmhr Ho$dinmR>m§VamÀ`m ~imda {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm Amnë`m ZdZdmoÝ_ofe{bZr VoOmZo nwT>À`m {nT>rbm CÎmo{OV H$aUmaoVo bmoH$gm{hË`'' Aer bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m {Xbr Amho.

B S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o : `m§Zr ""bmoH$gm{hË`mV bmoH$à{V oMm Am{dîH$ma AgVmo. VgoM bmoH$m§À`mnma§n[aH$ OrdZmMm g§X © XS>bobm AgVmo. bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma AgVo. Ë`mVyZg_mO_mZg A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo.'' Ago bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.

EH§$XarV nmíMmË` Am{U ^maVr`m§Zr Ho$boë`m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m ì`m»`m bjmV KoVë`m Va AgobjmV oVo H$s, bmoH$gm{hË` hr EH$ AZm{_H$m§Mr AZm{_H$ Aer bmoH$OrdZmMm, bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMm,bmoH$_mZgmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Am{dîH$ma H$aUmar _Zmohar Aer emãX Am{U emãXoVa H$bm Amho. VrAm{X_ _mZdmMm àdmg dV©_mZ _mZdmVhr gwb^ Am{U gwIH$a H$aVo d bmoH$_Zmbm ^{dî`mÀ`m

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doXrda ZoD$Z R>odVo. na§nam Am{U ZdVoMm EH$ AZmoIm g§J_ bmoH$gm{hË`mV AgVmo. H$mbnaËdo ì`ŠVr,g_mO OrdZmÀ`m ~XbmMm ñdrH$ma ho gm{hË` H$aVo d g_J« bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVrbm A{^ì`ŠVH$aVo.

1.5 bmoH$gm{hË` : g§km d AW©

"bmoH$gm{hË`' hr A{bH$S>À`m H$mbI§S>mV {deofËdmZo Joë`m 30, 40 dfm©V AÜ``Z AÜ`mnZm§Vrê$ibobr, ê$T> Pmbobr d emóewÕ Aä`mg {df` Pmbobr g§km-g§H$ënZm Amho. H$mimÀ`m AmoKm_Ü o`m g§H$ënZoMo Ñï>r Am{U Ñ{ï>H$moUmZwgma AW© {ZpíMV hmoV Jobo Am{U bmoH$gm{hË`mä`mgmbm OJ^aMmbZm {_imbr.

_amR>rV "bmoH$gm{hË`' hr g§km Folklore `m B§J«Or eãXmgmR>r dmnabr Jobobr d ê$T> Pmbobrg§km Amho. 'Folklore' hr g§km 1847 gmbr {dë`_ Om°Z Wm°åg `mZo g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>rbmJUmè`m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m gm_J«rgmR>r gd©àW_ dmnabobr g§km Amho. Wm°ågZo hr g§km dmnaÊ`mnydu`m gm_J«rbm (bm¡{H$H$ nwamUna§nam) 'Popular Anti questies' Ago g§~moYbo OmV Ago. nwamVÎdemómMr gm_J«r åhUyZM `m gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmV hmoVm. Om°Z {dë`_ Wm°åg hm XoIrb EH$nwamVÎddoVm hmoVm. `m Aä`mgH$mZo bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo, {d{YZmQ>ç, bmoH$ZmQ>ç, åhUr, àho{bH$m,H$moS>r, AhmUo, CImUo `m ~amo~aM ê$T>r, lÕm, g_OwVr, na§nam `m{edm` bmoH$OrdZmVrb Z¥Ë`,{eën, {MÌ, CËgd, gUdma, doJdoJiçm H$m¡eë`m§Zr wŠV Aem `m gd© gm_J«rMm g_mdoe 'Folklore'

`m g§koV Ho$bm hmoVm. g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r Cn wŠV Aer Or gm_J«r, Ë`m gm_J«rbmM Ë`mZo hr g§kmdmnabr hmoVr. _amR>rV 'Folklore' m g§kogmR>r AmO "bmoH$gm{hË`' hr g§km ê$T> Pmbobr Agbr Var mg§koMm- g§H$ënZoMm AW© Ë`mMr g§Hw${MVVm Am{U ì`mnH$Vm bjmV KoD$Z Aä`mgH$m§Zr H$mhr g§kmdmnaë`m Ë`m bjmV KoUoXoIrb `m Aä`mgmÀ`m {dH$mg {dñVmamÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo Amho.

_hmamï´>mV bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ Am{U Ë`m{df`rMo boIZ 1858 nmgyZ gwê$ Pmbo Agbo Var{Za{Zamiçm bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mam§Zm nm[a^m{fH$ g§km dmnaÊ`mg gwê$dmV {dgmì`m eVH$mÀ`m Xwgè`mXeH$mnmgyZ Pmbobr {XgVo. 1920 gmbr B{VhmgmMm © {d. H$m. amOdmS>o m§Zr "bmoH$JrV' hm nm[a^m{fH$eãX "gÁOZJS>mdaMo EH$ bmoH$JrV' `m boImV dmnabm. VgoM "bmoH$H$Wm' Agm eãXhr Ë`m§ZrM àW_1925 gmbr {b{hboë`m "gy ©Zmam`UmMr H$hmUr d gy ©d«V' `m boImV dmnabm. nwT>o _hmamï´> gm{hË`n{ÌHo$Mo g§nmXH$ Zm. Jmo. MmnoH$a `m§Zr n{ÌHo$V bmoH$JrV d bmoH$H$Wm à{gÕ H$ê$Z `m g§km ê$T>H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. `mM Xaå`mZ {deofV: 1930 gmbr e§. Jmo. XmVo `m§Mo "bmoH$H$Wm' ho nwñVH$à{gÕ Pmbo. _. _. XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma `m§Zr `m nwñVH$mbm àñVmdZm {b{hbr Amho. `m àñVmdZoVË`m§Zr 'Folklore' Mo mfm§Va åhUyZ "bmoH${dÚm' hr g§km dmnabr. {dë`_ Wm°åg m§Zr gm§{JVboë`mgm_J«rMm g_mdoe "bmoH${dÚm' `m g§koV H$aVm oB©b Ago nmoVXmam§Zm dmQ>V hmoVo. na§Vw nmoVXmam§Mr hrg§km Ver ê$T> hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. "{dÚm' hm eãX g§ñH¥$V "{dX²' åhUOo OmUUo `mnmgyZ V`ma Pmbobm

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AgyZ `m eãXmMm AW© kmZ Agm Amho. Am{U hm eãX ê$T> H$amdm Agm AmJ«hhr qM. J. H$d} `m§ZrYabm hmoVm. hr g§km _mÌ ê$T> hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. `mM Xaå`mZ qhXr_Ü o H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr Folkore

gmR>r H$mhr nm[a^m{fH$ g§km dmnaë`m. n§{S>V am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r `m§Zr "J«m_gm{hË`' Aer g§km dmnabr;Va dmgwXod eaU AJ«dmb `m§Zr "bmoH$dmVm©' `m g§kogmR>r 'Folkore' hm n`m© g§kogmR>r gwM{dbm.H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m` m§Zr "bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr' hr g§km A{YH$ mo½` Amho Ago _V _m§S>bo. Va S>m°. gwZr{VHw$_maMQ>Ou `m§Zr ~m¡Õ g§àXm`mVrb "hrZ`mZ', "_hm`mZ', "dO« mZ' `m g§km§À`m YVuda "bmoH$`mZ' Aern`m©`r g§km 'Folklore' `m g§kogmR>r ~Z{dbr. na§Vw hr g§kmhr ê$T> hmoD$ eH$br Zmhr. _amR>rVrbbmoH$gm{hË`mMo EH$ JmT>o Aä`mgH$ am. qM T>oao `m§Zrhr "bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr' Aer g§km 'Folklore' `m B§J«Org§kogmR>r dmnabr. `m{edm` Ë`m§Zr 'Foklore studies' gmR>r "bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr{df`H$ AÜ``Z' Aemì`mnH$ AWm©Mr g§km gy{MV Ho$br. _. _. XÎmmo dm_Z nmoVXma `m§Zr Or "bmoH${dÚm' g§km gwM{dbr hmoVrË`mgmR>r "bmoH$dmL²>_`' Aer g§kmhr àMmamV Ambr. "bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ê$naoIm' `m J«§WmV XwJm©^mJdV `m§Zr 'Folklore' gmR>r dmnabobr "bmoH$gm{hË`' hr g§kmhr àMmamV Ambr.

EH§$XarV _amR>rV 'Folklore' `m B§J«Or g§kogmR>r bmoH$dmL²>_`, bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH${dÚm,bmoH$gm{hË` Aem H$mhr g§km n`m© r g§km åhUyZ Amë`m. `mn¡H$s H$moUVm eãX dmnamdm `mMr MMm©H$aVmZm AZgy m {b_ o m§Zr Amnë`m "KmQ>mdarb l{_H$m§Mr JrVo' m nwñVH$mV m g§km§{df`r {b{hVmZmåhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""bmoH$dmL²>_`mbm "bmoH$dmL²>_`' åhUmdo H$s, "bmoH$gm{hË`' åhUmdo H$s, "bmoH${dÚm'Aerhr EH$ MMm© {dÛmZm§À`m boIm§_YyZ Amnë`mbm AmT>iyZ oB©b. lmì` qH$dm ~mobr ñdê$nmV MmbVAmbobo dmUrMo åhUyZ "bmoH$dmL²>_`' ho Zmd gmW© AmhoM; na§Vw bmoH$dmL²>_` hr g§km {df`mMr ì`mßVr_`m©{XV H$aVo Ago XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Mo åhUUo Amho. "bmoH$gm{hË`' `m eãXmV bmoH$dmL²>_`mà_mUoMbmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$mMma BË`mXtMmhr A§V^m©d hmoVmo. "bmoH${dÚm' hohr AgoM ì`mnH$ d B§J«Or 'Folklore'

eãXmMo ^mfm§Va Amho.'' AZgy m {b_ o `m§À`m `m {ddoMZmdê$Zhr 'Folklore' `m eãXmgmR>rMohr ho_amR>r n`m© g§{X½YVm {Z_m©U H$aVmZm {XgVmV. Ago Agbo Var _amR>rV bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbmOoìhmnmgyZ àma§ Pmbm VoìhmnmgyZ Folklore gmR>r {Za{Zamio eãX gwM{dÊ`mV Ambo Agbo Var"bmoH$dmL²>_`' Am{U "bmoH$gm{hË`' `m nm[a^m{fH$ g§km {dH$ënmZo dmnaÊ`mV Amboë`m AmhoV Ago{XgVo. Ë`mVhr "bmoH$gm{hË`' hmM nm[a^m{fH$ eãX {deofËdmZo dmnaÊ`mV Ambm Amho Ago AmT>iVo.nwT>o _w§~B© amÁ` emgZmZo 1956 gmbr à{gÕ Ho$boë`m "_hmamï´> bmoH$gm{hË` _mbm' `m nwñVH$mÀ`màñVmdZoV 'Folklore' gmR>r "bmoH$gm{hË`' hr nm[a^m{fH$ g§km dmnabr. `m g§koÀ`m g§X^m©V "_hmamï´>bmoH$gm{hË` g{_VrMo AÜ`j qM. J. H$d} `m§Zr nmpíM_mË` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`memóewÕ Aä`mg na§naoMo {ddoMZ H$aV Folkore gmR>r "bmoH$gm{hË`' hrM g§km dmnabr Amho, Am{UAmO `m g§koMmM dmna AÜ``Z, AÜ`mnZ Am{U g§emoYZmV hmoVmo Amho. Voìhm `m g§koVrb "bmoH$' d"gm{hË`' `m nXmMm AW©hr `m Aä`mgmÀ`m ì`mßVr d _`m©Xm§À`m Ñï>rZo g_OmdyZ KoUo {VVHo$M _hÎdmMoAmho.

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1.5.1 bmoH$gm{hË` `m g§koVrb "bmoH$'

bmoH$gm{hË` hm EH$ gm_m{gH$ eãX Amho. "bmoH$' Am{U "gm{hË`' `m XmoZ nXm§À`m g§ moJmZo Vmo~Zbobm AgyZ Ë`mVrb "bmoH$' ho nX 'Folk' gmR>r Va "gm{hË`' ho nX 'lore' gmR>r dmnabo Amho.bmoH$gm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo m§Zr ""bmoH$ åhUOo XmoZ qH$dm XmoZmnojm A{YH$ ì`ŠVtMmg_yh, Á`mV d§e, ^mfm, ì`dgm`, Y_© `mn¡H$s EH$ qH$dm A{YH$ g_mZVËdo AgVmV. Ë`m§Mo `mVÎdmÀ`m qH$dm VÎdm§À`m g§X^m©V ñdV:Mr Aer {Zamir na§nam AgVo.'' ho A°bZ S>§S>og `m§Mo {dYmZAYmoao{IV H$ê$Z bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb "bmoH$' Mr g§H$ënZm ñnï> Ho$br Amho. Va S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo `m§ZrbmoH$gm{hË`mVrb "bmoH$' Mm AW© gm§JVmZm, "bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb bmoH$ gm_m{OH$ g_yhmnojm doJimAgVmo; Ë`m§À`m EH$Ì oÊ`m_mJo g_mZ gm¢X © ^mdZoMo VËd AgVo. `m{edm` Zr{Vemó, VÎdkmZ, ^mfmhr _hÎdmMr VÎdohr {dgaVm oV ZmhrV. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb g_yh_Z V`ma ìhm`bm àm_w»`mZo g_mZgm¢X © ^mdZm Amdí`H$ AgVo.'' Ago _V ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho. bmoH$m{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o`m§Zrhr "bmoH$' eãXmV Aem OZg_yhmMm g_mdoe AgVmo, Oo IoS>çmV qH$dm ehamV amhVmV. Á`m§ZmñdV:À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§naoMo d d¡{eï>çm§Mo ^mZ AgVo. Oo na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo OrdZ OJVmV. hrna§nam _m¡{IH$ ñdê$nmV EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rn`ªV MmbV `oVo. Ë`m§Mo OrdZ ghO Am{Uñdm^m{dH$ AgVo Ago gm§{JVbo Amho. S>m°. Vmam ^mdiH$a `m§Zrhr ""bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb "bmoH$' eãX_mZdg_yh `m AWm©Mm Amho. _mÌ hm _mZdg_yh gm§ñH¥${VH$Ñï>çm EH$mM àH$maMm Ano{jV Amho.'' Ago"bmoH$' `m g§koÀ`m g§X^m©V Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.

"bmoH$' `m eãXmMr ^maVr` na§nam bjmV KoVbr Va "bmoH$' `m nXmMm AW© Aä`mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZoA{YH$ ñnï> hmoV OmVmo. "bmoH$ hm eãX {gÕm§VH$m¡_wÔrV g§ñH¥$VmVrb bmoH$ XeZo YmVynmgyZ {ZînÞPmë`mMo Xe©{dbo Amho. `m YmVyMm AW© "nmhUo' Agm hmoVmo. `mdê$Z "bmoH$' `m eãXmMm AW© nmhUmam,nmhÊ`mMo H$m © H$aUmam OZg_wXm` Agm Ho$bm Amho. F$½doXmV hm eãX OZgm_mÝ` `m AWm©Zo AZoH${R>H$mUr Ambm Amho. bmoH$ `m eãXmgmR>r "OZ' `m eãXmMm dmnahr F$½doXmV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Ho$bobm{XgVmo. `m{edm` F$½doXmVrb nwéfgwŠVmV hm eãX "OZ' Am{U "ñWmZ' `m XmoÝhr AWm©Zo dmnabm Amho.Va Aï>mÜ`m`rH$V} nm{UZtZo "Aï>mÜ`m`r'_Ü o "bmoH$' Am{U "gd©bmoH$' `m nXmMm C„oI Ho$bm Amho. `mnXm§Zm àË`` bmdyZ bm¡{H$H$ Am{U gmd©bm¡{H$H$ ho eãX {gÕ Ho$bo AmhoV. daê$MtZr Amnë`m dm{V©H$mVyZhr"bmoH$' hm eãX dmnabm Amho. Va ^aVmÀ`m ZmQ>çemómVrb Mm¡Xmì`m AÜ`m`mV ZmQ>çY_u Am{UbmoH$Y_u àd¥ÎmrMr MMm© Ho$br Amho. _hm^maVmVhr {Za{Zamiçm {df`m§Mr MMm© H$aVmZm bmoH$m§Mr dU©ZoAmbr AmhoV. `m{edm` ^maVmV Am`mªMo AmJ_Z Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`m§Zr oWrb Am }Îma O_mVrer g§Kf©H$ê$Z doX Z _mZUmè`m§Zm "bmoH$' Agm eãX dmnabm Amho. hm eãX d¡{XH$ Am ©bmoH$m§nojm {^Þ Aemg_yhmMm {ZXe©H$ åhUyZM oWo Ambm Amho. g_«mQ> AemoH$mÀ`m {ebmboImVhr "bmoH$' hm eãX ì`mnH$AWm©Zo dmnaÊ`mV Ambm Amho. oWo Ë`mMm AW© "g_ñV àOm' Agm Amho. AmOhr bmoH$gÎmm, bmoH$emhr`m eãXm§_Ü o ho nX g_ñV àOm, gd© bmoH$ `m AWm©ZoM dmnaÊ`mV oVo.

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A{bH$S>o bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr "bmoH$' `m nXmMm AW© "J«m_rUg_mO' qH$dm "Agmja OZg_mO' Agm Ho$bm Amho. Ë`m§À`m _VmZwgma Agm g_mO gwg§ñH¥$V, ZmJag_mOmnmgyZ Xya AgVmo. Ë`m§À`mnojm {Zamio Am{U na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo OrdZ OJVmo. nma§n[aH$Vm hm`m g_mOOrdZmMm _hÎdmMm {deof AgVmo.

`m{edm` "bmoH$' hr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVmZm EÝgm`Šbmonr{S>`m {~«Q>m{ZH$m `m J«§WmV Folk `meãXmMm AW© AàJV, Ag§ñH¥$V, A{dH${gV bmoH$g_yh Agm Ho$bobm Amho. MmB©ëS>, {H$Q>arO, {gO{dbJw_oa, byZr nm¡S> `m nmíMmË` _mZdd§e emókm§Zrhr EÝgm`Šbmonr{S>`mÀ`m AWm©MrM ar AmoT>br Amho.bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb "bmoH$' m nXmÀ`m AW©ÀN>Q>m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU _m[a`m brM m§À`m Standard Dictionary

of Folklore legend and Mythology `m H$mofmV, "bmoH$' (Folk) åhUOo J«m_rU qH$dm ZmJa ^mJmVamhUmam OZg_yh Á`m§Zm Ë`m§Mr ñdV:Mr Aer {Zamir na§nam AgVo. ñdV:À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nam§_wioAm{U nma§n[aH$ OrdZ nÕVr_wio Vmo OZg_yh {Zamim C_Qy>Z {XgVmo. Agm OZg_yh åhUOo "bmoH$' `mOZg_yhmVrb ì`ŠVrMo OrdZ AH¥${f` AgyZ {ZgJm©bm A{YH$ OdiMo AgVo. Ë`m§À`mV g_yh^mdZoMoàmYmÝ` AgVo Ago Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. _hmamï´> eãXH$moemV hr "bmoH$' åhUOo OZ, _Zwî`, _mZdOmV,g_mO, dJ©{d{eï> g_mO g§K, OmV, amï´>, Xoe, amÁ`, àm§V, OJmMm ^mJ, {díd Ago AW© gm§{JVboAmhoV.

EH§$XarV bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb bmoH$ dm Folk hr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVr` Am{U nmíMmË` na§naoVdmnabobr g§km hr EH$m {d{eï> yàXoemVrb gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ EH$Ëd AgUmè`m _mZdg_yhmbm CÔoeyZ dmnabobr g§km Amho. ho XmoÝhrhr eãX g_yhdmMH$ AmhoV. m g§koV OrdZgaUr{df`rMrEH$g§YVm Ano{jV AgVo. {d{eï> àXoemV amhUmam, {d{eï> g§ñH¥$VrZo ~m§Ybobm Am{X_ g§ñH¥$Vrer ZmVogm§JUmam àmMrZ H$mimVrb AZoH$ Adeof Amnë`m àJV AdñWoVhr {Q>H$dyZ R>odbobm Agm "bmoH$' `mg§koMm AW© bmoH$gm{hË`mV Ano{jV AgVmo.

1.5.2 bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb "gm{hË`' g§H$ënZm

AmVmn ªV AmnU bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb "bmoH$' hr g§H$ënZm {dñVmamZo bjmV KoVbr. AmVm AmnUbmoH$gm{hË`mVrb "gm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm d {VMm AW© bjmV KoUma AmhmoV.

bmoH${dÚm, bmoH$dmL²>_`, bmoH$gm{hË` `m g§koVrb n{hbo nX "bmoH$' Amho. Am{U bmoH$Mm AW©AmnU bjmV KoVbm. `m eãXm§Vrb Xwgao nX dmL²>_`, {dÚm, gm{hË` Ago Amho. ho eãX H$moUË`mAWm©Zo dmnabo OmVmV ho nmhUohr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo _hÎdmMo Amho.

"bmoH${dÚm' `m eãXmVrb "{dÚm' `m nXmÀ`m g§X^m©V ~mobm`Mo Pmbo Va {dÚm åhUOo {d{eï>AÜ``Z gm_J«rÀ`m AmYmao àmá hmoUmao kmZ. Mma doX, B{Vhmg, nwamU Aer àmMrZ H$mimVrb {dÚm§MrgyMr ì`mnH$ Amho. X. dm. nmoVXmam§À`m "bmoH${dÚm' `m eãXmVrb "{dÚm' `m nXmMm AW©hr AgmM

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ì`mnH$ Amho. bmoH${dÚm à_mUoM bmoH$dmL²>_` Aer EH$ ê$T> Pmbobr g§km Amho. B§J«Or_Ü o dmL²>_`Am{U gm{hË` `m eãXmgmR>r Literature Agm eãX ê$T> Amho. _amR>r_Ü o "gm{hË`' Am{U "dmL²>_`'Ago XmoZ eãX ê$T> AmhoV. Vgo B§J«OrV ZmhrV. B§J«OrVrb Folklrore gmR>r _mÌ _amR>rV AmnU H$YrdmL²>_` Va H$Yr gm{hË` ho eãX dmnaVmo. ho XmoÝhrhr eãX EH$mM AWm©Mo ZgyZ Ë`mV \$aH$ Amho.dmL²>_` hr g§km gO©ZmË_H$ Am{U emór` d¡Mm[aH$ Aem g_J« gm_J«rgmR>r dmnaUo Amdí`H$ Amho.dmL²>_` hm eãX B§J«OrVrb 'Lore' `m eãXmÀ`m AWm©Odi OmUmam Agbm Var Lore eãXmÀ`m gd©AW©ÀN>Q>m `m eãXmVyZ àH$Q> hmoV ZmhrV. Ioi, {dYr, H$bm `m§Mm A§V^m©d Ë`m g§koV hmoV Zmhr. VoìhmàM{bV Aä`mgmV bmoH$dmL²>_` Aer g§km dmnabr Var Vr n[anyU© Zmhr. B§J«OrVrb Folklore `meãXmgmR>r XwJm© ^mJdVm§Zr "bmoH$gm{hË`' Aer g§km dmnabr Am{U AmO Vr ê$T> Pmbr. bmoH$gm{hË``mVrb "gm{hË`' eãX B§J«OrVrb Lore `m eãXmgmR>r n`m© åhUyZ Ambobm Amho. Varhr Folklore `meãXmÀ`m gd© N>Q>m "gm{hË`' eãXmVyZ ì`ŠV hmoV ZmhrV. XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zr gm{hË` eãX Lore MoeãXe: ^mfm§Va åhUyZ dmnabobm Zmhr, Va g§ñH¥$V_Ü o Á`m AWm©Zo gm{hË` eãX dmnabm OmVmo Ë`mAWm©Zo Vmo dmnabobm Amho. gm{hË` hr g§km g§ñH¥$V gm{hË`emómV H$Wm, H${dVm, ZmQ>H$, H$mX§~ar,BË`mXr gO©ZmË_H$ gm_J«rgmR>r dmnabr OmVo. g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emómV H$mì` hm eãX nÚ `m g§Hw${MVAWm©Zo dmnabobm Zmhr. Va Ë`mMm AW© ì`mnH$ Amho. g_J« gm{hË` `m AWm©Zo "H$mì`' `m eãXmMmdmna Ho$bm OmVmo. g§ñH¥$V_Ü o H$mì` åhUOo gO©ZmË_H$ gm_J«r. XwJm© ^mJdVm§Zr `mM AWm©Zo gm{hË`eãX dmnabm. na§Vw S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>|Zm _mÌ hm AW© _mÝ` ZgyZ gm{hË` `m nXmV Lore `m B§J«OreãXmÀ`m gd© AW©ÀN>Q>m Zgë`m Var "gm{hË`' `m nXmMm Lore hmM AW© KoUo Vo wŠV _mZVmV.

1.6 bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr

bmoH$gm{hË` `m g§H$ënZoMr ì`mnH$Vm nmíMmË` Am{U ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr H$er ì`ŠV Ho$brAmho, ho AmnU AmVmn ªVÀ`m {ddoMZmV bjmV KoVbo Amho. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mbmbmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMm Am{dîH$ma åhQ>bo Amho. H$maU bmoH$gm{hË`mMm {dMma Ë`mVrb "bmoH$' m g§H$ënZo{edm`H$aVmM oV Zmhr. bmoH$m§À`m OrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrMr Zm|X åhUOoM bmoH$gm{hË` dm EImÚm g_mOmMrOJÊ`mMr arV åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr. lÕm, ào_, AmXa, dmËgë`, namonH$ma hr g§ñH¥$VrMr _yë`o AmhoV. hrOrdZmMr mdmË_H$ ~mOy Amho. bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$OrdZmer, bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vrer {ZJ{S>V AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË`Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mm AË §V OdiMm g§~§Y AgVmo. Voìhm bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr `m XmoZg§H$ënZm d Ë`m§Mo nañna g§~§Y bjmV KoVë`m{edm` `mMr H$ënZm oUma Zmhr.

H$moUË`mhr g_yhmÀ`m JaOm§n¡H$s AÞ, dó, {Zdmam d d§egmVË` `m emar[aH$ JaOm hmoV. H$bmAm{U gm{hË` `m Ë`m§À`m _ZmÀ`m JaOm hmoV. _ZmMr hr JaO gm§ñH¥${VH$ bmoH$m{dîH$mamVyZ nyU© hmoVo.bmoH$m{dîH$mamMr g_J«Vm ho bmoH$gm{hË`mMo _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç Amho. H$maU _Zwî` hm g§ñH¥$Vr {Z_m©UH$aUmam àmUr Amho. g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZdmMr ñdV:Mr {Z{_©Vr Amho. g§ñH¥$Vr{dhrZ _mZd Aer H$ënZm

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H$aVm oV Zmhr. _Zwî` hm ~wÕrOrdr àmUr Amho. ~w{Õ_ÎmoÀ`m Omoamda Vmo OrdZmMm AW© bmdÊ`mMmà`ËZ H$aVmo Am{U g§ñH¥$Vrbm AmH$ma XoVmo.

g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ Jw§VmJw§VrMr g§H$ënZm Agbr Var hr g§H$ënZm _mZdr ì`ŠVrËd Am{U OrdZ `m§Zmg_¥ÕVm XoVo. Vr qMVZ Am{U H$bmË_H$ gO©ZmMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. _mZdr _yë`m§Zm A{Yð>mZ àmá H$ê$ZXoÊ`mMo H$m_ g§ñH¥$Vr H$aVo. Q>m`ba `m Aä`mgH$mÀ`m _Vo, "kmZ, {dœmg, H$bm, AmMma, {dYr, arVrAm{U {OÀ`mV AZoH$ Jmoï>r gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm AgVo Vr g§ñH¥$Vr hmo .'' na§naoH$Sy>Z ñdrH$mabobog§{MV, AZw d Am{U ì`dhma, _mZ{gH$ Am{U {H«$`mË_H$ ì`dhma `m gdmªMm g_mdoe g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo.g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o d§ena§naoZo Ambobo H$pënV dmñVd, dñVy, V§ÌH$m¡eë`, ê$T>r, YmaUm, kmZ Am{U _yë`m§MmA§V^m©d hmoVmo. S>m°. BamdVr H$d} `m§Zr ""g§ñH$manyU© d g§ñH$ma_` OrdZ OJÊ`mMr XoeH$mb{d{eï> arV(OrdZnÕVr d OrdZ_yë`) åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr.'' Aer g§ñH¥$VrMr ì`m»`m {Xbr Amho. g§ñH¥$Vr hrg§H$ënZm ~XbVr AgVo Ago {ddoMZ H$aVmZm S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo åhUVmV, ""g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZdrOrdZmbm ì`mnyZ am{hbobr Jmoï> Amho. `m g§ñH¥$VrÛmao _mZd Amnë`m ^modVmbÀ`m gd© KQ>H$m§erg_m`moOZ H$arV AgVmo. g^modVmbÀ`m H$mhr Jmoï>tMm A§JrH$ma H$ê$Z Zì`m g§ñH¥$VrMr Vmo OS>UKS>UH$aVmo. g§ñH¥$VrH$aUmMr hr à{H«$`m AI§S>nUo gwê$ AgVo. H$Xm{MV Ë`mbm AmnU Zì`m g§ñH¥$VrMmñdrH$ma H$arV AmhmoV `mMr OmUrd hmoV Zgob, nU Ooìhm Vmo {^Þ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g§nH$m©V oVmo VoìhmË`mÀ`m bjmV oVo H$s, AmnU ~XbË`m H$mim~amo~a Iyn ~XbyZ Jobmo AmhmoV.'' Voìhm g§ñH¥$Vr hr EH$ì`mnH$ g§H$ënZm Amho ho `m {ddoMZmdê$Z bjmV oB©b. gm_y{hH$ nmVirda dmdaUmè`m YmaUm,gm_m{OH$ ì`dhma, ê$T>r, na§nam, àWm `m gmè`m Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo. Amnbo {dMmaà`moOZ, _yë o `m gd© Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo. g§ñH¥$Vr hr g_yhmZwê$n ~XbVo. Vr _mZdrOrdZmbm ì`mnyZ Q>mH$Umar g§H$ënZm Amho. g_yhmÀ`m nmVirda Vr EH$M EH$ AgV Zmhr Va {VMoñdê$n {^Þ {^Þ AgVo. Vr gVV ~XbUmar à{H«$`m Amho.

Aem `m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMr H$ënZm bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ oVo, H$maU bmoH$gm{hË` hog_yh_ZmÀ`m ^md^mdZm d {dMma `m§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr AgVo. Ë`mVyZ bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>Vo.bmoH$gm{hË`mV ~XbË`m OrdZYmaUm§_Ü o hr {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr Agë`m_wio EImXm bmoH$g_yhË`mMo nma§n[aH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ {deof m§Mo OVZ Ho$bo OmVo Am{U m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U nma§n[aH$ {deofm§À`mAmYmaoM bmoH$gm{hË` bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>{dVo. åhUyZM Vo bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AÜ``ZmMo EH$ _hÎdnyU©gmYZ ~ZVo. qH$~hwZm bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo eãXê$n Amho. hr OmUrd R>odyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mMmAä`mg AmVm {deofËdmZo hmoD$ bmJbm Amho. H$maU bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr hr àH¥$Vrer A{YH$ g§~§Y amhÿZdmT>Umar g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo. Vr ZmJag§ñH¥$VrÀ`mhr A{YH$ {ZH$Q> Zm§XUmar g§ñH¥$Vr AgVo. ZmJag§ñH¥$Vr hrbmoH$g§ñH¥$VrVrb AZoH$ bmoH${à` JmoîQ>tda Amnë`m {deofm§Mo g§ñH$ma H$éZ Ë`m§Zm Amnë`mV gm_mdyZKoÊ`mMr YS>nS> H$aV AgVo. bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U ZmJag§ñH¥$Vr Aem C^`{dY g§ñH¥$VrMr XodmU-KodmU

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gVV Mmby AgVo Am{U `m§Mo eãXê$n åhUOo bmoH$gm{hË`. åhUyZM am. qM. T>oao `m§Zr "bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMoCnmgH$' `m nwñVH$mV ""bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr hr ZmJag§ñH¥$VrMr à`moJemim Amho.'' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vrer bmoH$gm{hË`mMm BVH$m K{Zï> g§~§Y Amho H$s, OÝ_mnmgyZ _¥Ë yn ªVMo OrdZg§ñH$ma,gU-CËgd, `mÌm-OÌm, H$bm-H«$sS>m, Xod-Y_© `m bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m gd© A§Jm§er Ë`mMm A§J yV Agmg§~§Y AgVmo. bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo gd©ñd Amho. bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$OrdZmbm gm_½ «mZoJdgUr KmbUmao Agë`m_wio Ë`mV bmoH$m§À`m ^md-^mdZm, BÀN>m-AmH$m§jm, gwI-Xw:Io, lÕm-YmaUm, amJ-Ûof, AmMma-{dMma AZmd¥V ñdê$nmV ì`ŠV hmoV AgVmV. åhUyZM ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrÀ`mnyOH$m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo à_wI J_H$ _mZbo. AWm©V BWo bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr`m§Mm ghg§~§Y bjmV KoV AgVmZm EH$ Jmoï> AmdOy©Z bjmV KoVbr nm{hOo Vr åhUOo bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZbmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>V Agbo Var bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr Zìho. bmoH$gm{hË`m{edm`BVahr AZoH$ Am{dîH$mamVyZ bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>V AgVo. am. {M§. T>oao `m§À`m _Vo bmoH$gm{hË`Am{U bmoH$mMma ho bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AÜ``ZmMo àmW{_H$ d à_wI gmYZ Amho. bmoH$Y_m©Mo, bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMoà{gÕ Aä`mgH$ S>m°. dmgwXodeaU AJ«dmb `m§Zrhr bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mm ghg§~§YVnmgV AgVmZm bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mnH$Vm ñnï> Ho$br Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo ""bmoH$dmVm© EH$ Or{dVemóh¡Ÿ& bmoH$ H$m {OVZm OrdZ h¡, CVZmhr bmoH$dmVm© H$m {dñVma h¡Ÿ& bmoH$ _o ~ZZodmbm OZ, OZ H$s y{_Am¡a m¡{VH$ OrdZ VWm Vrgao ñWmZ _o Cg OZ H$s g§ñH¥${V BZ VrZm| joÌ _| bmoH$ Ho$ nwao kmZ H$m A§V^m©dhmoVm h¡Ÿ& Am¡a bmoH$dmVm© H$m g§~§Y ^r CÝhr Ho$ gmW h¡Ÿ&

bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr~Ôb S>m°. eaX ì`dhmao åhUVmV, ""bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m àdmhmV AZoH$ A§V:àdmh ghOnUo{_gibo AmhoV. H¥${fdbm§Mr OrdZYmam, ^Q>Š`m bmoH$g_yhmMr OrdZYmam, nma§n[aH$ bmoH$g§ñWm§MoOrdZ{deof, J«m_aMZoVrb nma§n[aH$ ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mr OrdZYmam, _m¡{IH$ dmL²>_`mMm A§V:àdmhË`mMà_mUo bmoH$H$bm B. A§V:àdmh bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrV Amnbo doJionU, Amnbm "a§J' {_giyZ àdm{hVam{hbobo AmhoV.''

CnamoŠV gd© {ddoMZmdê$Z Amnë`m ho bjmV oVo H$s, bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo EH$ A§JAgyZ bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgmMo gmYZ Amho. bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m àXrK© àdmhmMo Vo Xe©Z KS>{dVo `mVe§H$m Zmhr.

1.7 bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$_mZg

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{X_ _mZdmMr A{^ì`ŠVr AgVo. àma§ rÀ`m AàJV AdñWoVyZ AmOMm _mZdg_mO {dH${gV Pmbm Agbm Var Ë`mÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm A{^ì`ŠVrV Am{X_ A{^ì`ŠVrMo Adeofam{hbobo AgVmV. ho Adeof åhUOoM bmoH$gm{hË` Aer bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§X^m©V H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§MrYmaUm Amho. hr YmaUm bjmV ¿`md`mMr Agob Va bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$_mZg `m§Mm Omo K{Zð>

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g§~§Y Amho Vmo AmnU bjmV KoVbm nm{hOo. ì`ŠVr_Z Agmo AWdm bmoH$_Z Agmo, `m _ZmMm-_mZgmMm {dMma _mZgemókm§Zr Ho$bm Amho. _mZgemómV ì`ŠVt_Ü o {Za{Zamiçm n[apñWVrV {Z_m©UhmoUmè`m _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. ì`ŠVr hr g_mOmVrb {Za{Zamiçm ì`ŠVter g§~ÕAgVo. {VÀ`m gm_m{OH$, dJ©{d{eï> _ZmÀ`m AdñWm§Mo ñdê$n _mZgemókmÀ`m AmYmao VnmgVm oVo.ì`ŠVr Am{U ì`pŠVËd ho g_mOOrdZmV A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo. g_mO_mZgmMm, bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$maì`ŠVrÀ`m A{^ì`ŠVrVyZM hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mV g_yhm{Zð> ì`ŠVrÀ`m BÀN>m-AmH$m§jmMrVgoM Ë`m§À`m _ZmÀ`m {d{dY AdñWm§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmè`mbmoH$_mZgmMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Va bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {deofm§da A{YH$ àH$me nS>Vmo. `m~m~VrV Ama.Ama. _°aoQ> `m§À`m 'Psychology and Folklore' `m J«§WmV Ë`m§Zr Z_yX Ho$bobo _V bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIoAmho. Vo m~m~VrV {b{hVmV H$s, ""bmoH$ g_yhm_Ü o àM{bV Agboë`m ê$T>r, àWm BË`mXr bmoH$gm{hË`àH$mam§À`m _ZmoY_m©Mm Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$maU bmoH$gm{hË`m_YyZ g_yhmÀ`m OrdZmMmAm{dîH$ma Pmbobm AgVmo. bmoH$gm{hË` bmoH$_mZgmMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. H$maU g_yhmbm bmoH$_Z AgVo.bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma Ë`m§Mr ^mfm, nwamUH$Wm, ê$T>r, na§nam, {_W, {_WH$ `m_wio _mUgmMr{dMmaeŠVr {Z §{ÌV hmoVo. Iao Va ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zm_Ü o Agbobm gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm åhUOo bmoH$_mZghmo . S>aImB©_ `m _mZgemókmZo ""bmoH$_Z ho ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zm_Ü o na§namJV MmbV Ambobo bmoH$_ZKQ>H$ê$nmV AgVo.'' Ago Z_yX Ho$bo Amho. Voìhm bmoH$_ZmMr d _mZgmMr g§H$ënZm H$m` Amho ho hrbmoH$gm{hË` d bmoH$_mZg `m§Mm ghg§~§Y dm nañnag§~§Y VnmgÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo g_OmdyZ KoUo JaOoMoAmho.

1.7.1 bmoH$_ZmMr dm bmoH$_mZgmMr g§H$ënZm

bmoH$_ZmMr dm bmoH$_mZgmMr g§H$ënZm hr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmV _hÎdmMr _mZbr Jobobrg§H$ënZm Amho. `m g§H$ënZoVrb "bmoH$' `m g§H$ënZobm VmpÎdH$ A{Yð>mZ àmá H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m_{\$íQ>o d \$moZ hþå~moëQ> `m Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$bo Amho. 1860 gmbr ~°ñQ>rAZ `m Aä`mgH$mZo "bmoH$' `mg§H$ënZobm AmYma yV Agbobr VËdàUmbr _m§S>br d Ebo_oÝQ>ma JoS>m§Ho$Z `m§Zr `m g§~§YrÀ`m {dMmaàUmbrbm ^ŠH$_ AmYma {Xbm. nwT>o bmPmag, ñQ>mB©ÝWmb d {dëho_ dw§Q> `m§Zr `m g§H$ënZoda A{YH$qMVZ H$ê$Z "bmoH$_ZmMo VËd' `m Aä`mgmV àñWm{nV Ho$bo. ñQ>mB©ÝWmb `m§À`m _Vo Va àË oH$ g_yhmbmbmoH$_Z AgVo. g_yhmVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m_Ü o g_mZ OmUrd AgVo. Am{U `m Om{UdoVrb gmå`mMo ^mZhrAgVo. Oo Ë`m§À`m EH$mM nyd©na§naoZo Ë`m§Zm àmá hmoVo. ì`ŠVtÀ`m _Zm_Ü o Agbobo gmå` Am{U `mgmå`mMr Agbobr OmUrd bmoH$_mZgmbm {gÕ H$aVo. ì`ŠVrMr ^mfm, nwamUH$Wm, bmoH$gm{hË`, H$bm,dmL²>_`, Z¡{VH$ H$ënZm, ê$T>r BË`mXt_YyZ bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma hmoVmo Aem H$ënZm ñQ>mB©ÝWmbZoñnï> Ho$ë`m. {d{b`_ dw§Q> `m§Zr Va _mZgemómÀ`m XmoZ emIm AgyZ bmoH$_mZgemó hr EH$ _hÎdmMremIm _mZbr. gd© _mZgì`dhma bmoH$_mZgmZo {Z §{ÌV hmoVmV `m gË`mda Ë`mZo ^a {Xbm. ^mfm, ê$T>r

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Am{U {_Ïg `m_wio _Zwî`mMr {dMmaeŠVr {Z §{ÌV hmoVo d ho VrZ bmoH$_ZmÀ`m Aä`mgmMo à_wI àm§VAmhoV Agohr Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo.

dw§Q> `m§Zr bmoH$_mZgmbm 'Volks geisr' `m g§H$ënZoEodOr Volk seele hr g§H$ënZm dmnabr."\$moH$ JmB©ñQ>' m§Mo ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zm~mhoa ñdV§Ì ApñVËdmV _mZÊ`mV Ambo AgyZ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zmnojm VodoJio AgVo. Ago Ë`mZo J¥hrV Yabo. dw§Q> `m§Zm g_yh_ZmÀ`m ñdV§Ì ApñVËdmMr H$ënZm _mÝ` ZìhVr.åhUyZM Ë`m§Zr g_yh_ZmgmR>r "\$moH$Pobo' hr doJir g§km dmnabr. ì`pŠV_Zo hr bmoH$_ZmMr KQ>H$ê$nAgbr Var Ho$di ì`pŠV_Zm§Mm g_wXm` åhUOo bmoH$_Z Zìho. ì`pŠV_Zm§À`m {H«$`m§nojm bmoH$_Z H$mhrA{YH$ AgVo Ago Ë`m§Zr gm§{JVbo. Omogm` am°B©g m Aä`mgH$mZohr dw§Q>MoM _V ñdrH$mabo d g_yh_ZmÀ`mñdV§Ì d ñdm`Îm ApñVËdmMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm. H$mo~a Am{U ãbwH$ AmoQ>Z `m Aä`mgH$m§Zr "bmoH$_Z'åhUOo ì`pŠV_Zm_Ü o Agbobm gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm Aer bmoH$_ZmMr ì`m»`m XoD$Z Personality in

culture Aer AW©dmhr g§km bmoH$_ZmgmR>r dmnabr. dw§Q>À`m g_H$mbrZ Agboë`m \«$mÝg_Yrb E{_bS>aImB©_ `m Aä`mgH$mZohr bmoH$_Zm{df`r Amnbo {dMma _m§S>VmZm ""àË oH$ ì`ŠVrg XmoZ àH$maÀ`mOmUrdm AgVmV. Ë`mVrb EH$ OmUrd ì`pŠVJV Va Xwgar ì`ŠVtÀ`m ghdmgm_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`mg§~§Ymda AmYmarV AgVo Ago _mZbo. dw§Q>Zo `m VËdmMm AmYma ^mfm AgVo Ago _mZbo. Va S>aImB©_ZoY_m©Mm AmYma KoD$Z hr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br. Ë`m§À`m _Vo g_mOm_Ü o Ago EH$ VËd AgVo H$s Oo ì`ŠVtZm{Z`§{ÌV H$aVo. _mÌ Vo ì`ŠVr_Ü`o KQ>H$ê$nmZo AgVo. àË`oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zm_Ü`o nam§namJV AmbobobmoH$_Z KQ>H$ê$nmV AgVo. Ë`mbmM H$mhr emók g§ñH¥$Vr åhUVmV Ago gm§JyZ Á`m doir ì`ŠVr `mg_yh_Zmer EH$ê$n AgVo Ë`m doir Ë`mZo Ho$bobr {Z{_©Vr hr Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr Z hmoVm bmoH$_ZmMr {Z{_©VrhmoVo. Ë`m {Z{_©Vr_Ü o Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_ZmMo {ZamionU ì`ŠV hmoV Zmhr. Aem ì`ŠVr Á`m§À`m _Zm_Ü oË`mM bmoH$_ZmMm KQ>H$ Amho d Á`m bmoH$_ZmMm KQ>H$ {Z_m©Ë`mÀ`m _Zm_Ü o AgVmo Ë`m gd© ì`ŠVr Vr{Z{_©Vr AmnbrM åhUyZ ñdrH$maVmV. EH§$XarV bmoH$_ZmMr g§H$ënZm VmpËdH$ nmVirda `m {R>H$mUrA{YH$ ì`mnH$nUo {dûco{fV Ho$br Amho. H$maU bmoH$_mZg hr g§H$ënZm bmoH$gm{hË`mä`mgmV pñWaPmbobr g§H$ënZm Amho d `m g§H$ënZoMm AmYma KoD$Z bmoH$gm{hË`mMm A{YH$ dñVw{Zð>nUo,~w{ÕJå`nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b åhUyZ hr g§H$ënZm AmnU A{YH$ {dñVmamZo oWo {dûco{fV Ho$brAmho. `m g§H$ënZoMm AmYma KoD$ZM AmnUmbm bmoH$gm{hË` hm bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma Amho ho{dYmZhr A{YH$ VnerbmZo g_OmdyZ KoVm oB©b.

1.7.2 bmoH$gm{hË` : bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma

àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMo EH$ {dMma{dœ AgVo. Ë`m {dMma{dœmer g§~§{YV H$mhr AmXe© AgVmV. Ë`mVyZMË`mMr OrdZÑï>r V`ma hmoV AgVo. Am{U `m OrdZÑï>rÀ`m _wimer Ë`m ì`ŠVrMm ñdmW© AgVmo. `mñdmWm©À`m nyV©VogmR>r ñdV:À`m kmZ Am{U H$m¡eë`m{edm` BVam§H$Sy>Zhr ì`ŠVrÀ`m H$mhr Anojm AgVmV.`mVyZM ì`ŠVrMo Am{U Xwgè`mÀ`m AmMaUmg§~§YrMo H$mhr _mZX§S> V`ma hmoVmV. Am{U `mMm Am{dîH$ma

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....2

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A{YH$ma Am{U H$V©ì`mÀ`m ê$nmV hmoVmo. `m gdmªÀ`m _wimer Or EH$ {dMmaYmam AgVo; Ë`mVyZM{d{eï> YmaUm, gm_m{OH$ H$ënZm Am{U bmoH$gm{hË` {Z_m©U hmoVo. `m {Z{_©VrV dmñVd Am{U H$ënZm`m§Mo {_lU AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË` Á`m g_mOmÀ`m OrdZmMm Am{dîH$ma AgVo, Vo bmoH$ _mÌ Ë`mbmH$mën{ZH$ g_OV ZmhrV. Va Ë`mbm bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{X_ Am{dîH$ma _mZVmV. åhUyZM bmoH$gm{hË`hr Am{XH$mbmnmgyZ MmbV Amboë`m d àË oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _ZmV KQ>H$ê$nmZo Agboë`m bmoH$_mZgmMrA{^ì`ŠVr AgVo. ê$T>r, na§nam, bmoH${dœmg `mVyZ Am{XH$mbmÀ`m Adeofm§Mm àË`` oVmo. Ë`mgmR>rbmoH$_mZgmMr g§H$ënZm ñdrH$maë`m{edm` m Jmoï>rMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mAä`mgH$mbm bmoH$_mZg hr g§H$ënZm ñdrH$mamdrM bmJVo. Vgo nm{hbo Va bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vrbmd gmVË`mbm bmoH$_mZg hoM _w»` H$maU AgVo. \«$m°B©S> `m _mZgemókmZo gwßV _ZmMr g§H$ënZm_m§S>br. Var _mZdr _ZmMo nyU©nUo ñnï>rH$aU hmoD$ eH$bo Zmhr. H$maU bmoH$_mZgm_Ü o Ago H$mhrbmoH$ «_ d bmoH${dœmg ApñVËdmV AmhoV H$s, Á`m§À`m {Z{_©Vrg§~§Yr d ì`pŠV_Zm_Yrb Ë`m§À`mApñVËdmg§~§Yr {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m àíZm§Mr g_mYmZH$maH$ CÎmao XoVm oV ZmhrV. bmoH$gm{hË`m_Ü o oUmè`mna§nam d ê$T>r `m§Mo CÎma Ho$di \«$m°B©S>Zo _m§S>boë`m gwßV _ZmÀ`m g§H$ënZoVyZ {_iV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>rbmoH$_mZgmMr g§H$ënZm ñdrH$mamdr bmJVoM. \«o$Pagma»`m à ¥VtÀ`m _Vo Va bmoH$_mZg _mZdmbmH$m ©H$maUmg§~§YrMr OmUrd hmoÊ`mnyduM AgVo. Vo JyT> AgVo, Vo A{V^m¡{VH$ eŠVrMm Aml` KoVo.bmoH$_mZg _mZdmÀ`m àmW{_H$ AdñWoV Pmboë`m ghO à{H«$`m§Mo \$bñdê$n Amho Agohr _V m~m~VrV_m§S>bo OmVo. CXm. aVr Am{U ^` `m _mUgmÀ`m _ybàd¥Îmr Ago _mZbo OmVo. `m{edm` g¥ï>rVrb gd©dñVy§dahr bmoH$_mZgmMr d¡{eï>ço AmhoV. åhUyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mbm bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma _mZboAmho. Vo ì`ŠVr {Z{_©V Agbo Var g_yh _Zmer EH$ê$n Agboë`m ì`ŠVrMr Vr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. ì`ŠVrOoìhm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Am{X_ gwßV _Zmer åhUOo bmoH$_Zmer EH$ê$n AgVo Ë`mdoir ì`ŠV hmoUmè`mBÀN>m-AmH$m§jm, md-^mdZm {VÀ`m ì`pŠVJV ZgVmV. Va Vr Á`m g_yhmMm KQ>H$ AgVo. Ë`m g_yhmVrbàË oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m AgVmV. H$maU {VÀ`m _ZmV Am{X_ gwßV_Z `m§Zr ~Zbobo bmoH$_mZg AgVo. Am{UVo g_yhmÀ`m àË oH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zm_Ü o AgVo. AWm©V Ago bmoH$_mZgmMo ApñVËd {gÕ H$aVm oVZgbo Var ì`ŠVrÀ`m H¥${VCŠVr_YyZ Ë`mMm Am{dîH$ma hmoV AgVmo. CXm. bmoH$JrVm§_Yrb {H$VrVarH$ënZm~§Y Ago AgVmV H$s, Á`m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU XoVm oV Zmhr. S>m°. gË |Ð m§Zr "bmoH$gm{hË` {dkmZ' mJ«§WmV bmoH$_mZgmMr {dñVmamZo MMm© Ho$br Amho. bmoH$_mZg ho gd© _mZdmV AgVo. Ho$di Am{XdmgrO_mVrVM bmoH$_mZg AgVo Ago Zmhr. {e{jV, ~w{Õàm_mÊ`dmXr, {dkmZ{Zð>m§À`m ì`pŠV_ZmVhrbmoH$_mZg AgVo. åhUyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg hm bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma Amho Ago _mZboOmVoo. bmoH$_mZgmMo {deof Ë`mVyZ {XgVmV. Vo ì`pŠV{Z{_©V Agbo Var bmoH$_mZgmer EH$ê$n Agboë`mì`pŠV_ZmMr Vr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. Ë`m_wioM Ë`mV ì`ŠV{d{eï>Vm oÊ`mEodOr g_yh{d{eï>Vm oVo. bmoH$H$Wm,bmoH$JrVo, bmoH$Z¥Ë`m§Mm {dMma H$arV AgVmZm Ë`mVyZ {XgUmar g_yh_ZmMr {d{eï>Vm Amnë`m àË``mbmoVo. Ë`m_wioM bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg hm n`m© mZo bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma R>aVmo. AWm©V hm Am{dîH$ma

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Ho$di eãX_mÜ`_mVyZ hmoVmo Ago Zmhr. Va ñda, nXÝ`mg BË`mXr ~amo~aM ê$T>r, {dYr, bmoH$mMma,bmoH${dœmg, bmoH$ «_ BË`mXr AZoH$ _mJmªZr hmoV AgVmo. åhUyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg hm Ho$dibmoH$gm{hË`mnwaVm Z amhVm Vmo bmoH$_mZg Á`m Á`m _mÜ`_mVyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo Ë`mMm Aä`mg R>aVmo.åhUOoM bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg hm bmoH$_mZgmÀ`m Am{dîH$mamMm Aä`mg R>aVmo.

1.8 bmoH$gm{hË`mMr bjUo

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg hm H$moUË`mhr EH$m A§JmZo Z H$aVm AZoH$ Aä`mg{df`mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZoAZoH$ A§Jm§Zr Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMr bjUohr AZoH$ AmhoV. S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§ZrbmoH$gm{hË`mMr nwT>rb à_wI bjUo gm§{JVbr AmhoV.

B bmoH$gm{hË` _m¡{IH$ qH$dm A{b{IV ñdê$nmV AgVo.

B Vo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rn ªV `mà_mUo MmbV oVo.

B na§nm[aH$Vm hm bmoH$gm{hË`mMm _hÎdmMm {deof AgVmo.

B nyd©H$mbrZ g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Adeofê$nmZo Oo g_mOOrdZ àM{bV Amho, Vo g§ñH¥$VrMo qH$dm nyd©H$mbrZOrdZmMo Adeof Agbo Var _¥V Adeof ZgVmV, Va dV©_mZH$mbrZ OrdZmÀ`m g§X^m©V Ë`mbmAW©nyU©Vm AgVo. `m_wioM `m Adeofm§Zm gOrd Adeof _mZÊ`mV oVo.

B Vo bmoH$g_yhmMo qH$dm g_mOJQ>mMo AgVo. Vr g_yhmMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. ì`ŠVrZo {Z_m©U Ho$boboAgbo Var Ë`mbm Ago ñdê$n àmßV hmoVo H$s Vr ì`ŠVrMr {Z{_©Vr Z amhVm gd© g_yhmMr ~ZVo.Ë`mMm _yi {Z_m©Vm hm AkmV AgVmo. ì`ŠVrMo ì`pŠV{d{eï>Ëd Ë`mV ì`ŠV Z hmoVm g_yh{d{eï>Ëdì`ŠV hmoVo.

B bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMm Am{dîH$ma hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio Vo bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AÜ``ZmMo EH$_hÎdnyU© gmYZ AgVo. _m¡{IH$ g§ñH¥$VrV gd© H$mhr bmoH$gm{hË`M AgVo.

B bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma AgVo.

B bmoH$gm{hË` ho ^m¡{VH$ (Material) qH$dm _Zmo_` ñdê$nmV AgVo.

B bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ na§nam {Q>H$dUo Am{U nwZéÁOr{dV H$aUo `m {H«$`m KS>VmV. Ë`mV nma§n[aH$VmAm{U n[adV©ZerbVm AgVo.

B bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m «_mVyZ qH$dm Am^mgg¥ï>rVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobo AgVo.

B bmoH$gm{hË` ho bm¡{H$H$kmZ AgVo. Oo _mZdmZo wJm wJo KoVboë`m AZw dm§Mo gmaê$n AgVo. Vonma§n[aH$ kmZ AgVo.

B bmoH$gm{hË` ho H$bm d dmL²>_` `m§Mo ómoV AgVo.

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B bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§nmXZ, {dH$gZ Am{U EH$m {nT>rnmgyZ Xwgè`m {nT>rn ªVMo g§H«$_U ñdm^m{dH$nUod ghOnUo hmoV AgVo.

B bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMm g_mdoehr bmoH$gm{hË`mV hmoVmo. B{VhmgmV Á`mà_mUo gm_J«r Am{UË`mMo AÜ``Z `m Xmohm|Mm g_mdoe AgVmo. Ë`mMà_mUo bmoH$gm{hË` `m g§H$ënZoV nma§n[aH$bmoH$OrdZmMm {d{dY _mÜ`_m§VyZ Pmbobm Am{dîH$ma Am{U Ë`m§Mo AÜ``Z `m Xmohm|Mm A§V^m©dhmoVmo. åhUyZM AÜ``Z-gm_J«r Am{U AÜ``Z `m Xmohm|Zm bmoH$gm{hË` AgoM åhUVmV.

1.9 g_mamon

EH§$XarV bmoH$gm{hË` `m AmJiçm doJiçm AZm{_H$m§À`m AZm{_H$ Aem dmL²>_` àdmhmMmn[aM` AmnU `m KQ>H$mV H$ê$Z KoVbm Amho. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm {VMo ñdê$n,`m gm{hË`mÀ`m nmíMmË` Am{U ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m, "bmoH$' Am{U "gm{hË`' `mnXm§Mo AW©, bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH$gm{hË` d bmoH$_mZg `m§Mo AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y Am{UbmoH$gm{hË`mMr bjUo AmnU AmVmn ªV bjmV KoVbr. "bmoH$g{hË` : g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n' m KQ>H$mÀ`mAä`mgm_wio bmoH$gm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm, bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr d bmoH$_mZg `m g§H$ënZmhr AmnUmbm g¡Õm§{VH$nmVirda g_OmdyZ KoVm Amë`m. 'Folklore' `m B§J«Or g§kogmR>r _amR>rV dmnaë`m Joboë`m bmoH$JrV,bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH${dÚm, bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH$gm{hË`, boH$dmL²>_` `m g§km d {hÝXr_Ü o dmnabr Jobobr"bmoH$dmVm©' hr g§kmhr g_OmdyZ KoVm.Ambr d EHy$UM bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m nwT>rb KQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mgH$aÊ`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo `m {df`mMr _m§S>Ur H$aVm Ambr.

1.10 eãXmW© d Q>rnm

Folk-lore : bmoH$gm{hË`, bmoH${dÚm, bmoH$dmL²>_`.

Myth : {Xì`H$Wm, X¡dVH$Wm, nwamUH$Wm.

Folk literature : bmoH$gm{hË`.

bmoH$JrV : bmoH$g_yhmVrb _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo, JrV Jo ñdê$nmMo JÚ.

{d{YJrV : OÝ_, _¥Ë`y, noaUr, _iUr, BË`mXr àg§Jr H$amd`mÀ`m {dYràg§Jr{d{YH$_m©Mm ^mJ åhUyZ åhQ>br OmUmar JmUr.

bmoH$H$WmJrV : JrVmÛmao gm§{JVbobr H$Wm, _m¡{IH$ Am»`mZ.

bmoH$ : EH$mM àH$maMr gm§ñH¥${VH$ OS>U-KS>U Agbobm _mZdg_yh.

bmoH$gm{hË` : g_yh_ZmÀ`m àoaUoZo {Z_m©U hmoUmao d na§naoZo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>ooUmao gm{hË` ho bmoH$gm{hË`.

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1.11 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

B dñVw{Zð> àíZ

A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m

1. "\$moH$bmoAa' `m B§J«Or eãXmgmR>r _amR>rV H$moUVm eãX ê$T> Pmbm ?

(bmoH${dÚm / bmoH$gm{hË` / bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr)

2. H$moUË`m doXmVrb nwéfgwŠVmV "bmoH$' hm eãX OZ Am{U ñWmZ `m XmoÝhrhr AWm©Zr dmnabmAmho ?

(gm_doXmVrb / AWd©doXmVrb / F$½doXmVrb)

3. `m Aä`mgH$mZo {Za{Zamiçm XoemV {dIwaboë`m X¡dVH$Wm§Mm d nwamUH$Wm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm.

(_°Šg_yba / J«w_ / AboŠPm§S>a H«$m°n)

4. `m Aä`mgH$mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mbm EH$ H$bm àH$ma _mZbo Amho.

({d{b`_ Ama ~°ñH$_ / ~r.E. ~m°Q>{bZ / OmoZmg ~°{bg)

5. bmoH$gm{hË` nyd© wJrZ, gwg§ñH¥$V d gw{e{jV g_mOmMo gm§ñH¥${VH$ Adeofê$n Ago H$moUråhQ>bo Amho?

(hm°g© H$moãQ>g² / hm_}Z / H$Q>m`)

CÎmao : 1) bmoH$gm{hË` , 2) F$½doXmVrb, 3) _°Šg_yba, 4) {d{b`_ Ama ~°ñH$_, 5) hmg©H$moãQ>g²)

~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {bhm.

1. B§J«Or_Yrb "\$moH$bmoAa' eãXmgmR>r _amR>rV "bmoH$dmVm©' eãX dmnaVmV.

2. bmoH$OrdZ H$Yrhr pñWa ZgVo, Vo gVV ~XbV AgVo.

3. nma§n[aH$Vm hm bmoH$gm{hË`mMm _hÎdmMm {deof AgVmo.

4. bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma Zmhr.

5) bmoH$gm{hË`m_wio bmoH$g_yhmV EH$ê$nVm AgVo.

CÎmao : 1) MyH$, 2) ~amo~a, 3) ~amo~a, 4) MyH$, 5) ~amo~a.

H$) Jmiboë`m OmJr `mo½` eãX ^am.

1. ............... `m§Zr "bmoH$gm{hË`' hr g§km àW_ dmnabr.

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2. {hÝXr Aä`mgH$ n§{S>V H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m` `m§Zr ............... hm eãX "\$moH$bmoAa'gmR>rgwM{dbm.

3. bmoH$gm{hË` _m¡{IH$ qH$dm ............... ñdê$nmV AgVo.

4. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr mfm hr {ZË`mMr ............... AgVo.

5. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m {d{eï> kmZemIm§À`m dm {d{eï> bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m g§X^m©V H$ê$ Z oAgo ............... m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

CÎmao : 1) lr_Vr XwJm© ^mJdV, 2) bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, 3) A{b{IV, 4) ~mob^mfm, 5) E_². hm_m}Z

S>) OmoS>çm Owidm.

1. bmoH$dmVm© A) XwJm© ^mJdV

2. bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr ~) {d. H$m. amOdmS>o

3. bmoH$gm{hË` H$) dmgwXodeaU AJ«dmb

4. bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrV S>) n§{S>V H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m`

5. bmoH${dÚm B) XÎmm dm_Z nmoVXma

CÎmao : 1) - H$, 2) - S>, 3) - A, 4) - ~, 5) - B.

B) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. B§J«OrVrb H$moUË`m g§kogmR>r "bmoH$gm{hË`' hr g§km dmnabr Amho ?

2. "\$moH$bmoAa'gmR>r qhXrV H$moUVm eãX ê$T> Pmbm ?

3. "bmoH$' hm eãX Zoh_r H$moUË`m dMZmV dmnabm OmVmo ?

4. "bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n' ho nwñVH$ H$moUr {b{hbo ?

5. bmoH$H$Wm d bmoH$JrV ho eãX àW_ H$moUr dmnabo ?

CÎmao : 1) \$moH$bmoAa, 2) bmoH$dmVm©, 3) ~hþdMZmV, 4) S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o, 5) {d. H$m.amOdmS>o

B XrKm}Îmar àíZ.

1. bmoH$gm{hË`{df`H$ nmíMmË` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m Z_yX H$am.

2. "bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma hmoVmo' `m {dYmZmMr gmW©H$Vm nQ>dm.

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3. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb "gm{hË`' `m nXmMm AW© ñnï> H$ê$Z AmM©a Q>m`ba `m§Zr gm§{JVbobrbjUo {dfX H$am.

4. "\$moH$bmoAagmR>r _amR>r d qhXr `m XmoZ ^mfm§_Ü o dmnaÊ`mV Amboë`m n`m© r g§km§Mr MMm©H$am.

5. "bmoH$gm{hË`' bmoH$m§Mo AgVo gmYma ñnï> H$am.

B bKwÎmar àíZ

1. bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`m»`m WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.

2. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m KS>Ur_mJo g_yh_ZmMr àoaUm AgVo gmYma {ddoMZ H$am.

3. bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mm AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y WmoS>Š`mV CbJSy>Z XmIdm.

4. "bmoH$gm{hË`' `m nXmMm AW© {deX H$am.

5. "bmoH$' `m eãXmMr ^maVr` na§nam ñnï> H$am.

B Q>rnm {bhm.

1) bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr

2) bmoH$gm{hË` d bmoH$_mZg `m§Mm AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y.

1.12 CnH«$_ :

bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo H$m` ? ho Vw_À`m n[agamVrb bmoH$m§Zm g_OmdyZ gm§JÊ`mgmR>r EH$ g{dñVa{Q>nU V`ma H$am.

1.13 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$.

1) S>m°. _m§S>o à^mH$a : bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n, n[a_b àH$meZ, Am¡a§Jm~mX, 1978

2) ^mJdV XwJm© : bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ê$naoIm, daXm ~wH$g², _w§~B©-1972.

3) S>m°. qeXo {dœZmW : bmoH$gm{hË` _r_m§gm (^mJ n{hbm)

4) S>m°. eaX ì`dhmao : bmoH$gm{hË` CX²J_ Am{U {dH$mg {dœ^maVr àH$meZ, ZmJnya-1987.

R R R

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2.1 C{Ôï>o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va bmoH$gm{hË`mMr CËnÎmr H$er Pmbr ho gm§JVm oB©b.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n d ì`mßVr ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mMo àH$ma, dJuH$aU `mMr MMm© H$aVm `oB©b d emãX bmoH$gm{hË`, bmoH$H$bm,bmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$VÎdo bjmV KoVm oVrb.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mMm AÝ` kmZemIm§er Agbobm ghg§~§Y VnmgVm oB©b, VgoM bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mAmH$bZmgmR>r AÝ` kmZemIm§À`m Aä`mgmMr JaO Amho, `mMr OmUrd hmoB©b.

· `m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgm_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mMo, bmoH$OrdZmMo AmH$bZ A{YH$ ì`mnH$ d gwOmUhmoB©b.

2.2 àmñVm{dH$

{dÚmWu {_Ìhmo, n{hë`m KQ>H$mV AmnU "bmoH$gm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm d {VMo ñdê$n bjmV KoVbo.hr g§H$ënZm d {VMo ñdê$n bjmV KoV AgVmZm bmoH$gm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm H$er ApñVËdmV Ambr;{VÀ`m nmíMmË` Am{U maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m, VgoM m g§koVrb "bmoH$' Am{U "gm{hË`'`m nXm§Mm AW©, bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$_mZg ho bmoH$gm{hË`{df`H$ Jm^m yV Ame` KQ>H$ bjmV KoVbo. àñVwV KQ>H$mV _mÌ AmnUmbm bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m CËnÎmr{df`rCnnÎmtMm VgoM bmoH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m ì`mßVrÀ`m ì`mßVr d AÝ` kmZemIm§er Agboë`m g§~§YmMm {dMmaH$amdmMm Amho.

{_Ìhmo _mZdr OrdZ-ì`dhma qH$dm _mZdr A{^{H«$`m `m _mZdr g§ñH$ma Am{U g§ñH¥$Vrbm AmH$maXoV AgVmV. `m AmH$mamMoM OrdZ ì`dhma ^md^mdZm, g§doXZm, Zo{Udm-Om{Udm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZì`ŠV hmoV AgVmV. AZmXr Am{U AZ§X OrdZ ì`dhma Ooìhm _mZdM Vnmgy bmJVmo. Ë`mVyZM gm{hË`emó H$bmXtMm OÝ_ hmoV AgVmo. Aem gm{hË`emó H$bmXtÀ`m ê$n Am{U ñdê$nmVyZM gm{hË`H¥$VrhrOÝ_mbm oVmV. bmoH$gm{hË` hohr `m à{H«$ oMm AZm{_H$ ^mJ Ë`mMr CËnÎmr H$er Pmbr. Ë`m~m~V{d{dY Aä`mgH$m§Zr H$moUVr _V_Vm§Vao, {gÕm§V _m§S>bo Am{U bmoH$gm{hË` `m kmZemIobm H$gm AmH$ma

KQ>H$ : 2

bmoH$gm{hË` : CËnVr Am{U ì`mßVr

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m CËnÎmr~ÔbÀ`m {d{dY CnnÎmr, bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr,bmoH$gm{hË` d AÝ` kmZemIm (gm_m{OH$ emómÀ`m A§JmZo {dMma)

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Ambm hoM AmnUmbm àñVwV KQ>H$m_YyZ bjmV ¿`md`mMo Amho. {d{dY kmZemIoÀ`m narKm_Ü`obmoH$gm{hË` `m kmZemIoÀ`m nañna, ghg§~§YmMmhr {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho. Voìhm AmnU àñVwVKQ>H$mV bmoH$gm{hË`mMr CËnÎmr, ì`mßVr d {d{dY kmZemIm§er Agbobm g§~§Y bjmV KoUma AmhmoV.

2.3 {df`-{ddoMZ :

^maVr` H¥$fr qH$dm ZmJar na§nam Am{U g§ñH¥$VrV bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñWmZ AZÝ` gmYmaU AgoAmho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr (^maVr`) àd¥Îmr Am{U àH¥$Vr CXmÎm, {demb Am{U ì`mnH$ ~ZÊ`mV na§namAm{U g§ñH¥$VrMm _mobmMm dmQ>m Amho. Aem `m bmoH$OrdZmMm ñne© `m gm{hË`mbm Pmë`m_wioM hogm{hË` gd©g_mdoeH$ ~Zbo Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr bjmV KoVbr Va, Ë`mMo Vo gd©g_mdoeH$ dn§M_hm yVm§Mr AmamYZm H$aUmao ê$n ghOM Amnë`m bjmV ooVo. `m gm{hË`mVyZ OrdZmMr CXmÎm Am{U{Ma§VZ Aer OrdZ_yë`o, gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`o H$iV Z H$iV ì`ŠV hmoVmV.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm eãX~Õ Omo Am{dîH$ma Amho. `mV bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo, dmH²$àMma, åhUr,AmhmUo Am»`mZo BË`mXr oVmV. Ë`m gdmªMo EH$ {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«$_U hmoVo. Ë`m§Mm {Z_m©VmAkmV AgVmo. Ë`mVyZ H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`ŠVrMo ì`pŠV_Z àH$Q> hmoV Zmhr. Va, g§nyU© g_yhmÀ`mOrdZ{deofm§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr hmoVo. bmoH$H$bm, bmoH$Z¥Ë`, bmoH$ZmQ>ç, bmoH$dmÚ, {eën, _yVu B. à`moJm{gÕH$bm§Mr Am{U bmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$ «_, bmoH$g_O, bmoH$VÎd, bmoH${dYr m§Mr {Z{_©Vr XoIrb AZm{_H$m§H$Sy>ZHo$ìhmVar Pmbobr AgVo.

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m `m {d{dY àH$mam§Mr {Z{_©Vr qH$dm CËnÎmr H$er Pmbr `mg§~§Yr {ZpíMV Agogm§JVm oV Zgbo Var bmoH$gm{hË`-Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ë`mg§~§Yr CnnÎmr _m§S>ë`m AmhoV. `mVrb H$mhtÀ`m_Vo bmoH$gm{hË`mMr CËnÎmr EH$m {nT>rnmgyZ Xwgè`m {nT>rn ªV _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV oÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ o_wiohr CËnÎmr ì`ŠVrMr Z ahmVm bmoH$g_yhmMr ~ZVo. E_. ~r. Jw_oa m Aä`mgH$mZo Amnë`m Old English

Ballads `m g§nm{XV H$Wm JrV g§J«hmV bmoH$H$WmJrVm§À`m CËnÎmrg§~§Yr doJdoJir _Vo {Xbobr AmhoV.`m _V_Vm§Vam§Mm AmnU g{dñVa {dMma àñVwV {R>H$mUr H$ê$`m.

2.4 bmoH$gm{hË`mMr CËnÎmr

bmoH$gm{hË` "bmoH$' _ZmMm Am{dîH$ma. hr {Z{_©Vr H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`ŠVrMr ZgyZ Vr "bmoH$m§'MrAgVo, Vr EH$m {nT>rnmgyZ Xwgè`m {nT>rn`ªV _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV `oVo; Aem àH$maMr {dYmZobmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrÀ`m dm CËnÎmrÀ`m g§X^m©V AmnU H$aV AgVmo. na§Vw Aem {dYmZm§_wiobmoH$gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr Zo_H$s H$er Pmbr ho H$moS>o _mÌ CbJS>V Zmhr. H$maU "bmoH$' `m g§H$ënZobmVgo ñdV§Ì ApñVËd ZgVo. ì`ŠVtMm g_yhM "bmoH$' AgVmo. `mMmM AW© Agm H$s bmoH$gm{hË`mMr{Z{_©Vr hr H$moUË`m Var ì`ŠVrMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. AWm©V _J hr {Z{_©Vr ì`ŠVrMr AgVmZmhr VrbmoH${Z{_©Vr H$m R>aVo ? bmoH$g_yhmH$Sy>Z hr {Z{_©Vr H$er hmoVo ? `mMo {ddoH${Zð>, ~wÕrJå` CÎma

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emoYm`Mo Agob, Va AmnUmbm bmoH$gm{hË`mMr CËnÎmr H$er Pmbr ? m~m~Vhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr _m§S>boë`mdoJdoJiçm CËnÎmr bjmV ¿`mì`m bmJVmV. Aem CnnÎmtMr _m{hVr AmnU nwT>rb {ddoMZmV KoUmaAmhmoV. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vrda H$mhr EH$ àH$me nSy> eH$Vmo. E_. ~r. Jw_oa m bmoH$gm{hË`Aä`mgH$mZo Amnë`m 'Old English Ballads' `m H$WmJrVm§À`m g§nmXZmV `mMr Zm|X Ho$br Amho.

2.4.1 g_yhdmX - CnnÎmr

bmoH$H$Wm§À`m emór` Aä`mgmg O_©Z_Yrb {J«_ ~§Yy m mfmemókm§Zr àma§ Ho$bm. X¡dVH$Wm§MmAä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr Grimn's Law emoYyZ H$mT>bm. `m_Ü o Ë`m§Zr bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mm Ho$bobm {dMmaA{Ve` _hÎdmMm Amho. bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mr CnnÎmr H$er Pmbr `m{df`r Ë`m§Zr Or CnnÎmr _m§S>br,{VbmM g_yhdmX qH$dm g_wXm`dmX CnnÎmr Ago åhUVmV.

`m CnnÎmrÀ`m ~m~VrV {J«_~§YyMo åhUUo Ago H$s, bmoH$JrVm§Mr qH$dm bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mr {Z{_©VrAmnmoAmn hmoVo. `m {Z{_©VrMo lo H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`ŠVrbm XoVm oV Zmhr. Va bmoH$g_yhmVrb gd©MbmoH$ {Z{_©Vrà{H«$`oV gm_rb AgVmV. bmoH$JrVo hr ghOnUo {Z_m©U hmoVmV. ì`ŠVr OmUrdnyd©H$bmoH$JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aV Zmhr Va "KS>V' AgVo. AZoH$ ì`ŠVr Ooìhm EH$Ì `oVmV Voìhm Ë`m§À`m_Zm§_Ü o mdZm§Mm H$„moi hmoVmo Am{U Ë`m mdZm§Zm eãX-ñda àmá hmoVmo. hm Am{dîH$maM g_yh^mdZoMmAm{dîH$ma AgVmo.

`mÌm, CËgd, gm_y{hH$ {dYr Aem {H$Vr Var àg§Jr g_wXm` EH$Ì oVmo. Aem àg§Jr hf©, AmZ§X,CËgmh BË`mXr ^mdZm§Mo ^aVo oVo. Aem doir bmoH$JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. {J«_À`m `m CnnÎmrZwgmag_yhmÀ`m EH$m ^mdmpñWVr_Ü o g_yhmVrb ì`ŠVrM Aem ñdê$nmMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV d EH$_oH$m§erJo`mË_H$, H$WZmË_H$ g§dmX-gwg§dmX gmYV bmoH$JrV, bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV. hr {Z{_©VråhUOoM bmoH$g_yhmMr {Z{_©Vr hmo .

{J«_À`m_Vo B{VhmgmMr {Z{_©Vr Oer Ho$br OmV Zmhr Vmo KS>V AgVmo VgoM bmoH$JrVm§Mohr Amho.Jw_oa `m§Zr XoIrb {J«_À`m `m CnnÎmrbm CMbyZ Yabo Amho. na§Vw hr CnnÎmr J¥{hVH$mda A{Yð>rVAgë`mZo JyT> R>aVo Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrMm Zo_H$m CbJS>m hmoV Zmhr.

2.4.2 O_mVrH$Sy>Z CnnÎmr

{J«_~§Y§yÀ`m CnnÎmrMm ñQ>mB©ZWmb `m Aä`mgH$mZo nwañH$ma Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mÀ`m _VmZwgma""g_mOmVrb gd© O_mVtMo gd© bmoH$ bmoH$JrVm§Mr gm_y{hH$nUo {Z{_©Vr H$arV ZmhrV. Va EH$mM O_mVrVrbgd© ì`ŠVr EH$Ì `oD$Z gm_y{hH$nUo JrVaMZm H$ê$ eH$VmV. H$maU ì`ŠVr hr g_mOmÀ`m `wJmZw`wJmÀ`m{dH$mgmMr n[aUVr Amho. àJV g_mOmVrb KQ>H$ ì`ŠVtZm Ë`m§Mo ñdV§Ì ì`pŠVËd àmßV hmoVo. Ë`mCbQ>AàJV Am{U Agmja O_mVr_Yrb ì`ŠVt_Ü o g_{ï>^md AgVmo. Agmja O_mVr_Yrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m^md^mdZm, BÀN>mAmH$m§jm, d¥{Îmàd¥Îmr gma»`m AgVmV. Aem n[apñWVrV OoWo g_yh^md àH$fm©Zo

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AgVmo VoWo EH$ ì`ŠVr Omo AZw d KoVo VmoM AZw d gdmªZm oVmo. ì`ŠVrMo {Zamio ì`pŠV_Z {dH${gVPmbobo Zgë`m_wio àË oH$ ì`ŠVrMr AZw d KoÊ`mMr nÕVr {Za{Zamir ZgVo. gdmªZm gmaIoM AZw doVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mr A{^ì`ŠVr XoIrb gma»`mM ñdê$nmV hmoVo'' åhUOoM hr gma»`m ñdê$nmV hmoUmar

{Z{_©Vr ì`ŠVrMr ZgVo Va g_yhmMr AgVo.

ñQ>mB©ZWmb `m§Zr EH$mM O_mVrVrb bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m KQ>H$ ì`ŠVtMo nañnag§~§Y, bmoH$g_yhmVrbKQ>H$ ì`ŠVr_Ü o ì`pŠVËdmMm A^md Am{U g_yh^mdmMm àH$f© `m Jmoï>rda ^a {Xbm Amho. O_mVrVrbì`ŠVt_Ü`o EH$ËdmMr ^mdZm AgVo. "bmoH$' hr g§H$ënZm O_mVrVrb ì`ŠVrÀ`m g§X^m©VM àW_g§ dVo Ago _V ñQ>mB©ÝWmb `m§Zr ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho. hmM g_yh^md ^mfoVyZ, H$WmJrVm_YyZ Ym{_©H${d{Y{dYmZm§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmo. _mZdd§emMo qH$dm O_mVrMo AmË_VÎd `mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo. Am{U EH$mM_mZ{gH$ AdñWoVyZ JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr KS>Vo.

ñQ>mB©ÝWmb `m§Zr hr CnnÎmr EImX>m bhmZ Agmja, nma§n[aH$ OrdZ OJUmè`m O_mVrÀ`m g§X^m©V_m§S>br Amho. Ë`m_wio {_l g_mOmVrb {Z{_©VrMm ómoV `m CnnÎmr_wio CbJS>Vm oV Zmhr. åhUyZMAä`mgH$m§Zr `m CnnÎmrbmhr AZmH$bZr` CnnÎmr _mZbo Amho.

2.4.3 {~en ngu `m§Mr CnnÎmr

Wm°_g {den ngu `m Aä`mgH$mZo 1765 _Ü o 'Religues of Ancient English Poetry' hmB§J«Or bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mm g§J«h àH$m{eV Ho$bm. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr ""g_mOm_Ü o H$WmJrVo JmUmè`m ^mQ>m§Mm d~§XrOZm§Mm dJ© na§naoZo MmbV Ambm Amho. ho ^mQ> JmdmoJmdr H$WmJrVo JmD$Z {^jm _mJVmV. `m^mQ>m§ZrM bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mr aMZm Ho$br. ho ^mQ> amOXa~mamV Y{ZH$m§À`m Kar Ë`m§Mr ñVwVrJrVo JmD$ZVgoM H$WmJrVo JmD$Z Ë`m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$arV. H$WmJrVo JmUo hm Ë`m§Mm ì`dgm` hmoVm. Amnë`m ì`dgm`mgmR>rË`m§Zm {ZË` Zdr JrVo aMmdr bmJV. hr H$WmJrVo bmoH${à` Pmbr Am{U g_mOmVrb BVa bmoH$m§Zr Ë`m§MmñdrH$ma Ho$bm. bmoH$H$WmJrVo hr `m Jm`H$m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Amho. `mVyZM bmoH$_mZgmMr, bmoH$^mdZoMrA{^ì`ŠVr hmoVo Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

^maVmV XoIrb ^mQ>, MmaU `m bmoH$Jm`H$m§ZrM bmoH$H$Wm§Mr aMZm Ho$br Ago S>m°. H¥$îUXodCnmÜ`m` `m§Mo à{VnmXZ Amho. _hmamï´>mVhr {Za{Zamiçm XodVm§Mo ^JV åhUOoM bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo CnmgH$Aer H$WmJrVo JmVmV. {~en ngu `m§À`m `m CnnÎmrZwgma bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr ì`ŠVr H$aVmVAm{U Z§Va g_mOmV Ë`m§Zm bmoH${à`Vm {_iVo. g_mO Ë`m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$aVmo. `m CnnÎmrV WmoS>mgmVÏ`m§e Agbm Var hr CnnÎmrhr H$gmoQ>rbm CVaV Zmhr.

2.4.4 íboJob `m§Zr CnnÎmr

`m Aä`mgH$mZo {J«_, ñQ>mB©ÝWmb `m§À`m CnnÎmtZm {damoY H$ê$Z ""g_yhmbm ñdV§Ì ApñVËd ZgVo.Ë`m_wio Vmo {Z{_©Vr H$ê$ eH$V Zmhr.'' Ago ñnï> _V à{Vnm{Xbo, bmoH$JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr gm_yXm{`H$nUo

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hmoV Zmhr, Va Vr ì`ŠVrÛmao hmoVo Ago gm§{JVbo. íboJobÀ`m `m à{VnmXZmbm "ì`pŠVdmX' AgohråhUVmV.

íboJobÀ`m _Vo JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$moUË`m Var ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z hmoV AgVo. na§Vw nwT>o hr {Z{_©Vr g_mOñdrH$maVmo Am{U H$Ë`m©À`m ZmdmMo g_mOmbm {dñ_aU hmoVo. {Z{_©Vr gm_m{OH$ hmoVo. Ago `m~m~VrVíboJobMo à{VnmXZ Amho. bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mo _yi g§{dYmZH$ Hw$UrVar EH$m aMZmH$mamZo V`ma Ho$boboAgVo. àg§JdemV qH$dm X¡ddemV Vo g_mOmÀ`m hmVmV nS>Vo Am{U Ë`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV H$mhr ~Xb hmoD$ZVo ê$T> hmoVo. åhUyZ Ë`mMo {Z{_©Vr lo g_wXm`mg XoVm oV Zmhr.

íboJobÀ`m m à{VnmXZmV VÏ` Amho Ago AZoH$m§Zm dmQ>Vo. _mÌ ì`pŠV{Z{_©V bmoH$JrVm§Mm ñdrH$mag_mOmH$Sy>Z H$m hmoVmo ? bmoH$ Vo H$m ñdrH$maVmV `mMm CbJS>m hmoV Zmhr.

2.4.5 MmB©ëS> `m§Mo à{VnmXZ

E_. Oo. MmB©ëS> `m§Zr 1882 Vo 1898 `m H$mimV bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mo àM§S> g§H$bZ H$ê$Z Vo nmM^mJmV 'English and Scotish Popular Ballads' m ZmdmZo à{gÕ Ho$bo. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr bmoH$H$WmJrVm§À`mCËnÎmrg§~§Yr {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ""bmoH$H$WmJrVo ñd § y ZgVmV. Vr AmnmoAmn {Z_m©UhmoVmV Ago åhUUo «__ybH$ Amho. bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mm {Z_m©Vm Hw$UrVar AgVmo. na§Vw m ì`ŠVrMr ì`pŠVH$VmË`mV A{^ì`ŠV hmoV Zmhr. H$maU aMZmH$mambm Ë`mMo ñdV§Ì ì`pŠV_Îd ZgVo. bmoH$JrVo hr ì`pŠVËdhrZì`pŠV_ZmMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo. m {Z{_©VrV gVV n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo. Ë`m_wio àma§ r Agbobm ì`pŠV_ZmMmAm{dîH$ma Z§Va {e„H$ amhmV Zmhr. d bmoH$H$WmJrVo hr bmoH$m§Mr g§nÎmr ~ZVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo EH$Aä`mgH$ ñQ>rZQ>n `m§Zrhr AgoM _V ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho. `m CnnÎmrbm "ì`pŠVËdhrZ ì`pŠVdmX' AgoåhQ>bo Amho.

bmoH$gm{hË` ho OmUrdnyd©H$ {Z_m©U Ho$bobo ZgVo. Va Vo ghOV`m {dH${gV Pmbobo AgVo. Ë`mMmñdrH$ma ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`mH$Sy>Z Vo Cn`mo{Obo OmVo. Ë`mV ~Xb hmoVmV. Ë`mMo EH$mH$Sy>Z Xwgè`mn ªVg§H«$_U hmoVo. _mÌ ho gJio KS>V AgVmZm Ë`m§Mr ì`pŠV{d{eï> àoaUm Hw$R>ohr ZgVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMog§nmXZ {dH$gZ Am{U g§H«$_U ñdm^m{dH$nUo hmoVo. Aer hr CnnÎmr gm§JVo.

2.4.6 H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m` `m§Mr g_Ýd`dmXr CnnÎmr

^maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`-Aä`mgH$m§_Ü o Á`m§Mo Zmd AJ«H«$_mZo ¿`mdo bmJVo Ë`mV H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m`ho EH$ hmoV. Ë`m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mg§~§Yr g¡Õm§{VH$ ñdê$nmMo boIZ Ho$bo Amho. "bmoH$gm{hË` H$s y{_H$m'`m J«§WmV Ë`m§Zr "g_Ýd`dmX' hr CnnÎmr _m§S>br Amho. Ë`m§Zr nmíMmË` bmoH$gm{hË`{demaXm§À`m gd©CnnÎmtMm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoD$Z Amnbr "g_Ýd`dmX' hr CnnÎmr _m§S>br Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo,bmoH$gm{hË`{demaXm§Zr _m§S>boë`m H$moUË`mhr EH$m CnnÎmrZo bmoH$JrVo, bmoH$H$WmJrVo `m§À`m CnnÎmrMrà{H«$`m g_mYmZH$maH$nUo ñnï> H$aVm `oV Zmhr. ""Am{X_ O_mVr CËgdàg§Jr EH$Ì `oD$Z Z¥Ë` H$arV

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AgV. Ë`mÀ`m gmWrZo ghOnUo eãXmbm eãX OmoSy>Z d Z§Va H$WmZH$ OmoSy>Z H$WmJrVo {Z_m©U PmbrAgmdrV. åhUOoM H$WmJrVo g_yhmMr {Z{_©Vr AmhoV. JrVmMm aMZmH$ma Hw$Ur EH$ ì`ŠVr AgyZ Ë`mZoJrVaMZm Ho$ë`mda Ë`mÀ`mV ~Xb hmoD$Z g_mO Ë`mMm ñdrH$ma H$aVmo. H$mhr bmoH$JrVo Am{U H$WmJrVoì`mdgm{`H$ bmoH$Jm`H$ Ogo MmaU, ^mQ> `m§Zrhr aMbobr AgVmV. Z§Va Vr g_mOmV ê$T> hmoD$Z na§naoZog_mOmV àM{bV hmoVmV. bmoH$JrVm§À`m {Z{_©VrV ho gJioM KQ>H$ _hÎdmMo AgVmV.'' H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m``m§Zr gd© CnnÎmr J«mø _mZyZ Ë`m§Mm g_Ýd` gmYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Amho. Ë`mbm "g_Ýd`dmX' CnnÎmråhQ>bo Amho.

EH§$XarV bmoH$JrVm§À`m CnnÎmrÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb `m {Za{Zamiçm CnnVr bjmV KoVë`m Va AgobjmV oVo H$s, bmoH$JrVmV H$moUË`mhr EH$m ì`ŠVrÀ`m ì`pŠV_ZmMo Xe©Z KS>V Zmhr Ago gd©MCnnÎmt_Ü o Z_yX Hoo$bo Amho. g_yhdmXmMo à{VnmXZ H$aUmao Aä`mgH$ bmoH$JrVm§Mr d bmoH$H$WmJrVm§MrCËnÎmr H$er Pmbr ho gm§JVmZm JyT>, AX² yV Am{U ahñ`_` KQ>ZoMm Aml` KoVmV Am{U {Z{_©VrÀ`mdoir ì`pŠV_Zhr g_yh_Zmer EH$ê$n AgVo Agohr _mZVmV. EH$mM doir ì`pŠV_Z Am{U g_yh_Z`m§À`m ghg§~§YmVyZ bmoH$_mZgmMr {Z{_©Vr emoYVmV.

2.4.7 ñdrH$madmX d Zd{Z{_©VrdmX

bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb bmoH$H$bm§À`m g§X^m©V XmoZ {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mV `oVmV. 1) ñdrH$madmX 2)Zd{Z{_©VrdmX. `m XmoÝhrhr {dMmaYmam nañna{damoYr Aem AmhoV.

ñdrH$madmÚm§À`m _VmZwgma bmoH$H$bm§À`m _Ü o Ho$di ZŠH$b AgVo. g_mOmVrb gwg§ñH¥$V ì`ŠVrOr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV, Ë`mZo ImbÀ`m Wam§Vrb bmoH$ à^m{dV hmoVmV Vo `m {Z{_©VrMo AZwH$aU H$aVmVAm{U Vohr O_bo ZmhrVa ñdrH$ma H$aVmV. ñdrH$ma H$aVmZm Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n A{dH¥$V amhmV Zmhr. S>ãë yVmßnoQ>© `m§À`m _Vo "OmZnXdmgr JrVaMZm H$arV ZmhrV Va Vo Ho$di CMbo{Jar H$aVmV.'' AemMñdê$nmMo _V Jm{~«Eb pìhHo$Q> `m§Zrhr ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho. ""bmoH$JrVo hm BWyZ{VWyZ dmL²>_`Mm¡ m©Mm_m_bm Amho.''g_mOmVrb loð> H$bmd§VmZr {Z_m©U Ho$boë`m H$bmH¥$VrVrb H$mhr {deof OmUrdnyd©H$ñdrH$mabo OmVmV. bmoH$dmL²>_`mV Ho$di AZwH$aU AgVo. `m {dMmagaUrbmM "ñdrH$madmX' AgoåhUVmV.

bmoH$H$bm§À`m g§~§Yr ñdrH$madmX {damoYr EH$ _Vàdmh åhUOo bmoH$H$bm§Zm g§nyU©nUo ZdrZ {Z{_©Vr_mZUmè`m§Mm Amho. `m _VmZwgma bmoH$H$bm `m AZwH$aUmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmë`m ZmhrV. Va Ë`m ñdV§ÌnUo{Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. Vmo ñd § y H$bmàH$ma Amho, Ago {Z{_©VrdmXr g_OVmV, `mbmM "Zd{Z{_©VrdmX'Ago åhUVmV.

bmoH$JrVm§À`m {Z{_©Vr{df`r S>m°. H$_bm~mB© Xoenm§S>o, àm. AemoH$ amZS>o `m§Zrhr H$mhr _Vo ì`ŠVHo$br AmhoV. {Okmgy {dÚmÏ`mªZr S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o m§À`m "bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n' m J«§WmVyZ dmMmdrV.

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bmoH$H$WmJrV, bmoH$H$bm `m bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mam§À`m g§X^m©V Oem CËnÎmr _m§S>ë`m AmhoV. VembmoH$H$Wm§À`m g§X^m©Vhr _m§S>ë`m Joë`m AmhoV. bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m «_mVyZ Am{U Am^mgg¥ï>rVyZ X§VH$Wm§MrCnnÎmr Pmbr Ago _mZVmV. H$maU bmoH$g_yhmMm X¡dr eŠVrda {dœmg AgVmo. `m X¡dr eŠVr_wiobm¡{H$H$ OJmVrb dñVy§da d KQ>Zm§da n[aUm_ hmoVmo d Ë`mVyZ M_ËH$mamg§§~§YrÀ`m H$ënZm {Z_m©U hmoVmV.Ë`mMà_mUo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`ŠVrÀ`m namH«$_mg§~§YrÀ`m H$Wm Ë`mÀ`m {df`rÀ`m Hw$VyhbmVyZ CJ_ nmdVmV.X§VH$Wm, Am»`m{`H$m `m àH$mao {Z_m©U hmoVmV. bmoH$à{V^m hr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr OZZr _mZbr OmVo.

2.4.8 bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m CËnÎmr{df`r _mZgemókm§Mr _Vo

{g½_§S> \«$mB©S> `m _mZgemókmZo _mUgmÀ`m gwßV _ZmMr g§H$ënZm _m§S>br d _Zmo{dûcofUemómMm OÝ_ Pmbm. `m emómÀ`m AmYmao bmoH$gm{hË`mg§~§Yr _hÎdnyU© {dMma _m§S>bo Jobo.

bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb bmoH$H$Wm Am{U bmoH$JrV `m§À`m CnnÎmrg§~§Yr _Zmo{díbofUemókm§Zr H$mhrCnnÎmr _m§S>ë`m AmhoV.

{g½_§S> \«$mB©S> `m§Zr bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo `m§À`m CËnÎmrgmR>r ñdßZ{gÕm§VmMm AmYma KoVbm Amho.Ë`m§À`m _Vo ""ñdßZ ho àVrH$m§Mo ~Zbobo AgVo. hr àVrHo$ CbJSy>Z ñdßZm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm oVo.Ë`mMà_mUo bmoH$H$Wm§_Ü o Am{U bmoH$JrVm§_Ü o XoIrb àVrHo$ AgVmV `m àVrH$m§Zm CH$bÊ`mMm à`ËZHo$bm Va Vr H$er d H$m {Z_m©U hmoVmV `mMm emoY KoVm oVmo. ñdßZ H$go nS>Vo ho gm§JVm oD$ bmJë`mdaË`mMà_mUo bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr à{H«$ oMm CbJS>m H$aVm oD$ eH$Vmo Agm \«$m°B©S>Mm Xmdm Amho.

H$mb© §wJ `mZo XoIrb {_Ïg², Am{Xà{V_m, Amf©à{V_m, àVrHo$ `m§À`m CËnÎmrg§~§Yr g¡Õm§{VH${dûcofU Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, ""ì`ŠVrÀ`m _Zm_Ü o Am{XH$mimnmgyZ H$mhr _mZ{gH$ àd¥Îmr AgVmV.`m àd¥Îmr gwßV ê$nmV Agë`m Var g_yh_ZmÀ`m EH$ê$n AdñWoV ì`ŠVtZr Ho$boë`m H¥$VrVyZM Am{UCŠVrVyZ Ë`m àH$Q> hmoVmV. H$Yr H$Yr ì`ŠVrbm ZH$iV Vr {VÀ`m _ZmVM Agboë`m gm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoVàdoe H$aVo Am{U {VWo gwßV ê$nmV Agboë`m Amf©à{V_m§À`m Ûmao Amnbo AZw d ì`ŠV H$aVo. ì`ŠVrÀ`m_ZmV ~amM _moR>m ^mJ nyd©na§naoZo àmßV hmoVmo. Ë`mMrM A{^ì`ŠVr Vmo bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ H$aVmo.

\«$mB©S> d §wJ `m§À`m `m {dMmaYmaoZo à^m{dV Pmboë`m _Zo{dûcofUemókm§Zr bmoH$H$Wm, {_ÏgBË`mXtMo ñnï>rH$aU {Xbo d Ë`mVyZ H$mhtZr g_OyVrMm CJ_ H$gm Pmbm, ê$T>r d arVr[admO `m§MrCËnÎmr H$er Pmbr. gd© bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mam§Mo CJ_ñWmZ _yb{dYr H$go AmhoV ho gm§{JVbo.

EH§$XarV bmoH$gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr dm CnnÎmr CnamoŠV nÕVrZo Pmbr Ago `m CnnVr gm§JVmV. dOJmVrb gd© {dYr, g§ñH$ma, bmoH$H$Wm BË`mXtÀ`m _wimer Agboë`m g_yh^mdZmM bmoH$gm{hË`mMr{Z{_©Vr H$aVmV Ago _mZmdo bmJVo. åhUyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mbm bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma åhQ>bo Jobo Amho.

OJmVrb gd© {dYr, g§ñH$ma, bmoH$H$Wm BË`mXtÀ`m _yimer Creation Ritual À`m ñdê$nmMm`k{dYr, mdoir KS>{dÊ`mV oUmao {dYrZmQ>ç Am{U àË`jmV CVa{dÊ`mV oUmar {_WH$Wm hoM g_Obo

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nm{hOo, Ago _mZdd§eemókm§Mo _V S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr Zm|X{dbo Amho. Voìhm bmoH$gm{hË`mMr{Z{_©Vr dm CËnÎmr hr bmoH$_mZdmMr {Z{_©Vr Amho `mV e§H$m Zmhr.

2.5 bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr

bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr nma§n[aH$ bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m gd© _mÜ`_m§VyZ Pmboë`m Am{dîH$mamV Amho.Ë`mV _m¡{IH$ Am{dîH$mamMo {d{dY AmH¥${V~§Y AgVmV. Ë`mbmM AmnU emãX bmoH$gm{hË` AgoåhUVmo. `m emãX bmoH$gm{hË`mV H$Wm, JrVo, dmH²$àMma, åhUr, CImUo, AmhmUo BË`mXtMm g_mdoehmoVmo. Va m¡{VH$ bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Am{dîH$mamV nma§n[aH$ H$m¡eë o Am{U V§Ìm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. m{edm`_m¡{IH$ dmL²>_` Am{U ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vrer g§~§{YV AgUmam, na§Vw Ë`mhÿZ WmoS>mgm AmJim Agm àH$maåhUyZ AmnUmbm bmoH$ê$T>r, g_OyVr bmoH${dYr, bmoH$VËdo `m§Mm {dMma H$aVm oVmo. Va bmoH$Z¥Ë`,bmoH$ZmQ>ç, bmoH$dmÚ, {eën d _yVu `m bmoH$H$bm§Mm à`moJ{gÕ H$bm åhUyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mV {dMmaH$aVm `oVmo.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr hr bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g_J« Am{dîH$mam§Zm ì`mnUmar Amho. Ho$di emãX,Ho$di ^m¡{VH$, Ho$di bmoH$ê$T>r, {dYr, g_OyVrMm dmagm gm§JUmar qH$dm Ho$di à`moJ{gÕ H$bmåhUOo bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr Zìho Va m gdmªMm g_mdoe Á`mV hmoVmo Vo bmoH$gm{hË`. Voìhm bmoH$gm{hË`mMoho {d{dYm§Jr Xe©Z AmnUmbm ¿`md`mMo Agob Va bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m `m AZ§V Aem ì`mßVtMr H$mhr EH$JUZm H$aV Ë`mVrb H$mhr R>iH$ AmH$ma AmnUmbm oWo bjmV KoVbo nm{hOoV. Ë`mbmM AmnU bmoH$gm{hË`àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm Agohr åhUy eH$Vmo.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMo {dûcofUmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr Va bmoH$gm{hË`mMo VrZ qH$dmMma àH$mamV dJuH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`mMohr CnàH$ma gm§{JVbo Amho. `mV 1) _m¡{IH$ Am{dîH$ma, 2) ^m¡{VH$g§ñH¥$Vr, 3) bmoH$ê$T>r, {dYr, g_OyVr, 4) à`moJ{gÕ bmoH$H$bm Ago gd©_mÝ` dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.lr_Vr ~Z© `m§Zrhr 'Handbook of Folklore' `m J«§WmV bmoH$gm{hË`mMo VrZ ^mJ 1) bmoH${dœmg,bmoH$ «_, g_OyVr, 2) ar{V[admO ê$T>r {dYr, 3) bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrV, åhUr BË`mXtMm C„oI H$ê$ZË`m§Vrb KQ>H$m§Mr gyMr {Xbr Amho. Va Á`mV gd© nma§n[aH$ OrdZ{deofm§Mm A§V^m©d H$aVm oB©b. AgoñWyb àH$ma AmnUmbm gm§JVm oVmV. eara Am{U emãX A{^ì`ŠVr åhUyZhr `m àH$mam§Mm {dMma H$aVmoVmo. nwñVH$ KQ>H$m§_Ü o _mÌ emãX bmoH$gm{hË`, bmoH$H$bm, bmoH$ê$T>r `m àH$mam§Mm àm_w»`mZo {dMma

H$amd`mMm Amho. ho bmoH$gm{hË` àH$maM àm_w»`mZo AmnUmbm g_OyZ ¿`md`mMo AmhoV.

2.5.1 emãX bmoH$gm{hË` (_m¡{IH$ Am{dîH$ma Oral Expression)

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm EH$ _hÎdmMm àH$ma åhUyZ emãX bmoH$gm{hË`mH$S>o nm{hbo OmVo. hm àH$ma _m¡{IH$na§naoV _moS>Umam AgyZ Ë`mV H$Wm, JrVo, dmH²$àMma, åhUr, CImUo, AmhmUo BË`mXtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

bmoH$gm{hË`mV bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñWmZ AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago Amho. `m àH$mambm {dnwb bmoH${à`Vm

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bm^br Amho. na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m bmoH$H$Wm§Mm bmoH$mZwa§OZmgmR>r dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. Y_©{dYr Am{Ud«Vd¡H$ë`m§er H$Wm§Mo ZmVo OmoS>ë`m_wio bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñWmZ ^maVr` g_mOOrdZmV A~m{YV am{hbo Amho.bmoH$H$Wm§Mr ^maVr` na§nam bjmV KoVë`mg Ë`m ~¥hËH$Wm øm A{Ve` _hÎdmÀ`m _mZë`m OmVmV.~m¡Õ OmVH$H$Wm, O¡Z-MyUu, qghmgZ ~Îmrer, n§MV§Ì Aem H$Wm ^maVr` na§naoV _moS>VmV. ^maVr`H$Wm§Mr hr g_¥Õ na§nam bjmV KoD$ZM {WAmoS>moa ~oZ\o$ `m Aä`mgH$mZo ""g§nyU© OJmVrb bmoH$H$Wm§MmOZH$ åhUOo maV Xoe Amho'' Ago {dYmZ Ho$bo Amho. aMZoZwgma d Ame`mZwgma gmYmaUnUo bmoH$H$Wm§ModJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo.

_m¡{IH$ na§naoZo EH$ {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o MmbV Ambobr d ì`ŠVr Am{U àXoemZwgma _yiH$WoV ~Xb ñdrH$mê$Z {dñVmaV OmUmar, a§OZ, CX²~moYZmÀ`m JaOm§Mr nyVu H$aUmar bmoH$H$Wm d¡{eï>çnyU©Amho. gm_y{hH$ _ZmMo, Amem AmH$m§jm§Mo, lX²Ym-g§Ho$Vm§Mo, ^md-^mdZm§Mo WoQ> Xe©Z `m bmoH$H$WoVyZKS>Vo. g_mOOrdZmVrb dmñVdmMo, ê$T>-na§nam§Mo, ñVa- oXm§Mo, eHw$Z-AneHw$ZmÀ`m H$ënZm~§YmMoXe©Z m bmoH$H$Wm§VyZ KS>Vo. bmoH$H$Wm§_Ü o g_yh_ZmMm Am{dîH$ma AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Ë`m-Ë`m H$mimVrb,g_mOmVrb ^md^mdZm, {dMma H$aÊ`mÀ`m nÕVr, Amem-AmH$m§jm, H$bm-H$ënZm, Y_© mdZm, Hw$Qw>§~g§ñWm, _yë` ì`dñWm, MamMa g¥ï>rgm{hË` B. AZoH$mZoH$ Jmoï>tMm ~moY hmoVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm hmemãXm{dîH$ma g_mO-OrdZ YmaUm§À`m Ñï>rZo VodT>mM _hÎdmMm Amho. qH$~hþZm bmoH$gm{hË`mMo Vo à_wIA§J Amho Ago åhQ>bo Va dmdJo R>aUma Zmhr.

bmoH$JrVo hr XoIrb bmoH$gm{hË`mMo EH$ _hÎdmMo A§J AgyZ Ë`m§Zm "bmoH$gm{hË`mMm AmË_m'_mZbo OmVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mV bmoH$JrVm§Mr g§»`m {dnwb AgVmZm bmoH$JrVm§Mr na§nam IynM àmMrZ Amho.g_mO ApñVËdmV oD$Z Ë`mMo gm_y{hH$ OrdZ gwê$ Pmbo VoìhmnmgyZM bmoH$JrVm§Mr na§nam gmVË`mZo gwê$Agbr nm{hOo. bmoH$JrV ho gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m gm_wXm{`H$ OrdZmMr A{^ì`ŠVr AgVo. _m¡{IH$na§nam, AZm{_H$ H$Vm©, bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m ^md^mdZm§Mm Am{dîH$ma H$aUmar, hr bmoH$JrVo Jo AmhoV.Ame` Am{U A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~m~VrV {d{dYVm Amho. bmoH$JrVm§Mr ì`mßVr nhmVm Ë`mMo gd©g_mdoeH$g_mYmZH$maH$ dJuH$aU H$aUo AdKS> Amho.

C ñ\y$Q> aMZmàH$ma

bmoH$OrdZmVrb ê$T>r, na§nam, lX²Ym g_OwVr _mhrV H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$OrdZmVrb ^m{fH$boUo Ago Á`m§Zm åhUVm oB©b Vo CImUo, H$moS>r, åhUr, dmH²$àMma `m§Mm Aä`mg Cn wŠV R>aVmo. åhUråhUOo AZw dmMo àH$Q> AgVo Va CImUo Am{U H$moS>r MmVw ©, hOaO~m~rnUmMo ÚmoVH$ AgVmV. JÚnÚAgo Ë`m§Mo {_l ñdê$n AgVo. d¡{dÜ`nyU©VoZo ZQ>boë`m `m ñ\y$Q> aMZmàH$mam§_Ü o ^m{fH$ {deof dg§ñH¥$Vr{deof AmT>iVmV.

B CImUm : CImUm hm bmoH$JrVmMm EH$ JÚ àH$ma Amho. CImÊ`mbm Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~¡R>H$Amho, åhUyZ Ë`mbm _hÎd Amho Ago Zmhr. Va kmZm~amo~a a§OZ H$aUo hm XoIrb CImÊ`mMm hoVy Amho.

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A°[añQ>m°Q>b Va åhUVmo, ""Xwgè`m H$moUË`mhr nma§n[aH$ gm{hË` àH$mamnojm CImÊ`mMm n[aUm_ bm¡{H$H$H$ënH$Voda A{YH$ Pmbobm AmT>iyZ oVmo. Ë`mMr KS>U gw~H$, ZoQ>H$s AgVo. JyT>Vo_wio EH$ {d{eï>gm¢X © `m àH$mambm AmnmoAmnM oVo.''

IoimVrb CImUo ho àíZ{da{hV AgVmV. _wbr, {ó`m Ioi IoiV AgVmZm CImUo KmbVmV.åhUOoM {ó`m§À`m Am wî`mV AJXr ~mbnUmnmgyZM m CImÊ`m§Zm gwê$dmV hmoVo. gmYmaUnUo _§JimJm¡aqH$dm VËg_àg§Jr {ó`m Ooìhm OmJaU H$aVmV, Ioi H$aVmV, Ë`mdoiog \w$JS>r IoiVmZm {d{eï> àH$maMoCImUo åhQ>bo OmVmV. Hw$R>bohr nma§n[aH$ Ioi Agy XoV. CImÊ`m{edm` `m Ioimbm a§J MT>V Zmhr. `mCImÊ`m§_Ü o Oar nañnam§Mo CUoXwUo H$mT>bobo Agbo Var H$moUrM amJdV Zmhr. {IbmSy>nUo àË wÎma {XboOmVo. A{Ve` JVrZo Am{U hOaO~m~rnUo hm gJim Ioi a§JV OmVmo. `m CImÊ`m§_Ü o _¡{ÌUtMrdmImUUr, qQ>Jb Q>dmir, gmgaMr ñVwVr, Q>dmir, gm_m{OH$Vm `m§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo.

CXm. ""gmR>çm§À`m _wbr Vwåhr Aem J H$emŸ&

hmVmV ~wH§$, _mñVaUr OemŸ&&''

Aem CImÊ`m§_YyZ VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ pñWVrMr _m{hVr {_iVo.

qhXy g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o ew H$m ©àg§Jr {deofV: b½Zg_ma§ mV nVr-nËZrZr CImUo KoÊ`mMr nÕV Amho.CKS>nUmZo nañnam§Mo Zmd KoVë`mg Am wî` H$_r hmoVo. Aem g_mOmnmoQ>r Vo CImÊ`mV Jw§\y$Z KoVbo OmVo.`mMo H$maU Ago H$s, eãXm§À`m AdS>§~amV Zmd Jw§\y$Z KoVë`m_wio Vo _¥Ë yÀ`m H$mZmda nS>V Zmhr.EHy$UM {d{eï> nÕVrZo Zmd CÀMmaÊ`m_Ü o EH$ JmonZr`Vm {XgyZ oVo. CImUm ghOmghOr KoVbm OmVZmhr Va ~aoM AmT>odoT>o KoVbo OmVmV. AmOH$mb ehamV CImÊ`m§Mo àñW H$_r Pmbo AgyZ gwQ>gwQ>rVCImUo KoVbo OmVmV. nU J«m_rU ^mJmVrb bm§~bMH$ CImUo KoVbo OmVmV. H$ënZmMmVw © Am{Uahñ`_`VoZo ho CImUo ^abobo AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr aMZm b`~Õ AgVo. Ë`mVyZ ZmX_`Vm S>moH$mdVo. aMZmd¡{eï>çnyU© AgVo. EoH$Umè`mMr CËgwH$Vm VmUbr OmVo. ór_ZmMo Xe©Z `mVyZ KS>Vo. CXm.

A§JUmV hmoVm ha^am

nmUr OmV` ^a^am

OmV` Vg§ OmD$ Xo

nmUH$ir \w$bw Xo

nmZH$irM§ noZ§

AmÎmr~mB© Oer ehmUr

AmR>dS>çmbm KmbVr nmUr

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....3

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Xra Vgm hm¡goXma

~§Jbm ~m§YVmo ZjrXma

~§Jë`mV hmoV§ am_\$imM§ PmS>

Ë`mbm H$mT>bm IÈ>m

....... amdm§À`m hmVmV

g§gmamMm P|S>m

nVrÀ`m hmVr P|S>m XoD$Z Ë`mÀ`m nmdbmda nmD$b Q>mHy$Z OmUmè`m órbm Amnb§ Ka \w$bdm`M§Amho. nU Amnbm g§gma \w$bdVmZm {Vbm Xwgè`m§Zm XwIdm`M§ Zmhr. Amnë`m _mUgm§Zm ~amo~a KoD$ZM{Vbm g§gmamMm aW AmoT>m`Mm Amho.

CImÊ`m§À`m `m na§nao~Ôb Zrb_ _mUJmdo åhUVmV, ""H$moUo EHo$ H$mir {d{eï> ~è`m-dmB©Q>lÕmhoVyZo Ho$boë`m H¥$VtMr àWm H$m`_ VodT>rM Vrd« mdZm ì`ŠV H$aUmar amhV Zmhr. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmVAZoH$ gm_m{OH$, ^m¡{VH$ ~Xb hmoVmZm lÕoMo Am{U {VÀ`mer g§~§{YV Am{dîH$mamMo ñdê$nhr ~XbVo.ZmdmÀ`m CImÊ`m§~m~Vhr hoM KS>V Jobo. _yiMr `mËdmË_H$ ^mdZmM jrU hmoV Jobr. nU eãXm§erH«$sS>m H$aÊ`mVbr J§_V dmT>V Jobr Am{U _J Vmbb`~Õ bm§~bMH$ bŠHo$Xma bmoH$na§naoV óra{MVCImÊ`m§Mo ^m§S>ma ^aV Jobo.''

B H$moS>r : mbmM "hþ_mU' qH$dm "Hy$Q>àíZ' Agohr åhUVmV. EH$mZo àíZ {dMmam`Mm Va Xwgè`mZoË`mMo CÎma Úmd`mMo Ago EHy$U `m IoimMo ñdê$n AgVo. gamo{OZr ~m~a åhUVmV, ""..... {Xgm`bmEdT>ogo nU A§Jr H$V©~Jmar _moR>r Ago Á`mMo dU©Z H$aVm oB©b Agm CImÊ`mMm bmoH${à` àH$ma åhUOo"hþ_mU' hmo .''

IoS>çm§nmS>çm§VyZ AmOhr hm Ioi Ioibm OmVmo. gmYmaUnUo CËgd, b½Zg_ma§ qH$dm \w$agVrÀ`mdoir {ó`m EH$Ì O_VmV Voìhm "hþ_mU' KmbÊ`mMr nÕV Amho. hm Ioi IoiVmZm {dMmaeŠVrbmMmbZm {_iVo, ~wÕr nmaIbr OmVo. H$mhr hþ_mUo dada AdKS> dmQ>VmV. nU àË`jmV Ë`m§Mo CÎma AJXrgmono AgVo. CXm. "EdT>§g§ H$mQ>© Ka H$g§ amIV§' `mMo CÎma "Hw$byn' Ago Amho.

gwn^a bmøm, _Ü o ê$nm`m' `mMm AW© AmH$me^aÀ`m Mm§XÊ`m Am{U Ë`m_Ü o nyU© M§Ð. EH$mnarZo IoimV XmoZ àíZ H$ê$Z àíZmoÎma nÕVrZo Ioibr OmUmar hr ^m{fH$ H«$sS>m Amho. Ë`m_mJo ~m¡{ÕH$noMmMm Am{U Vm{H©$H$ H$gaVrMmhr ^mJ Amho. H$moS>çm§_Ü o \$ŠV bhmZm§ZmM ñdmañ` dmQ>Vo Ago ZmhrVa _moR>r _mUgohr Ë`mV AmZ§X KoVmV, Jwa\$Qy>Z OmVmV.

Hw$Q>àíZm§_Ü o AWm©da AmYm[aV Aer eãXM_ËH¥$Vr gmYbobr AgVo. EHy$UM _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo,

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_|Xybm MmbZm XoUo _m{hVr nwadUo Ago AZoH$ CÔoe Hy$Q> àíZm§_wio gmÜ` hmoVmV. `m§Mr aMZm b`~ÕAgyZ ~hþVm§er A§Ë``_H$ gmYbobm AgVmo.

B åhUr : åhUr åhUOo bmoH$moŠVr hmo . bmoH$OrdZmVyZM åhUtMr {Z{_©Vr hmoV Agë`m_wiobmoH$OrdZmV Am{U bmoH$dmL²>_`mV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. bmoH$OrdZmVrb {d{dY AZw dm§Mo àH$Q>rH$aUho åhUtÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ hmoVo. ^mfoMr na§nam {OVH$s OwZr Amho. {VVH$sM åhUtMr na§nam OwZr Amho.åhUOoM {H$Ë oH$ eVH$m§Mr na§nam åhUrbm Amho. åhUtZm g§ñH¥$V_Ü o bmoH$moŠVr, àdmX, Am^mUH$,bm¡{H$H$JmWm Ago n`m© r eãX AmT>iVmV. b°{Q>Z Provebio nmgyZ B§J«OrV Proverb Agm eãX V`maPmbm AgyZ Ë`mMmhr AW© "bmoH$moŠVr' qH$dm åhU AgmM Amho. _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo åhUr g§H«${_V hmoVmV.H$_rVH$_r eãXm§V OmñVrV OmñV Ame` ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï`© Agboë`m `m åhUtMo ñdê$n ñnï>hmoÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m nmhy m.

A°[añQ>m°Q>b : "Provebrs are remarks which on account of their shortness and

correctness have been saved out of the wreck and ruins of ancient Philosophy."

{d.dm. {^S>o : "Á`mV H$mhr AZw d, CnXoe, _m{hVr, gmd©H$mbrZ gË` qH$dm kmZ Jmo{dboboAmho, Oo Aën eãXmË_H$ Amho. Á`mV H$mhr MQ>H$XmanUm Amho Am{U bmoH$g§ mfUmV dma§dma oVmVAgo dMZ qH$dm dmŠ` åhUOo åhU !' `m ì`m» oV gmd©H$mbrZ gË` gm§JUo hm åhUrMm Y_© gm§{JVbmAgyZ MQ>H$XmanUm ho {VMo ^mfmd¡{eï>ç gm§J{Vbobo Amho.

brbmamOo nQ>dY©Z : "bKwVm, gË`Vm, ì`mdhm[aH$Vm, F$OwVm, MQ>H$XmanUm Am{U ~hþOZ_mÝ`Vm ho åhUrMo JwU{deof AgyZ "ñ_aUr nQ>H$Z R>gVmV Ago gwg§JV eãX åhUOo åhU' Ago åhQ>boAmho.

WmoS>Š`mV, _Zmbm {^S>Ê`mMo gm_Ï ©, à^mdrnUm, MQ>H$XmanUm, R>gH$m, A{Ve`moŠVr, {dZmoX,a§OH$Vm, gmd©H$mbrH$Vm, gmd©{ÌH$ AZw d Aer åhUrMr AZoH${dY d¡{eï>ço ì`m»`m§_YyZ {XgVmV.Vgo nm{hbo Va Hw$R>ë`mhr g_mO OrdZmV åhUtZm AZÝ`gmYmaU Ago _hÎd Amho. Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmMrg§ñH¥$Vr A{^ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ `m åhUrM H$aV AgVmV. g_mOOrdZmVrb, _mZdr ì`dhmamVrbZrVr H$ënZm, H$ënZmd¡^d, na§nam BË`mXtZm A{^ì`ŠVr XoÊ`mMo H$m_ åhUr H$aV AgVmV. d¡Mm[aH$nU gmd©{ÌH$ Aem AZw dm§da KoVboë`m AgVmV.

B åhUtMo dJuH$aU : åhUtMr ì`mßVr nm{hë`mg Ë`m§Mo emóewÕ gd©g_mdoeH$ dJuH$aU H$aUoHo$di AeŠ` Amho. aMZoZwgma, Ame`mZwgma, à`moJmZwgma, J«m_rU, ZmJar Aem {d{dY àH$mao åhUtModJuH$aU H$aUo eŠ` Amho. Aä`mgH$m§Zr Á`m àH$mao åhUtMo dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho Ë`mVrb gdmªÀ`mdJuH$aUmV oUmao Ame`mZwgmaMo dJuH$aU d à`moOZmZwgmaMo dJuH$aU AmnU H«$_e: nmhÿ m.

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eara Ad`dmdê$Z ê$T> Pmboë`m åhUr : _mUgm§À`m eara Ad`dm§da AmYmarV AZoH$ åhUr_amR>rV ê$T> AmhoV.

AmnboM XmV AmnboM AmoR>.

H$mZm_mJyZ Ambr {VIQ> Pmbr.

CMbbr Or^ bmdbr Q>miçmbm.

H$mIoV H$igm Jdmbm digm

ZmVog§~§YmMo Xe©Z KS>dUmè`m åhUr :

H$m_mnwaVm _m_m AZ² VmH$mnwaVr AmOr

_m` _amo _mder OJmo.

Mma {Xdg gmgyMo, Mma {Xdg gwZoMo

boH$s ~mobo gwZo bmJo

~mn Vgm ~oQ>m

órH|$Ðr AZw d ì`ŠV H$aUmè`m åhUr :

boH$ Zmhr Vmoda bodyZ ¿`md§, gyZ Zmhr Vmoda ImD$Z ¿`md§.

åhmVmam Zdam Hw§$H$dmbm AmYma.

Zdè`mZ§ _mab§ AZ² nmdgmZ§ PmoS>nb§ Va gm§Jm`M§ Hw$Umbm.

Om{Vì`dñWoMo {MÌU H$aUmè`m åhUr :

nmQ>bmM§ KmoS>§ _hmambm yfU.

gmoZma, qenr, Hw$bH$Uu Aßnm, `m§Mr g§JV ZH$mo ao ~mßnm.

Mm§ mamÀ`m Xodmbm IoQ>amMr nyOm

Jmd VoWo _hmadmS>m

Zr{VVÎdXe©H$ åhUr :

H$a Zmhr Ë`mbm S>a H$embm.

Zamo dm Hw§$Oamo dm

EH$mZo Jm` _mabr åhUyZ Xwgè`mZo dmgê$ _mê$ Z o.

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ì`dhmaXe©H$ åhUr :

hmVmMr nmMhr ~moQ>o gmaIr ZgVmV.

D$g JmoS> bmJbm åhUyZ _wimnmgyZ ImD$ Z o.

H$amdo Vgo ^amdo.

gÎmonwT>o ehmUnU MmbV Zmhr.

A§Wê$U nmhÿZ nm` ngamdo.

ì`dgm`Xe©H$ åhUr :

Zir \w§$H$br gmoZmao, BH$Sy>Z {VH$S>o Jobo dmao.

[aH$m_m Ýhmdr q^Vrbm Vw§~S>çm bmdr.

H$gm~mbm Jm` Ym{O©U.

gmoZma, qenr, Hw$bH$Uu Aßnm `m§Mr gm§JV ZH$mo ao ~mßnm.

T>m|JrnUmMo Xe©Z :

JiçmV _mi gdmªMm H$mi

{Xdgm ~«÷Mmar amÌr ì`{^Mmar

Vm|S>mV har ~JboV gwar

KamV Zmhr XmUm, hdmbXma åhUm.

ì`ŠVrñd^mdmMo Xe©Z KS>dUmè`m åhUr :

KaMr H$aVo Xodm Xodm, ~mhoaMrbm Mmoir {edm.

gw§ Oibm Var nri OmV Zmhr.

JaO gamo d¡Ú _amo.

ZmMVm oB©Zm A§JU dmH$S>o.

CVmdim Zdam JwS>¿`mbm ~mqeJ.

`m{edm` OrdZ{df`H$ VÎdkmZ gm§JUmè`m, Xwgè`mbm CnoXe H$aUmè`m, bmoH$lÕm§Mo Xe©ZKS>dUmè`m, H¥$frOrdZmer {ZJ{S>V, new-njr-{ZgJ© m§À`mer {ZJS>rV, {damoY Am{U Cnhmg H$aUmè`måhUr Aem AZoH$ àH$mam§~amo~a g§H$sU© d {dZmoXr åhUtMm I{OZmM _amR>r bmoH$dmL²>_`mV Amho.EH§$XarV ê$T>mW© ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMr {H$_`m bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb `m Am{dîH$ma ê$nmV AgVo. bmoH$OrdZmMm

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d åhUtMm K{Zð> g§~§Y Amho. åhUtVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmam Ame` Am{U åhUtMo ñdê$n bjmV KoVë`mdabKwVm, ì`mdhm[aH$Vm, {MÌmH$f©H$Vm d bmoH$_mÝ`Vm hr Mma JwUd¡{eï>ço `m emãX Am{dîH$maê$nmV{XgVmV. bmoH$OrdZmVbm EImXm AZw d åhUrVyZ {H$Vr MQ>H$XmanUo Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmo ho åhUtdê$ZbjmV oVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ho eãXê$n OrdZg§~§Y d Ame`KZ Amho Ago åhUtdê$Z bjmV oVo.

B dmH²$àMma : bmoH$OrdZmV åhUtÀ`m ~amo~arZo dmH²$àMmam§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. åhUtà_mUoMbmoH$OrdZmVrb àXrK© AZw dm§Mr na§nam Amnë`mbm dmH²$àMmam§À`m _mJo {XgVo. dmH²$àMma CËñ\y$V©nUo{Z_m©U hmoVmV. Am{U bmoH$OrdZmV ê$T> hmoVmV. H$maU bmoH$OrdZmVrb AZw dmVyZM m§Mm OÝ_ PmbobmAgVmo. dmH²$àMmam§À`m AmYmao bmoH$OrdZmMo g§X © emoYVm oVmV.

"dmH²$' åhUOo "dmUr' Am{U "àMma' åhUOo "éT>r qH$dm àKmV' Ë`m_wio ê$T>rÀ`m bmoH$^mfoVê$iboë`m ^m{fH$ à`moJmbm "dmH²$àMma' Ago åhUVmV.

EH$m {d{eï> AWm©gmR>r {d{eï> eãXm§Mr Or EH$ `moOZm AgVo {Vbm dmH²$àMma Ago åhUVmV.

dmH²$àMma Ho$ìhm Am{U H$go {Z_m©U Pmbo AgmdoV m~Ôb R>m_nUo Oar H$mhr gm§JVm oV Zgbo VaråhUtà_mUoM Ë`m§Mrhr àmMrZ na§nam Agmdr d AZw dmVyZM Vo {Z_m©U Pmbo AgmdoV. åhUtà_mUoMË`m§Mr ì`mßVr _moR>r Agë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aUo OQ>rb AgVo.

`ed§Vamd MìhmU _hmamï´> _wŠV {dÚmnrR>mÀ`m "bmoH$gm{hË`' `m nwñVH$mV dmH²$àMmam§Mr Ord¡{eï>ço gm§{JVbr AmhoV Vr Aä`mgZr` AmhoV.

· dmH²$àMma ^mfoV Zoh_rM bmj{UH$ d ì §JmWm©Zo dmnabo OmVmV. CXm. - "_r nmoQ>mbm {M_Q>mXoD$Z ho Ka ~m§Ybo' oWo bmj{UH$ AW© ¿`mdm bmJVmo. dmŠ`mW© qH$dm eãXme: AW© ~mXH$ê$ZM dmH²$àMmamMm AW© bmJVmo.

· åhUr à_mUoM dmH²$àMmam§Mr aMZm dm ~m§YUr nŠH$s AgVo. {VMr Amnë`m _OuZo _moS>VmoS>H$aVm oV Zmhr. Oa Vgm à`ËZ Ho$bm Va dmH²$àMmam§Mm Vmob {~KS>Vmo. CXm. nmUr nmUr hmoUo,åhUOo bmpÁOV hmoUo. hm ì §JmW© BWo Ano{jV Amho. oWo nUrMm n`m© r eãX Ob, KoD$ZOb-Ob Pmbo Agm Ho$bm Va dmH²$àMmamMm Vmob {~KS>Vmo. åhUyZM åhUr à_mUoM dmH²$àMmahrbmoH$ì`dhmamV Ogo àM{bV Pmbo VgmM Ë`mMm ñdrH$ma H$amdm bmJVmo.

· dmH²$n«MmamMm AW© Amnë`mbm Ë`m Ë`m n«g§JmZwê$n ¿`mdm bmJVmo. CXm. nmZnV hmoUo, ~m§JS>r\w$Q>br, H$m_r o, ehrX hmoUo `m dmH²$àMmam§_mJo Ë`m Ë`m KQ>Zm§Mr ~m§{YbH$s AgVo. Am{UË`m KQ>Zm§Mo ñ_aU H$ê$Z XoUmao àg§J CX² dVmM Aem dmH²$àMmam§Mm Cn`moJ bmoH$ì`dhmamVàM{bV hmoVmo.

_amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb dmH²$àMmamMm Ame` Am{U A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§JmZo {dMma Ho$ë`mgË`mMo nwT>rbà_mUo dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mV oVo.

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· nm¡am{UH$ Am{U Eo{Vhm{gH$ g§X^m©Mo dmH²$àMma :

^rî_ à{Vkm - IS>Va à{Vkm H¡$H$`r - Xwï> ór

O_X½Zr - amJrQ> ì`ŠVr H$U© - XmZeya ì`ŠVr

AmZ§Xr~mB© - H$mañWmZr ór Hw§$^H$U© - XrK©H$mi PmonUmam

· g§ñH$ma d ZrVr{df`H$ :

bú_U aofm - _`m©Xm CXH$ gmoS>Uo - XmZ H$aUo

gVrMo dmU - {ZíM`r ór. ^m§JoVbr Vwig - dmB©Q> ì`ŠVtVrb Mm§Jbr ì`ŠVr

· g§»`mdmMH$ :

N>ÎmrgMmAmH$S>m - ^m§S>U MVw y©O hmoUo - H¡$X hmoUo

N>ŠHo$ n§Oo - wŠË`m. ZdH$moQ> Zmam`U - lr_§V _mUyg

· eara Ad`dm§g§~§YrMo dmH²$àMma

ZmH$ _waS>Uo - ZmamOr Xe©{dUo nmoQ> XwIUo - _Ëga {Z_m©U hmoUo

S>moiçmV Yyi \o$H$Uo - \$g{dUo H§$~a _moS>Uo - hVme hmoUo

· ì`dgm`, H¥$fr {ZJ{S>V :

Bim _moSy>Z {Iim H$aUo - _yë`dmZ dñVy _moSy>Z {Z_m©ë` H$aUo.

gmoZmamZo H$mZ Q>moUo - `mo½` ì`ŠVrZo nQ>dyZ XoUo.

dH$sbr H$aUo - _Ü`ñWr H$aUo nmQ>rbH$s H$aUo - bmoH$m§Mr H$m_o H$aUo.

· àmUr, new-njr, `mdê$Z ê$T> Pmbobo :

KmÊ`mMm ~¡b - n[al_ A{V hmoUo. Z§Xr~¡b - AŠH$bewÝ`

C§Q>mdaMm ehmUm - _wI©nUmMm g„m XoUmam H$moëhoHw$B© - Hw$O~yO.

· Ioimdê$Z ê$T> Pmbobo dmH²$àMma :

AmImS>çmV CVaUo - bT>Ê`mg V`ma hmoUo MrV H$aUo - nam^yV H$aUo.

· BVa ^mfoVyZ Ambobo dmH²$àMma :

_mZdr OrdZ ho ^mfm ì`mßV Aem àH$maMo OrdZ AgVo. g_mO OrdZmV AZoH$ bmoH$g_yhAZoH$ àH$maÀ`m ^mfm ~mobV AgVmV. Ë`mVyZM AZoH$ ^m{fH$ g_mO ApñVËdmV oVmV.

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àË oH$ ^m{fH$ g_mOmMr EH$ g§aMZm AgVo. hr g§aMZm ^m{fH$ g§aMZm AgVo. AZoH$ ^mfoVAZoH$ ^m{fH$ g_mO EH$Ì Ambo H$s Ë`m§À`mV AmnmoAmn XodmU-KodmU hmoD$ bmJVo. Ë`mVAZoH$ dmH²$àMmam§Mr hr XodmU-KodmU hmoVo. CXm. ~mngo ~oQ>m gdmB© (qhXr), V_mem H$aUo(\$maer), X`m© _| IgIg (CXy©).

`m{edm` AmUIrhr dmH²$àMmam§Mm {dMma H$aVm oVmo. dmH²$àMmam§Zm g_mO OrdZmVrb AZw dm§Mmñne© Pmbobm Agë`m_wio g_mO OrdZmMr {d{dYVm Aem àH$maÀ`m Am{dîH$mamVyZ àH$Q> hmoV AgVo.ho dmH²$àMmaM ^mobm gm¡ð>d àmßV H$ê$Z XoÊ`mMo H$m_ H$aVmV.

2.5.2 ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr (Material Culture)

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Xwgam _moR>m {d^mJ hm ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrMm Amho. emãX bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo _m¡{IH$Am{dîH$mamnojm `mMo ñdê$n nyU©nUo {^Þ AgVo. AmO AmnU §Ì wJmV dmdaV AmhmoV. nU §Ì wJmnydubmoH$OrdZ Á`m d¡{eï>çnyU© nÕVrZo àM{bV hmoVo. Or na§nam, Á`m nÕVr, Or H$m¡eë o g_yhOrdZmVApñVËdmV hmoVr Ë`m gdmªMm g_mdoe m m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o hmoVmo. bmoH$OrdZmVrb àË oH$ ì`mdgm{`H$mH$S>oñdV:Mo H$m¡eë` Ago Am{U Vo na§namJV Ago. CXm. _mVrMr ^m§S>r V`ma H$aÊ`mMr {d{eï> nma§n[aH$nÕVr Agob, eoÊ`m aMÊ`mMr nÕVr, Mmam aMÊ`mMr nÕVr `m gdmªMm g_mdoe hm `m ^m¡{VH$g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo. m~Ôb A{YH$ {dñV¥V _m{hVr à^mH$a _m§S>o XoVmV. ""nma§n[aH$ nÕVrMm Adb§~ Ho$bobobmoH$ Kao H$em nÕVrMr ~m§YVmV, nmoemI H$gm H$aVmV, AÞ H$go {eOdVmV, AdOmao H$er V`maH$aVmV, gOdVmV Am{U dmnaVmV `m gd© ~m~r ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV oVmV. Am{Xdmgr bmoH$g_yh hmnma§n[aH$ OrdZ OJV Agë`m_wio gd© nÕVr `m nma§n[aH$ AgVmV Am{U Ë`m§Mr gd© {Z{_©VrhñVì`dgm`mMr AgVo. Ë`m§À`m OrdZmV §Ì{Z{_©V H$mhrhr ZgVo. bmoH$g_yhmbm na§naoZo EH$m {nT>rnmgyZXwgè`m {nT>rn ªV MmbV Ambobo bmoH$d¡ÚH$ (Folk medicine) §Ì, VmoS>Jo, ^{dî` OmUÊ`mÀ`m arVrOgo ghXod^mS>ir, _|T>Jr Omoí`m§Mr VmS>Xod ^mS>ir BË`mXr bmoH$gm{hË`mV `oVmV.'' àJV ZmJarOrdZ Am{U nma§n[aH$ OrdZ OJUmè`m bmoH$m§À`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ AdñWoV bjUr` A§Va AgVo.

2.5.3 à`moJê$n bmoH$H$bm (Performing Folk Art)

bmoH$H$bm hr g§km AË §V ì`mnH$ Aer g§km Amho. OwÝ`m H$nS>çm§Mr JmoYS>r {edÊ`mnmgyZ VohmVmda _|Xr H$mT>Ê`mn ªV hOmamo àH$ma `m g§koV oVmV. OrdZmer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m H$moUË`m ZmH$moUË`m H$m_mer, {dYrer, bmoH$H$bm§Mm g§~§Y oVmo.

bmoH$H$bm§Mm Am{dîH$ma hm bmoH$g_yhmÛmaoM hmoV AgVmo. bmoH$g_yhmÛmao Am{dîH¥$V hmoUmè`m `mH$bm§Mo ñdê$n A§eV: d¡ pŠVH$ Agbo Var Ë`m Am{dîH$mam_mJo g_yh_Z AgVoM. bmoH$H$bm§Mo g§H«$_UEH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o Aì`mhVnUo, ghO d Z¡g{J©H$[aË`m hmoV AgVo. gd©M bmoH$H$bm§_Ü ona§naoMm EH$ YmJm AgVmo d Vmo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rn ªV àdm{hV hmoV AgVmo. Ë`m_wioM

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bmoH$H$bm§Zm na§nam Am{U n[adV©Z `m§Mm _oi KmbVm oVmo. àmH¥${VH$ _wŠVnUm, CËñ\y$V©Vm d bd{MH$Vmhr bmoH$H$bm§Mr A§J yV d¡{eï>ço hmoV.

`m bmoH$H$bm§Mo {díd AZoH${dY ñdê$nmMo Amho. {MÌ, {eën, H$mam{Jar, hñVH$bm, Ab§H$ma,_mVrÀ`m ^m§S>çm§Mr {Z{_©Vr, Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç, g§JrVmXtÀ`m Cn`moOZmVyZ gmXa hmoUmao Jm|Yi, XemdVma,~mohmS>m, V_mem, H$sV©Z Aem gd© H$bmàH$mam§Mm g_mdoe m bmoH$H$bm§_Ü o hmoVmo. bmoH$Z¥Ë`, bmoH$ZmQ>ç,bmoH$dmÚ, {eën d _yVu `m gd© bmoH$H$bm AmhoV. bmoH$Z¥Ë`mbm àmMrZ na§nam AgyZ `m H$bmàH$mam§Moñdê$n gVV ~XbV Ambo Amho. Am{X_mZdH$mbmnmgyZ Z¥Ë o hr gm_m{OH$ d¡{eï>çm§Mm ^mdny[aV d~w{Õào[aV gO©Zj_ Am{dîH$ma _mZbr Jobr AmhoV. ^mdZm§Mr C_u ì`ŠV H$aUo hm bmoH$Z¥Ë`mMm _yb hoVyAgbm Var ^mdZm{VaoH$mV Ad`dm§À`m b`~Õ hmbMmbtÀ`m ê$nmZo A{V[aŠV OrdZ eŠVrbm ~mhoanS>Ê`mg dmd {_iVmo. bmoH$Z¥Ë`mV g_yhmMm Am{dîH$ma AgyZ Vr _Z_moH$ir AgVmV. Z¥Ë`mMr à`moOZog_yhmZwgma {^Þ {^Þ ñdê$nmMr AmhoV. bmoH$H$bm§Mm EH$ gOJ Am{dîH$ma åhUyZ bmoH$Z¥Ë`mH$S>o nmhVmoVo.

2.5.3.1 bmoH$ZmQ>ç : bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma H$aUmar ZmQ>çH$bm hr Z¥Ë`H$boVyZ OÝ_mbmAmbr Agmdr Ago EH$ _V Amho. a§J_§Mmda gmXa hmoUmè`m ZmQ>H$mnojm "bmoH$ZmQ>ç' hm bmoH$H$bmàH$madoJim Amho. AmOhr J«m_rU ^mJmV, Am{Xdmgr ^mJmV gU-CËgd, g_ma§ , {dYr H$_m©À`m àg§JrbmoH$ZmQ>ç Ioibr OmVmV. OÌoÀ`m àg§Jr hmoUmam V_mem qH$dm dJZmQ>ç, {ddmh Pmë`mZ§Va qH$dmHw$imMma àg§Jr KmVbm OmUmam Jm|Yi, I§S>mo~mg_moa hmoUmao dm¿`m-_wairMo {dYrZmQ>ç, J«m_X¡dVm§À`mCËgdmV Ioibm OmUmam "~mohmS>m' ho bmoH$ZmQ>çmMo àH$ma {ZIi H$a_UwH$sgmR>r {Z_m©U hmoUmè`mì`mdgm{`H$ ZmQ>H$m§nojm doJio AmhoV. Vr bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m {dYrH$_m©Mm ^mJ åhUyZ Ioibr OmVmV.

(bmoH$Z¥Ë` d bmoH$ZmQ>ç `m~ÔbMo g{dñVa {ddoMZ KQ>H$ 6 : "_amR>r bmoH$H$bm' _Ü o AmboboAmho.)

2.5.3.2 bmoH$dmÚo : Z¥Ë`Jm`Zmbm gmW Am{U Vmb XoÊ`mgmR>r dmÚm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo.e§H$ambm dmÚmMm OZH$ Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Xj`kmMm {dÜd§g Ho$ë`mZ§Va e§H$amZo Vm§S>dZ¥Ë` gwê$ Ho$boAm{U `m Z¥Ë`mbm gmY XoÊ`mgmR>r ZmaX, Vw§~ê$ d Z§Xr `m§Zm dmÚo {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mgmR>r àoaUm {Xbr,Ë`mVyZ AZoH$ dmÚm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Aer EH$ Am»`m{`H$m Amho. dmÚm§À`m ~m~VrV AmUIrhr H$mhrAm»`m{`H$m gm§{JVë`m OmVmV. nU ^maVr` dmÚm§Mr na§nam àmMrZ AgyZ S>_ê$ hoM n{hbo dmÚ Ago_mZbo OmVo. dmÚm§Mr {Z{_©Vr _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrBVH$sM àmMrZ Amho.

àma§ rÀ`m H$mimV dmiboë`m e|Jm, bmH$S>r H$mQ>Š`m, nmoH$i Am|S>Ho$ `mgma»`m dñVy§Mm dmÚoåhUyZ dmna Pmbm Agmdm. Z§Va O{_ZrVrb IÈ>çmda H$mVS>o Q>mHy$Z qH$dm nmoH$i Am|S>Š`mMo Vm|S>AmÀN>mXyZ Ë`mda hmVmZo qH$dm H$mR>rZo AmdmO H$mT>Uo hr Šb¥ßVr gwMbr Agmdr. nmoH$i Ziçm§V \w§$H$_mê$Z AmdmO {ZKVmo. ho H$ië`mZ§Va ñdadmÚm§Mr H$ënZm Ambr Agmdr.

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bmoH$g§JrVmbm gmW XoÊ`mgmR>r Or dmÚo _w»`ËdoH$ê$Z dmnabr OmVmV Vr bmoH$dmÚo hmoV. Jm`Z dZ¥Ë` `m§À`m AZwf§JmZo bmoH$dmÚo dmOdbr OmVmV. àË oH$ dmÚm§Mr ñdV:Mr e¡br AgVo. bmoH$dmÚm§Mrg§»`m {dnwb Agë`m_wio Ë`mMr gmYmaUnUo KZdmÚo, AdZÕ (^m§S>) dmÚo, gw{fa dmÚo Am{U V§VwdmÚoAgo 4 àH$ma dJuH$aU H$aVm `oB©b.

B KZdmÚo : H$m§g, {nVi Am{U bmHy$S> `mnmgyZ ~Zdbobr dmÚo `m dJm©V _moS>VmV. Q>mi, Pm§O,{nViçm, Vmg, K§Q>m, Kw§Jê$, {Q>nè`m Aem bmoH$dmÚm§Mm g_mdoe `mV hmoVmo.

B AdZÕ dmÚo : `m àH$mamV AmH$ma_mZmZo, aMZm oXmZo, Cn`moJmZo {Z_m©U Pmbobo AZoH$ {^Þ{^Þ dmÚàH$ma AmhoV. S>\$, g§~i, Imoi, T>mob, S>_ê$, M|S>m, ZJmam, Vmem, Mm¡KS>m Aem AZoH$dmÚm§Mm g_mdoe `mV hmoVmo.

B gw{fa bmoH$dmÚ : àm_w»`mZo amOñWmZ d n§Om~ `m àXoem§_Ü o AbJmoOm, gVmam, ehZmB©Aer Vm|S>mZo hdm \w§$Hy$Z dmOdUmar dmÚo dmOdbr OmVmV. JwOamV d _hmamï´>mVrb nmdar, {^„ O_mVrVnw§Jr àH$mamVrb "dmanmo' `m dmÚmMm àgma Amho. `m{edm` e§I, qeJ, VwVmar, H$Um© Aer dmÚo àM{bVAmhoV.

B V§VwdmÚo : gdm©V àmMrZ V§VwdmÚ åhUOo "YZwduUm' hmo . {g§Yy g§ñH¥$VrnmgyZ Vo 11 ì`meVH$mn ªV H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m àH$maÀ`m YZwduUm§Mr {MÌo d {eëno ^maVmV AmT>iVmV. VwUVwUo,EH$Vmar, gyagmoQ>m, g§Vwa, drUm B. bmoH$dmÚm§Mm g_mdoe V§VwdmÚmV hmoVmo.

Ym{_©H$ H$m`m©V d g_ma§ mV dmÚm§Zm _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. dmÚm§Mm {ZZmX åhUOo AmZ§XmMmAm{dîH$ma hmo . Ë`mdmMyZ H$moUVmhr Ym{_©H$ CËgd, {dYr nma nS>V Zmhr. CËgd, mÌm, OÌm, XodmonMmaAem {d{dY àg§Jr dmÚo dmOdÊ`mMr àmMrZ na§nam Amho.

2.5.3.3 dmñVw{eën-_yVuVrb bmoH$m{dîH$ma

bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb gd© dñVwê$n Am{dîH$ma `mV oVmV. Ë`m_Ü o dmnabr OmUmar ^m§S>r, X¡Z§{XZdmnamVë`m dñVy, Ë`m V`ma H$aÊ`mÀ`m nma§n[aH$ nÕVr `m gdm©Mm g_mdoe ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo.Ë`mVyZM hñVH$bm§Mm Am{dîH$ma {dH${gV Pmbm. JaO åhUyZ `m dñVy _mZdr OrdZmV oVmV. _mUygAmnë`m H$ënH$VoZo Ë`mV ^a KmbVmo d Ë`mbm H$bmË_H$ ê$n XoVmo. X¡Z§{XZ Cn`moJmÀ`m Á`m dñVy~Z{dÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` na§naoZo Ë`mÀ`m g_yhmV oVo Ë`mbm H$mam{Jar åhUVmV. `m H$mam{JarVyZ {d{dYàH$maÀ`m hñVH$bm A{VËdmV Amë`m. {MÌ, {eën-_yVu m H$bm§MrM {d{dY ê$no hmoV. àmMrZ maVmV`m gd© H$bm§Zm {eënH$bm åhUV AgV. na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m Kao, AÞ, dñÌo, Ab§H$ma, X¡Z§{XZOrdZmVrb dñVy, VËg§~§{YV gd© H$mam{Jar m gdmªMm g_mdoe m¡{VH$ dñVwê$n g§ñH¥$VrV hmoVmo. maVr`m§À`mAZoH$ hñVH$bm `m nma§n[aH$ bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMr ^m¡{VH$ ê$no hmoV.

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Aem `m ^m¡{VH$ ê$nmVrb dmñVyH$bm d {eën-_yVuH$bm `m _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m gm¢X © àoaUm§MrM¡VÝ`Xm`r, ê$no hmoV. ^{ŠV^mdZm, gwa{jVVm, gm¢X © mdZm, ^mdm{dîH$mam§Mr CËH$Q>Vm Aem ^md{ZH$Am{dîH$mamVyZ dmñVwH$bm, {eën d _yVu H$bm ApñVËdmV Amë`m. Jwhm§_Ü o amhVmZm Am{X_mZdmZo{Zdm§VjUr H$mhr AmH$ma H$moabo AgVrb. AdH$me, Imobr, nmoV, KZVm `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr gmYVmZmA_yVm©bm _yV© H$aÊ`mMm OrdZ g§~§Y d gm¢X ©nyU© N>§X Am{X_mZdmbm OS>bm Agmdm. _J Ë`mZo Y_©lÕm§nmoQ>rXodXodVm§À`m à{V_m XJS>mVyZ IS>H$mVyZ C^maë`m AgVrb. H¥$fr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m emoYmZ§Va OrdZbm ñW¡ ©àmá Pmë`mda {Zdmè`mÀ`m gmo rnmoQ>r dmñV§yMr C^maUr Pmbr Agmdr. XodXodVm§Zmhr Kao AgmdrVåhUyZ Xodmb`m§Mr, m{dH$m§gmR>r Y_©emim§Mr, _R> d ZXrKmQ>m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ë`mZo Ho$br Agmdr. dmñVwH$bmd {eën _yVuH$bm `m na§namJV gm_y{hH$ _ZmÀ`m gm¢X ©nyU© H$bm AmhoV. dmñVwH$bobm X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVì`dhmar AW© Amho. Va bm¡{H$H$ OrdZ OJVmZm Abm¡{H$H$mMo bm¡{H$H$mV dñVwê$n {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mVyZ{eëno-_yVu KS>{dë`m Joë`m AgVrb. `m H$ënZm bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo, bmoH$OrdZmMo, bmoH$Y_m©Mo n[aUm_Amho. _mZdr OrdZmer `m H$bm g§~§Õ AmhoV.

_hmamï´>mV dmñVwH$bm d {eën_yVu H$bm `m§Mm _moR>m {dH$mg Pmbobm {XgVmo. ~wÕ{dhma, M¡Ë`,àmW©ZmJ¥h, ñV§ , XadmOo, _§S>n, boÊ`m§_Yrb {MÌH$bm, {eënH$bm _yVuH$bm ho `m d¡ dmMo à{VH$Amho. X{jUoVrb Jmonyao Am{U hr ~m¡{ÕH$mbrZ ñV§ , ñVwn, boÊ`m§_Yrb {eëno, XodXodVm§À`m _yVu hrgmar dmñVwê$no g_yh _Zm§_Yrb Y_©lÕm§Mr Am{dîH$ma ê$no AmhoV. ÑH$g§doXZm, ñne©g§doXZmda AmYm[aVAgbobo ho bmoH$ g§~§Õ H$bm{dîH$ma AmhoV.

AmOhr `mV gw~H$Vm oVo Amho. na§Vw dmñVw{eënm§Mo-_yVuMo H$m_ H$boEodOr ì`mdgm{`H$ hoVyZohmoD$Zhr bmoH$g_yhm§À`m lÕm, AmH$m§jm `m§Mo A{dîH$aU, bmoH$VÎdm§Zm, na§nam§Zm AZwgê$ZM hmoVo Amho.`mdê$Z AmH$ma, à_mU~ÕVm, C§Mr, Imobr, nmoV, b`, aofm, AdH$me, àH$me, Ðì` Cn`moOZ,bmoH$VÎdr` OmUrdm AmOhr H$m`©erb Agë`mMo {XgVo. Ago `m dmñVy-{eën _yVu `m ^m¡{VH$Am{dîH$mamÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Z_yX H$amdogo dmQ>Vo.

B bmoH$VËd, bmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$ «_, bmoH$g_O, bmoH${dYr

na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo _m¡{IH$ dmL²>_` Am{U ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr `m§À`mer g§~§{YV AgUmam na§VwË`m§À`mnojm doJim Agm {Vgam d _hÎdmMm bmoH$gm{hË` àH$ma åhUOo bmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$ «_, bmoH$g_O,bmoH$VËd, bmoH${dYr AmXr hmoV. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m `m àH$mamV àm_w»`mZo g_yhmZo Ho$boë`m H¥$VrMmA§V^m©d AgVmo.

bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb ho àH$ma ñdV§ÌnUo qH$dm EH$_oH$m§er g§~§Y ñdê$nmV g_mOOrdZmV na§naoZoMmbV oVmV. Va H$mhr doim Ë`m§Zm ñdV§Ì Ago ApñVËdhr ZgVo. g_mO OrdZmV ApñVËdmV Agboë`m`m KQ>H$m§Mm n[aM` AmnU àñVwV {R>H$mUr H$ê$Z KoD$`mV.

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B bmoH$VËd (Folk Element)

bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$à{V oMr gm_y{hH$ nmVirdarb EH$ AZKS> {Z{_©Vr AgVo. `m {Z{_©VrVAm{X-bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m àmH¥${VH$ g|{Ð`Ëdmda nmogboë`m agJ§YmMm gwJ§Y AgVmo. bmoH$_mZgmÀ`m EH$g§YOrdZ OmUrdm§Mr Vr eãXmH¥$Vr AgVo. `m eãXmH¥$VrVrb ^md^mdZm§Mo a§J gm§ñH¥${VH$ M¡VÝ`m§Zr wŠVAgVmV. bmoH$à{V oMr hr {Z{_©Vr àH¥¥$Vrgmnoj Agë`mZo Ë`mV {ZgJ©gmVË`mMr Am{U F$VwnaËdo ~XbË`mê$nñdê$nmMr Am{U bmoH$OrdZmVhr emídVnUo {Q>H$Umar H$mhr VËdo AgVmV. Vr Am{X Am{U AZ§VmMr~m§YUr H$aV AgVmV. Am{U bmoH$ OrdZmMo gmVË` {Q>H$dV AgVmV; bmoH$m{^_wIVm ñnï> H$aV AgVmV.

bmoH$_mZg ho Zoh_rM Abm¡{H$H$mMr AmoT> ~miJUmao AgVo. AX² wVmMr g¥ï>r nmhÊ`mV a§JyZ OmUmaoAgVo. dmñVdmbm AX² yVmMo ê$n XoÊ`mMr {H$_`m bmoH$à{V^m gmYV AgVo. Ë`mV bmoH$g§Ho$VmMm AmXaHo$bobm AgVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb H$ënZm, lÕm, g_OyVr, bmoH$ «_, bmoH$g§Ho$V, AmMma{dMma, ew mew ,eHw$ZAneHw$Z, MmbrarVr ho gd© KQ>H$ åhUOo bmoH$VËdo hmoV. m bmoH$VËdm§Mm Am{dîH$ma bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZhmoVmo. Am{U `m bmoH$VÎdm§Mm _moR>m à^md AmnUmbm b{bV gm{hË`mda XoIrb {XgVmo. Ë`mMm Aä`mgAmO Ho$bm OmVmo Amho. OJ^amVrb bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr na§nam bjmV KoVbr Var Vr VrZMmaeo dfm©nojm A{YH$ OwZr Zmhr. na§Vw àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ _mÌ bmoH$gm{hË`mMr na§nam MmbV Ambobr{XgVo. Ë`m Ë`m H$mimV ApñVËdmV AgUmè`m bmoH$^mfoV _m¡{IH$ ñdénmV bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ApñVËdAgbo nm{hOo.

àmMrZ H$mimVrb g_mOOrdZ Am{U g_mOaMZm bjmV KoVbr Va Ë`m H$mimVrb bmoH$gm{hË`mVrbbmoH$VÎdm§Mm A§JrH$ma BVa gm{hË`mZohr Ho$bobm {XgVmo. CXm. g§ñH¥$V H$mì`emóH$ma ^m_h, XÊS>r,ê$ÐQ>, amOeoIa `m AmMm`m©Zr bmoH$H$WoMr bjUo {dfX H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. "H$mì`mb§H$ma' `m^m_hm§À`m J«§WmV H$Wm Am{U Am»`m{`H$m `m§_Yrb gmå` oXmMr MMm© Amho. ^aVmÀ`m ZmQ>çemómVbmoH$JmZ e¡brMr, mfmê$nm§Mr, na§nam Am{U {dœmg m§Mm {ZX}e H$aUmar AZoH$ bmoH$VÎdo Adb§{~bobr{XgVmV.

g_mOOrdZmV àM{bV Agboë`m bmoH$H$Wm, H$WmJrVo bmoH$H$WmJrVo Am{U bm¡{H$H$JrVo `m§VrbH$ënZm~§Y, aMZmàH$ma `m§Mm ñdrH$ma ì`pŠV{Z{_©V dmL²>_`mVhr hmoVmo. Ë`m g_mOm_Ü o ê$T> Agbobo{dYr, AmMma{dMma, ew mew mÀ`m H$ënZm BË`mXr bmoH$VÎdr` Jmoï>r oV AgVmV.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr Amnë`m "bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n' `m J«§WmVbmoH$VÎdmMr ì`m»`m XoVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s, g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtZm ñdV:Mo {ZamionU qH$dm ì`pŠV_ÎdàmßV Pmbo Var Am{X_ g_mOmMr H$mhr bjUo mhr g_mOmV {XgVmV. åhUOoM ì`pŠVJV AZw d Am{Ug_yh_ZmZo KoVbobo AZw d m Xmohm|Mohr ApñVËd Ë`mÀ`m AZw dmV AgVo. åhUyZM Ë`mÀ`m AZw dmÀ`mAm{dîH$mamV ì`pŠV{Z{_©V AgmYmaUËd Ogo AgVo VgoM nma§n[aH$ bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m _ZmMm Am{dîH$mahrAgVmo. ì`pŠV{Z{_©V dmL²>_`àH¥$VrV qH$dm H$bmH¥$VrV An[ahm ©nUo oUmè`m m bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m _mZgmÀ`m

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Am{dîH$mamgM bmoH$gm{hË`VËd qH$dm bmoH$VËd (Folk element) Ago åhUVmV'' Ago `m g§ko~m~VZ_yX Ho$bo Amho. "bmoH$VËd' hr EH$ bmoH$gm{hË` emór` Ñï>r Amho. `m Ñï>rZo gm{hË`mMm Am{UbmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg bmoH$_mZgmVrb AZoH$ ~m~tMm CbJS>m hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

B bmoH$ê$T>r

g_mOm_Ü o Á`m ê$T>r àM{bV AgVmV Ë`mMr CËnÎmr H$er Pmbr `mg§~§Yr {ZpíMV Ago {gÕm§V_m§S>Vm `oV ZmhrV. H$maU ê$T>r hr d¡`pŠVH$ ~m~ ZgVo Va Vr EH$ gm_m{OH$ KQ>Zm AgVo. _mUgmÀ`mdmJÊ`mVrb H$mhr gd`r g_mOmZo _mÝ` Ho$boë`m AgVmV. g_mOmon`moJr Agë`m_wio Ë`m g_mOmZoñdrH$maboë`m AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm gm_m{OH$ _hÎd àmá hmoVo. Aem gd`rVyZM nwT>o ê$T>r {Z_m©U hmoVmV.Ago ê$T>tÀ`m {Z{_©VrÀ`m g§X^m©V bmoH$gm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr Z_yX Ho$bo Amho.

{JÝg~J© `m Aä`mgH$mZo ê$T>rMr H$ënZm ñnï> H$aVmZm Va, ê$T>r åhUOo Ho$di g_mO_mÝ` qH$dmàñWm{nV gd` ZgVo Va Vr EH$ dV©ZmMm AmXe© AgVo. ê$T>r~Ôb bmoH$m§À`m _Zm_Ü o H$mhr pñWa^md{Z_m©U Pmbobo AgVmV. ê$T>r^modVr H$mhr g_OyVr {Z_m©U hmoVmV Ago gm§{JVbo Amho.

ê$T>r d [aVr[admO `m§À`m CËnÎmrg§~§Yr _°H$ S>Jb `m _mZgemókmZo "ê$T>r d [aVr[admO ho hoVy{dñV¥V hmoVmV. Ë`mdoir AZoH$ ê$T>r EH$Ì oD$Z Ë`m§Mr AmnmngmV VS>OmoS> hmoD$Z EImXr ZdrZ ê$T>rV`ma hmoVo. H$mhr ê$T>r _mZdmÀ`m ghOàd¥ÎmrVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV. Va H$mhr {dH¥$V AZwH$aUmVyZ XoIrb{Z_m©U hmoVmV. ho AZwH$aU ~hþYm naH$s` qH$dm OoË`m§Mo AgVo Ago _V ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho. Aem {d{dYnÕVrZr ê$T>rMr CËnÎmr hmoVo. Am{U Ë`m àñWm{nV Pmë`m H$s bmoH$ Ë`m {Q>H${dÊ`mMm gmVË`mZo à`ËZH$aVmV.

AmË_ajU, H$m_^mdZm, àOmoËnmXZ Aem _yb yV JaOm mJ{dÊ`mgmR>r H$mhr ê$T>r {Z_m©U Pmë`m.ê$T>t_wio g§ñH¥$Vr {Q>Hy$Z amhVo, {VMo nwT>rb {nT>çm§H$S>o g§H«$_U hmoVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mV Aem gd© nma§n[aH$bmoH$ê$T>tMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. ê$T>r `m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m BVa àH$mam§erhr OmoS>boë`m AgVmV. g_OwVter{ZJ{S>V AgVmV. na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m lÕm, {dœmgm§da AmYm[aV AgVmV.

bmoH$ê$T>r m nwîH$i doim Amnë`m m¡{VH$ dmñVdmer gwg§JV d g§dmXrhr AgVmV. bmoH$OrdZmVàM{bV Agboë`m AZoH$ ê$T>r _Zmoa§OH$ XoIrb AgVmV. CXm. Ñ{ï>~mYm Pmë`mg Vo CVa{dÊ`mMo{dYr, bhmZ _wbm§g AmOma Pmë`mZ§Va Vmo Xya H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$aÊ`mV oUmao VmoS>Jo, S>moio oUo, H$mdrihmoUo, AY} S>moHo$ XwIUo, CgU ^aUo BË`mXr emara ì`mYtnmgyZ _wŠV hmoÊ`mgmR>rMo na§namJV Cnm`bmoH$_mZgmda à^md JmO{dUmè`m bmoH$ê$T>r d bmoH$g_OyVrM `m Cnm`m§À`m _wimer AgVmV. ê$T>ter{ZJ{S>V Mmbr[aVr AZoH$Xm {ZgJm©er gwg§JVhr AgVmV. Amnë`mH$S>o nrH$nmUr Amë`mda gwJrÀ`m{XgmV gmOao hmoUmao gU, CËgd, `mÌm, OÌm `m {Z{_ÎmmZo hmoUmao Ioi d H$bm `m bmoH$ê$T>rer g§~ÕAgVmV. n§M_hm yVm§~Ôb H¥$VkVm Am{U Ë`m§À`mer {OìhmiçmMo ZmVo OmoS>Ê`mMr à{H«$`m ~è`mMXm `m

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ê$T>t_wio {Q>Hy$Z ahmVo. Aem `m ê$T>rH$S>o bmoH$mgm{hË`mMm na§naoZo MmbV Ambobm EH$ àH$ma åhUyZnhmVm oVo d ê$T>r, na§nam§Mo g_mOOrdZmVrb gm_m{OH$ ñWmZ bjmV KoVm oVo.

B bmoH$^«_

bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$m§Zm dmñVdmnmgyZ Xya ZoVo. bmoH$gm{hË`m_Ü o bmoH$à{V oZo {Z_m©U Ho$boë`mH$ënZm{dœm_Ü o X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb Xw:ImMm {dga nmS>Ê`mMr j_Vm AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$ «_mVyZAm{U Am^mgg¥ï>rVyZ {Z_m©U Pmbobo AgVo Ago "~m°Q>{H$Z' m Aä`mgH$mMo bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {Z{_©VrÀ`mg§X^m©V _V hmoVo. ì`pŠVJV OrdZmVrb H$miOr, Xw:I, qMVm bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ bmoH$g_yhmerEH$ê$n Pmë`mZ§Va {e„H$ amhmV ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio OrdZ gwgø hmoVo Am{U ñdßZa§OZhr hmoVo Am{U_Zmoa§OZhr hmoVo.

Aem `m ñdßZa§OZ Am{U _Zmoa§OZmbm gm_moao OmUmao AZoH$ bmoH$ «_ bmoH$OrdZmV AgVmV.OÝ_mAmYr Am{U _¥Ë yZ§VaÀ`m OrdZm~ÔbMo AkmZ d Vo OmUyZ KoÊ`mMr _mUgmMr AmoT>. Ë`mVyZAmË_m, na_mË_m, ñdJ©, ZaH$, `_XyV, nmn, nwÊ` `m{df`rÀ`m {H$VrVar g_OwVr Amë`m AmhoV.g¥ï>rVrb M_ËH$ma d AkmZmVrb AmoT> `mVyZ Xod, XmZd, `j, {H$Þa, J§Yd© Aßgam§gma»`m A{V_mZwfreŠVr, wVoIoVo, AmH$medmUr, gmjmËH$ma, yV~mYm Vo {ZdmaÊ`mMo {dYr, _§Ì-V§Ì, VmoS>Jo Aem AZoH$~m~t{df`rÀ`m ê$T>r d bmoH$ «_ bmoH$_ZmZo AZ§V H$mimnmgyZ OVZ Ho$bo AmhoV.

B bmoH$g_O

bmoH$OrdZmV bmoH$g_O qH$dm g_OwVtZm ~aoM _hÎd AgVo. bmoH$g_OwVrV bmoH$OrdZmVrblÕm, AmMma-{dMma d bmoH$_mZg BË`mXtZm _hÎd AgVo. {Za{Zamiçm OmVr-O_mVrÀ`m bmoH$g_yhmV{Za{Zamiçm àH$maÀ`m bmoH$g_OwVr AgVmV. AmMma{dMma, Ñï>r~mYm, ~mhoa ~mYm {df`rÀ`m bmoH$g_OyVrAZoH$ g_yhJQ>mV ê$T> AmhoV.

bmoH$mMmamVrb AZoH$ Am{dîH$mam§_mJo `mVw{df`H$ lÕm AmhoV Ago AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Mo _V Amho.`mVwlÕm hr _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Am{Xndm©Vrb g_yhlÕm Amho.`mVw hr g_J« g¥ï>rV ì`mnyZ am{hbobr EH$eŠVr Amho. g_yhmZo {d{eï> nÕVrZo AmdmhZ Ho$bo Va Vr eŠVr Vo Ðì` earaml`r hmoD$Z Ñï>H$m © gmÜ`H$aVm oVo, Aer AmÚ g_yh_ZmMr g_OyV hmoVr. Aem AZoH$ g_OyVr bmoH$g_OyVr åhUyZ {Q>Hy$Zam{hë`m. H$mhr Zì`mZo {Z_m©U Pmë`m. mVw{dYr d mVwlÕm m g_yhZo{UdoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Agë`mZoAem bmoH$g_OwVr g_mOOrdZmV, "_ZmV' AmOhr Ka H$ê$Z AmhoV. H$maU _mUgmÀ`m _ZmMo AZoH$Ioi AgVmV, _ZmÀ`m eŠVr AgVmV. VerM Xw~©b ñWmZohr AgVmV. EImÚm Jmoï>rMm AmdmhZ XoUmamàMma nwÝhm nwÝhm hmoV am{hbm, ~wÕrnojm mdZobm wai nmS>Ê`mMm à`ËZ hmoV am{hbm, Va bmoH$g_OwVrbmD$V oVmo.

AmOÀ`m {dkmZ wJmV, _m{hVr-_hmOmbmÀ`m ngmè`mV XoIrb bmoH$g_OwVr g_mO_ZmV {Q>Hy$Z

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AmhoV. g§nyU© _hmamï´> Am{U ^maVr` g_mO-OrdZmV Ë`m AmT>iyZ `oVmV. bmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$mMma,bmoH$Z¥Ë` AmXr bmoH$gm{hË` àH$ma nm{hbo Var Ë`m§À`mhr _wimer H$mhr bmoH$g_OwVr AmhoV Ago bjmVoVo. BÀN>m AmH$m§jm§Mr nyVu Pmbr Zgob Va _¥Ë yZ§Va _¥VmË_m dmdaVmo. Aer Amnë`mH$S>o g_OyV

AmhoM. {Za{Zamiçm XoemV {Za{Zamiçm g_mO g_whmV-{Za{Zamiçm H$mbI§S>mV Aem bmoH$g_OwVtMm^aUm {dnwb à_mUmV {XgVmo. Amnë`mH$S>o JmdmJmdmV H$mhr gm_wXm{`H$ {dYr Ho$bo OmVmV. CXm. Yma{\$a{dUo, ~mam JmS>çm§Mr OÌm, _arAmB©Mr OÌm, {VMm \o$am `oUo Aem {H$VrVar g_OwVr gm§JVm `oVrb.g_OyVr Oem AgVmV Vem Ë`m J¡ag_OwVrhr AgVmV Am{U Ë`m bmoH$OrdZmV ÑT> hmoD$Z ~gboë`mAgVmV. Ago bmoH$g_O AWdm g_OwVr `m g_mO _Zmbm AmH$ma Va H$Yr H$Yr {dH$mahr XoD$ZOmVmV.

B bmoH${dYr

g_mOmV ê$T> Agboë`m Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ d g§{_l ñdénmÀ`m {dYtMm bmoH$gm{hË`mV g_mdoehmoVmo. ho {dYr Á`m g_mOmV àM{bV AgVmV Ë`m g_mOmV Ë`mbm AË`§V _hÎd AgVo. `mbmoH${dYtÀ`mÛmaoM g_mO OrdZ ì`ŠV hmoVo. AZoH$ bmoH$H$Wm Am{U bmoH$JrVo `m {dYter g§~ÕAgVmV. `m H$Wm Am{U JrVm§{edm` {dYr nyU© hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV Am{U {dYt{edm` JrV Am{U H$WobmnyU©Ëd `oV Zmhr. BVH$s EH$ê$nVm `mV AgVo.

Aä`mgmÀ`m gmo rgmR>r bmoH${dYtMo Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$ Am{U g§{_l ñdê$nmMo {dYr Ago 3^mJmV dJuH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. n{hë`m {d^mJmV JmdmVrb gd© bmoH$m§Zr gm_wXm{`H$nUo H$amd`mMo {dYroVmV. Va Xwgè`m {d^mJmV EImÚm {d{eï> OmVrer g§~§{YV {dYtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Va d¡ pŠVH$arË`m

Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m {dYtMm g_mdoe {Vgè`m àH$mamV Ho$bm OmVmo.

Aem `m {dYtMr H$mhr C{Ôï>o XoIrb AgVmV. OrdZ gwairVnUo Mmbmdo, Ë`mV {d¿Zo oD$ Z oV,Xmofm§Mo {ZagZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ago {dYr Ho$bo OmVmV. OrdZmMo g§ajU Am{U g§dY©Z hm `m {dYtMm _ybhoVy Amho. OrdZ gwa{jV amhÊ`mgmR>r H$moUË`m Var AkmV eŠVrbm de H$ê$Z KoÊ`mMm à`ËZ AemñdénmÀ`m {dYrVyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. g§H$Q>mnmgyZ, ñdV:Mo, JmdmMo, g_mOmMo g§ajU Aem {dYtnmgyZ Ho$boOmVo. ho {dYr R>am{dH$ H$mbmZ§Va Ho$bo OmVmV. ì`ŠVr, g_mO, Jmd `m§À`m_Ü o H$moUVr Var Abm¡{H$H$eŠVr AgVo. `m eŠVrÀ`m à^mdm_wio {Z{d©¿ZnUo gd© OrdZ-ì`dhma Mmby AgVmV, Aer g_OyVAgVo. H$mbm§VamZo hr eŠVr jrU hmoVo. åhUyZ Vr nwZ: àmßV H$ê$Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Ago {dYr H$aÊ`mVoVmV. OrdZ OJV AgVmZm ì`ŠVtH$Sy>Z H$mhr à_mX KS>VmV qH$dm {Z{fÕ H$_© Ho$bo OmVmV. Ë`m_wio

ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mOmÀ`m {R>H$mUr Agboë`m `m JyT> eŠVrMm j` hmoVmo. hr eŠVr nwZ: àmá H$ê$ZKoÊ`mgmR>r R>am{dH$ H$mbmZo Ago {dYr Ho$bo OmVmV.

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B JmdnmVirdaMo gm_wXm{`H$ bmoH${dYr

JmdmVrb bmoH$m§Zr gm_wXm{`H$nUo nma nmS>md`mÀ`m Aem {dYtMm g_mdoe `mV hmoVmo. ho gd© {dYrJmd nmVirda gd© bmoH$m§À`m àoaUoZo d ghH$m`m©Zo nma nmS>bo OmVmV. Ago {dYr Jmdmda g§H$Q> Amë`mÀ`mqH$dm oÊ`mÀ`m ^rVrnmoQ>r Ho$bo OmVmV. XwîH$mi nS>Uo, A{Vd¥ï>r hmoUo, amoJamB© oUo, ZXrbm _hmnya oUohr gd© g§H$Q>o X¡dr g§H$Q>o _mZbr OmVmV. VgoM Jmdmda XadS>m nS>Uo, naMH«$ oUo hr _mZdr g§H$Q>ohrg§H$Q>o _mZbr OmVmV. hr g§H$Q>o JmdMr YmaUm H$aUmar eŠVr jrU Pmë`m_wio oVmV d JmdmV nmndmT>ë`m_wio hr eŠVr jrU hmoVo, Agm g_O AgVmo. Aemdoir m {dYtMo ñdê$n Ym{_©H$ AgVo. JmdMoajU H$aUmao Oo X¡dV AgVo Ë`mbm g§Vwï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r ho {dYr Ho$bo OmVmV. Jmdmbm nmn_wŠV H$aUo, ewÕH$aUo hm hoVy `m {dYr H$aÊ`m_mJo AgVmo.

Jmd ho EH$ ñd`§nyU© EH$H$ AgyZ Ë`mMo ñdê$n EH$m {Od§V Am{U EH$ê$n Aem gOrd KQ>H$mMoAmho. Ë`mV nydu H$mir, nm§T>ar {_iyZ ho EH$H$ {gÕ Pmbobo hmoVo. nm§T>arMo åhUOoM dñVrMo ajU hZw_mZhr bmoH$XodVm H$aVo. åhUyZ Ë`mMo XoD$i doerOdi AgVo. VgoM H$mir d nm§T>ar {_iyZ Oo {edma~ZVo Ë`mÀ`m hÔrbm "erd' åhUVmV. øm erdoÀ`m AmVrb g_J« OrdZmMo ajU Am{U g§JmonZ J«m_XodVmH$aVmV. Aer g_OyV àM{bV hmoVr Am{U AmOhr Amho. JmdmVrb {nemÀM XodVm§Mrhr hrM hÔAgVo.

Aem àg§Jr _J "IoS>o ~m§YUo' _hm_marMo dmao oD$ Z o åhUyZ JmdmV Yma {\$a{dUo, bú_r AmB©qH$dm _arAmB©Mr `mÌm H$aUo, _arAmB©Mm JmS>m {edodê$Z AmUUo d {edoda dmOVJmOV ZoD$Z nmohMH$aUo. ~mam JmS>çm§Mr `mÌm EH$m {ZpíMV {VWrbm gmOar H$aUo "Ym|S>m_mar H$aUo', {edrJmi H$aUo Ago{dYr Ho$bo OmVmV. `m gd© {dYtÀ`m _wimer nmndmhH$mMr g§H$ënZm AgVo. ì`ŠVrMr qH$dm g_yhmMrnmno, amoJ, Xw m©½`, {dnÎmr BË`mXr H$moUË`m Var EImÚm dñVyda, àmÊ`mda, nú`mda, _Zwî`mda Amamo{nVHo$bo OmVmV. Am{U nmn{ZîH¥$VrÀ`m {Xder Ë`mMm ~ir KoVbm OmVmo. nmndmhH$mMm hm {dYr {d{eï>H$mimZ§Va Ho$bm OmVmo. nmndmhH$ Am{U nmn^jH$ Agohr m {dYrMo ñdê$n AgVo. "AmodmiyZ Q>mH$boboAÞ', "dó', "nmUr' BË`mXr Jmoï>r Adb§{~ë`m OmVmV. _m§Jra nyOm hm XoIrb AgmM EH$ {dYr Amho.

B gm_m{OH$ bmoH${dYr

bmoH${dYt_Ü o H$mhr {dYr ho EImÚm {d{eï> bmoH$g_yhmer {ZJ{S>V ñdê$nmMo {dYr AgVmV.Ë`mV EH$m {d{eï> OmVrVrb bmoH$M gh^mJr hmoVmV. BVa OmVrVrb bmoH$ ghH$m`© H$aVmV qH$dmàojH$m§Mr y{_H$m KoVmV. `m {dYt{df`r Ë`m§À`m _ZmV AmXa AgVmo. CXm. YZJa g_mOmMm "hþB©H$'Mm{dYr qH$dm X{bV g_mOmVrb nmoVamO gmoS>Ê`mMm {dYr dm H$moëhmQ>r g_mOmMm "Mmi ~m§YUo' hm {dYr,VgoM ^JVm§Mo Xrjm{dYr, EImÚm n§WmV àdoe H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$amdo bmJUmao {dYr `m {dYt_Ü o A§V y©VhmoVmV. `m {dYrV "hiX bmdUo', "gwVdUo', "{dYrdV A§Kmoi' H$aUo BË`mXr {dYr Ho$bo OmVmV.

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B g§{_l ñdê$nmMo {dYr

Aem {dYt_Ü o {d{eï> Y_m©À`m g§ñH$mamV nma nmS>ë`m OmUmè`m {dYtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. qhXyY_m©Vrb g_mO OrdZmV Ym{_©H$ ê$T>tMo ñdê$n bjmV KoD$Z Ago {dYr Ho$bo OmVmV. J^m©XmZ, nw§gdZ,OmVY_©, CnZ`Z, _oYmOZZ, Zm_H$aU BË`mXr g§ñH$ma{dYt_Ü o àVrH$mË_H$ YmVw{H«$`m Ho$ë`m OmVmV.CnZ`Z{dYr \$ŠV R>am{dH$ dJm©V hmoVmo. {ddmhg§ñH$ma _mÌ gd©Ì gmaImM AgVmo. Ago {dYr H$aVmZm{dYrJrVo åhQ>br OmVmV. H$mZ{niUr, hiX bmdUo, CÎmaUo qH$dm \o$S>Uo, Jmonm H$aUo, Pmb-P|S>m,ê$IdV Ago b½Z{dYrer g§~§{YV AZoH$ {dYr Ho$bo OmVmV. doJdoJiçm OmVr O_mVrZwgma XoIrb `m{dYtMo ñdê$n {^Þ {^Þ Ago Amho.

EH§$XarV bmoH${dYtZm bmoH$OrdZmV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb hm àH$ma OJ^aAmnUmbm gd© Y_©, OmV, dU© g§àXm`mV {XgVmo. AmOhr Ago {dYr Ho$bo OmVmV. {Okmgy§Zr Ë`mMog§H$bZ H$am`bm haH$V Zmhr.

2.6 bmoH$gm{hË` d AÝ` kmZemIm

bmoH$gm{hË` `m g§koMm AW© ì`mnH$ Agë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr {demb Amho.bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m gd© _mÜ`_m§VyZ Pmboë`m Am{dîH$mamMm g_mdoe Ë`mÀ`mV hmoVmo. bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m {d{dYA§JmMo Xe©Z bmoH$gm{hË`mV KS>V Agë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË` AÝ` g§~§{YV kmZemIm§Zmhr gmø yV R>aVo.Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mMm AÝ` kmZemIm§er AË §V OdiMm g§~§Y Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg AÝ`kmZemIm§À`m Aä`mgmg H$gm ghmæ` yV R>aVmo. Ë`m§Mm nañna g§~§Y H$m` ? ho nhmUo Bï> hmoB©b.

Iao Va bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMm àma§ bjmV KoVbm Va bmoH$gm{hË`g§~§Yr _mZdd§eemó,^mfmemó, g_mOemó, _mZgemó, B{Vhmg `m kmZemIm§Zr AmñWoZo {dMma Ho$bobm {XgVmo. `m{edm`na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo bmoH$OrdZ Á`m H¥$Vr-CŠVrVyZ àH$Q> Pmbo Ë`m gdmªMm g_mdoe bmoH$gm{hË`mVhmoVmo. Ë`m_wio OrdZmMm {d{dY A§JmZr Aä`mg H$aUmè`m emókm§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`m{df`r AmñWm XmI{dbr.H$maU ho Aä`mgH$ Á`m kmZemIogmR>r bmoH$gm{hË` gm_J«rMm dmna H$aV hmoVo. Ë`mVyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mMmgd© A§JmZr Aä`mg H$amd`mMm Agob Va bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U AÝ` kmZemIm§À`m g§~§Ym§Mrhr MMm©Ho$br nm{hOo Ago `m Aä`mgH$m§Zm dmQ>ë`m_wioM d KQ>H$ nañnamÀ`m Aä`mgmg nyaH$ R>aVmV ho bjmVAmë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË` d AÝ` kmZemIm§À`m nañnanyaH$ g§~§YmMr MMm© hmoD$ bmJbr. Voìhm àñVwV{R>H$mUr bmoH$gm{hË` d AÝ` kmZemIm§À`m ghg§~§Ym§Mo {dûcofU AmnUmbm H$amd`mMo Amho.

2.6.1 bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _mZdd§eemó

_mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË` gm_J«rMm ~amM Cn`moJ hmoVmo, Ago_mZdd§eemókm§À`m bjmV Amë`mZ§Va ~aoM _mZdd§eemók bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmH$S>o dibo.Am{U "bmoH$gm{hË`' hr _mZdd§eemómMr EH$ emIm Amho Ago _mZyZ _mZdd§eemómMo AZoH$ {gÕm§V

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....4

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bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmYmao _m§Sy> bmJbo. `mVyZ bmoH$gm{hË` d _mZdd§eemó `m XmoZ kmZemIm§Mmghg§~§Y àñWm{nV Pmbm. bmoH$g{hË`mMm gm§ñH¥${VH$ _mZdd§eemó åhUyZ H$mhr Aä`mgH$ C„oIH$aVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ Am{dîH¥$V hmoUmè`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ na§nao_wioM g§ñH¥$VrMo, na§nam§Mo d nma§n[aH$g§ñWm§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo. gm§ñH¥${VH$ _mZdd§eemómMm Aä`mg bmoH$gm{hË`m{edm` hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. AemYmaUm `m Aä`mgmV {dH${gV Pmë`m. ES>dS>© ~r. Q>m`ba `m _mZdd§eemókmZo Va bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mAmYmaoM Amnbm "g§ñH¥$Vr CËH«$m§Vr'Mm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm d _mZdd§eemómÀ`m Aä`mgmV bmoH$gm{hË`mMo_hÎd nQ>dyZ {Xbo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ho _hÎd AZoH$ _mZdd§eemókm§Zr _mÝ` Ho$ë`m_wioM bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mAä`mgmMm _mZdd§eemór` g§àXm` {Z_m©U Pmbm.

_mZdd§eemókm§À`m _Vo, g§ñH¥$Vr hr _mZdmMm gm_m{OH$ dmagm Amho. na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m{deofm§Mm g§ñH¥$VrV g_mdoe hmoV Agë`mZo d g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ KS>V Agë`mZo bmoH$gm{hË`d _mZdd§eemó `m XmoZ kmZemIm EH$_oH$m§er nyaH$ R>aVmV. Q>m`ba d b°J ho XmoZ Aä`mgH$gOrdmdeofdmXr g§àXm`mMo àdV©H$ hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr amZQ>r bmoH$m§À`m X¡dVH$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z _yiÀ`mH$Wm amZQ>r bmoH$mV AmT>iVmV hm {gÕm§V _m§S>bm. Ë`m§À`m _Vo ""^m¡Jmo{bH$Ñï>çm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ A{VXyaAgboë`m _mZdg_yhm§À`m ê$T>r, lÕm, MmbrarVr, H$Wm BË`mXt_Ü o {dbjU gmå` {XgVo. `m§Mo H$maU^m¡{VH$ n[apñWVrV gd© _mZdg_yhm§Mo {dMma, ^mdZm d dV©Z EH$gmaIoM hmoVo, `mVyZ Ë`m§À`mbmoH$gm{hË`mV gmaIonUm oVmo Ago Z_yX Ho$bo. Am{X_ O_mVtÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vr_Yrb KQ>H$ hr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`mB{VhmgmMr {Od§V gmYZo AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m nydm©dñWoÀ`m IwUm H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV Ë`m§À`m àJVAdñWoVhr {Od§V amhVmV. X¡dVH$Wm A{VàmMrZ AmhoV. `mVyZM H$mhr {gÕm§V _m§S>bo Jobo d_mZdd§eemómMm àË`j g§~§Y bmoH$OrdZmer Amë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mMmhr OdiMm g§~§Y Ambm.EH§$XarV bmoH$gm{hË`mV _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>Vo Am{U hr g§ñH¥$Vr _mZdd§eemómÀ`m Aä`mgmV_hÎdmMr R>aVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË` d _mZdd§eemó `m XmoZ kmZemIm§Mm K{Zð> g§~§Y {gÕ hmoVmo.Am{U `mMo lo Ooåg \«o$Pa, Q>m`ba d A±S´>çy b±J `m _mZdd§eemókm§H$S>o OmVo.

2.6.2 bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U g_mOemó

g_mO OrdZmÀ`m {d{dY A§Jm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmao emó åhUyZ g_mOemó hr kmZemIm AmoiIbrOmVo. _mZdd§eemómnojm g_mOemómMo AÜ``ZjoÌ ì`mnH$ Amho. Ë`m Ë`m g_mOmVrb ê$T>r, àWm,na§nam, bmoH$g_OyVr BË`mXr bmoH$gm{hË` Am{dîH$mamVyZ bmoH$OrdZ, g_mO OrdZ ì`ŠV hmoVAgVo. åhUZyM bmoH$gm{hË` g_mOemómMr gm_J«r AgVo. g_mOemók Ooìhm {Za{Zamiçm OmVr-O_mVtMm, Ë`m§À`m nañna g§~§Ym§Mm Aä`mg H$aV AgVmV, Voìhm Ë`m OmVr O_mVt_Ü o nyd©na§naoZoMmbV Amboë`m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgm{edm` Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgmbm nyU©Ëd oD$ eH$V Zmhr. `mXmoÝhrhr kmZemIoV bmoH$na§nam, Mmbr[aVr `m§Mm Aä`mg H$amd`mMm AgVmo. g_mO OrdZmMm g§X ©gmoSy>Z bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVm oV Zmhr.

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g_mOOrdZmV hmoUmè`m n[adV©ZmZwgma bmoH$gm{hË`mV XoIrb n[adV©Z hmoV AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË`Am{U g_mOemó `m kmZemIm§Mm nañna g§~§Y bjmV KoVbm Va `m XmoÝhrhr kmZemIm A{d^mÁ`nUonañnam§er H$em g§~§{YV AmhoV ho bjmV oVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg g_mOemómMo A{Yð>mZ XoD$ZH$aUo A{Ve` _hÎdmMo Amho.

g_mO EH$m {dMma{dœmVyZ Ooìhm Xwgè`m {dMma{dœmV OmVmo Voìhm g_mOmÀ`m OrdZÑï>rV d OrdZnÕVrV ~amM \$aH$ nS>bobm AgVmo. Varhr yVH$mbrZ g_mOOrdZmVrb H$mhr Adeof {e„H$ amhVmV.`m Adeofm§_wio X¡Z§{XZ g_mO OrdZmVrb Ë`mMr AW©nyU©Vm Zme nmdV Zmhr. Aem Adeofm§Zm lr_VrXwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zr "gOrdmdeof' åhQ>bo Amho. g_mOOrdZmV `m Adeofm§Zm H$mhr EH$ hoVy AgVmo. Voìhmg_mOOrdZmVrb `m gOrdmdeofmMo n`m© mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g_mOOrdZmVrb hoVy bjmV KoUo, Ë`mMrAW©nyU©Vm OmUyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>r g_mOemór` Ñï>r Amdí`H$ AgVo. Va bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`memór` {ddoMZmgmR>r g_mOemór` Aä`mgmMr JaO AgVo.

bmoH$gm{hË` g_mOOrdZmMr JmWm _mZbo OmVo. AZoH$ bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mamVyZ g_mOmÀ`m AmdS>r-{ZdS>r, Ë`mMr A{^ê$Mr H$iV AgVo. Ë`m_wioM bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m doJionUmMr H$ënZm oVo, bmoH$g_yhmÀ`mì`pŠV_ËdmMr AmoiI hmoVo. åhUyZM g_mOemók bmoH$gm{hË`mbm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd XoVmV. Voìhm`m XmoÝhrhr kmZemIm EH$_oH$m§er nyaH$ Aem kmZemIm AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm AË §V OdiMm g§~§Y Amho.

2.6.3 bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _mZgemó

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _mZgemó m kmZemIm§Mm g§~§Y K{Zð> Agm Amho. Vgo nm{hbo Va ì`pŠV{edm`g_mOmbm d g_mOm{edm` ì`ŠVrbm AW© CaV Zmhr. _mZgemómV ì`ŠVt_Ü o {Za{Zamiçm n[apñWVrCËnÞ hmoUmè`m _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m§Mo AÜ``Z hmoV AgVo. ì`ŠVr hr g_mOmVrb {Za{Zamiçm ì`ŠVrerg§~§{YV AgVo. {VÀ`m gm_m{OH$ Am{U {d{eï> _ZmÀ`m AdñWm§Mo ñdê$n bjmV KoÊ`mMo H$m_ _mZgemókH$aV AgVmV. ì`ŠVrVrb dV©Z, n[adV©Z ho g_mOmV hmoUmè`m n[adV©ZmMm EH$ mJ AgVo. g_mOmVrbn[adV©Z ho ì`ŠVrVyZ AmH$mamg oV AgVo. ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mO ho nañnamdb§~r KQ>H$ AgyZ VoEH$_oH$m§Zm nyaH$ AgVmV. ho EH$_oH$m§_Ü`o EdT>o EH$ê$n AgVmV H$s Ë`m§Zm EH$_oH$m§nmgyZ doJio H$mT>VmMoV Zmhr. åhUZyM ì`ŠVrMo Am{dîH$maU ho g_mOmMo Am{dîH$maU _mZbo OmVo. ì`ŠVrMm g_mO_ZmVyZ

Ambobm Am{dîH$ma AmnUmbm bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mamVyZ nhmd`mg {_iVmo. `mVyZM g_mO_ZmMr AmoiIhmoVo. Am{U g_mO_ZmÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r _mZgemókm§Zm Cn`moJr nS>Vo. \«$mB©S>, AZ©ñQ> OmoÝg, E\$-[aH${bZ d Q>r.arH$ `m§Zr _mZgemóm§À`m Aä`mgmV bmoH$gm{hË`mMo _hÎd {deX Ho$bo Amho. _mZdr_ZmVrb JyT>, gwßV dmgZm d dmgZmnyVuMr àVrHo$ `m H$ënZm§da _mZgemókm§Zr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo {dûcofUHo$bo Amho. amZQ>r AdñWonmgyZ gwg§ñH¥$V gm_m{OH$ AdñWon ªVMr _mZdr _ZmMr ì`mnmamMr CH$bË`m§Zr Ho$br Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm _mZgemór` Ñï>rZo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr bmQ>M Ë`m_wio {dgmì`m

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eVH$mV Ambr Am{U bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _mZgemó `m§À`m K{Zð> ghg§~§YmMr MMm© gwê$ Pmbr."bmoH$m§'Zm "bmoH$_Z' AgVo ho `m XmoZ kmZemIm§À`m AÜ``Zm_wioM {gÕ Pmbo. bmoH$_ZmMm Am{dîH$mabmoH$m§Mr ^mfm, nwamUH$Wm, bmoH$gm{hË`, H$bm, dmL²>_`mVyZ hmoV AgVmo. ho VËd XmoÝhrhr kmZemIoVrbemókm§Zr _mÝ` Ho$bo. `mdê$Z bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _mZgemó `m kmZemIm§Mm nañnanyaH$ g§~§Y bjmVoVmo.

2.6.4 bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U ^mfmemó

bmoH$gm{hË`mg§~§Yr g¡Õm§{VH$ ñdê$nmMo boIZ àW_ mfmemókm§Zr Ho$bo. {J«_~§Yy Am{U _°H$gå yba`m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMr {deofV: bmoH$H$Wm§Mr VmpËdH$ MMm© Ho$br. bmoH$gm{hË` ho mfmemómÀ`m AÜ``ZmMoEH$ gmYZ Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mV eãXd¡ d, AW©d¡ d d CÀMmad¡ d Agë`mZo Ë`mMo {dûcofU H$aÊ`mg^mfmemó _XV H$aVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ^mfm hr ~mob^mfm AgVo. hr nmbQ>V Zmhr Ago Zmhr. na§VwnmbQ>Vm nmbQ>Vmhr Amnbr d¡{eï>ço Vr A~m{YV R>odVo. `m gd© ~m~tMm Aä`mg ^mfmemómÀ`m _XVrZoH$aVm oVmo. A{bH$S>o ^mfmemókm§_Ü o _mZdd§eemór` Ñï>rZo Aä`mg H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§Mm EH$ dJ©{Z_m©U Pmbm Amho. ^mfm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mm nañnag§~§YmMm emóewÕ Aä`mg hmoD$ bmJbm. Ë`mVyZM_mZdd§e ^mfm{dkmZ CX`mg Ambo.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr ~mobrVM hmoV AgVo. ^mfm{dkmZm_Ü o H«$m§Vr KS>dyZ AmUUmè`m gñ yaZo~mobrMmM AmYma KoD$Z ^mfm{dûcofU Pmbo nm{hOo `mMm AmJ«h Yabm. Ë`mZo ^mfm Am{U ^mfU Ago^mfoMo ñVa oX Ho$bo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo ^mfU (dmUr) ho EH$m ì`ŠVrMo AgVo. `mCbQ> ^mfm hr g_mOmMrA{O©V d ñdrH¥$V g§nVr AgVo. Ago Agbo Var dmUrÀ`m _mÜ`_m{edm` mfoV dmT> hmoV Zmhr. ~mobr hrdmUr Am{U ^mfm `m§À`m_Ü o goVygmaIr AgVo. ~mobr hr dmUrà_mUo ì`pŠVH$hr Zmhr Am{U ^mfoà_mUoì`mnH$, {Z`_~Õ Am{U VwbZoV OS>Ëd Agbobr Zmhr. ~mobr hr _m¡{IH$ Agë`mZo {VÀ`m _yb àd¥Îmr_wŠV ~§YZa{hV d M¡VÝ`nyU© AgVmV. ì`ŠVr Am{U g_mO `m§À`m_Ü o bhmZ g_mOJQ> AgVmV.Ë`m§À`mV Am§V[aH$ g§doXZm à^mdr AgVo. na§naoZo Ë`m§Zm KÅ>nUo gm§Ybobo AgVo. `m Ñï>rZo ì`ŠVr Am{Ug_mOJQ> bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g¥OZ Am{U àgma m§Zm AZwHy$bVm àmßV H$ê$Z XoVmo. ~mobr Am{U bmoH$gm{hË``m§Mm g§~§Y m g_yhmÀ`m g§X^m©VM {Z_m©U hmoVmo. åhUyZM bmoH$g_yhmV ~mobbr OmUmar ~mobr d _m¡{IH$ñdê$nmV àM{bV Agbobo bmoH$gm{hË` _wŠV AgVo. `m _wŠVVoMo AÜ``Z ^mfmemómÀ`m AmYmamZoH$aVm `oVo.

AZoH$ ^mfmemókm§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo `m§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z ^mfog§~§Yr_hÎdnyU© {ZîH$f© Zm|X{dbo AmhoV. _°Šgå ybaÀ`m X¡dVH$Wm {gÕm§Vmbm hmM AmYma hmoVm. ^mfm hr EH$gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amho. Vr gm§ñH¥${VH$ àd¥ÎmrMo dmhZ åhUyZ {Od§V amhVo. H$Yr H$Yr ñdV:M g§ñH¥$VrMoA§J AgVo. åhUr, dmH²$àMma m§gma»`m AdeofmVyZ g_mOmÀ`m {d{eï> AZw dmMo Xe©Z hmoVo. H$moUË`mhrg§ñH¥$VrMo ñdê$n H$go H$go ~XbVo ho Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrMo dmhZ Agboë`m ^mfoMm B{Vhmg nm{hë`mg bjmV

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oVo. `mÑï>rZo ^mfoÀ`m Aä`mgmV g§ñH¥$VrMo _hÎd d g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgmV ^mfoMo _hÎd d gm§ñH¥${VH${deoofm§Mr OmUrd `m XmoÝhr Jmoï>r _hÎdmÀ`m AgVmV.

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U ^mfmemó `m§Mm Agm AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y Amho. _mUgmMr OrdZarVr Ë`mÀ`m^mfoVyZ, gm{hË`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoV am{hë`mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$mbm ^mfmemómMm Am{UbmoH$gm{hË`mMm g§~§Y bjmV ¿`mdmM bmJVmo `mV e§H$m Zmhr.

2.6.5 bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U B{Vhmg

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm B{Vhmgmer XoIrb K{Zð> g§~§Y Amho. B{VhmgmMr gmYZo CnbãY hmoV ZmhrV.Vmon ªV bmoH$gm{hË` hrM B{VhmgmMr gm_J«r AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb X§VH$Wm, Am»`m{`H$m `m§À`mAmYmao Amnë`mbm B{VhmgmÀ`m VÎdmMm emoY KoVm oVmo. H$maU Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zog§~§YrMr AmR>dUH$ënZmdJw§R>rV ñdê$nmV _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo EH$m {nT>rnmgyZ Xwgè`m {nT>rn ªV oVo. Vr bmoH$à{V^m dEo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zoda H$ënZm~§YmMr nwQ>o MT>{dVo Am{U _yi gË` Yyga hmoVo. na§Vw ho Yyga gË` AmnUmbmemoYyZ H$mT>Vm oVo Vo bmoH$mV àM{bV Agboë`m X§VH$Wm, Am»`m{`H$m§dê$Z. `mdê$Z bmoH$gm{hË`Am{U B{Vhmg `m§Mm {H$Vr OdiMm g§~§Y Amho ho bjmV oVo.

H$Z©b Q>mS> `m§À`m _Vo, ""bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË`mMm emoY AmnUmbm KoVm oVmo.'' VaOm°O© bm°aoÝg bmoH$gm{hË`mbm B{VhmgmMo emó åhUVmo. _mZdd§eemók g_mOmV àM{bV Agboë`mbmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AmYmaoM _mZdd§emÀ`m yVH$mimVrb OrdZmMm emoY KoVmV. bm°aoÝg m§Zr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm,bmoH$ê$T>tMm Aä`mg H$ê$ZM `m~m~V {ZîH$f© H$mT>bo AmhoV.

X¡dVH$Wm§À`m AmYmao Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË`, VËH$mbrZ OrdZmMr _m{hVr d Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm `m§MmAä`mg H$aVm oVmo. Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË` emoYÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Cn`moJ hmoVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`m{edm`_mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg kmV hmoUo eŠ` Zmhr. bmoH$ñ_¥VrZo OVZ Ho$boë`m g_OyVr, H$Wm m§Mm Cn`moJEo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mgmgmR>r d B{VhmgmMm Cn`moJ bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb gË` emoYZmgmR>r gmamgma {ddoH$nÕVrZo H$aVm oVmo. bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$H$WmJrVo hr bmoH$gm{hË`mMr A§Jo ñWbH$mbmer g§~§{YV AgVmV.Eo{Vhm{gH$ nwéfm§À`m OrdZmVrb _hÎdmÀ`m KQ>Zm OVZ H$arV AgVmV. `m Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm åhUOo"_m¡{IH$ B{Vhmg'M AgVmo. Aem `m XmoZ kmZemIm§Mm Aä`mg {H$Vr nañnanyaH$ Amho. ho `mAä`mgemIm§À`m g§~§Ymdê$Z bjmV oVo.

2.7 g_mamon

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm gVamì`m eVH$mV gwê$dmV Pmbr. AmO OmJ{VH$ nmVirda `mAä`mgmbm ñdV§Ì ñWmZ {_imbo Amho. ^maV Am{U ^maVm~mhoa {d{dY g§ñWm d {dÚmnrR>r` nmVirdabmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg gwê$ Amho. `m bmo. gm. Mr CËnÎmr Zo_H$s H$er Pmbr Agmdr `m g§X^m©Vrb{d{dY CnnÎmtMm nam_e© AmnU àñVwV KQ>H$mV KoVbm Amho. OJmVrb gd© {dYr, g§ñH$ma, bmoH$H$Wm

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BË`mXtÀ`m _wimer Agboë`m g_yh^mdZmM bmoH$gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmV Ago _mZmdo bmJVo. åhUyZMbmoH$gm{hË`mbm bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma åhQ>bo Jobo Amho. S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMrì`mßVr gm§JVmZm _m¡{IH$ Am{dîH$ma (emãX bmoH$gm{hË`), ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH$VÎdo-bmoH$ê$T>r,bmoH$ «_, bmoH$g_OwVr, bmoH${dYr B. Am{U à`moJ{gÕ bmoH$H$bm Aem Mma àH$mao dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho.Ë`m§Mm g{dñVa n[aM` AmnU àñVwV KQ>H$mV H$ê$Z KoVbm Amho.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm gdmªJrU Aä`mg hmoÊ`mgmR>r VgoM gm_m{OH$ emóm§Mm gdmªJrU Aä`mg hmoÊ`mgmR>rAm§VakmZemIr` Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mV BVa AZoH$ {df`m§Mr AÜ``Z gm_J«rg_m{dï> Amho. åhUyZ bmoH$gm{hË` ñdV§Ì Aä`mg{df` Va AmhoM. na§Vw BVa Aä`mg{df`m§Mohr Vo EH$A§J Amho. AWm©V àË oH$ {df`mMo Aä`mgH$ bmoH$gm{hË`mH$S>o doJdoJiçm Ñï>rVyZ nmhVrb. Ago AgboVar bmoH$gm{hË` d BVa {df`m§_Yrb nañnag§~§Y nhmUo Amdí`H$ Amho ho bjmV KoD$Z Ho$boë`mAä`mgmMr _m§S>Ur àñVwV KQ>H$mV g_moa R>odbobr Amho.

2.8 eãXmW© d Q>rnm :

{dYr : Y_©{Z`_, Y_©H¥$Ë`, Y_©{H«$`m.

bmoH$JrV : bmoH$g_yhmVrb _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo JrV.

{d{YJrV : OÝ_, _¥Ë y, noaUr, _iUr, àg§J H$amd`mÀ`m {dYràg§Jr {d{YH$_m©Mm^mJ åhUyZ åhQ>bo OmUmao JrV.

bmoH$H$WmJrV : JrVmÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ gm§{JVbobr H$Wm.

2.9 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

A) dñVw{Zð> àíZ

1. hr bmoH$_mZgmMr {Z{_©Vr Amho.

(b{bVgm{hË` / bmoH$gm{hË` / {dkmZ gm{hË`)

2. _m¡{IH$ Am{dîH$mamÀ`m AmH¥${V~§Ymg Ago åhUVmV.

(emãX bmoH$gm{hË` / bmoH$H$bm / à`moJ{gÕ H$bm)

3. Imbrbn¡H$s H$moUË`m àH$maMr bmoH$dmL²>_`mV JUZm hmoVo ?

(dmÚ / Z¥Ë` / CImUo)

4. _mUyg `m àmÊ`mnmgyZ Z¥Ë`H$bm {eH$bm.(_moa / gmiy§Ir / H$moH$sim)

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5. ho Zoh_rM Abm¡{H$H$mMr AmoT> ~miJUmao AgVo.(bmoH$OrdZ / bmoH$_mZg / bmoH$dV©Z)

CÎmao : 1) bmoH$gm{hË`, 2) emãX bmoH$gm{hË`, 3) CImUo, 4) _moa, 5) bmoH$_mZg

~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {bhm.

1. Ame` Am{U A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~m~VrV bmoH$JrVmV {d{dYVm ZgVo.

2. ^maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mV bmoH$H$Wm§Mr na§nam àmMrZ Amho.

3. bmoH$gm{hË` bmoH$à{V oMr gm_y{hH$ nmVirdarb EH$ AZKS> {Z{_©Vr Amho.

4. bmoH${dYtÀ`mÛmao g_mOOrdZ ì`ŠV hmoV Zmhr.

5. _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË` gm_J«rMm A{O~mV Cn`moJ hmoV Zmhr.

CÎmao : 1) MyH$, 2) ~amo~a, 3) ~amo~a, 4) MyH$, 5) MyH$

H$) Jmiboë`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

1. ................ bmoH$gm{hË`mV H$Wm, JrVo, dmH²$àMma, åhUr, CImUo-AhmUo m§Mm g_mdoehmoVmo.

2. bmoH$JrV ho ............. Mm AmË_m _mZbm OmVmo.

3. O_mVrH$Sy>Z CËnÎmr hr CnnÎmr ................ m§Zr _m§S>br.

4. ............... ho bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb _m¡ë`dmZ boUo Amho.

5. _mZdd§eemókmÀ`m _Vo ............... hr _mZdmMm gm_m{OH$ dmagm Amho.

1) emãX, 2) bmoH$gm{hË`mMm 3) ñQ>mB©ÝWmb 4) CImUo, 5) g§ñH¥$Vr

S>) `mo½` OmoS>çm Owidm.

1. g_yhdmX A) lr_Vr ~Z©

2. AmoëS> B§p½be ~°boS>g² ~) {J«_ ~§Yy

3. h±S>~wH$ Am°\$ \$moH$bmoa H$) Om°O© bm°aoÝg

4. bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo B{VhmgmMo emó S>) E\$. ~r. Jw_oa

5. Á`oð> _mZgemók B) H$Z©b Q>mS>

B©) \«$mB©S>

CÎmao : 1) - ~, 2) - S>, 3) - A, 4) - H$, 5) - B©

B) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr H$moUË`m g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m g_J« Am{dîH$mambm ì`mnUmar ì`mßVr Amho ?

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2. H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m` `m§Zr H$moUVr CnnÎmr _m§S>br Amho ?

3. à`moJê$n bmoH$H$bm§_Ü o H$em H$emMm g_mdoe hmoVmo ?

4. H$moUVo emók "{dYr' ho ZmQ>çmMr J§JmoÌr _mZVmV ?

5. bmoH$gm{hË` H$emMr JmWm _mZbr OmVo ?

CÎmao :

1) bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m

2) g_Ýd`dmXr CnnÎmr

3) bmoH$Z¥Ë`, bmoH$ZmQ>ç, bmoH$dmÚ, {MÌ, {eën, _wVu B.

4) _mZdd§eemók

5) g_mOOrdZmMr

B bKwÎmar àíZ

1. bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mamMr g§H$ënZm WmoS>Š`mV {deX H$am.

2. "bmoH$JrVm'Mr ì`m»`m XoD$Z Ë`m§Mr à_wI d¡{eï>ço Z_yX H$am.

3. bmoH${dYrMm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm ¿`m.

B XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo dJuH$aU H$ê$Z R>iH$ àH$mam§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

2. bmoH$H$WoMm aMZm~§Y g{dñVa {deX H$am.

3. bmoH$ZmQ>çmVyZ gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$ OrdZmMo Xe©Z H$go KS>Vo ? Vo g{dñVa {bhm.

4. bmoH$ê$T>r, bmoH$ «_, bmoH$g_O, bmoH$VËd d bmoH${dYr `m§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

5. bmoH$gm{hË` d _mZdd§eemó `m§Mm AÝ`moÝ` g§~§Y CbJSy>Z XmIdm.

2.10 CnH«$_

1. Amnë`m n[agamVrb bmoH$dmÚm§Mr _m{hVr g§H${bV H$am.

2.11 A{YH$ dmMZ

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n : à^mH$a _m§S>o.

2. bmoH$gm{hË` _r_m§gm ^mJ 1, 2 : {dídZmW qeXo.

R R R

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3.1 C{Ôï>o

`m KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZo nwT>rb Jmoï>r g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg {d{dY A§Jm§Zr H$aUo eŠ` AgyZ Ë`mMm emór` nÕVrZo {dMma H$aVm`oB©b.

· nmíMmË`m§Zr Ho$boë`m bmoH$gm{hË` Aä`mgmMr nmíd© y_r g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mä`mgmbm g_¥ÕVm àmá H$ê$Z XoUmè`m `m nÕVtMm nam_e© KoVm oB©b.

3.2 àmñVm{dH$

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Amboë`m na§nam§Mo à{V{Z{YËd bmoH$gm{hË` H$aVo. AZoH$ bmoH$VÎdm§MoXe©Z KS>dUmè`m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmbm 18 ì`m eVH$mV gwê$dmV Pmbr. g_J« g§ñH¥$Vr, Y_©,VÎdkmZ, {d{dY gm_m{OH$ emóo, ^mfm, gm{hË` Aem àË oH$ {df`m§À`m Aä`mgH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo hrgm_J«r Cn wŠV Amho ho bjmV Amë`m_wioM bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo emó _mZyZ Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMrJaO {Z_m©U Pmbr. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n ì`mnH$ AgyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr `mg§X^m©V{d{dYm§Jr y{_H$m _m§S>ë`m AmhoV. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zm Ago dmQ>Vo H$s, bmoH$OrdZ, bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr,bmoH$na§nam Am{U bmoH$_mZg `m§Mm Aä`mg bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ ìhmdm. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo Va Y_©,VÎdkmZ, ^mfm, gm{hË` `mhr A§JmZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMrì`mßVr bjmV KoVm, `m_Ü o oUmao gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X ©, Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU, {díbofU, àoaUmAm{U na§nam `m gdmªMm emór` nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aUo hr AmYw{ZH$ H$mimVrb bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mAä`mgmMr JaO Amho. AWm©V nmíMmË` XoemV `mMm OodT>m Am{U Á`m nÕVrZo Aä`mg Pmbm VodT>m^maVmV _mÌ Pmbobm Zmhr. mMo H$maU maVmV bmoH$gm{hË`mMo {d{dY nmViçm§da g§H$bZ Pmbo. Am{Ug§H$bZmÀ`m nmVirdaM hm Aä`mg a|Jmibm. nU emór` nÕVrZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg _mÌPmbobm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio nmíMmË` bmoH$gm{hË`mä`mgH$m§Zr Á`m {d{dY A§Jm§Zr Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho VmoM{dMma A§{JH$ê$Z Aä`mgmMr _m§S>Ur H$amdr bmJVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm EH$ ñdV§Ì {df` åhUyZ Aä`mggd©àW_ wamonr` XoemV gwê$ Pmbm d _mÝ` Pmbm. 18 ì`m eVH$mV wamonmVrb nwamVÎddoË`m§Mo bj

KQ>H$ : 3

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg : g§àXm` d nÕVr

1. X¡dVH$Wmemór` 2. {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmXr 3. «m§VH$ënZmdmXr

4. hoVwH$WmdmXr 5. AdeofdmXr 6. Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$

7. H$m`m©Ýd`r 8. g§X^m©Ýd`r 9. aMZmZwgmar

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bmoH$gm{hË`mZo doYyZ KoVbo. ñdm^m{dH$nUo bmoH$gm{hË`mMr gm_J«r hmVmer Ambr. {~en nguZo nwamVZdñVy§Mm g§J«h Ho$bm d "[ab°Šg Am°\$ E{e`Z B§p½be nmoEQ´>r' `m ZmdmZo g§J«h àH$m{eV Ho$bm. Ë`m_wioB§½b§S> d wamon_Yrb Aä`mgH$m§Mo bj doYyZ KoVbo Jobo. OoH$~ J«r_ d {dëho_ J«r_ m§Zr H$Wm d JrVm§Mo{díbofU H$ê$Z dJuH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. 1866 _Ü o "\$moH$bmoa'gmogm`Q>rMr ñWmnZm Pmbr Am{U bmoH$gm{hË`{df`H$ Aä`mgmMo H|$Ð {Z_m©U Pmbo.

3.3 {ddoMZ

H$moUË`mhr g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrV ê$T> AgUmè`m _m¡{IH$ åhUOoemãX dmL²>_`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. H$maU bmoH$OrdZmVrb d bmoH$na§naoVrb gd© emãXgm{hË`, gd© àH$maÀ`m Y_©lÕm, {dYr-{dYmZo, g_OyVr, éT>r-na§nam, bmoH$ «_, bmoH$VÎd, X¡Z§{XZOrdZmer {ZJS>rV Jmoï>r, H$bm-H$m¡eë o, `m gd© KQ>H$m§Mm gm_½ «mZo Aä`mg H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.Ë`mgmR>r {d{dY emór` nÕVtMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZoM n[anyU©Vm `oD$ eH$Vo. `mMmM AW©Agm H$s, àma§ rÀ`m H$mimV Á`m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Vo _wimV bmoH$gm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ZìhVo. Va bmoH$OrdZmer {ZJS>rV {d{dY gm_m{OH$ emóm§Mo Vo Aä`mgH$ hmoVo. Ë`m_wio EH$m {d{eï>Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ àË oH$mZo Aä`mg Ho$bm. na§Vw Ë`m_wioM bmoH$gm{hË`mMo {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moZ {Z_m©U Pmbo.nmíMmË`m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Omo {d{dY A§Jm§Zr Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho Ë`mVyZ Oo {gÕm§V _m§S>bo AmhoVË`mVyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMo doJdoJio g§àXm` d Aä`mgnÕVr {Z_m©U Pmë`m. `m EHo$H$mnÕVrÀ`m Aä`mgmMo ñdê$n H«$_e: g_OyZ KoD$`m.

3.4 bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMo g§àXm` d nÕVr

3.4.1 X¡dVH$Wmemór` g§àXm`

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m emóewÕ g§H$bZmbm d Aä`mgmbm 1812 Vo 1871 `m H$mbI§S>mV `moJXmZXoUmao Aä`mgH$ ^mfmemók hmoVo. Ë`m_wio XwJm© ^mJdVm§Zr `m H$mbI§S>mbm "^mfmemór` Aä`mgmMmH$mbI§S>' Ago Zmd {Xbo. ~«oi, Hw$hZ, _°Šgå wba, S>mg|g, H$moŠg `m ^mfmemókm§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mAä`mgmgmR>r AmYma^yV gm_J«r åhUyZ X¡dVH$Wm§Mm dmna Ho$bm. {Za{Zamiçm Xoem§À`m X¡dVH$Wm§VCËn{ÎmH$Wm, XodXodVm§À`m H$Wm, Am{X_mZd Am{U dram§À`m H$Wm§Mm Ë`m§Zr AmYma KoVbm. Ë`m_wio^mfmemór` g§àXm`mbm [aMS>© S>m°agZ `m§Zr "X¡dH$Wmemór` g§àXm`' Ago Zmd {Xbo.

X¡dVH$Wm§V CËn{ÎmH$Wm, XodXodVm§À`m, Am{X_mZdmÀ`m Am{U dram§À`m H$Wm oVmV. Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aUH$ê$Z Ë`mdê$Z {gÕm§V _m§S>Ê`mMo à`ËZ gd©àW_ O_©ZrV Pmbo. Ë`mVyZ ^mfmemómMr d¥Õr Pmbr.X¡dVH$Wmemó hr àma§ r ^mfmemómMrM EH$ emIm hmoVr. `m g§àXm`mÀ`m d¥ÕrV \«$sS>[aH$ _°Šgå wba`m§Mo moJXmZ _moR>o Amho. Ë`m§Zr 1856 bm 'Oxford Essays' m J«§WmVyZ {WAmoS>moa ~oZ\o$À`m maV_ybH${gÕm§Vmbm nwï>r {Xbr. _°Šgå wbaZr Am wî`^a X¡dVH$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`m eãXmÀ`m MwH$sÀ`m

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ì wËnÎmrVyZ OÝ_mbm Amë`m AgyZ X¡dVH$Wm åhUOo ^mfobm OS>bobm amoJ Amho, Ago _V _m§S>bo. Ë`mMoñnï>rH$aU XoVmZm Vo åhUVmV H$s, eãXmMm _yi AW© AZmH$bZr` Pmbm H$s eãXmMm _yi AW© _mJo nSy>Z{ZamimM AW© Ë`mbm {MH$Q>Vmo. Ë`m_wio H$ënZm ~XbVmV d Zì`mZo H$ënZm§À`m H$Wm hmoVmV. _°Šgå wbaZrXwgam {gÕm§V Agm _m§S>bm H$s, gJiçm X¡dVH$Wm§Mm AmË_m gy ©H$Wm Amho. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV dm°ëQ>a Ho$.Ho$br `m§Zr `m {gÕm§Vmbm {damoY Ho$bm.

X¡dVH$Wm§Mo _yi H$moUVrVar EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm AgVo. {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmXr g§àXm`mMm CJ_ X¡dVemór`g§àXm`mV {_iVmo. g_mZ _ybKQ>H$ Á`m Á`m XoemVrb bmoH$H$Wm§V AmT>ibo, Ë`m§Zm Am © n[admamÀ`md§emVrb _mZbo OmÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm `m X¡dVH$Wmemór` g§àXm`mZo ì`ŠV Ho$br.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm ^mfmemór` Ñï>rZo àW_ Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMo lo O_©ZrVrb {J«_ ~§YyZm {Xbo OmVo.OoH$~ d {dëho_ `m {J«_~§Yy§Zr O_©Z _m`Wm°bm°OrMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z X¡dVH$Wmemó d ^mfmemómÀ`mAä`mgmbm à{Vð>m àmá H$ê$Z {Xbr. X¡dVH$Wmemór` g§àXm`mV \«$sS>[aH$ _°Šgå yba `mZo _hÎdnyU©^a KmVbr. 1856 _Ü o Ë`mZo Oxford Essays hm _hÎdnyU© J«§W {bhÿZ Vm¡b{ZH$ X¡dVH$Wmemó `mZì`m Aä`mg{df`mbm OÝ_ {Xbm. ~oZ\o$ hm doXdmL²>_`mMm Aä`mgH$ hmoVm. OJmMo gd© H$WmdmL²>_`mMo_ybñWmZ ^maV ho Amho. `m ~oZ\o$À`m {gÕm§Vmbm _°Šgå ybaZo CMbyZ Yabo. _°Šgå ybaZo nwamUH$WmqH$dm X¡dVH$Wm§À`m Aä`mgmVyZ EH$ emór` gyÌ emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. _°Šgå yba `m§Zr Am wî`^aX¡dVH$Wm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm Am{U 'Science of Mythology' `m {d»`mV J«§WmMo XmoZ I§S> à{gÕ Ho$bo.X¡dVH$Wmemómbm ^mfmamoJmMr _r_m§gm Ago _°Šgå yba åhUVmV. 'Mythology is the disease of

Language' Am{U 'Mythology is the Pathology of Language' hr Ë`m§Mr XmoZ à{gÕ dMZo AmhoV.

ga Om°O© H$m°Šg `m _°Šgå wbaÀ`m {eî`mZo 1870 _Ü o "X _m`Wmbm°Or Am°\$ Am ©Z ZoeZ' hmJ«§W {b{hbm. Ë`mV Ë`mZo {d{dY XoemVrb bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mV AmT>iUmao gm_Ï © {ZXe©ZmgAmUyZ {Xbo. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr X¡dVH$Wmemór` g§àXm`mMo {deof nwT>rbà_mUo gm§{JVbo AmhoV.

1. X¡dVH$Wm åhUOo ^mfobm OmoS>bobm amoJ hmo .

2. X¡dVH$Wm§Mo _yi H$moUVrVar EH$ Z¡g{J©H$ KQ>Zm AgVo. dmXi qH$dm VËg_ EImÚm KQ>ZoMoà{VH$ê$n X¡dVH$Wm§V AgVo. {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm§Mo ê$nH$mË_H$ {MÌU X¡dVH$Wm§V AgVo Ago_mZUmam {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmXr g§àXm` hm `mVyZ gwê$ Pmbobm Aä`mgH$m§Mm g§àXm` Amho.

3. _°Šgå yba `m§Zr gy ©H$Wm ho gd© X¡dVH$Wm§Mo AmË_VÎd _mZbo. ho _V gdmªZr _mÝ` Ho$boZmhr.

4. hm g§àXm` X¡dVH$Wm§À`m VwbZmË_H$ AÜ```Zmda AmYm[aV hmoVm. Ë`mZo Vm¡b{ZH$X¡dVH$Wmemó `m Aä`mg{df`mg OÝ_ {Xbm.

5. gma»`m {XgUmè`m H$Wm§Mo CJ_ñWmZ EH$ Agmdo. `m H$Wm Á`m Á`m d§emV àM{bV AmhoV,Ë`m§Mo _ybñWmZhr EH$M hmoVo. Vo Am © n[admamVrb d§e _mZbo OmD$ eH$VmV.

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6. `m g§àXm`mÀ`m _`m©Xm Am{U Xmof m g§àXm`mMm nwañH$ma H$aUmè`m§À`m bjmV oD$ bmJë`m.Varhr 1859 n ªV `m g§àXm`mMm à^md bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§da hmoVm.

3.4.2 {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmXr g§àXm` (The Nature Symbolists)

^mfmemómÀ`m AZwf§JmZo X¡dVH$WmemómMm {dH$mg Pmbm. `mVyZM _°Šgå`yba d BVam§ZmX¡dVH$Wm§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMm Xwgam EH$ n`m© gmnS>bm Vmo åhUOoM {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmX hmo . `m g§àXm`m~Ôb_m{hVr XoVmZm XwJm© mJdV åhUVmV. ""X¡dVH$Wm§V {ZgJ©Ñí`m§MrM {d{dY àVrHo$ AgVmV. m {dYmZmda`m g§àXm`mMr C^maUr Pmbobr Amho. d¡{XH$ H$Wm§V dyÌ åhUOo _oK, ga_m åhUOo nO©Ý`H$mimVeaXF$VyZo {_idbobm {dO`M Amho. Zm°d}{O`Z gmJm_Ü ohr Xodmgwam§Mo wÕ åhUOo {hdmiçmda dg§VmZo{_imdboë`m {dO`mMo ê$nH$M Amho. J«rH$ nwamUH$Wm§Vhr Aem ê$nH$m§Zm VmoQ>m Zmhr; CXm. gm`H$såhUOo \w$bnmIê$, {S>_rQ>a åhUOo dmg§{VH$ YmÝ`g_¥Õr B. AemàH$mao OJ^amÀ`m bmoH$gm{hË`mVrbX¡dVH$Wm§V {ZgJ©ê$nH$m§Mr aobMob AmT>iVo.'' _°Šgå yba `m§Zr X¡dVH$Wm§À`m Ho$boë`m ñnï>rH$aUmV `mg§àXm`mMo _yi Amho. Z§Va EèhoZo amB©gZo X¡dVH$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z _°Šgå ybaÀ`m _Vm§Mo g_W©Z Ho$boAmho.

X¡dVH$Wo{df`r 19 ì`m eVH$mVrb `wamonr` g§emoYH$m§Mr ^y{_H$m {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmÚm§Mr hmoVr.X¡dVH$Wobm `m Zm Ë`m dmñVd KQ>ZoMo, Z¡{VH$ qH$dm AmÜ`mpË_H$ VÎdm§Mo ê$nH$ _mZUo Aer Ë`m§Mry{_H$m hmoVr. ê$nH$m§_mJo Agbobr {ZgJ©-KQ>Zm emoYÊ`mMo à`ËZ AZoH$m§Zr Ho$bo. B§Ð, dê$U, _ê$X²JU,

dmH²$ B. gd©M XodVm {ZgJ©eŠVrMr ê$nHo$ Agë`mMo Vo _mZVmV. {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmÚm§Mm à^md ^maVmVrbAä`mgH$m§da XoIrb nS>bobm Amho. `m g§àXm`mMo Aä`mgH$ X¡dVH$Wm§_mJrb "gË`' emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZH$aVmV. Ë`mg§~§Yr _V^oX ì`ŠV H$aVmV. Varhr X¡dVH$Wm§V {ZgJ©Ñí`mMr ê$nHo$ AgVmV. ho _mÌgdmªZmM _mÝ` Amho. X¡dVH$WoV {ZgJm©Vrb KQ>Zm§Mo ê$nH$mË_H$ {MÌU Ho$bobo AgVo. _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrÀ`mà^md H$mimV {ZgJm©V KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§_mJrb H$maUo emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ë`mdoiÀ`m _mZdmZo Ho$bm; nUË`mMm CbJS>m Z Pmë`mZo Ë`m§Zr {ZgJm©bmM Xod _mZbo. {ZgJ© _hmZ OmXwJma Amho Aer Ë`m§Mr YmaUmPmbr. XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zr Q>çwQ>m{ZH$ H$Wm§Mo A§Va§J emoYVmZm {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmÚm§MrM y{_H$m ñdrH$mabobr{XgVo.

X¡dVH$Wo_mJo Z¡g{J©H$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ qH$dm gm_m{OH$ dmñVd emoYUo MwH$sMo Amho Ago Z§VaMo {dMmad§Và{VnmXy bmJbo. H$m{gaoa m§À`m _Vo X¡dVH$Wm§_Ü o dmñVd Jmoï>tMo {MÌU Agbo Var Vo 100% Eo{Vhm{gH$gË` ZgVo. Ë`mV _mZdr _ZmÀ`m «_mMo {MÌU AgVo. _mZdr _Z Am{U Ë`m _Zmbm ^mdbobo dmñVd`m§Mo {_lU Ë`mV AgVo. Ë`m§À`m _Vo, {Xì`H$Wm _mZdr _ZmMm «_ ZgVmo; _mZdr _Zmbm ^mdbobodmñVd Am{U _Z `m§Mr EH$mË_Vm Ooìhm {Xì`mË_ Om{UdoV gmYbr OmVo Voìhm "{Xì`H$Wm' OÝ_mbm oVod VrM dmñVd åhUyZ Zm§XVo.

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bmoH$H$Wm§À`m Aä`mgmV àW_ {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmXr {dMmagaUrMm nwañH$ma Ho$bm Agbm Var hr{dMmagaUr Aä`mgH$mV A{YH$ H$mi {Q>Hy$ eH$br Zmhr. gmYmaUV: 1870 Z§Va `m {dMmagaUrMmnwañH$ma Aä`mgH$m§Zr gmoSy>Z {Xë`mMo {XgVo. {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmÚm§À`m {dMmagaUrà_mUo X¡dVH$WoV B{VhmgemoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ AgVmo. Ë`m_wio X¡dVH$Wm åhUOo B{Vhmg Agm g_O hmoD$ eH$Vmo. X¡dVH$WoVyZB{VhmgmMm emoY KoÊ`mMo à`ËZ ì`W© Agë`mMo d hr Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMr nÕV MwH$sMr Agë`mMoAä`mgH$m§Zm dmQy> bmJë`m_wio hm g§àXm` _mJo nS>bm. Ago Agbo Var S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§Zr `mg§àXm`mMr Cn wŠVVm gm§JVmZm åhQ>bo Amho H$s, ""n«mMrZ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambobo gm{hË` Am{UË`mVrb AX² yV{MÌU AZoH$ doim dmñVdmnmgyZ Xya Jobobo AgVo. Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË` nS>ÚmAmS>hr PmboboAgVo; Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb H$Wm§Mm `m Ñï>rZo Ho$bobm Aä`mg A{YH$ _hÎdmMm Amho. B{VhmgmMoIao ê$n emoYÊ`mgmR>r Am{U Ë`m§Mr nwZ_mªS>Ur H$aÊ`mgmR>r hr Aä`mgnÕVr Cn wŠV R>aUmar Amho.''Va S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§À`m _Vo, X¡dVH$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Zamir {Xem KoUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

3.4.3 «m§VH$ënZmdmXr g§àXm` (Euhmerist School)

øw_aog hm emók «m§VH$ënZmdmXr g§àXm`mMm nwañH$Vm© hmoVm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mM ZmdmZo hm g§àXm`AmoiIbm OmVmo. `m g§àXm`mMo nwañH$V} ~o{Z`a Am{U bm§{áAa ho AmhoV. {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmXr g§àXm`mVyZM«m§VH$ënZmdmXr {gÕm§VmMr C^maUr Pmbr Amho. {ZgJ©à{V_m§_mJo XS>boë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË`m§Mm emoY

KoÊ`mda ^«m§VH$ënZmdmXr g§àXm` A{YH$ bj H|${ÐV H$aVmo. àË`oH$ X¡dVH$WoV H$moUVo Var gË`H$ënZmdJw§R>rV ñdê$nmV qH$dm AdmñVd H$ënZm§À`m AmdaUmImbr XS>bobo AgVo hr Ë`m§Mr YmaUmAgVo. AdmñVd H$ënZm§Zm `m g§àXm`mZo Iyn _hÎd {Xbo Amho.

«m§VH$ënZmdmXr g§àXm`mZwgma B§Ð hm Eo{Vhm{gH$ _mZd ZoVm F$ftÀ`m H$ënH$Vo_wio Xod Pmbm.`mM àH$mao AZoH$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ nwéfm§Zm H$ënZoÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo àmMrZ _mZdmZo XodËd àmá H$ê$Z {XboAmho. gË` Am{U H$ënZm `m§Mr ga{_gi hmoD$Z {_Ïg {Z_m©U Pmë`m.

OoH$~ {J«_À`m _Vo àM{bV H$Wm§_Ü o AdmñVd Am{U A{VaoH$s ^mJ {dnwb Agë`m_wio `m H$Wm_yiÀ`m {ZgJ©ê$nH$m§Mo {dH¥$V ñdê$n hmo .

^«m§VH$ënZmdmXr bmoH$gm{hË`{demaX nwamUH$Wm§Zm qH$dm X¡dVH$Wm§ZmM B{Vhmg _mZVmV.«m§VH$ënZmdmXmÀ`m à{Vð>mnZoÀ`mnydu {H$VrVar eVH$m§nmgyZ hr {dMmagaUr ^maVmV Am{U BVaÌ ê$T>

hmoVr. X¡dVH$Wm§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMr ^maVr`m§Mr y{_H$m «m§VH$ënZmdmÚm§MrM hmoVr. qH$~hwZm AmOhr VrMÑï>r Amho. åhUyZM nwamUH$Wm§Zm Am{U X¡dVH$Wm§Zm Eo{Vhm{gH$ _mZÊ`mV oD$Z Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mVoV hmoVm. S>ãë y. Oo. noar `m§À`m _Vo, ""AmÚV_ nwamUH$WoV Iam B{Vhmg bnbobm AgVmo. `m

nwamUH$Wm§ modVmbMo «m_H$, AX² wVVoMo AdJw§R>Z ~mOybm gmabo H$s Ë`mVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË` Amnë`mhmVr bmJVo.'' WmoS>Š`mV nwamUH$WoVrb KQ>Zm {H$Vrhr «m§V Ñí`mË_H$ Agë`m Var Ë`m§À`m nmR>rer

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dmñVd OJ AgVo. Ago «m§VH$ënZmdmXr _mZVmV. OoH$~ {J«_ `mZohr KaJwVr H$Wm§Mo {díbofU `mMVËdmÀ`m AmYmao Ho$bo.

{ZgJ©ê$nH$dmXr {dMmagaUrMo Aä`mgH$ X¡dVH$Wm§V {ZgJ©Ñí`m§Mr àVrHo$ AgVmV Ago åhUVmV.Va «m§VH$ënZmdmXr X¡dVH$WmV Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË` XS>bobo AgVo Ago _mZVmV. àË oH$ X¡dVH$WoV H$moUVoVargË` H$ënZm§À`m AmdaUmImbr XS>bobo AgVo Aer «m§VH$ënZmdmÚm§Mr {dMmagaUr Amho. X¡dVH$WoVrbXodVm m H$moUË`mVar Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`ŠVrMo ê$n Amho. bmoH$à{V oZo X¡dVH$WoV XodËd ~hmb Ho$bo. Ë`m_wioË`m§Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`pŠVËd bmonbo Aer gmYmaU `m g§X^m©Vrb {dMmagaUr Amho.

«m§VH$ënZmdmXr bmoH$gm{hË`mMo Aä`mgH$ nwamUH$Wm§VyZ, X¡dVH$Wm§VyZ B{Vhmg emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZH$aVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ `mnyduhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$bmAmho. gwPmZ b±JaÀ`m _Vo X§VH$Wm hr gm§ñH¥${VH$ dram§Mr H$Wm AgyZ Vr nwamUH$Woer OmoS>br OmVo d{Vbm nwamUH$Wm _mZbo OmD$ bmJVo. dm wnwÌ hZw_mZ, ^r_, gy ©nwÌ H$U©, YaUrH$Ý`m grVm `m gd©ì`ŠVtÀ`m H$Wm `mM ñdê$nmÀ`m AmhoV. ^«m§VH$ënZmdmXr bmoH$gm{hË`{demaX nwamUH$Wm§Zm qH$dmX¡dVH$Wm§ZmM B{Vhmg _mZVmV. «m§VH$ënZmdmXmÀ`m à{Vð>mnZonydu {H$Ë oH$ eVHo$ hr {dMmagaUr maVmVd BVaÌ ê$T> hmoVr. X¡dVH$Wm§H$S>o nmhÊ`mMr ^maVr`m§Mr y{_H$m «m§VH$ënZmdmÚm§MrM hmoVr. qH$~hþZmAmOhr VrM Ñï>r Amho Ago {XgVo. ^maVmV na§naoZo B{Vhmg hm eãX X¡dVH$Wm§gmR>r Am{U"{Xì`mo{Vhmgm'À`m AWm©Zo dmnabm OmV hmoVm. "nwamU' hm eãX g¥ï>rÀ`m CËn{Îm pñWVr, b`mMr {Xì`mË_H$Wm, amOd§emMm ~ìh§er bm¡{H$H$ B{Vhmg B. bjUm§Zr wŠV Ago g§H$sU© ñdê$nmMo OwZo J«§W `m AWudmnabm OmV hmoVm.

3.4.4 hoVyH$WmdmXr qH$dm ñnï>rH$aUdmXr g§àXm` (Acteological School)

X¡dVH$Wmemór` qH$dm ^mfmemór` g§àXm`mVyZ {ZKmbobm bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMm EH$g§àXm` åhUyZ hoVyH$WmdmXr qH$dm ñnï>rH$aUdmXr g§àXm` AmoiIbm OmVmo. S>mB©ZhmQ>© `m g§àXm`mMmnwañH$Vm© Amho. `m g§àXm`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo, X¡dVH$Wm Am{U H$mhr bmoH$H$Wm `m _ybV: hoVyH$WmAmhoV. Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZ ì`dhmamg§X^m©V hoVyH$Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ H$mhrVar gm§JÊ`mMm CÔoeAgVmo. Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m g¥ï>r_Ü o AmnU AZoH$ Jmoï>r nmhV AgVmo. m gd© Jmoï>r, ho gd© ì`mnma_Zwî` Am{U BVa àmÊ`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ g_OmdyZ gm§JÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. m H$Wm§À`m AmYmao g^modVmbKS>Umè`m {d{dY KQ>Zm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mÀ`m à`ËZmVyZ H$Wm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. åhUOoM ñnï>rH$aUH$aUo hm hoVy BWo {XgyZ oVmo.

S>mB©ZhmQ>© `m§À`m _Vo X¡dVH$Wm `m g¥ï>rì`mnmam§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r {Z_m©U Pmë`m AgoåhUÊ`mnojm `m H$Wm§À`m AmYmao ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm oVo Ago åhUUo A{YH$ wŠV hmoB©b. X¡dVH$Wm§À`mAmYmao AZoH$ ~m~tMo Am{U àWm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aVm oVo ho Ë`mZo gà_mU XmIdbo.

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X¡dVH$Wm `m {d{eîQ> hoVyVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AgVmV. "ho Ago H$m Pmbo ?' qH$dm "`m H$maUm_wioho Ago Pmbo' Aer H$maU_r_m§gm `mV AgVo. ñnï>rH$aUdmÚm§À`m _Vo, ^m¡{VH$ g¥ï>rMo ñnï>rH$aU _mZdrd nmedr H$moQ>rÀ`m AZwf§JmZo H$aÊ`mMr _mUgmMr àoaUm `m H$Wm§_Ü o {XgVo. S>mB©ZhmQ©>Zo ñnï>rH$aUmÀ`mH¥$VrVyZ ñnï>rH$aUmË_H$ H$Wm§Mm CJ_ Pmbm Ago Z XmIdVm AZoH$ àWm§À`m ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>r Ë`m§MmCn`moJ hmoVmo Ago XmIdbo Amho.

X¡dVH$WmemódmÚm§Zr XoIrb X¡dVH$Wm `m hoVyH$Wm AgVmV, Ago _mZbo Amho. H$maUX¡dVH$WmemómÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr X¡dVH$Wm§_YyZ {ZgJ©KQ>Zm§Mr àVrHo$ emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. na§Vwgd©M X¡dVH$Wm§Mo ñdê$n `m nÕVrZo emoYUo Ë`m§Zm eŠ` Pmbo Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM X¡dVH$Wm `m hoVyH$WmAgVmV, X¡dVH$Wm§_Ü o H$moUVm Var J{ ©V hoVy AgVmo Aer y{_H$m Ë`m§Zr _m§S>br. bmoH${hVmgmR>r VgoMg¥ï>rVrb JyT> d AZmH$bZr` Jmoï>tMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo `m H$Wm {Z_m©U Pmë`m Agmì`mV.

amB©~g© (Ribers) hm XoIrb `m g§àXm`mMm à~i AZw m`r hmoVm. Ë`m§Zr X¡dVH$Wm§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZVËH$mbrZ gm§ñH¥${VH$ AdñWoMm Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` hmoVo Ago à_mUo XoD$Z ñnï> Ho$bo Amho. amB©~g© m§Zrñnï>rH$aUdmÚm§Mr ^y{_H$m _mÝ` Ho$br Agbr Var Ë`m§À`m _Vo, H$moUË`mhr H$WoMo EH$M EH$ ñnï>rH$aUXoVm oUma Zmhr. H$maU _mUyg g^modVmbÀ`m dmVmdaUmbm d n[apñWVrbm AZwgê$Z ñnï>rH$aU H$aVmoË`m_wio Vr gmnoj AgVmV d dma§dma ~XbUmar AgVmV.

hoVwH$WmdmÚm§À`m _Vo, X¡dVH$Wm `m nwT>rb hoVy§_wio {Z_m©U Pmboë`m Agmì`mV.

1. {ZgJm©Mo ñnîQ>rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r.

2. AmMma, ê$T>r `m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zm pñWa H$aÊ`mgmR>r.

3. g¥ï>rV KS>Umè`m {d{dY ~Xbm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r

4. g_mOmbm ZrVr{Z`_ {eH$dÊ`mgmR>r.

5. JyT> d AZmH$bZr` Jmoï>tMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aÊ`mgmR>r.

6. Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mo ñ_aU g_mOmV {Q>H$dÊ`mgmR>r.

7. EImÚm {R>H$mUmMo qH$dm dñVyMo _hÎd dmT>dÊ`mgmR>r

8. g_mOmVrb H$mhr ~m~tMo _yi H$emV Amho, ho gm§JÊ`mgmR>r.

hm g§àXm` H$Wm§Mm gdmªJm§Zr Aä`mg H$aV Zmhr, ñnï>rH$aUo H$aVmZm ~m¡ÕrH$ H$gaV H$amdrbmJVo, EH$mM KQ>Zm§Mr AZoH$ ñnï>rH$aUo Agy eH$VmV Ago H$mhr Xmof `m Aä`mgnÕVrV AmhoV.Ë`m_wioM hm g§àXm` jrU Pmbobm Amho. nU Varhr nyU© Zï> Pmbobm Zmhr. AmOhr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr dH$WmJrVm§Mr ñnï>rH$aUo XoÊ`mMr àd¥Îmr Aä`mgH$m§_Ü`o {XgyZ `oVo. na§Vw hr ñnï>rH$aUo n[apñWVrgmnoj

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AgVmV. åhUyZM Vr dma§dma ~XbUmar AgVmV. am. qM. T>oao `m§Zr Amnë`m g§emoYZmV `m nÕVrMmAdb§~ Ho$bobm Amho. ñnï>rH$aUdmÚm§Mr {^ñV AZw_mZmdaM AgVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb ^mdZmAm{U H$ënH$Vm hr A§Jo Xwb©{jbr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio H$Wm§Mm gdmªJrU Aä`mg hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr.

3.4.5 AdeofdmXr g§àXm` (Survival Theory)

_mZdd§e g§àXm`mÀ`m AZoH$ emIm§n¡H$s EH$ _w»` emIm åhUOo gOrdmdeofdmXr g§àXm`hmo . Q>m`ba d b±J ho `m g§àXm`mMo àdV©H$ hmoV. bmoH$OrdZmV àM{bV bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo àmMrZOrdZmMo Adeof hmoV Aer ^y{_H$m ñdrH$mê$Z `m g§àXm`mMo Aä`mgH$ bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mgH$aVmV.

S>m°. emb©Q> ~Z© `m§À`m _Vo, ""Survivals åhUOo na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m d AmO Adeofê$nmZoApñVËdmV Agboë`m ê$T>r qH$dm bmoH$mMma ZìhoV, Va Vo g§ñH¥$VrMo MoVZA§e AgVmV. àmMrZ H$mimVrbbmoH$OrdZmMo AmOhr M¡VÝ` wŠV d gOrd KQ>H$ AgVmV, Á`m§Mm à^md dV©_mZH$mbrZ OrdZmdahrnS>bobm AgVmo.''

_mZdemór` Aä`mgmVyZ AdeofdmXr g§àXm`mMm OÝ_ Pmbm Amho. {deofV: "{à{_{Q>ìh H$ëMa'`m Q>m`baÀ`m J«§WmV Adeofm§Mm Omo Aä`mg Pmbm. Ë`m Aä`mgmVyZ Adeofm§À`m Aä`mgmbm MmbZm{_imbr. `m Adeofm§_wio yVH$mi Am{U dV©_mZ `m_Ü o gm§Ym OmoS>bm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio g§ñH¥$VrÀ`mnydm©dñWoMm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo. VgoM g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m {dH$mgmMo Q>ßno emoYVm oVmV.

bmoH$OrdZmVrb Adeofm§À`m `m ñdê$nm_wio XwJm© ^mJdV øm§Zr Ë`m§Zm "gOrdmdeof' Ago åhQ>boAmho. ""{Od§V Adeofm§À`m `m {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mÀ`m àH¥$Vr_wio yVH$mimVrb AdñWm d dV©_mZ AdñWm`m§Mm gm§Ym OmoS>bm OmD$Z g_mOOrdZmVrb gmVË` H$m`_ amhVo. AdeofdmXmÀ`m `m {gÕm§Vm_wiobmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ yVH$mimV S>moH$mdVm oVo. gJio bmoH$gm{hË` àH$ma Z¥Ë`Ioi, åhUr, CImUo, ê$T>r,àWm, bmoH$JrVo, bmoH$H$Wm `m§Zr àmMrZ g§ñH¥$VrMo H$mhr MoVZ A§e na§naoZo dV©_mZH$mimn ªV AmUboboAgVmV.'' Ë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m nydm©dñWoMm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo d {VMm {dH$mg H$gH$gmhmoV Ambm Amho Ë`mg§~§Yr AZw_mZo H$aVm oVmV.

AdeofdmXmÀ`m AmYmao bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§Zm gVV ~XbV OmUmè`mH$Wm§À`m _yi ñdê$nmMr {M{H$Ëgm H$aVm oV Zmhr. Ago Oar Agbo Var, OoìhmnmgyZ bmoH$H$Wm§À`mg§MbZmMo à`ËZ hmoV hmoVo, VoìhmnmgyZM {Za{Zamiçm ^mJmVrb H$Wm§Mo àgmaU hmoV AgVo, ho bjmVKoD$Z H$Wm§À`m gJiçm n`m© m§Zm g§H${bV H$ê$Z `m gdmªÀ`m _wimer Agbobr H$Wm emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMoà`ËZ hmoV Ambo AmhoV. ho Ho$di bmoH$H$Wm§À`mM ~m~VrV Ago Zìho Va ê$T>r, bmoH$JrVo, g_OwVr,{dYrZmQ>ç, na§namJV nmoemI, åhUr, CImUo `m gdmª_Ü o àmMrZ bmoH$OrdZmMo, bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo gOrdA§e AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo àmMrZ bmoH${deofm§Mo ñdê$n bjmV oD$ eH$Vo.

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Ooåg E \°$aoao `m§Zr "{à{_{Q>ìh _°Zg© A±S> H$ñQ>åg' `m J«§WmV dÝ` O_mVt_Ü o AmT>iUmè`mAdeofm§Mm emoY KoVbm Am{U Ë`m§Mo Am`mªÀ`m H$Woer AgUmao gmå` XmI{dbo. Q>m`baZo dÝ` O_mVr_YrbX¡dVH$Wm§Mo AZoH$ Adeoof AmOÀ`m {dH${gV g§ñH¥$VrV H$go {XgVmV `mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm.

`m Aä`mgnÕVrMo _hÎd {deX H$aVmZm S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo åhUVmV, ""g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m ~XbË`mQ>ßß`mda H$mhr Jmoï>tMr Cn`mo{JVm g§në`mZo Ë`m Jmoï>r Q>mHy$Z {Xë`m OmVmV. nU Aem H$mhr Jmoï>rAgVmV H$s Ë`m AZ§VH$mi {Q>Hy$Z amhVmV. Ë`m§Mr Cn`mo{JVm g§nbr Var Ë`m hQ>V ZmhrV. Ago Vo AdeofAgVmV. Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo \$ma _hÎdmMo Amho Am{U Aä`mgmMr {Xem AdeofdmXr g§àXm`m_wio{_iy eH$Vo.''

Q>m`ba `m§Zr dÝ` O_mVrVrb X¡dVH$Wm§Mo Adeof bmoH$g_yhmV Agë`mMo XmIdbo. A°ÝS´> y b±J`m§Zr `wamonmVrb bmoH$H$Wm§À`m H$ënZm~§Ym§Mr Am`mªÀ`m X¡dVH$WmVrb H$ënZm~§Ym§er VwbZm H$ê$ZAm{X_mZdmÀ`m AdñWon ªV _mJo OmÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm Am{U gy{MV Ho$bo H$s, H$ënZm~§Ym§Mm CJ_B{Vhmgnyd©H$mbmVrb _mZdmÀ`m ê$T>r, g_OwVr `mV Agmdm.

bmoH$H$Wm§à_mUoM bmoH$JrVo, ê$T>r, g_OwVr, {d{YZmQ>ç, na§namJV nmofmI `m gdmª_Ü o àmMrZAdeof {eëbH$ AgVmV. Ë`m§À`m AmYmao g_mOmMm VgoM g_mOmVrb AZoH$ {d{Y{dYmgm§Mm {dH$mgH$gm Pmbm ho nmhVm oVo.

3.4.6 Eo{Vhm[gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ Aä`mgnÕVr

bmoH$H$Wm§À`m CJ_mMr AZoH$ H|$Ðo _mZÊ`mV oVmV. VoWyZ Ë`m§Mm àgma BVaÌ Pmbm ho ñdrH$mê$ZbmoH$H$Wm§À`m àgmamMm nÕVera Aä`mg H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aÊ`mV oVmo. àgmadmÚm§À`m _Vmà_mUobmoH$H$Wm§Vrb H$ënZm~§Ym§Mm Ogm àgma hmoVmo Ë`mMà_mUo bmoH$JrV Am{U BVa bmoH$H$bm `m§Mmhr àgmahmoVmo. bmoH$H$Wm§À`m àgmamMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z H$Wm{deofm§Mo _yi ê$n emoYyZ Ë`m§À`m H|$ÐñWmZm§g§~§Yr{ZU© XoUo Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg eŠ` Amho Ago bmoH$H$Wm§À`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr{gÕ Ho$bo Amho.

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m `m Aä`mgnÕVt_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {d{dY n¡b§yda àH$me nS>Vmo. CXm.bmoH$H$Wm§Mm CJ_ H$moR>o Pmbm; Ë`mda H$moUË`m Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mm à^md nS>bm, AWdm H$moUË`mEo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm§Mm Ë`mV g_mdoe Amho `mMm emoY KoUmè`m Aä`mgnÕVrg Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$Aä`mgnÕVr åhUVmV.

Oo. H«$moZ `m {\${Ze bmoH$gm{hË`{demaXmZo Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ nÕVrMm 1881 bm àW_nwañH$ma Ho$bm. Ë`mMo Jwê$ bmoZeoa `m§Zr `m nÕVrZo {\$Zb§S>Mo nmodmS>o g§H${bV H$ê$Z {ddoMZmgh à{gÕHo$bo. 1835 bm à{gÕ Pmboë`m `m nmodmS>çmVrb H$ënZm~§YmMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg nwT>o H«$mo_Zo Ho$bm.Ë`mVyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ nÕVrMo _hÎd m Aä`mgH$m§À`m bjmV Ambo. 1931

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....5

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bm H«$mo_Zo `m Aä`mgnÕVrMm AmYma KoD$Z 35 bmoH$H$Wm§Mo CJ_ñWmZ d Ë`mMr Eo{Vhm{gH$ n[aUVrXmIdUmao boIZ à{gÕ Ho$bo. hr Aä`mgnÕVr doiImD$ Agbr Var {VMo _hÎd OmUyZ AmO Am§Vaamï´>r`nmVirda m Aä`mgnÕVrbm _mÝ`Vm {_imbobr Amho. maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Ñï>rZohr hr Aä`mgnÕVrCn wŠV R>abr Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Eo{Vhm{gH$, ^m¡Jm{bH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aUmè`m§Zm ^maV Am{UnpíM_ wamon hr bmoH$H$Wm§Mr à_wI H|$Ðo VgoM Am{e`m _m`Za d BVa {d^mJ hr CnH|$Ðo AmhoV AgoAmT>ibo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mg H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§Zm Zdr X¥ï>r {Xbr.

bmoH$H$Wm `m X§VH$Wm, Am»`m{`H$m, nwamUH$Wm d gË`KQ>Zm `m§À`m {_lUmVyZ {Z_m©U hmoVmV.Ë`mVrb Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË`mbm EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rV g§H«${_V hmoVmZm doJio ê$n oVo. Ë`m Eo{Vhm{gH$gË`mda H$ënZoMr nwQ>o MTy>Z gË`mMm Anbmn hmoVmo. Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ Aä`mgnÕVr_wio gË`mMm_mJmodm KoUo eŠ` hmoVo. m¡Jmo{bH$ Ñï>rZo bmoH$H$WoÀ`m {Z{_©VrMo, CJ_mMo _yi {R>H$mU, {VMm àgma d màgmamV {VÀ`m _yi ñdê$nmV Pmbobo ~Xb `mMm AmT>mdm KoVm oVmo. àË oH$ bmoH$H$Wobm ñdV§Ì B{VhmgAgVmo. Ë`mMm emoY `m Aä`mgnÕVrZo KoD$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oVmo. Á w{b`g H«$mo_ Am{U H$mb© H«$moZ `m{\$Zb§S>À`m bmoH$gm{hË` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ g§àXm`mMm nwañH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`mbm _mÝ`Vm{_idyZ {Xbr. ^maVmMm _moR>m {dñVma, {^Þ àH$maÀ`m g§ñH¥$Vr d¡{eï>çm§_wio hr nÕV ^maVmbm Cn wŠVR>aVo. bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {d{dY àmê$no g§H${bV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n ñnï> H$ê$Z Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$Aä`mgnÕVrZo Ë`m§Mm {ZîH$f© H$mT>Vm oVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb g§{hVoMm AmYma KoD$Z Ë`m gm{hË`mÀ`m{Z{_©VrMm H$mi d {Z{_©VrMo ñWi `m§Mm emoY `m nÕVrZo KoVbm OmVmo. åhUyZ hr Aä`mgnÕVrEo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ g§àXm` `m ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmVo.

Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ nÕVrZo bmoH$H$Wm _wimV Hw$R>o {Z_m©U Pmbr ho Aä`mgVm oVo. {VMo «_UH$moUË`m H$mimV, H$moUË`m nÕVrZo Pmbo, {VÀ`mV H$moUVo ~Xb hmoV Jobo `mMmhr Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo.bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r {d{eï> H«$_ Adb§~mdm bmJVmo. `mMr_m{hVr XoVmZm à^mH$a _m§S>o åhUVmV, ""àma§ r _m¡{IH$ VgoM _w{ÐV ñdê$nmVrb bmoH$H$Wm§À`m {d{dYn`m© m§Mm g§J«h H$ê$Z `m H$Wm§À`m _wimer AgUmar _ybH$Wm qH$dm H$WoMo _yi ê$n emoYmdo bmJVo. Z§VaH$WoÀ`m _yi ñdê$nmV Oo ~Xb Pmbobo AmT>ibo AgVrb Va Ë`m§Mo {díbofU H$amdo bmJVo.... H$Wm§VrbH$ënZm~§Ym§Mo à_mU Xe©dUmar Vm{bH$m H$aUo, ~XbmMo à_mU Q>ŠHo$dmarZo nhmUo Am{U ^m¡Jmo{bH$joÌmÀ`m ZH$memda _yi ñWmZ Am{U àdmg_mJ© aoImQ>Uo Amdí`H$ AgVo. `m nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aVmZmH$mbH«$_mZwgma Pmbobo ~Xb Zm|XdÊ`mMmhr à`ËZ Ho$bm OmVmo. `mdê$Z Ago {Xgob H$s hr nÕV AË §Vn[al_mMr Agbr Var emór` Amho.''

XwJm© ^mJdV `m§À`m _Vo, ^maVr` H$Wm§Mo CJ_ Am{U B{Vhmg `m§Mr Iar ehm{Zem `mM nÕVrZohmoD$ eHo$b. ^maVmMm {dñVma, g§ñH¥$VrMr àJë^Vm d àmMrZVm bjmV KoVë`mg Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$nÕVr \$maM Cn wŠV R>aÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm Amho.

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arS>a {¼íMZgoZ Am{U bm°[ag ~m°S>H$a `m§Zr `m nÕVrVrb `m§{ÌH$Vobm {damoY Ho$bm Amho. `mnÕVrV AmboI, Vm{bH$m, H$Wm§Mr gmaê$no, {MÝhm§{H$V _m§S>Ur, ZH$meo BË`mXtMo AdmñVd àñW AgVo.Ë`m_wio bmoH$H$Wm§Mr H$bmË_H$ aMZm, Ë`mVrb H$ënZm~§YmMr AmH$f©H$ _m§S>Ur, {ZdoXH$mMo {ZdoXZH$m¡eë` B. bmoH$H$Wm§À`m d¡{eï>çm§H$S>o Xwb©j hmoVo hm Ë`m§Mm Amjon Amho.

hr nÕVr _hÎdnyU© d _mÝ`VmàmßV Agbr Var Ë`mMr J¥{hVHo$ Am{U nÕVr `mda Amjon KoVboOmD$ bmJbo AmhoV. n[al_m§À`m VwbZoZo \$maM H$_r {ZîH$f© hmVr oVmV. Ë`m_wio `m nÕVrH$S>o bmoH$\$mago AmH${f©V hmoV ZmhrV. Ago Agbo Varhr emór`Vm, VwbZmË_H$ Ñï>r `m_wio AOyZhr H$mhrAä`mgH$ `m nÕVrbm _mÝ`Vm XoVmZm {XgVmV. AmZ} `m§Zr AZoH$ _ybH$Wm§Mm `m nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$ê$Z`m nÕVrMr Cn wŠVVm {gÕ Ho$br Amho.

3.5.7 H$m`m©Ýd`r Aä`mg nÕVr

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m H$jm é§Xmdë`mZ§Va Ë`mMm {d{dY A§Jm§Zr Aä`mg hmoD$ bmJbm.H$m`m©Ýd`r nÕVr hr AmYw{ZH$ Aä`mgnÕVr Amho. bmoH$gm{hË` {d{eï> à`moOZ g_moa R>odyZ {Z_m©UHo$bo OmV Zgbo Var g_mOOrdZmV Ë`mbm EH$ AW©nyU© ñWmZ AgVo. EImÚm g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o bmoH$gm{hË`mMoñWmZ H$m` qH$dm g_mOOrdZmÀ`m g§X^m©V bmoH$gm{hË`mH$Sy>Z H$moUVo H$m © KS>Vo `mMm emoY KoÊ`mMmà`ËZ Aä`mgH$ gmVË`mZo H$arV Ambo AmhoV. A_o[aHo$Vrb _mZgemómMm àUoVm \«$m§P ~moAmg `m§ZrbmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m gm_J«rMm `m Ñï>rZo joÌr` Aä`mg Ho$bm. `mV EImÚm g§ñH¥$VrV qH$dm g_mOOrdZmVbmoH$gm{hË` H$moUVo H$m © H$aVo `mMm {dMma Ho$bm OmVmo. g_mOmVrb {d{dY gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm pñWaamhÊ`m_mJo bmoH$gm{hË`mMo `moJXmZ H$moUVo `mMm {dMma H$aUmar nÕVr åhUOo H$m`m©Ýd`r nÕVr hmo .A_o[aHo$Vrb _mZdemómMm àUoVm \«$mÝg ~moAmg m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m gm_J«rMm H$m`m©Ýd`r Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZjoÌr` Aä`mg Ho$bm. Ë`m§À`m {dÚmÏ`mªZr bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg gm§ñH¥${VH$ H$m`m©À`m g§X^m©V Ho$bm.CXm. Ë`m§Mr EH$ {dÚm{W©Zr ê$W ~oZo{S>ŠQ> {hZo 'Zuni Mythology' hm J«§W {b{hbm. mV {VZo Am{XdmgtÀ`mbmoH$H$Wm§V Ë`m§À`m g§ñH¥$VrMo à{Vq~~ H$go nS>bo Amho `mMr _r_m§gm Ho$br.

hP©H$mo{dQ>g² `m§Mm {eî` {d{b`_ ~°ñH$_ `m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mbm H$m ©àdU g_mOmMo gO©ZerbKQ>H$ _mZbo. bmoH$gm{hË` ho g_mOmer EH$ê$n AgVo Am{U g§ñH¥$VrMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` KQ>H$ AgVo.~°ñH$_ `m§Zr _m°boZm°ñH$sMm Ñ{ï>H$moU ñnï> H$aVmZm bmoH$gm{hË`mMr H$m`m©Ýd`r y{_H$m ñnï> Ho$br Amho.

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m H$m`m©Ýd`r g§àXm`mMm àdV©H$ åhUyZ S>m°. ~«m°{Zñbmo _m°{bZm°ñH$s `m§Mm C„oIHo$bm OmVmo. Ë`m§Zr Myths in Primitive Psychology' hm J«§W {b{hbm. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr X¡dVH$Wm§ZmH$m`m©Ýd`r H$Wm åhQ>bo Amho. Vo åhUVmV, "H$m`m©Ýd`r åhUOo hoVwJ © Am{U {H«$ obm MmbZm XoÊ`mMrd¥Îmr.' X¡dVH$Wm§Mo H$m © H$m` ? Va Ë`m Am{X_mZdmMr lÕm dmT>{dVmV, Zr{V_yë`m§Mr àñWmnZm H$ê$ZË`mMo g§ajU H$aVmV, {d{dY ñnï>rH$aUo XoVmV. WmoS>Š`mV _m°{bZm°ñH$s bmoH$H$Wm g_mOmgmR>r H$moUVoH$m`© H$aVmV `mMm Aä`mg H$aVmV.

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EImÚm g§ñH¥$VrV bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñWmZ H$m`? g_mOmÀ`m Ñï>rZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg _hÎdmMmH$m? H$moUË`m H$maUm§Zr bmoH$gm{hË` {Q>Hy$Z amhVo? `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m Aä`mgnÕVrbm H$m`m©Ýd`rAä`mg nÕVr åhUVmV. `m Aä`mgnÕVrV bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m gm_m{OH$ H$m`m©Mm {d{dY A§Jm§Zr {dMmaHo$bm OmVmo. CXm. åhUr, dmH²$àMma na§naoZo g_mOmV ApñVËdmV AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm AW© bmJV Zmhr. CXm.AS>Jwb§ _S>Jwb§ ho eãX H$mZS>r AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm AW© bmJV Zmhr. Ë`m§Mr b` ~mbH$mMo a§OZ H$aVo.H$m`m©Ýd`r Aä`mgnÕVrV `m {eey JrVmVrb H$m`©H$maU^md qH$dm hoVwJ{^©VVm emoYbr OmVo.bmoH$gm{hË`m_wio a§OZ hmoVo. arVr[admO, na§nam§Mo g§ajU hmoVo. Ë`mVyZ Zr{V~moY, VËd~moY hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m{d{dY H$m`m©Mo AmH$bZ hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV H$m`m©Ýd`r Aä`mg nÕVr_wio na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m AZoH$Jmoï>r {Q>Hy$Z H$m am{hë`m `mMm AÝd` bmdUo eŠ` hmoVo. `m y{_Ho$_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`mH$jm {dñV¥V hmoVmV.

{dë`_ ~°ñH$_Zo bmoH$gm{hË`mMo _hÎd nwT>rbà_mUo {deX Ho$bo Amho.

1. bmoH$gm{hË` _Zmoa§OZmMo _hÎdmMo gmYZ Amho.

2. gd©gm_mÝ`m§À`m ar{V[admOm§Mo, na§naoMo g§ajU H$ê$Z g§ñH¥$Vr {Q>H$dVo.

3. Agmja bmoH$m§Zm kmZ XoÊ`mMo H$m © bmoH$gm{hË` H$aVo.

bmoH$g_mOmMm hm {Xì o{Vhmg OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r, g_mOmVrb dJ©g§Kfm©Mo ñdê$n CbJS>Ê`mgmR>r,_wë`m§Mr na§nam ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r, bmoH$gm{hË`mMm AÝd` bmdUmar, AW© CbJS>Umar dU©ZmË_H$Aä`mgnÕVr åhUOo H$m`m©Ýd`r Aä`mgnÕVr hmo . g_mOemór` Aä`mg na§naoVrb hr EH$ gdm©Và^mdr Aä`mgnÕVr Amho.

H$m`m©Ýd`r g§àXm`mÀ`m y{_Ho$Zwgma g_mOOrdZmV àM{bV Agboë`m ê$T>r, {dYr, Ë`mMà_mUog_mOmMr ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr `m§Mmhr Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. `m y{_Ho$_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`mH$jm {dñV¥V hmoVmV. na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m AZoH$ ~m~r H$m {Q>Hy$Z amhVmV Ë`mMo CÎma H$m`m©Ýd`rg§àXm`mMr y{_H$m ñdrH$mê$Z Aä`mg Ho$ë`m{edm` {_iy eH$V Zmhr.

3.4.8 g§X^m©Ýd`r nÕVr (Contextual Method)

bmoH$gm{hË` ho bmoH$ê$T>r, ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr, {dYr, Y_©, H$bm `m d BVa KQ>H$m§VyZ gmH$maboboAgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`mÀ`m Ho$di eãX qH$dm g§{hVoMm {dMma Z H$aVm BVa g§X^m©MmAmYma KoD$Z Aä`mg H$aUo Bï> R>aVo. emãX Am{U emãXoÎma bmoH$gm_J«rMm Aä`mg H$ê$Z Ë`mMo {d{dYg§X © bjmV KoD$Z Ooìhm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo Voìhm `m Aä`mgnÕVrbm "g§X^m©Ýd`r nÕV' AgoåhUVmV. _m°{bZm°ñH$sZo gyÌê$nmZo `m Aä`mgnÕVrMo _hÎd gm§{JVbo. Ë`mÀ`m _Vo bmoH$gm{hË` Á`mdmVmdaUmV {Z_m©U Pmbobo Agob Ë`m dmVmdaUmnmgyZ Xya H$mTy>Z Ë`mMm Aä`mg H$aVm oV Zmhr.

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B§S>r`mZm Am{U nopÝgbìhm{Z`m `m {dÚmnrR>m§_Ü o AZoH$ g§emoYH$ bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg g§X^m©Ýd`rnÕVrZo H$aV AmhoV.

g§X^m©Ýd`r Aä`mgnÕV hr AmYw{ZH$ Aä`mgnÕVr Amho. `mV g_mOmÀ`m ^m{fH$ gd`r, {dYr,Am{dîH$manÕVr, à`moJ, ñdê$n `m§Mmhr Aä`mg H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>bm OmVmo. `m nÕVrV g§X^mªZm_hÎd Amho. Ho$di g§{hVm {dMmamV Z KoVm ^mfmemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ë`m bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m ^m{fH$ gd`r,_mZgemór` Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Ë`m bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m gm{hË`mMo gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ _hÎd Aä`mgyZbmoH$_mZgmMm g§X © bmdbm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio `m Aä`mgnÕVrV Aä`mgH$mg AZoH$ {df`mMo kmZ AgUoJaOoMo hmoVo. Ë`mbm g§X © _mhrV Agmdo bmJVmV. BWo g§H${bV gm_J«r J{UVr nÕVrZo ñdV§ÌnUoAä`mgyZ KQ>H$m§Mm gmH$ë`mZo {dMma H$ê$Z {ZîH$f© H$mT>mdo bmJVmV. Ë`m_wio hr Aä`mgnÕVr AmObmoH${à` hmoV Amho.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr _moR>r Amho. AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm Ë`mV g_mdoe hmoV AgVmo. {edm` Ë`mVAZoH$ H$bm `m à`moJê$n H$bm AmhoV. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`m Ë`m {df`m§Mmg§X © {dMmamV KoUo JaOoMo R>aVo.

Y_©, OrdZ, VÎdkmZ Aer AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ emóo `m§À`mer bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mg H$jm{^S>boë`m AmhoV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m Ë`m {df`mMo g§X © Ü`mZmV KoD$Z {díbofU H$amdo bmJVo. `m nÕVrÀ`mAä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo, bmoH$gm{hË` hr g§H$ënZm Ho$di Ë`m§À`m eãX~Õ ñdê$nmbmM bmdVm oV Zmhr VaË`m§À`m KQ>Zobmhr bmdmdr bmJVo. bmoH$gm{hË` hr na§naoZo MmbV Ambobr KQ>Zm AgVo. hr y{_H$m `mAä`mgmÀ`m _wimer Agë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$di Ë`m§À`m eãX~Õ ñdê$nmMm Aä`mgZ R>aVm KQ>ZoMm Aä`mg R>aVmo. à`moJmË_ bmoH$gm{hË`mg§~§YrMm {dMma m à`moJmÀ`m Am{U Ë`m doiÀ`mdmVmdaUmÀ`m g§X^m©VM Ho$bm nm{hOo Agm Ë`m§Mm AmJ«h AgVmo.

bmoH$gm{hË` à`moJmË_H$ Agë`mZo gm{hË`, g§JrV, Z¥Ë` `m§Mm g_mdoe bmoH$gm{hË`mV hmoVAgVmo. Á`m§Mr _r_m§gm g§X^m©Ýd`r Aä`mgnÕVrZo eŠ` hmoVo. CXm. EImXo bmoH$JrV Ho$di Üd{Z_w{ÐVZ H$aVm Vo Hw$Ur Jm{`bo ? Vr ì`ŠVr ór H$s nwéf ? Ë`mMo d` H$m` ? H$moUË`m àg§Jr ho JrV Jm{`bo ?Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo g_mOmVrb ñWmZ H$moUVo ? `m bmoH$JrVmMr lmoË`m§da H$m` à{V{H«$`m C_Q>br ? H$moUË`mdmÚm§Mr gmW hmoVr ? BË`mXr Vnerbm§gh qH$dm ho gJio g§X © Ü`mZmV KoD$Z Ho$bobm Aä`mg åhUOog§X^m©Ýd`r Aä`mgnÕVr hmo . `mV bmoH$dmL²>_`àH$mam§À`m g§J«hm§Zm Xwæ`_ ñWmZ AgVo, d joÌr`Aä`mgmbm _hÎd àmá hmoVo. Aä`mgH$mMo l_ dmT>VmV. `m nÕVrZo Aä`mg H$aVmZm g§H$bH$Am{U Aä`mgH$mbm AZoH$ {df`m§Mo kmZ Agmdo bmJVo. KQ>ZoMm gmH$ë`mZo {dMma H$ê$Z {ZîH$f©H$mT>mdo bmJVmV. Aem àH$mao hr Aä`mgnÕVr n[al_mMr Agbr Var A{bH$S>À`m H$mimV bmoH${à`hmoV.Amho.

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3.4.9 aMZmZwgma nÕV (Structural Method)

ãbm°{X_ra àm°n `m a{e`Z g§emoYH$mZo aMZmZwgma Aä`mgnÕVr ê$T> Ho$br. bmoH$H$Wm§_YrbaMZoMm gmaIonUm bjmV KoD$Z Ë`mZo bmoH$H$Wm§À`m aMZoÀ`m AmH¥${V~§YmMo dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr{dH${gV Ho$br. bmoH$H$WoVrb nmÌm§À`m H¥$VtMo 31 àH$ma Ë`m§Zr emoYyZ H$mT>bo Am{U nmÌm§À`m H¥$VrZwgmanarH$Wm§Mo dJuH$aU H$ê$Z XmI{dbo. {Za{Zamiçm mfoV, {Za{Zamiçm àm§VmVrb bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb nmÌm§Mr,ñWim§Mr Zmdo {^Þ AgVrb, nmoemI, Amhma-{dhmamMo g§X © {Zamio AgVrb nU nmÌm§À`m dV©ZmVë`mH¥$Vt_Ü o gmaIonUm AmT>iVmo, ho `m aMZmZwgma dJuH$aUmMo nm`m yV VÎd Amho.

{^Þ ^mfm, àXoe, g§ñH¥$VrV dmdaUmè`m {d{dY bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb g_mZ AmH¥${V~§Y emoYÊ`mMoH$m_ øm nÕVrbm A{^àoV AgVo. àm°nÀ`m `m nÕVrZo bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r EH$ Zdr {Xem{_imbr. `m nÕVrMm à^md Aä`mgH$m§da EdT>m nS>bm H$s Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$m§Zr `m nÕVrMm Adb§~H$ê$Z Aä`mg gwê$ Ho$bm. àm°n `m§Zr bmoH$H$Wm§À`m aMZmZwgma Aä`mgmg§~§Yr {ddoMZ Ho$bo. Va bodrñQ´>m°g `m§Zr {_ÏgMo `mM nÕVrZo {díbofU H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm.

Šbm°S> bodr ñQ´>m °g `m Aä`mgH$mZo X¡dVH$Wm§À`m AmYmao Aä`mg H$ê$Z A_o[aHo$VrbbmoH$gm{hË`m{df`H$ {Z`VH$m{bH$m§_Ü o H$mhr boI {b{hbo A_o[aHo$Vrb aoS> B§{S>`Z bmoH$m§À`m bmoH$H$Wm§MmAä`mg H$aVmZm Ë`m§Zr g§aMZmË_H$ nÕVrZo _m§S>Ur Ho$br. The structural study of Myth `m AË §V_hÎdnyU© boImV Ë`m§Zr X¡dVH$Wm§Mm qH$dm {_ÏgMm Aä`mg Zì`m {XeoZo Ho$bm. _mZdr _Zm_Ü`oAm{X_mZdmÀ`m _Zm_Ü ohr EH$ VH©$ewÕ aMZm AgVo {OMm àË`` {_ÏgÀ`m aMZo_YyZ oD$ eH$Vmo hoË`m§Zr gà_mU XmI{dbo.

H$moUË`mhr bmoH$H$WoMo g§aMZmË_H$ Ñï>rZo 3 ^mJ AgVmV. g_J« H$WmZH$mMo ñdê$n H$em àH$maoAmho ? AZoH$ H$Wm Am{U CnH$Wm `m§À`m g§ moJmVyZ _yi H$Wobm AW©nyU©ê$n H$emàH$mao àmßV hmoVo ? honm{hbo OmVo.

g§aMZmË_H$ Aä`mgmV H$WoÀ`m ê$n~§YmÀ`m {díbofUmda a {Xbm OmVmo. bmoH$H$WoÀ`m AmH¥${V~§YmMoñdê$n ñnï> H$aUo hmM `m nÕVrMm _w»` hoVy Amho. `m nÕVrZo bmoH$JrVo, åhUr, H$moS>r, dmH²$àMma B.bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AÝ` gm_J«tMmhr Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` Amho. Varhr bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm hrnÕVr IynM Cn wŠV Amho. bmoH$H$WoVrb H$Wm{deof, H$ënZm~§Y, H$WoVrb nmÌm§À`m H¥$Vr m§Mm Aä`mgH$ê$Z bmoH$H$WoÀ`m aMZmV§ÌmMr _m{hVr {_iy eH$Vo. `m Aä`mgnÕVt_Yrb bmoH$H$WoVbo bhmZmVbhmZ KQ>H$ emoYm`Mo AgVmV. H$ënZm~§Y Am{U H¥$Vr `m _ybKQ>H$m§À`m aMZoVyZ bmoH$H$Wm {Z_m©UhmoVmV.

{^Þ ^mfm, àXoe, g§ñH¥$VrV dmdaUmè`m {d{dY bmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb g_mZ AmH¥$Vr~§Y emoYÊ`mMoH$m_ øm nÕVrbm A{^àoV AgVo. ãbm°{X_ra àm°n `m§Zr bmoH$H$WoVrb Ho$di 31 H¥$VtVyZ OJ^amVrbbmoH$H$Wm§À`m aMZoVrb gmaIonUm XmIdyZ øm nÕVrMm nm`m aMbm. àm°n `m§À`m _yi a{e`Z ^mfoV

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{b{hboë`m The Morphology of folktale' `m à~§YmMm AZwdmX hm 1958 gmbr B§J«Or_Ü o Pmbm.Ë`mZ§Va A°bZ S>§S>og `m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$mZo hr nÕVr ñdrH$mê$Z Aä`mg Ama§{^bm. `mnÕVrMm à^md Aä`mgH$m§da EdT>m nS>bm H$s Ë`mZ§Va AZoH$m§Zr `m nÕVrMm Adb§~ H$ê$Z Aä`mggwê$ Ho$bm. A°bZ S>§S>og `m§Zr Ë`mV H$mhr gwYmaUm Ho$ë`m. Eo{Vhm{gH$, ^m¡Jmo{bH$ nÕVrVrb `m§{ÌH$Vm`mV Zgë`mZo WmoSçmM H$mbmdYrV `m nÕVrbm {dÛV²_mÝ`Vm {_imbr.

3.5 g_mamon :

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m {d{dY nÕVr AmhoV. øm àË oH$ nÕVr_mJo Aä`mgmMo {ZpíMVà`moOZ Amho. VgoM øm nÕVr ê$T>r H$aUmè`m Aä`mgH$m§Mr EH$ na§nam Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mgH$aÊ`mMo {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moZ {dH${gV Pmbo AmhoV, Ë`m Ë`m Ñ{ï>H$moUmZwgma ZdZdrZ nÕVr ApñVËdmVAmë`m AmhoV. bmoH$gm{hË`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMo Oo ZdrZ Ñ{ï>H$moU ñdrH$mabo Jobo AmhoV Ë`m§n¡H$s H$moUË`mhrEH$m y{_Ho$Mm AmJ«h Z YaVm àË oH$ y{_Ho$V Agbobo dmñVd bjmV KoD$Z Aä`mg Ho$ë`mg Vmo A{YH$g_¥Õ hmoB©b. Ë`mg§~§YrÀ`m àíZm§Mr CH$b hmoB©b Am{U bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m H$jm {dñV¥VhmoVrb. nU Ë`mM~amo~a `m Aä`mgmV A{YH$ H$mQ>oH$moanUm Ambm Va Aä`mgmbm emór` ñdê$n àmáhmoB©b.

3.6 ñd § AÜ``Z àíZ Am{U CÎmao

A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. aMZmZwgmar Aä`mgnÕVr Hw$Ur ê$T> Ho$br ?

(ãbm°{X_ra àm°n / Q>m`ba / Ooåg \°$aoao)

2. OJ^aÀ`m bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb X¡dVH$Wm§V H$emMr aobMob AmT>iVo ?

(A_mZdr eŠVtMr / {ZgJ©ê$nH$m§Mr / ñnï>rH$aUmMr )

3. {\$Zb§S>À`m nmodmS>çm§Mm Aä`mg H$moUË`m nÕVrZo Pmbm ?

( «m§VH$ënZmdmXr / H$m`m©Ýd`r / Eo{Vhm{gH$ - ^m¡Jmo{bH$)

4. H$m`m©Ýd`r g§n«Xm` Aä`mgnÕVrZwgma bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m H$moUË`m A§JmMm emoY KoVbm OmVmo?

(hoVyJ ©Vm / Cn`mo{JVm / n[a «_U)

5. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§{hVogh {dYr, à`moJ, ñdê$n `m§Mmhr Aä`mg H$aUmar nÕVr H$moUVr ?

(AdeofdmXr / g§X^m©Ýd`r / {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmXr)

CÎmao : 1) ãbm°{X_ra àm°n, 2) {ZgJ©ê$nH$m§Mr, 3) Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$, 4) hoVwJ ©Vm, 5) g§X^m©Ýd`r

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~) Jmiboë`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

1. bmoH$OrdZmVrb Adeofm§À`m ñdê$nm_wio XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zr Ë`m§Zm ........... Ago Zmd{Xbo.

2. ............ `m§Zr gy ©H$Wm ho X¡dVH$Wm§Mo AmË_VÎd _mZbo.

3. «m§VH$ënZmdmXr g§àXm`mMm àdV©H$ åhUyZ ................ `m§Mo Zmd KoVbo OmVo.

4. bmoH$H$Wm EHo$ {R>H$mUr OÝ_yZ BVaÌ àgm[aV hmoVmV hm {gÕm§V ............. `m J«§WmÀ`mAmYmamZo _m§S>bm Jobm.

5. d¡{XH$ H$Wm§V d¥Ì åhUOo ..........., ga_m åhUOo ........... Aer ê$nHo$ AmhoV.

CÎmao : 1) gOrdmdeof, 2) _°Šgå yba, 3) øy_aog, 4) n§MV§Ì, 5) _oK, dmè`mMr PwiyH$.

H$) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {bhm.

1. _mZdemór` Aä`mgmVyZ AdeofdmXr g§àXm`mMm OÝ_ Pmbm.

2. Zm°d}{O`Z gmJm_Ü o Xodmgwam§Mo wÕ åhUOo {hdmiçmda dg§VmZo {_idboë`m {dO`mMo ê$nH$MAmho.

3. Oo. H«$moZ hm O_©Z bmoH$gm{hË`{demaX hmoVm.

4. g§X^m©Ýd`r nÕVrÀ`m Aä`mgmV bmoH$dmL²>_`àH$mam§À`m g§J«hm§Zmhr _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo.

5. 1859 Z§Va X¡dVH$Wmemór` g§àXm`mg jrUVm Ambr.

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a, 2) ~amo~a, 3) MyH$, 4) MyH$, 5) ~amo~a.

S>) `mo½` OmoS>çm Owidm.

"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

1. ~«°{Zbmo _°{bZm°ñH$s A) X¡dVH$Wm

2. Oo. H«$moZ ~) à^mH$a _m§S>o

3. ^mfobm OS>bobm {dH$ma H$) J«r_ ~§Yy

4. _wbm§À`m Am{U KaJwVr H$Wm S>) H$m`m©Ýd`r g§àXm`mMm àdV©H$

5. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n B) am. qM. T>oao

B©) Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ nÕVrMm nwañH$Vm©

CÎmao : 1) - S>, 2) - B©, 3) - A, 4) - H$, 5) - ~.

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B) nwT>rb àím§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. aMZmZwgmar Aä`mgnÕVrMo OZH$Ëd H$moUmH$S>o OmVo ?

2. H$m{gaoa `m§Zm ê$nH$dmX H$m _mÝ` Zmhr ?

3. bmoH$H$Wm§Mm CJ_ d B{Vhmg `m§Mm emoY KoUmar nÕVr H$moUVr ?

4. "{à{_{Q>ìh H$ëMa' `m g§J«hmMm boIH$ H$moU ?

5. H$moUË`m Aä`mgnÕVrÀ`m AmYmao bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AmH¥${V~§YmMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVm oVo?

CÎmao :

1. ãbm°{X_ra nm°n

2. H$m{gaoa `m§À`m _Vo X¡dVH$Wm§V dmñVd {MÌU Agbo Var Vo 100% Eo{Vhm{gH$ gË` ZgVo.

3. Eo{Vhm{gH$ - ^m¡Jmo{bH$ Aä`mgnÕVr.

4. Q>m`ba

5. aMZmZwgmar Aä`mgnÕV.

B XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {d{dY Aä`mgnÕVr WmoS>Š`mV {deX H$am.

B bKwH$Wm àíZ

1. g§X^m©Ý`r Aä`mgnÕVrMo ñdê$n WmoS>Š`mV ñnï> H$am.

2. aMZmZwgmar Aä`mgnÕVrMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.

B Q>rnm

1. ^«m§VH$ënZmdmXr g§àXm`

2. AdeofdmXr g§àXm`

3.7 CnH«$_

1. Vw_À`m n[agamVrb ñWm{ZH$ X¡dVo d bm¡{H$H$ ì`ŠVt{df`rÀ`m X§VH$Wm - Am»`m{`H$m`m§Mo g§H$bZ H$am.

2) {ZdS>H$ bmoH$H$Wm§Mo aMZmZwgmar Aä`mgnÕVrÛmao AmH$bZ Zm|Xdm.

3.8 A{YH$ dmMZ

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n : à^mH$a _m§S>o.

2. bmoH$gm{hË` _r_m§gm, ^mJ XmoZ : {dídZmW qeXoR R R

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4.1 C{Ôï>o

`m KQ>H$mMo dmMZ Ho$ë`mg nwT>rb Jmoï>r g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

· bmoH$OrdZmMo dmñVd ê$n g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

· bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U bmoH$_mZg `m§Mo AmH$bZ gwb^ hmoB©b.

· A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m A§JmZo Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b.

· na§nam Am{U bmoH$JrVm§À`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mr AmoiI hmoB©b.

4.2 àmñVm{dH$

H$moUË`mhr ^mfoVrb gm{hË`mMm g_J« Aä`mg H$arV AgVmZm Ë`m Ë`m ^mfoVrb _w{ÐV dmL²>_`na§naoMm Aä`mg H$aUo Ogo Amdí`H$ AgVo, Ë`m ~amo~aM Ë`m mfoVrb _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`mgm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo {VVHo$M _hÎdmMo R>aVo. bmoH$gm{hË`m_Ü o bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrV, bmoH$ZmQ>ç,åhUr, dmH²$àMma Aem emãX gm_J«r~amo~aM AZoH$ emãXoVa gm_J«rMm g_mdoe Ho$bm OmVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMog§H$bZ {d{dY nmViçm§da _moR>çm à_mUmV gwê$ Pmbo. `m_Ü o gdmª{YH$ g§H$bZ bmoH$JrVm§Mo PmboboAmho. amOmam_emór ^mJdV, {d.H$m. amOdmS>o, qM. J. H$d}, gamo{OZr ~m~a, H$_bm~mB© Xoenm§S>o, XwJm©^mJdV, AZgy m ^mJdV, AZgy m {b_ o, à^mH$a _m§S>o, Vmam ^dmiH$a, _YwH$a dmH$moS>o, {dídZmWqeXo Aem AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr g§H$bZ d {M{H$ËgH$ {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho.

bmoH$gm{hË` ho Jobr {H$Ë oH$ eVHo$ BWë`m _mVrV ê$T> Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m `m àmMrZ na§naoMmemoY _m¡{IH$ d J«§W{Z{dï> na§naoÀ`m AmYmao KoVm oVmo. àmMrZ ^maVmVrb bmoH$gm{hË`H$mam§_Ü o JwUmT>çd daê${M `m§Mr Zmdo àmYmÝ`mZo KoVbr OmVmV. JwUmT>çmZo qdÜ` nd©VmVrb dZMmè`m§À`m H$Wm§Mm g§J«hHo$bm Va daê${MZo {ó`m§_Ü o ê$T> Agbobr JrVo g§ñH$marV H$ê$Z åhQ>br. m Ñï>rZo daê${M hm bmoH$JrVm§MmàmMrZ àMmaH$ hmo Ago XwJm© ^mJdV åhUVmV.

KQ>H$ : 4

_amR>r bmoH$JrVo

bmoH$JrVmMo ñdê$n, àoaUm d {deof : Amodr, H$WmJrVo, \o$amdaMr JmUr, ZmJn§M_rMr

JrVo, ^m|S>bm- wbm~mB©, {d{YJrVo, eoVH$ar JrVo, YZJar JrVo, Hw§$^mamÀ`m S>hmH$m.

bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m CnmgH$m§Mr JrVo : Jm|Yir, dmgwXod, nm§Jyi, ZmWOmoJr, nmoVamO `m§Mr

JrVo, S>ŠH$bdma, ZmJ_§Í`mMr ^OZo, o{XH$, em{har (bmdUr-nmodmS>m).

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4.3 {df` {ddoMZ

bmoH$JrVm§À`m ApñVËdmMo Oo _m¡{IH$ Am{U J«m§{WH$ nwamdo CnbãY Pmbo VoìhmnmgyZ bmoH$JrVm§Mr{Z{_©Vr gwê$ Pmbr Ago åhUVm oUma Zmhr. H$maU EImXr na§nam Ooìhm gbJnUo gwê$ hmoVo Am{U nwT>rbH$mim_Ü o {Q>Hy$Z amhVo Voìhm Ë`mMr {Z{_©Vr CnbãY nwamì`mÀ`m {H$VrVar AmYr Pmbobr AgVo. _mZdmÀ`mCËnÎmrZ§Va {dMma H$aÊ`mMr j_Vm àmá Pmë`m~amo~a Ë`mZo bmoH$JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Agmdr AgoåhUVm oB©b.

bmoH$JrVm§À`m {Z{_©Vrg§~§Yr {~en ngu åhUVmV, ""g_mOm_Ü o H$Wm-JrVo JmUmè`m ^mQ>m§Mm d~§{XOZm§Mm dJ© na§naoZo MmbV Ambm Amho. ho ^mQ> JmdmoJmdr OmD$Z H$WmJrVo JmD$Z {^jm _mJVmV. `m^mQ>m§ZrM bmoH$JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. hr H$WmJrVo bmoH${à` Pmbr Am{U g_mOmZo {VMm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm.''gd©M bmoH$JrVm§Mr qH$~hþZm H$WmJrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr ^mQ>m§H$Sy>Z Pmbobr Zmhr. ^mQ> ñVwVrJrVo JmV VaCnmgH$ à~moYZna d XodXodVm dU©Zna, gm_m{OH$ Ame`mMr JrVo JmV, órJrVo hr Va {ó`m§Mr {Z{_©VrAmho. Ë`m_wio {~en nguMr ^y{_H$m nyU©V: _mÝ` H$aVm `oV Zmhr.

AJXr àmMrZ H$mir Am{X_mZdmbm g^modVmbr KS>Umè`m M_ËH$m[aH$ Jmoï>tMr OmUrd hmoD$ bmJbr.`m_mJo EImXr AX² yV eŠVr H$m ©aV Agmdr Aer Ë`mMr YmaUm Pmbr. hr eŠVr {dYm`H$ d {dÜd§gH$Amho. {VÀ`m _OugmR>r ñVwVr, àmW©Zm, `mËdmË_H$ {dYr Ho$bo OmD$ bmJbo. ^mdZm ì`ŠV H$aVmZm JrVåhQ>bo OmD$ bmJbo. H$Yr EH$Q>çmZo Va H$Yr g_yhmZo åhQ>ë`m OmUmè`m JmÊ`m§_Ü o EdT>o EH$g§YËdAgVo H$s, Vr Hw$Um EH$Q>çm ì`ŠVrMr {Z{_©Vr Agmdr Ago dmQ>Vo nU àË`jmV Vr g§nyU© g_yhmMr{Z{_©Vr AgVo.

bmoH$JrVm§_Ü o H$mimZwgma Am{U n[apñWVrZwgma gVV ~Xb hmoV AgVmo. hr ~XbmMr à{H«$`mgJiçm§ZmM _mÝ` hmoUmar AgVo. bmoH$JrVo hr bd{MH$ AgVmV åhUyZ hmoUmam ~Xb Ë`mV ñdrH$mabmOmVmo. hm ~Xbhr EH$Q>çm-XwH$Q>çm ì`ŠVrH$Sy>Z hmoV Zmhr, Va Vmo g_yhmH$Sy>Z hmoVmo, g_yhmZo ñdrH$mabobmAgVmo Am{U åhUyZM Vr gm§{KH$ nwZ{Z©{_©Vr AgVo.

4.4 bmoH$JrVm§Mo ñdê$n

_amR>r bmoH$JrVm§Mo XmbZ g_¥Õ Am{U {d{dYXeu AgyZ bmoH$JrV ho _amR>r OrdZmMo EH$ {deofA§JM ~Zbo Amho. Aem `m bmoH$JrVm§Mo ñdê$n ì`m»`m§Ûmao nmhUo Bï> hmoB©b.

AboŠPm§S>a H«$m°n : ""bmoH$JrV ho ^mdJrV AgyZ bmoH$JrVm§Mm CJ_ {ZajamV hmoD$Z Ë`mMm H$Vm©AZm{_H$ AgVmo. bmoH$JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr yVH$mimVrb AgyZ eVH$m§Mr na§nam `m JrVm§Zm bm^bobrAgVo.''

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ìhr. {dë`åg : ""bmoH$JrV Zdohr ZgVo Am{U OwZohr ZgVo. dZmVrb d¥jmà_mUo Ë`mMr _wioyVH$mimV Imobda éObobr AgVmV. na§Vw {Vbm {ZË`ZyVZ emImnwîn\$io oV AgVmV.''

H¥$îUXod e_m© : ""bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH${dídmg Ed§ bmoH$na§nam H$s ajm Ed§ {Zdm©h H$aVo hþEbmoH$OrdZ AnZr amJmË_H$ àd¥{Îm`m| H$s VWmË_H$ A{^ì`ŠVr {Og _mÜ`_ go H$aVm h¡ Cgo bmoH$JrVH$hVo h¡Ÿ&''

qMVm_Ur CnmÜ`m` : ""gm_mÝ` bmoH$OrdZ H$s nmíd© y_r _| A{MÝË` ê$n go AZm`mg hr \y$Q>nS>Zodmbo _Zmo mdm|H$s b`mË_H$ A{^ì`ŠVr bmoH$JrV H$hbmVr h¡ Ÿ&''

bmoH$JrVo bmoH$OrdZmMr nmíd© y_r åhUyZ oV ZmhrV Va Vr Ë`m§À`m OrdZ OJÊ`mMmM EH$ ^mJåhUyZ àH$Q> hmoV AgVmV. OrdZmer g§~§{YV AgUmè`m doJdoJiçm OrdZgaUrVyZ Am{U _mÜ`_mVyZË`m§Zm b` àmá hmoV AgVo. hr Jmoï> CnmÜ`m`m§À`m ì`m» oVyZ ñnï> hmoVo.

""J«m_JrVm| H$m _hÎd AZoH$ H$mì` gm¢X`©VH$hr gr{_V Zhr h¡Ÿ& BZH$m EH$ ~hþVhr _hÎdnyU© H$m`©h¡Ÿ& Am`m}Zo amO{ZVr ê$n _o Vmo ^maVdf© H$mo OrV {b`m Wm, na do gm§ñH¥${VH$ ê$n _o nyU© éngo hr _yb{Zdm{g`m| Ûmam à^m{dV hmo JE WoŸ& `hm± H$s _yb gä`Vm d¡{XH$ gä`Vm go EH$X_ {^Þ Wr Am¡a AmO ^rbmoH$mMma, ór-AmMma, nm¡am{UH$ na§nam Am{X Ho$ ê$n _| {dÚ_mZ h¡Ÿ& J«m_JrV Bg gä`Vm Ho$ doX(lw{V) h¡Ÿ& doX^r AnZo Ama§{^H$ wJ _o lw{V H$hbmVo WoŸ& doX^r Am`m] H$s _Ü`_ OmVr Ho$ JrVhr WoAm¡a J«m_JrVm| Ho$ ^m§Vrhr g~ gwZH$a `mX {H$ o OmVo WoŸ& {Og àH$ma doXm|Ûmam Am © gä`Vm H$m kmZ hmoVmh¡; Cgr àH$ma J«m_JrVm|Ûmam Am ©nyd© gä`Vm H$m kmZ hmoVm h¡Ÿ& BQ> nËWa Ho$ ào_r {dÛmZ Am{X Y¥ï>Vm Zg_Po, Vmo Omoa XoH$a H$hm OmVm gH$Vm h¡ H$s, J«m_JrV H$m _hÎd _mohZOmoS>Xmo go ^r A{YH$ h¡Ÿ&_mohmoZOmoXS>mo garIo ^½Z ñVyn J«m_JrVm§| Ho$ ^mî` H$m_ Xo gH$Vo h¡Ÿ&'' n§. {ÛdoXr `m§Zr bmoH$JrVmÀ`mñdê$nmda d Ë`mÀ`m {Z{_©Vr à{H«$ oda CnamoŠV n[aÀN>oXmV àH$me Q>mH$bobm Amho.

g. H¥$. \$S>Ho$ : ""emór` {Z`_m§Mr {deofer ndm© Z H$aVm gm_mÝ` bmoH$ì`dhamÀ`m Cn`moJmgmR>r_mUgo Amnë`m AmZ§XmÀ`m CëhmgmV Á`m dmUrMm ghO Am{U N>§Xmo~Õ Am{dîH$ma H$aVmV Vo bmoH$JrVg_Omdo.''

CËñ\y$V©Vm, bd{MH$Vm d Jo Vm hr bmoH$JrVmMr VrZ d¡{eï>ço \$S>Š`m§À`m ì`m» oVyZ ñnï> hmoVmV.

gamo{OZr ~m~a : {d{dY àH$maÀ`m OmVrd§V ñda{dbmgm§Zr {eUJmabobo d A{e{jVm§Zr {H$Ë oH$dfmª_mJo aMbo AgVmhr Ho$di nmR>m§VamÀ`m ~imda {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm Amnë`m ZdZdmoÝ_of embrZr VoOmZonwT>À`m {nT>rbm CÎmo{OV H$aUmao ^mdJrV Ago bmoH$JrVm{df`r åhUmd`mg haH$V Zmhr. ho bmoH$JrVåhUOo gm_mÝ` _mUgm§À`m gm_wXm{`H$ OrdZmMr A{^ì`ŠVr hmo .''

hr ì`m»`m órJrVmÀ`m A{YH$ Odi OmUmar AgyZ Amb§H$m[aH$VoH$S>o PwH$bobr Amho. m ì`m» oVyZ

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{d{dYVm, Jo Vm, àmMrZVm, _m¡{IH$Vm, Zm{dÝ`Vm Am{U {Zajam§Mr aMZm Aer bmoH$JrVmMr d¡{eï>ço

àVrV hmoVmV.

CnamoŠV ì`m»`m d BVa Aä`mgH$m§À`m ì`m»`m nm{hë`mg Ago bjmV oVo H$s, bmoH$JrV {Zajam§Mr

aMZm AgyZ _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Ambr AmhoV. bmoH$JrVo åhUOo gVV KS>Umar Am{U ~XbUmar Aer

{H«$`m AgVo. Ë`m_wio Vo EH$m AWm©Zo OwZohr ZgVo Am{U Zdohr ZgVo. H$mbnaËdo, ñWbnaËdo, ì`pŠVnaËdo

Ë`mV ~Xb KSy>Z oV AgVmo. bmoH$JrVo hr gm§{KH$ nwZ{Z©{_©Vr AgyZ g_yh_ZmMm Am{dîH$maM Ë`mVyZ hmoV

AgVmo. g_mO_Z, g_mOOrdZ `m§Mo Xe©ZM Ë`mVyZ KS>V AgVo. Ame`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo bmoH$JrVm§_Ü o

{d{dYVm Amho. bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m ^md^mdZoMr Am{U {dMma{dídmMr A{^ì`ŠVr bmoH$JrVm§_YyZ

Pmbobr AgVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$g_yhmbm AmdmhZ H$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï © bmoH$JrVmV AgVo. H$mhr bmoH$JrVm§_Ü o

_§ÌmË_H$ gm_Ï © Agë`mMr ^mdZm bmoH$_mZgmV Amho. Ë`m_wio AË §V lÕoZo bmoH$JrVo åhQ>br d

EoH$br OmVmV. bmoH$JrVm§Zm à`moJê$nmV nyU©ê$n àmá hmoVo. ~mobr^mfo_wio bmoH$JrVo A{YH$ AmH$f©H$ ê$n

YmaU H$aVmV.

4.5 bmoH$JrVm§Mo dJuH$aU

AJXr àma§ r H$moUË`m Var {dYrÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo åhUmd`mÀ`m bmoH$JrVm§Zm H$mbH«$_m_Ü o ê$n àmá

Pmbo. {dH$mgH«$_mV JrVmMr _yi àoaUm AgUmam {dYr ZH$iV JiyZ Joë`mZ§Va `m JrVmbm {dYr_wŠV

bmoH$JrVm§Mo ñdê$n àmßV Pmbobo Agmdo. H$mhr bmoH$JrVo {dYrer g§~§YrV AgUmè`m gUmg_ma§ mer,

g§ñH$mam§er {ZJ{S>V AgVmV, Va H$mhr l_n[ahmamÀ`m àoaUoer {ZJ{S>V AgVmV. ~arMer bmoH$JrVo

g_yhmZo åhQ>br OmVmV. `m g_yhm_Ü o H$YrH$Yr ór Am{U nwéf XmoKohr gh^mJr Pmbobo AgVmV.

Ë`m_wio EImXo {d{eï> bmoH$JrV {ó`m§Mo d EImXo {d{eï> bmoH$JrV nwéfm§Mo Aer H$mQ>oH$moa {d^mJUr

H$aUo H$mhr bmoH$JrVm§À`m ~m~VrV R>adUo H$R>rU AgVo. {d{dY OmVr, Y_©, ór, nwéf, CnmgH$ Ago

AZoH$ KQ>H$ bmoH$JrVo JmVmV. Ame` Am{U A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m ~m~VrV {d{dYVm Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo àH$ma

AWdm dJuH$aU H$aUo ghO eŠ` hmoV Zmhr. {d{eï> Ñï>r ñdrH$mê$Z qH$dm {d{eï> VÎdmMm AmYma

KoD$Zhr bmoH$JrVm§Mo dJuH$aU H$aVm§Zm AS>MUr oVmVM. bmoH$ gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr bmoH$JrVm§Mo

dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mMm ~amM à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. na§Vw H$moUrM g_mYmZH$maH$ dJuH$aU XoD$ eH$bobm

Zmhr. `mMo H$maU bmoH$JrVm§Mr gd©g_mdoeH$Vm, Ë`mVrb dÊ ©{df`mMr ì`mnH$Vm Am{U {d{dYVm hr

hmoV. XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zr 1) àU`JrVo, 2) Z¥Ë`JrVo, 3) {db{nVo, 4) l_JrVo, 5) {d{YJrVo,

6) órJrVo, 7) {dZmoXr JrVo Ago àH$ma gm§{JVbo AmhoV. ho dJuH$aU emór` dmQ>V Agbo Var H$mhr

bmoH$JrVo `m dJuH$aUmV g_m{dï> hmoD$ eH$V ZmhrV. Voìhm bmoH$JrVm§Mo ñdê$n, Ë`m§À`m Ame`,

A{^ì`ŠVr, bmoH$JrVo åhUUmè`m ì`ŠVr, bmoH$JrVo Á`m {dYrer g§~§{YV AgVmV, Vmo {dYr d aMZm{deof

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`m§Mm {dMma H$ê$Z S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr gm§{JVbobo dJuH$aUhr AmnU bjmV KoD$`mV Vo dJuH$aU

Ago -

bmoH$JrVo

bmoH$JrVo bmoH$H$Wm JrVo

~mbH$m§Mr JrVo {ó`m§Mr JmUr nwéfm§Mr JmUr

~S>~S>JrVo VmbJrVo IoimVrb JrVo

l_JrVo {dYrJrVo Z¥Ë`IoiJrVo gUCËgd BVa

OmË`mdaMr JmUr OÝ_, _{V©H$ \w$JS>r, qnJm ZmJn§M_r gU CnmgZm

H$m§S>UmMr JmUr dJ¡ao \o$amMr JmUr CËgdm§Mr JmUr JrVo

l_JrVo {dYrJrVo ^JVm§Mr CnmgZm JrVo gU CËgdm§Mr JrVo BVa

^ëbar OÝ_, _{V©H$ dmgwXod, Jm|Yir hmoir, _arAmB©Mr JrV

_moQ>|darb JrVo BË`mXr nmoVamO B. JmUr `mÌm

S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr Ho$bobo ho dJuH$aU bmoH$JrVm§À`m ñdê$n-{dûcofUmda A{YH$ àH$meQ>mH$Umao Amho. _amR>r bmoH$JrVm§Mm ~amMgm ^mJ `m dJuH$aUmV ñnï> hmoVmo.

↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓

↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓

↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓

↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓

↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓ ↓↓↓↓↓

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S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§Zr Imbrb àH$mao bmoH$JrVm§Mo dJuH$aU Ho$bobo Amho.

bmoH$JrVo

H$mì`ê$n H$WmH$mì`ê$n

Y_©g§~§Õ Y_}Va H$WmJrVo CnmgH$m§Mr

H$WmJrVo

{dYr/AZwð>mZ l_JrVog§~§Yr bmoH$JrVo H«$sS>mJrVo

CnmgH$m§Mr, ^JVm§Mr ~S>~S>JrVobmoH$JrVo \o$amMr bmoH$JrVo

CnmgH$m§Mr a§OZna Z¥Ë`JrVo, IoiJrVobmoH$JrVo Am{Xdmgr bmoH$JrVo.

1. Amodr

Amodr hm N>§X Ajag§»`m§H$ AgyZ XmoZ ê$nmV AmO Vmo Amnë`mbm nhm`bm d EoH$m`bm {_iVmo.J«§W{Z{dï> d _m¡{IH$ Aer hr XmoZ éno hmoV. kmZoída, EH$ZmW, _wŠVoída m§À`m Amoì`m§Zm J«§W{Z{dï> ê$nàmá Pmbobo Amho. Va {ó`m§À`m Vm|S>r Á`m Amoì`m AmhoV Ë`m§Mo _m¡{IH$ ê$nmZo g§H«$_U Pmbobo Amho. Á`mH$mimV _wÐUH$bm AdJV ZìhVr Aem H$mimVrb Ë`m Amoì`m§Mo g§H$bZ AmO AZoH$ bmoH$gm{hË`mä`mgH$H$arV AmhoV. ho g§H$bZ H$aVmZm Ë`m§Mm {Z{_©VrH$mi {ZpíMV gm§JUo _mÌ H$R>rU Amho.

AmodrMr aMZm AË §V gwb^ d bd{MH$ Agë`m_wio gd©gm_mÝ`, A{e{jV bmoH$m§Zm Amnbo{dMma d ^mdZm `m aMZoVyZ ghOnUo ì`ŠV H$aVm oVrb Ago dmQ>bo. Ë`m_wio AmodrJrVm§Mr {dnwbVm{XgyZ oVo. {ó`m§Zr Amnë`m ^md^mdZm§Zm dmQ> _moH$ir H$aÊ`mgmR>r AmodrN>§XmMmM àmYmÝ`mZo dmnaHo$bobm Amho. gmYmaUnUo MdÏ`m-nmMì`m eVH$mV AmodrMr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr Agmdr Ago H$mhr nwamì`m§À`mAmYmao åhUVm oB©b. Amodr hm N>§X Añgb Xoer Agë`mMm C„oI {d. b. ^mdo `m§Zr "_hmamï´>gmañdV' _Ü o Ho$bobm Amho.

AmodrÀ`m ñdê$nm~Ôb S>m°. Zm. Jmo. Zm§XmnyaH$a åhUVmV, ""Amodr hr VrZ nXm§Mr àmg wŠV aMZmAgVo. {VÝhr MaUm§Mo eodQ>r _H$ AgVo. Am{U Mm¡Wm MaU nwÝhm KmoiyZ åhUmd`mMm AgVmo. AmOÀ`mhrJrVmVrb ~hþg§»` AmodrMr aMZm VrZ MaUm§MrM AgVo. nU Ë`m MaUmgm~oV Mm¡Wmhr EH$ MaU oVmo. Vmo~hþYm ZmVodmMH$ AgVmo.'' ho _V àm_w»`mZo {ó`m§À`m AmodrJrVmg§~§YrMoM Amho. H$maU ór AmodrJrVm§MmM\$ŠV Mm¡Wm MaU hm ZmVodmB©H$ AgVmo.

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_m¡{IH$ Amodr åhUOoM {ó`m§À`m Amodrg§X^m©V Zm. Ym|. _hmZmoa åhUVmV, ""AmodrMr aMZm AJXrgmYrgwYr, bd{MH$ Am{U _wwŠV ~m§YUr, Mma AmoitÀ`m H$S>ì`mMr, gmonr nU Jiçmda JmoS> dmQ>Umar~m§YUr. OmË`mda gwê$dmVrbm Amoì`m åhUVmZm gwIXw:ImÀ`m g§gmamÀ`m Amoì`m, hbŠ`m, doJiçmb`rda ~m`H$m åhUVmV. gH$mir CRy>Z Am§KmoirZ§VaÀ`m VOobXmanUr XiU gaVmZmÀ`m, {ZìdiXw:ImÀ`m, _¥Ë yÀ`m (_V©H$sÀ`m) Amoì`m \$maM H$méÊ`nyU©, Xw:InyU© b`rV åhUVmV. Mmbr ~XbdyZ\$ŠV Ë`mVyZ Ë`m Ë`m AmodrVrb H$mê$Ê`, OS>Vm, ^`mZH$Vm OmUdV amhrb. AmO IoS>çmnmS>çm§V{nR>mÀ`m {JaÊ`m Amë`m Var OmV§ ~hþg§»` KamVyZ Jobob§ Zmhr. Vo lÕoM§, ^mdZm§M R>mU Amho.''

_hmZmoam§À`m `m {ddoMZmdê$Z Amoì`m øm \$ŠV H$méÊ`nyU© AgVmV Agm g_O hmoÊ`mMm g§ dAmho. na§Vw {d{dY Amoì`m Aä`mgVm Ago bjmV oVo H$s, Xodm{XH$m§darb Amoì`m, gm_m{OH$ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$Ame`mÀ`m Amoì`m VgoM amOH$s`-Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ame`mÀ`mhr Amoì`m AgVmV.

AmodrJrVm§Mo Amnë`mbm XmoZ àH$ma H$aVm oVmV. 1) ñ\w$Q> Amodr, 2) H$WmË_ Amodr.

ñ\w$Q> Amodr_Ü`o XmoZ MaUr, VrZ MaUr, gmS>o VrZ MaUr, Mma MaUr Ago nwÝhm CnàH$ma AmhoV.

XmoZ MaUr Amodr : ""^aVmamM§ gwI gm§JVo _r JmoVm_§Xr Ÿ&Aï>rÀ`m YmoVamMr Ho$br gmdbr eoVm_§XrŸ&&'

VrZ MaUr Amodr : ""eofmda ~gyZ H¥$îU dmOdr ~mgarH§$~iOm ~mob nm`m nS>Vo VwÂ`m harVwÂ`m XodH$s _mVobm KoD$ {XdmirMr Mmoir Ÿ&''

gmS>oVrZ MaUr Amodr : ""XodmÀ`m XodimV, Z§Xrbm Kmbr _mi_mJVo VmÝho ~mi, CfmVmB© Ÿ&&''

Mma MaUr Amodr : ""J§Jm dmho WraŸ& àdaobm Ambm nyaŸ&gmgw~mB© n[agŸ& gyZ Amho AJmoMaŸ&&''

AmodrJrVm§Mr aMZm hr ~arMer _wŠVN>§XmV AgVo, àË`oH$ MaUmV {H$Vr Ajao AgmdrV `mMo ~§YZAmodrbm ZgVo, hr Jmoï> oWo bjmV oVo. `_H$ gmYÊ`mgmR>r Amodr_Ü o A{YH$ à`ËZ Ho$bobm AgVmo.AWm©À`m Ñï>rZo ñd §nyU© AgUmar hr Amodr åhUOo gmjmV AZw d AgVmo.

órJrVm§_Ü o H$WmË_ AmodrJrVm§Mo à_mUhr {dnwb Amho. am_m`U, _hm^maV, ^mJdV, {edàVmndJ¡ao J«§WmVrb H$Wm§da AmYm[aV Aer hr aMZm AgVo. m H$WmË_ AmodrJrVm§ZmM Amodr Am»`mZ AgohråhQ>bo OmVo. H$maU AZoH$ gwQ>çm Amoì`m§_YyZ EH$ gbJ _m{bH$m V`ma hmoV AgVo. \o$amdaÀ`mJrVm§_Ü o hr H$WmË_ AmodrMr aMZm AmT>iVo.

Amodr {d{dY àg§Jr Jm{`br OmVo. OmË`mdaMr Amodr, PmonmiçmdaMr Amodr, {d{dY {dYtÀ`mdoir åhQ>br OmUmar Amodr Amnë`mbm EoH$md`mg {_iVo.

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2. H$WmJrV

_amR>r bmoH$JrVm§_Ü`o H$WmJrVm§Mr XrK© na§nam Amho. _m¡{IH$ gm{hË`mMm {dMma H$aVm H$WmJrVm§MoñWmZ _hÎdnyU© Amho. `m H$WmJrVm§_YyZ {ó`m§Zr Am{U bmoH$H$bmd§Vm§Zr {d{dY {df` hmVmiboboAmhoV. doX, nwamUo, am_m`U, _hm^maV `m_YyZ d gm_m{OH$ {df`mda H$Wm {ZdSy>Z Ë`m§Zm H$WmJrVm§Moê$n {Xbo Amho. Ë`m_wio AJXr VimJmimVrb gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgm§n ªV nwamUo Am{U _hmH$mì o OmD$ZnmohmoMbobr AmhoV. ho _hÎdmMo H$m_ MmaU, ^mQ> `m bmoH$Jm`H$m§à_mUoM CnmgH$m§Zr XoIrb Ho$bo Amho.CnmgH$m§à_mUoM amoOÀ`m am_aJmS>çmVyZ, hmVmVrb H$m_mYm_mVyZ doi {_iob Voìhm bhmZ-_moR>r _mUgoEH$Ì oVmV Voìhmhr JmUr åhQ>br OmVmV.

* H$WmË_ bmoH$JrVm§Mr d¡{eï>ço

· H$WmË_ bmoH$JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr hr Hw$Um EH$Q>çm ì`ŠVrMr ZgVo, Va Vr g_yhmMr {Z{_©Vr AgVo.

· H$WmË_ bmoH$JrVo Jo` AgVmV.

· H$WmË_ bmoH$JrVo _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo g§H«${_V hmoVmV.

· aMZoMm Am{U ^mfoMm gmYonUm ho H$WmË_ bmoH$JrVm§Mo d¡{eï>ç hmo .

· H$WmË_ bmoH$JrVm§_Ü o nwZamd¥Îmr AgVo.

* H$WmË_ bmoH$JrVm§Mo dJuH$aU

· nm¡am{UH$ d XodXodVmna H$WmË_ bmoH$JrVo

· bmoH$H$WmË_H$ JrVo

· gm_m{OH$ Ame`na H$WmË_JrVo.

A) nm¡am{UH$ {df`mdarb H$WmË_JrVo

H$WmË_ JrVm§_Ü`o nm¡am{UH$ H$WmJrVm§Mm ^mJ g§nÞ AgyZ Ë`mV {d{dYVm Amho. am_m`U-_hm^maVmVrb KQ>Zmàg§Jm§~amo~aM AZoH${dY nm¡am{UH$ KQ>Zm§da hr H$WmJrVo AmYmabobr AgVmV. `mnm¡am{UH$ H$WmJrVm§Mo ñdê$n gm§JVmZm à^mH$a _m§S>o åhUVmV. ""lmdU~mimÀ`m H$WoMo {H$VrVar n`m©AmT>iVmV. Ë`mMn«_mUo h[aíM§Ð-Vmam_Vr, grVoMm dZdmg, bdm§Hw$emMm OÝ_, grVoMo haU, ^r_mMmnamH«$_ Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m am_m`U, _hm^maVmVrb H$Wm Jm{`ë`m OmVmV. hr H$WmJrVo XrK© AgyZË`mVrb ì`ŠVtMo {MÌU _mZdr ñdê$nmMo Ho$bobo AgVo. A{Ve`moŠVr, AdmñVd H$ënZm, gm§Ho${VH$dU©Zo, nwZamd¥Îmr B. bmoH$H$Wm JrVm_mJrb gd© {deof `m H$WmJrVm§Vhr AmT>iVmV.''

bm¡{H$H$ OJmVbo g§X © XoD$Z Ogo CnmgH$ CnXoe H$aVmV VgoM XodXodVm§À`m g§X^m©Vbo XmIboXoD$Z CnXoe Ho$bm OmVmo. Xodm§Zm XoIrb {OWo Xw:Imbm gm_moao Omdo bmJVo {VWo gm_mÝ`m§Mm H$m` nmS>

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....6

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bmJUma ? Voìhm Xw:Imbm H$dQ>miy ZH$m. g§gmamV nVr-nËZtZr H$go dmJmdo `mMm CnXoe Ho$bm OmVmo.Xodm§da _mZdr ^md-^mdZm§Mo AmamonUhr Ho$bo OmVo. `m JmÊ`m§_Ü o a§OH$Vm AgVo VgoM à~moYZhrAgVo.

CnmgH$m§à_mUoM _amR>r {ó`m§Zr XoIrb nm¡am{UH$ d XodXodVmna H$WmJrVo aMbobr AmhoV. _amR>rór hr Ym{_©H$ Am{U lÕmerb _Zmod¥ÎmrMr Agë`mZo H$Wm-H$sV©ZmVyZ haXmg, nwam{UH$ m§À`m H$WZm§VyZ,CnmgH$m§À`m H$WZm§VyZ d g§Vgm{hË`mVyZ XodmY_m©{df`r d nwamUm§{df`r Oo Oo {VMo H$mZmda nS>bo Vo Vo{VZo AmË_gmV Ho$bo. g§nÞ Am{U g_¥Õ nwamUdmL²>_`mVrb Abm¡{H$H$ {ó`m, Ë`m§À`m{df`rÀ`m H$Wm,Ë`m§Mo OrdZ, Ë`m§Zr Omonmgbobr OrdZ_yë o `m§Mm n[aM` OgOgm hmoV Jobm VgVgm Ë`m ì`pŠV-aoIm§~ÔbMm AmXahr dmT>bm. m AmXamVyZM {ó`m§Zr "{ednmd©VrMm S>md', "J§JmJm¡arMo m§S>U', "J§YmarMmdgm', "grVm OmoJr`mMr amUr', "gÎdmMr Mm§JwUm', "lmdUmMr H$Wm', "grVoMm OÝ_ Am{U ñd §da'Aer AZoH$ H$WmJrVo aMbr AmhoV. AWm©V _yi H$WonmgyZ ~è`mM doim \$maH$V KoVbobr OmUdVo.ór_ZmMo, ^mdZm§Mo Am{U {dMmam§Mo Xe©Z KS>dUmao Ago ho {MÌU AgVo.

~) bmoH$H$WmJrVo

_wimVë`m bmoH$H$Wm Ooìhm Jo nÕVrZo H$WmJrVm§VyZ gmXa Ho$ë`m OmVmV Voìhm Ë`mbm bmoH$H$WmJrVAgo åhQ>bo OmVo. Ë`m_wio _yiÀ`m bmoH$H$WoV Ambobm Ame` A{YH$ n[aUm_H$maH$ nÕVrZo bmoH$m§g_moaoVmo. `m JrVm§Mo ñdê$n ho bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eï>çm§Zr wŠV AgVo, nU Ë`mV bmoH$g_yhmMm

^mdm{dîH$ma hmoV Zmhr. bmoH$OrdZmMr gwIXw:Io Ë`mV A§V y©V Pmbobr ZgVmV. Va EImXr bmoH$H$WmA{Ve` VQ>ñWnUo {ZdoXZ Ho$bobr AgVo.

bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mo _hÎdmMo d¡{eï>ç åhUOo Vr Jmd`mMr AgyZ H$Wm Am{U g§JrV `m§Mo {_lU Ë`mVPmbobo AgVo. AZoH$ doim gwï> Am{U Xwï>m§_Yrb g§Kf© ag^arVnUo dU©Z H$ê$Z eodQ>r gwï>m§Mm {dO`XmIdbobm AgVmo. nwZamd¥Îmr_wio XrK©Vm oVo. Ago Agbo Var hr JrVo ldUr` AgVmV. H$Wm{ZdoXH$mÀ`mJm`Zmda JrVmMm à^md Adb§~yZ AgVmo. Omo{V~mMm ŠV AgUmè`m ZmdOr nmQ>rb mÀ`mda AmYm[aVbmoH$H$WmJrV, gmoZmB©Mo bmoH$H$WmJrV Aer H$mhr bmoH$H$WmJrVo à{gÕ AmhoV.

H$) gm_m{OH$ {df`m§darb H$WmË_ bmoH$JrVo

_amR>rV bmoH$H$WmJrVm§Mm EH$ ^mJ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ H$WmJrVm§Mm AgVmo. {ó`m§À`mgm_m{OH$ H$WmË_JrVm§_Ü o H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ Ame`mMrM JmUr {XgyZ oVmV. na§Vw nwéfm§À`m H$WmË_JrVm§_Ü o_mÌ AZoH$ gm_m{OH$ {df` hmVmiobobo {XgVmV. _mUgm§Mo nañna g§~§Y, g_mOOrdZmMo ñWyb {MÌU`m JrVm§_Ü o oVo. "_rR>-{_aMrMo ^m§S>U', "H$_© d g§nXm', "~{hUrZo _mabm ^mD$' Aer CnmgH$m§MrH$WmJrVo bmoH${à` AmhoV. ~mimB©, ^maOm, O¡Vm Aer {ó`m§Mr \o$amdarb H$WmË_JrVo bmoH${à` AmhoV.

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CnmgH$m§Mr H$WmJrVo d {ó`m§Mr H$WmJrVo `m§À`m_Ü o H$mhr g_mZ d¡{eï>ço Amnë`mbm {XgVmV.nwZéŠVr, XrK©Vm hr d¡{eï>ço XmoÝhrH$S>o AmhoV. Ame`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$mhr à_mUmV gmYå © Amho. CnmgH$ho àm_w»`mZo {dYràg§Jr qH$dm XmamoXma {\$aVmV Voìhm hr H$WmË_JrVo JmVmV. Va {ó`m \o$a YaVmZm hrJmUr åhUVmV. nwéfm§Mr H$WmJrVo JÚ-nÚ {_{lV AgVmV Va {ó`m§Mr \$ŠV nÚ ñdê$nmMr AgVmV.Ë`m§Zm dmÚm§Mr gmW ZgVo. e§H$a, nmd©Vr, H¥$îU, grVm ho {df` XmoÝhrH$S>o AmhoV.

3. \o$amdaMr JmUr

{d{dY gU, CËgd, g_ma§ mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo {ó`m Ooìhm EH$Ì oVmV. Ë`mdoiog H$mhr IoiJrVoåhQ>br OmVmV. m IoiJrVm§Zm Z¥Ë`m§Mr gmW bm^bobr AgVo. m CËgdmg§~§Yr Am{U Vo gmOao H$aÊ`mÀ`mnÕVrg§~§Yr, Ë`m§À`m hoVy{df`r {d{dY _Vo _m§S>br Jobr AgyZ _Zmoa§OZ hm Ë`m§Mm {ZIi àYmZ hoVy_mZbm Jobobm Amho. VgoM {dYrÀ`m àoaUoVyZ hr JrVo {Z_m©U Pmbobr AmhoV. {ó`m§À`m Am wî`mV `mCËgdm§Zm \$maM _hÎd àmá Pmbobo {XgVo. nwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$Vr_wio {ó`m§Mo OrdZ, {ó`m§Mo _Z H$m`_X~boboM hmoVo. Aem `m X~boë`m _Zmbm Hw$R>oVar dmMm \w$Q>mdr Am{U jU^a H$m hmoB©Zm Ë`m§Zm Ë`m§MoXw:I {dgaÊ`mMr g§Yr {_imdr hm `m gU-CËgdm§nmR>r_mJMm, Z¥Ë` IoiJrVo gmXa H$aÊ`mnmR>r_mJMmàYmZ hoVy AgVmo. {På_m, \w$JS>r, H$m|~S>m Ago AZoH$ Z¥Ë`Ioi d IoiJrVo åhQ>br OmVmV.

IoiJrVm§À`m VwbZoV \o$aJrVm§Mr H$mhr doJir d¡{eï>ço AmhoV. BVa IoiJrVm§_Ü o XmoKr, Mm¡Kr,AmR>OUr Aem OmoS>çm AgVmV. qH$~hwZm EImXm Xwgam Ioi EH$Q>r _wbJr/ór H$ê$ eH$Vo. nU\o$aJrVm_Ü o _mÌ drg-n§Mdrg OUr AgVmV. \o$a IoiÊ`mgmR>r g_g§»`m nm{hOo Ago ~§YZ Zmhr.oUmè`m àË oH$sbm gm_mdyZ KoÊ`mMr j_Vm m IoimV AgVo. \o$aJrVmV ~mhoaMo dVw©i qH$dm ~mhoaMm \o$a

hm _moR>çm {ó`m§Mm AgVmo Va AmV N>moQ>çm _wbtZr \o$a Yabobm AgVmo. XmoZ {ó`m JrVmMr EH$ Amoigm§JVmV. ~mH$sÀ`m {ó`m nmR>r_mJyZ Vr Amoi åhUVmV. EH$_oH$s¨Mo S>mdo-COdo hmV EH$_oH$sV Jw§\$dyZJmob-Jmob {\$aV {ó`m A{Ve` g§WnUo IoiV AgVmV. EHy$UM BVa IoiJrVm§À`m VwbZoZo \o$a EH$X_g§W AgVmo. eodQ>n ªV `m Ioimbm JVr àmá hmoV Zmhr. hm \o$a Yê$Z Jmob Jmob {\$aVmZm Amnbm COdmhmV nma nm`mn ªV Imbr ZoV d nwÝhm da hmoV nwT>M§ nmD$b CMbrV AgVo. hr hmbMmb gdmªMr EH$X_hmoV Agë`mZo \o$a Mm§Jbm AmH$f©H$ dmQ>Vmo. m \o$aJrVm§À`m hmbMmbt_Ü o g§WnUm Amho. nU Ë`mM~amo~aBVa IoiJrVm§À`m VwbZoZo JmUr AW©nyU© AgVmV. Ë`m_Ü o gwg§JVr AgVo. \o$aJrVm§_Ü o H$WmË_ ñdê$nmMrJmUr åhQ>br OmVmV. m JmÊ`m§_Ü o EH$ H$Wm gm§{JVbobr AgVo. Ë`m H$WoMm {dH$mg A{Ve` g§W JVrZohmoV AgVmo. {d{eï> H$S>ì`m§Mr nwZamd¥Îmr hmoV AgVo.

\o$aJrVm§_Ü`o gm_m{OH$ Am{U H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ Ame`mMr \o$aJrVo AgVmV. Ë`mMà_mUo XodXodVmna dnm¡am{UH$ Ame`mMr H$WmJrVohr bmoH${à` AmhoV. BVa IoiJrVo Am{U \o$aJrVmV _hÎdmMm \$aH$ AgmH$s, aMZm Am{U Ame` `m XmoÝhr Ñï>rZo Vr {^Þ AmhoV. \o$aJrVo hr àm_w»`mZo H$WmË_ aMZoMr AgVmV.{ó`m§À`m OrdZmVrb AZoH${dY ^md^mdZm§Mo {MÌU `mVyZ hmoVo.

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4. ZmJn§M_rMr JmUr

^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o gUm§Mo d d«Vm§Mo _hÎd _moR>o Amho. Ë`mgmR>r ê$T> Pmboë`m MmbrarVr AOyZhrbmoH$ ^ŠVr^mdmZo-lÕoZo nmiVmV. n`m©daUmVrb {ZgJ©, Ordg¥ï>r hr _mUgmbm OrdZXm`r Amho.nañnanyaH$ Amho `mMr OmUrd `m gUm§_YyZ {XgVo. lmdUmV oUmè`m ewÕ n§M_rg "ZmJn§M_r' hm gUgmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. g§nyU© lmdU _{hZm^a hm "ZmJ Zagmo~m'Mm H$mJX {MH$Q>dVmV qH$dm q^Vrda,nmQ>mda aŠVM§XZmZo ZmJmMr AmH¥$Vr H$mTy>Z qH$dm _mVrÀ`m ZmJ _yVuMr nyOm H$aVmV. ZmJmbm bmøm XyY`mMm Z¡doÚ XmIdVmV. nm§T>ar \w$bo dmhVmV.

`m {Xder _wbr hmVmda _oh§Xr aoImQ>VmV, {På_m-\w$JS>çm IoiVmV, PmoHo$ IoiVmV, \o$a Yê$ZJmUr åhUVmV. `m àg§Jr åhQ>ë`m OmUmè`m JrVm§Mo ñdê$n gm_y{hH$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mV A{YH$à`moJmË_H$Vm d AmH$f©H$nUm oVmo. gUmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo _mhoadm{eUr ZQy>Z WQy>Z ZmJXodmMr nyOm H$aVmVAm{U gwIXw:ImMr XodKod H$aVmV. hmñ`-{dZmoX hmoVmV.

Mb J§ g o dmê$imbm... ZmJmo~mbm nyOm`bmhiX Hw§$Hy$ dhm`bm.... VmÁ`m bm`m doMm`bm.

ho gam©g åhQ>bo OmUmao JmUo, gd© OmVrÀ`m, gd© d`mÀ`m _wbr, {ó`m `m \o$amÀ`m JmÊ`mV AmZ§XmZogh^mJr hmoVmV. ZmJmMo _hÎd, gmga-_mhoa, g_¥Õr Aem AZoH$ Ame`mMr hr JmUr AgVmV. gmgarX~yZ am{hboë`m ^mdZm _mhoar Amë`mda _wŠVnUo ~mobyZ XmIdVmV. gh^mJr Pmboë`m {ó`m Amnë`mAZw dm§Mr Jw§\$U H$aV JrV bm§~dV ZoVmV.

AmOhr J«m_rU ^mJmV CËgmhmZo hm gU gmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. ~mimB©, ^maOm, O¡Vm, emdy AemAZoH$ Zm{`H$m§Zm _Ü`dVu H$ënyZ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$, gm_m{OH$ nmVirdarb OZOrdZ, {dMma, lÕm, g_OwVr,g§Ho$V m§Mo Xe©Z KS>dbo OmVo. m JmÊ`m§_Yrb mdmoËH$Q>Vm, Jo Vm, nwZê$ŠVr, aMZmH$m¡eë`, H$ënH$Vm,H$ënZm~§Y hr d¡{eï>ço _Z WŠH$ H$aUmar AmhoV.

5. hmXJm C\©$ wbmo~m - wbm~mB©

hmXJm hm Ioi AmpídZ _{hÝ`mV gd©Ì Ioibm OmVmo. na§naoZo Ambobr JmUr `m IoimV _wbråhUVmV. IoimMo d JmÊ`mMo ñdê$n Odinmg gd©Ì gmaIoM AgVo. \$ŠV H$mhr {R>H$mUr hÎmrMo {MÌH$mTy>Z Ë`mMr nyOm Ho$br OmVo Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr hmX½`mMr \$m§Xr R>odyZ nyOm Ho$br OmVo. Aer WmoS>r{^ÞVm Agbr Var Ë`m_mJrb ^mdZm gmaIrM Amho, Vr åhUOo {ZgJ©eŠVrMr nyOm H$aUo. hmXJm hmEH$ àH$maMm CËgdM AgyZ _moR>çm g§» oZo bhmZ bhmZ _wbr EH$Ì O_yZ \o$a Yê$Z, JmUr åhUyZ hmCËgd gmOam H$aVmV. hmX½`mÀ`m CËgdmÀ`m àË oH$ {Xder JmÊ`m§Mr g§»`m EH$Zo dmT>V OmVo. 16 ì`m{Xder 16 JmUr åhUyZ hmX½`mMm g_mamon Ho$bm OmVmo. _amR>dmS>çmV `m Ioimbm wbmo~m- wbm~mB©Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. wbmo~m åhUOo e§H$a Am{U wbm~mB© åhUOo nmd©Vr. åhUOoM {ed Am{U eŠVr `m§MrVoWo nyOm ~m§Ybr OmVo.

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hñVmV hÎmr nmÊ`mV ~wS>ob BVHo$ nmUr df©bo nm{hOo. `m g_OwVrer ho d«V g§b½Z Amho, Ago XwJm©^mJdV åhUVmV. VgoM hmX½`mMr nmZo, \w$bo d H$modiçm e|Jm ho gd© {dnwb emH$^mOrMo AÞ Agë`m_wioË`mÀ`m Cn wŠVVo_wioM nyOmh© R>abo Agohr XwJm© ^mJdV åhUVmV. hmXJm hm {ZgJ©eŠVrMm, {ZgJ©nyOoMm{dYr Agë`mMoM Ë`m _mZVmV.

_YwH$a dmH$moS>o `m§À`m _Vo, ""^maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr àVrH$nyOH$ Amho. AZoH$ {dYr, àWm {Z bmoH$ê$T>rË`m àVrH$mË_H$VoVyZ g§a{jë`m Joë`m AmhoV. EoVao mon{ZfXmV "namojà{H«$`m Bd {h Xodm' Ago åhQ>boAmho. hmX½`mMr nyOm hr AerM EH$ gm§Ho${VH$ nyOm Amho. H$mimÀ`m àdmhmV nyOo_mJrb _oKVÎd _mJonS>bo Am{U hÎmr `m ~mø JU{MÝhmbm _hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho. na§Vw Varhr øm bm¡{H$H$ {dYrV \$magm\$aH$ nS>bm Zmhr. H$maU ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrV hÎmr ho _oKmMoM àVrH$ _mZbo Jobo Amho.''

^m|S>ë`mÀ`m JmÊ`m§_Ü o EH$ àH$maMm g§WnUm Amho. na§Vw Ë`m_Ü o b` Amho. àË oH$ JmÊ`mMrMmb hr WmoS>çm\$ma \$aH$mZo doJir AgyZ ^ŠVr-^md Am{U Amnë`m _ZrMr gwIXw:Io `m JmÊ`m§Ûmaoì`ŠV Ho$br OmVmV. N>moQ>çm _wbr Oar hr JmUr åhUV Agë`m Varhr Ë`mV gmga-_mhoaMo C„oIoVmV. _mhoaMm A{^_mZ `m JmÊ`m§_YyZ ì`ŠV hmoVmo. Va gmga ÛmS> AgVo Aer ^mdZm `m N>moQ>çm _wbr

ì`ŠV H$aVmV. H$mhr doiog _mÌ _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m hoVyZohr EImXo JmUo åhQ>bo OmVo. CXm.

lrH$m§Vm H$_bmH$m§Vm Ag§ H$g§ Pmb§ ?

do{S>`mMo Iyi _mÂ`m H$nmir Amb§ Ÿ&&Y¥Ÿ&&

ho A{Ve` à{gÕ, bmoH${à` Am{U _Ooera JmUo Amho.

VËH$mbrZ gm_m{OH$ pñWVrMo {MÌUhr ^m|S>ë`mÀ`m JmÊ`m§_Ü o {XgyZ oVo. CXm. "gmgwadmer gyZê$gyZ ~gbr H¡$er' `m JmÊ`mVrb ^mdO` ñdV:da S>md Amë`mZo ZU§Xoda ê$gyZ ~gVo. KamVrb gd©dS>rbYmar _mUg§ {Vbm g_Omd`mbm OmVmV. {Vbm H$m` hdo Vo {dMmaVmV nU Vr gdmªZm ZH$ma XoVo.nVr {Vbm g_Omd`mg oVmo. bmb Mm~yH$ XoVmo åhUyZ Vmo gm§JVmo. hm bmb Mm~yH$ åhUOo _maÊmMr Y_H$shmo`. gmh{OH$M WaH$mnV Vr Kar OmVo.

`m JmÊ`m§_YyZ H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ ZmVog§~§YmVrb Vab ^mdN>Q>m§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo. H$mbmÀ`m AmoKmV _yi eãX~mOybm nSy>Z {ZaW©H$ eãX Amë`m_wio JmÊ`mV Xw~m}YVm oVo. hmVmV hmV KmbyZ [a¨JU KmbUmè`m _wbrR>am{dH$ nXÝ`mg Q>mH$sV \o$ao nyU© H$aVmZm IynM CËgmhr Am{U AmZ§Xr AgVmV. amoO EHo$H$sMr {IamnVAgVo. Am{U Vr AmoiIÊ`mV EH$ Am¡a _Om AgVo.

^m|S>ë`mÀ`m `m JmÊ`m§~Ôb S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo åhUVmV, ""hmXJm-^m|S>ë`mMr JmUr _m¡{IH$na§naoZo {nT>çmZ²{nT>çm ê$T> AmhoV. hr JmUr ZdVmê$Ê`mMr, órÀ`m gO©ZeŠVrMo _hÎd {deX H$aUmarAmhoV. åhUOoM {ó`m§À`m CËgdmMr JmUr AmhoV. g_mO Am{U Hw$Qw>§~ `mVrb ZmVog§~§YmÀ`m A{Ve`

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Vab mdN>Q>m m JmÊ`mVyZ ì`ŠV Pmboë`m {XgVmV. g_mOì`dñWoV {ó`m§À`m _ZmMr Pmbobr Hw$M§~Um,{VZo a§Jdbobr ñdßZo `mMo àË``H$mar {MÌU `m JrVm§VyZ Ambobo AgVo.''

6. {d{YJrVo

bmoH$JrVo hr àm_w»`mZo H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m {dYter g§~Õ AgVmV. hmX½`mMr JmUr hr Oergw\$brH$aUmÀ`m {dYter g§~Õ AmhoV. VerM CnmgH$m§Mr JmUrhr Y_©{dYter g§~§{YV AmhoV. {ó`m§MrAm{U CnmgH$m§Mr JmUr hr ~hþYm {dYter EH$ê$n AdñWoVM åhQ>br OmVmV. Ho$di eãX åhUyZ Ë`m§ZmbmoH$OrdZmV ñWmZ ZgVo. H¥$Vr Am{U CŠVr Agm hm K{Zï> g§~§Y AgVmo. nañnam§{edm` Ë`m§Zm ñdV§ÌApñVËd Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM {dYrJrVm§Zm bmoH$OrdZmV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho.

ì`ŠVtMm _mZ{gH$ {dH$mg ìhmdm, g_mO gwg§ñH$m[aV ìhmdm `m hoVyZo AZoH$ g§ñH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.`m g§ñH$mam§À`m åhUOoM {dYtÀ`m doir Amoì`m Jm{`ë`m OmVmV. {ddmh hm _mZdr OrdZmVrb _hÎdnyU©àg§J-{ddmh hm EH$ _moR>m {dYr AgyZ BVa AZoH$ Cn{dYr Voìhm Ho$bo OmVmV. b½Z R>aë`mnmgyZ Vo_wbrMr nmR>dUr H$aon ªV Oo Oo {dYr g§nÞ hmoV AgVmV Ë`m Ë`m {dYtZm Amoì`m§Mr gmW bm^bobrAgVo. {dYrÀ`m OmoS>rZo JrVo Jm`br OmVmV. `m JmÊ`m§_YyZ {ddmhmMr nÕVr H$iVo. éIdV, hiXr,Am§KmoirMm {dYr, Ho$idU, KmUm ^aUo, _whÿV©_oT> amodUo Aem {d{dY àH$maÀ`m {dYtÀ`m doir åhQ>brOmUmar JmUr d¡{eï>çnyU© ñdê$nmMr AmhoV.

{ddmh hm nydu gmoim {Xdg MmbV Ago Am{U àË oH$ {Xder Hw$R>bm Z² Hw$R>bm _hÎdmMm {dYrg§nÞ hmoV Ago. AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV _mÌ Am{W©H$ d doi m XmoÝhr Ñï>rZo gmoim {Xdg {ddmh{dYr g§nÞH$aUo eŠ` Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM n[adV©Z hmoD$ bmJbo Amho. {ó`m Á`m {d{dY {dYtÀ`m doir Amoì`m qH$dmñ\y$Q> JmUr åhUVmV, Ë`m§Mm WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z KoD$.

CnZ`Z : nyduÀ`m H$mir ~«m÷U, j{Ì` Am{U d¡í` Hw$_mam§da CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma Ho$bm OmV Ago.`mbm _m¢Or~§YZ d d«V~§Y Agohr åhUVV. CnZ`ZmÀ`m g§ñH$mamV {dÚmXmZ qH$dm doXmÜ``Z `mbm_hÎd ZgyZ nwZO©Ý_mbm _hÎd Amho. AmR>ì`m qH$dm AH$amì`m dfu hm g§ñH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo.

CnZ`Z{dYr åhUOo _moR>m g§ñH$maM hmo . CnZ`Z hm g§ñH$ma àmMrZ AgyZ CnZ`ZmZo _wbmbmXwgam OÝ_ {_iVmo Aer YmaUm Amho.

""AmR> dfmªMm _w§Om Amho bhmZ

H$S>o ¿`mdm ~«m÷U....''

Aem Amoì`m§_YyZ àWm g_OVo, g§ñH$ma ê$Odbo OmVmV.

_IamV ~gdÊ`mMm / ÝhmUwbrMm {dYr :

F$VwàmßVr hr AmZ§XXm`r Jmoï>, H$maU AnË` OÝ_mbm KmbÊ`mg _wbJr `mo½` hmoUo Agm Ë`mMm

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AW©. åhUyZ _IamV ~gdÊ`mMm {dYr Ho$bm OmVmo. `m {dYr_mJo gw\$brH$aUmMr H$ënZm Amho. _wbrbmgmS>r Mmoir ZogdyZ Zmai Am{U qb~mZo {VMr AmoQ>r ^aVmV. qb~mÀ`m S>hmiçm {Vbm XoVmV.ÝhmUwbrMrhr àWm åhUOo àmMrZH$mir ê$T> AgUmè`m H$m¡_m © §J àWoMm Adeof Amho. nydu _m_mH$Sy>Z ÝhmUAmboë`m _wbrMm H$m¡_m © §J Ho$bm OmV Ago. AmVm hr àWm Odinmg ~§X Pmbr Amho.

`m {dYrgmR>r Ho$irÀ`m Im§~mMo _Ia Ho$bo OmVo. åhUyZ `mbm "_IamV ~g{dÊ`mMm {dYr' AgoåhUVmV. H$mhr {R>H$mUr "F$VwñZmV {dYr' Ago åhUVmV. `mdoir åhQ>ë`m OmUmè`m Amoì`m§_YyZ boH$sMoJwUdU©Z Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mdoir gmgar H$er gdmªMr _Ou amImdr `m~Ôb g§ñH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo. gmgaÀ`mbmoH$m§Zm Amnbo _mZyZ Ë`m§Mr _Ou amIÊ`mgmR>r {VZo YS>nS>mdo, AmB©bm H$moUr ~mob bmdy Z o `m Ñï>rZoMm§Jbo dmJmdo Ago gm§{JVbo OmVo. VgoM gmga d¡ d g§nÞ Agë`mZo Amnbr _wbJr m½`dmZ Amho AgoJwUJmZ Jm{`bo OmVo.

""_mbZ _mPr bB© JwUmMr

_m`-~mnmMr _¡Zm Amho dmo bmS>mMr

Amho dmo bmS>mMr, gyZ-gmgè`mMr

Zm§Xm`m AmVm Om`mMr, H$sV© _mhoamMr.''

Aem Ame`mMr hr JmUr AgVmV.

B {ddmh{dYr àg§Jr Jm{`br OmUmar JmUr

{ddmhmnydu Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m Ym{_©H$ {dYt_Ü o _whÿV©_oT> amodÊ`mMm EH$ {dYr Amho. Am§~m hmàOmoËnmXH$ d ew _mZbm OmVmo. Ë`m_wio Am§ã`mMr \$m§Xr amodyZ Ë`m \$m§Xrbm hiHw§$S>, gwnmar Am{U n¡go`m§Mr nwaMw§S>r ~m§Ybr OmVo. `mbmM _whÿV©_oT> amodUo Ago åhUVmV. _whÿV©_oT> amodVmZm {ó`m AmodrJrVoåhUVmV. àm_w»`mZo `m AmodrJrVm§_YyZ XodXodVm§Zm ew^H$m`m©gmR>r ~mobmdbobo AgVo Am{U àË`jXodXodVm Am_§ÌUmMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z Amë`mMohr Amodr_YyZ gm§{JVbo OmVo.

""bJrZ Kam_§Xr _whÿV©_oT>rMm nm`m

~mimÀ`m bJZmbm Ambr gV²dmMr AZgy m''

AemàH$mao XodXodVm§Mo AmJ_Z Amdí`H$ _mZbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio H$m © ì`dpñWV nma nS>ob Ago {ó`m§ZmdmQ>V AgVo.

Zdam _wbJm/Zdar _wbJr d AmB©-dS>rb `m§Zm nmQ>mda ~gdyZ amodirVbo Jhÿ _wgim§Zr H$m§Sy>ZAmodr åhQ>br OmVo. {VKm§À`m H$nmimbm Vo _wgi bmdbo OmVo Ago nmM doim H$aVmV. `mbmM "KmUm^aUo' Ago åhUVmV.

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""KmUm Or Km{Vbm

I§S>r`m JìhmMm

_m§S>d XodmMm XUUH$mê$Ÿ&&''

Aer g§nÞVm `m AmodrJrVm§_YyZ {XgVo. `_H$~ÕVm d nwZéŠVr hr d¡{eï>ço AgyZ H$ënZmd¡ dmMm BWo\$magm àË`` `oV Zmhr.

"hiXr' bm {ddmh{dYr_Ü o AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. hiX hr gm¡ m½`H$maH$ d yV~mYm XyaH$aÊ`mMo gm_Ï © Agbobr _mZbr OmVo. hiX bmdUo hm {ddmhnyd© Agm g§ñH$ma Amho. b½ZmMo Xod-XodH$ ~gÊ`mnydu dYybm qH$dm dambm nmQ>mda ~gdVmV. Z§Va dYyMr qH$dm damMr AmB© EH$m dmQ>rVhiX KoD$Z Vr gwdm{gH$ VobmV H$mbdVo. Z§Va dYyMr qH$dm damMr ~hrU XmoÝhr hmVmV XmoZ Am§ã`mMrnmZo KoD$Z Ë`m§Mr Q>moHo$ Ë`m hiXrV ~wS>dVo. _J Ë`m Q>moH$m§Zr dYyMo qH$dm damMo nm`, JwS>Ko, ~mhÿ Am{UH$nmi `m§Zm MT>Ë`m H«$_mZo hiX bmdVo. _J BVa gwdm{gZrhr `mM nÕVrZo hiX bmdVmV. _J dYybm,dambm ñZmZ KmVbo OmVo.

""`m J§ _m§S>{d`mÀ`m Xmar XmoÝhr ~mOyZ§ bmdm OmB©

hiX bm{dVr Ýhdè`m ~mimMr AmB©''

AemàH$maÀ`m `m AmodrJrVm§_Ü o J{V_mZVm Amho. gwb^VogmR>r eãXm§Mo CÀMmaU doJiçm àH$mao Ho$boOmVo.

`m{edm` VobdU, nmR>dUr, ê$IdV Am{U nwT>o S>mohmio Ago {ddmh d {ddmhmoÎma àg§Jr Ho$ë`mOmUmè`m {dYtdoir JmUr åhQ>br OmVmV. EHy$UM _amR>r ór hr ^m{dH$ Am{U lÕmerb Ë`m_wio {d{dY{dYràg§Jr Vr g_agyZ gh^mJr hmoVo. ho {dYr gmOao H$aÊ`m_mJo g§ñH$mamMm, ê$T>r-na§nam§Mm ^mJAgVmoM. nU Ë`mM~amo~a _Zmoa§OZhr `mVyZ hmoVo. {dYràg§Jr åhQ>ë`m OmUmè`m Amoì`m§_wio dmVmdaUWmoS>ogo g¡b hmoVo. g_mO_Z gwg§ñH¥$V H$aUmar Aer hr {dYrJrVo AgVmV.

7. eoVH$ar JrVo

nwéfm§À`m l_n[ahmamÀ`m JmÊ`m§_Ü`o H¥${fH$_© H$aVmZm, åhUOoM noaUr-H$mnUr, _moQ>oZo nmUrKmbVmZm, ~mOmamÀ`m dmQ>oZo _mbmÀ`m JmS>çm ZoVmZm åhQ>br OmUmar JmUr VgoM g§Ü`mH$mir qH$dmamÌrÀ`m doiog Ooìhm eoVH$ar Jßnm Jmoï>rgmR>r EH$Ì oVmV Voìhm {Xdg^amMo l_, XJXJ {dgaÊ`mgmR>råhQ>ë`m OmUmè`m JmÊ`m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. nwéf_§S>ir hr Or JmUr åhUVmV Vr nma§n[aH$ ñdê$nmMrAgVmV. ^modVrMm {ZgJ©, ì`dgm` Am{U AYyZ_YyZ e¥§Jm[aH$ ^md ì`ŠV H$aUmar Aer Vr JrVoAgVmV.

AmO `§Ì`wJmV EH$ {dOoMr H$i Xm~br H$s AdmT>ì` H$m_ohr jUmV hmoVmV. nU AmOhr

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IoS>çmnmS>çmVyZ hmVmZoM eoVr Ho$br OmVo. Aem doir l_ hbHo$ H$aÊ`mH$[aVm d PnmQ>çmZo H$m_ohmoÊ`mH$[aVm BVam§À`m ghH$m`m©Mr JaO mgVo. _moQ>oÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo Ooìhm eoVrbm nmUr nmObo OmVo Aemdoir eoVH$ar _moR>çm AmdmOmV, CËñ\y$V©VoZo JmUr åhUVmV. `m JrVm§_YyZ Ë`m§À`m ^md^mdZmM àH$Q>hmoVmV. gamo{OZr ~m~a åhUVmV, ""Y[aÌrÀ`m hþ§H$mamMr Mmhÿb bmJbr H$s, Vmo ^mamdyZ OmVmo. ñdV:hr»`mbr IwembrV oVmo. Am{U _J Amnë`m _ZrMm gmX à{VgmX JiçmVyZ ~mhoa H$mT>Vmo. Amnë`mT>diçm-ndiçm§Zm brboZo IoidrV ñdV:hr EH$ narMm hþ§H$ma KmbyZ gmao amZ Ë`m g§JrVmZo ^méZQ>mH$Vmo.''

Amnë`m JmÊ`mZo gmao {edma Kw_dUmar _moQ>oH$am§Mr JmUr Am{U {nH$mbm nmUr nmOUmam OmoS>rXma hoÑí` Vgo AmO Xw{_©i Pmbo Amho. _moQ> ^ê$Z daVr oV AgVmZm Amnë`m ~¡bm§Mr Zmdo KoD$Z eoVH$arË`m§À`mda _moQ>oMr JrVo JmV AgVmo. CXmhaUmW©,

""dOram Jmo{Oè`m _mÁ`m Jm @@@

Pwb KmbVmo _r Vwbm gaÁ`m J @@@

Ama§ _mÁ`m gma§½`m `md§ Jm @@@

amOm @@@ amOm @@@

Xm¡bË`m Or @@@''

_moQ>oÀ`m nmÊ`mZo YaVr_mVm AmobrqM~ hmoVo. g_mYmZmZo \w$bVo-\$iVo. Ë`m_wio _moQ>oda eoVH$è`m§Mr\$ma _m`m AgVo. _moQ>obm Vmo ZdrZ KmJè`m ~gdVmo. Zdm ZmS>m, Zdm VmJ `m gdmªZr gJiçm eoVmbmÝhmD$ KmVbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio g_¥Õr, g§nÞVm {Z_m©U hmoVo. oUmè`m-OmUmè`m àË oH$mMo AmJV ñdmJVMm§Jë`m arVrZo H$aVm oVo, Ago AZoH$ JmÊ`m§VyZ gy{MV Ho$bo Amho. Aem ñdê$nmÀ`m JmÊ`m§_Ü o \$maerdmL²>_`rZ JwUdÎmm Zmhr. à{V oMm ñne© Zmhr. Ho$di _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m d l_n[ahmamÀ`m hoVyZoM m JmÊ`m§Mr{Z{_©Vr Pmbobr Agë`m_wio `m JmÊ`m§V \$maer ldUr`Vm Zmhr.

bmdUrÀ`m doir åhQ>bo OmUmao bmoH${à` d¡{eï>çnyU© JrV Ago ;

""_miçmMr nmoa ~Km _içm_§Xr C^r

^bar XmXm

{_aÀ`m§M§ amon bmdVr J§

hmVr Hw$Xi nmZr \$moS>Vr J§

_miçmMr nmoa ~Km _içm_§Xr C^r

^bar XmXm.''

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Aem VèhoZo dm§Jr, H$m§Xm Aem {nH$m§À`m bmdUrMo C„oI oVmV. Am{U Ë`mM Ë`mM Amoir nwZamd¥ÎmhmoVmV. nU JmUo a§JVo Am{U {nH$m§Mr bmdU g§nyZ OmVo. l_mMr OmUrd Z hmoVm eoVmVrb H$m_ nyU© hmoVo.Ë`m_wio Aer bmdUrMr bmoH$JrVo eoVH$è`m§_Ü o {à` AmhoV.

{nHo$ V`ma Pmbr H$s JmS>r^a YmÝ` ^ê$Z nrH$ Kar Zobo OmVo. Ë`mdoir eoVH$è`m§À`m AmZ§XmbmCYmU Ambobo AgVo.

""JmS>rdmë`m XmXm VwPo ~¡bhm¡goMo hmo Or @@@

Jiçm Kw§Jwa _mim Jm|S>oaoe_mMo hmo Or @@@@''

Aem JrVm§_YyZ ~¡bm§Mo, Ë`m§Mo Ab§H$ma, Mmb, H$ï> `m§Mo dU©Z Ho$bo OmVo. l_n[ahma, AmZ§Xhm JmÊ`m§_mJMm _w»` CÔoe AgVmo. H$mhr doim A{VaoH$, A{Ve`moŠVr, e¥§Jm[aH$Vm `m JmÊ`m§_YyZAmT>iVo.

8. YZJar JrVo

YZJa O_mVrbm hOmamo dfmªMr na§nam Amho. CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r ho bmoH$ ^Q>H§$Vr H$aVmV. YZJabmoH$ ^mdrH$ Am{U lÕmiy AmhoV. Xod Am{U X¡dmda AmË §{VH$ {dídmg Ë`m_wio {~amo~m, åhgmo~måhUOo Ë`m§Mo àmUM hmo . ho Xod åhUOo OmJ¥V à{MVr XoUmao Xod AerM Ë`m§Mr mdZm AgVo. Xod{XH$m§MrJmUr, ^mH$UwH$sÀ`m doiMr JmUr, JOZ¥Ë`mdoiMr JmUr, Amoì`m, gw§~amZ§ Am{U hþB©H$ `m XmoZCnmgZm{dYtÀ`m doir åhQ>br OmUmar JmUr `m§Mm g_mdoe YZJar JrVm§_Ü o hmoVmo. ñ\y$Q> JrVo Am{UH$WmJrVo Aem XmoZ ^mJmV ho dJuH$aU H$aVm oVo.

YZJar AmodrJrVo g§» oZo {dnwb AmhoV. "gw§~amZ' åhUOo ñ_aU H$aUmè`m Aem `m Amoì`m AmhoV.àm_w»`mZo Xodm{XH$m§Mo ñ_aU `mVyZ Ho$bo OmVo. VrZ-Mma Vmg hr AmodrJrVo Jm{`br OmVmV. `m Amoì`m\w$Q>H$i ZgyZ ~è`mM doim Ë`m§Zm gbJ H$WmZH$hr àmá Pmbobo AgVo. "VdmÀ`m J§ oi§bm' Ago gm§JVEImXr {MÎmWamaH$ H$hmUrhr `m Amoì`m§_YyZ gm§{JVbr OmVo.

{edi nmVmi J, VwPr {edi nmVmi,

_wJmdr Mmoir J, VwPr _wJmdr Mmoir.

Aem àH$maÀ`m Amodr_Ü o `_H$, AZwàmg gmYbm OmVmo. gwamda d KmoiyZ KmoiyZ hr JrVo åhQ>brOmVmV. `m AmodrJrVm§Zm {d{eï> b` d R>oH$m Amho. gyú_ dU©Ze¡br d H$mì`à{V^m àH$fm©Zo OmUdVo.YZJar AmodrJrVm§Zm Z¥Ë`, A{^Z` Am{U g§JrV `m§Mr gmW {_imbobr AgVo. gw§~amZ ho Ame`mÀ`mÑï>rZo d¡{eï>çnyU© AgVo. doJdoJiçm XodVm§Zm AmdmhZ Ho$bo OmVo. _J {~amo~mMo _mhmËå` H$WZ Ho$boOmVo.

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{~amo~mMm CnmgH$ åhUyZ Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m Xrjm{dYrbm "hþB©H$' Ago åhUVmV. {dO`mXe_rÀ`mXwgè`m {Xder hm H$m ©H«$_ AgVmo. `mMdoir "dmZmÀ`m døm' ^JV gmXa H$aVmV. `mMr ^mfm gm§Ho${VH$AgVo. gwJr, nmD$g, amoJamB© `m{df`r ^{dî`H$WZ Ho$bo OmVo. YZJa O_mVrMo OrdZ{deof d lÕm§MoXe©Z `mVyZ KS>Vo.

YZJa bmoH$ amÌ^a Amoì`m gmXa H$aVmV. H$mhr Amoì`m "Hy$Q>' ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV. CÎmaa§JmVAm»`mZ MmbdVo OmVo. ho Am»`mZ nÚñdê$n AgVo. nm¡am{UH$ Am{U gm_m{OH$ {df` Ë`mV H$WZHo$bobo AgVmV. h[aíM§Ð-Vmam_Vr, lmdU~mi, A{^_Ý y M[aÌ, {~amo~m, qeJamo~m, e§H$a-nmd©Vr,gwamd§Vr Aer AZoH$ Am»`mZo Jm{`br OmVmV. ZmQ>ç JwUm§Zm Am{U Z¥Ë`-Jm`Zmbm dmd Agë`m_wio `mJrVm§_Ü o AmñdmÚVm oVo.

YZJar JrVm§Zr g_mOmbm ZdrZ {dMma XoÊ`mMo, g_mO _ZmMr XIb KoÊ`mMo, ~wÕr dmT>dÊ`mMo,ñdV:À`m ^mdZm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mMo, gwIXw:I dmQy>Z KoÊ`mMo Am{U {Okmgm OmJ¥VrMo H$m_ Ho$bo. YZJarJrVm§VyZ bmoH$OrdZ àH$Q> hmoVo. T>mob, Pm§O, S>\$ `m dmÚm§_wio H$m ©H«$_mbm a§JV oVo. §S>mam CYiyZAm{U Mm§J^b§Mm JOa H$ê$Z dmVmdaUmV M¡VÝ`mbm CYmU oVo.

YZJar JrVm~Ôb S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo åhUVmV, ""gbJ nÚmË_H$ ñdê$nmV H$WmJrVo gmXa Ho$brOmVmV. _Ü o_Ü o YZJa JÚ g§nmXUr H$aVmV. Ë`m_wio gmXarH$aUmbm ZmQ>çê$n àmá hmoVo. ~mobr ^mfoMmghOgwb^ dmna ho YZJar JrVm§Mo d¡{eï>ç Amho. ŠVr~amo~aM a§OZhr Ho$bo OmVo. A{Ve`moŠV KQ>Zmàg§JAm{U AX² wVaå` dU©Zo `m_wio JrVm§Mr a§OH$Vm dmT>Vo.''

9. Hw§$^mamÀ`m S>hmH$m

"S>mH$' qH$dm "S>hmH$m' hm _¥VmÀ`m AH$amì`m {Xder Ho$bm OmUmam CÎma{H«$ oMm {dYr AgVmo.Hw§$^ma g_mOmV hm Hw$imMma {dYr åhUyZ nmibm OmVmo. Hw§$^ma nwamo{hVM hm {dYr H$aVmV. "S>mH$' hoS>_ê$nojm _moR>o nU S>_ê$À`mM AmH$mamMo EH$ dmÚ AgVo. S>mH$mÀ`m gmo~Vrbm Q>mi qH$dm Pm§OmMrhrgmW AgVo.

`m {dYrÀ`m doir 5 D$g ~m§YyZ EH$ Mm¡H$ H$aVmV. Ë`mV \w$bm§Mr _mi KmVbobm Zmaimgh H$beAgVmo. nmQ>mda 18 nmZm§À`m {dS>çm§da Vm§XimÀ`m {nR>mMr 18 {MÌo V`ma H$aVmV. Ë`mV JUnVr,H¥$îU, qnS>, era, Jm`-dmgê$, J§OogmdO ho OZmda, M§Ð, gy ©, ZmJ, gwdU©qnni, {eS>r, _¥VqnS>,H|$Xmi\y$b, H$mdim {nem_¥V, A_¥VHw§$^ Am{U S>mH$, Aer 18 {MÌo AgVmV.

`m {dYrV àma§ r "JU' åhUyZ JUoed§XZ, JwéñVdZ _J _¥V ì`ŠVrbm nmUr nmOÊ`mMm "nmZmS>r'hm {dYr, ^mVHo$, _mJ©, AmaVr `m H«$_mZo JrVo Jm`br OmVmV. `m S>mH$ JrVmV gdmb-O~m~mMrhr JmUrAgVmV. ho gdmb-O~m~ {hOS>çmer/V¥Vr`n§Wr` ì`ŠVrer hmoVmV. gmV gdmîUr Oody KmbyZ hm

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H$m ©H«$_ g§nVmo. _¥V ì`ŠVtÀ`m ZmVodmB©H$m§Zm Xw:I gwgø ìhmdo hm m_mJrb hoVy AgVmo. mV ñdJ©bm^mMrYmaUm AgVo.

`m JmÊ`m§_Ü o AÜ`mË_mMr MMm© hmoVo. ZmJd§VrMr H$Wm, n§Sw>amOmMr H$Wm, h[aíM§Ð-Vmam_VrAm»`mZ, Zi-X_ §Vr Am»`mZ Aer nm¡am{UH$ H$WmH$mì o åhQ>br OmVmV. "_w§Om, Zaqgh, H$mnmB© `mbmoH$X¡dVm§Mr dU©Zo Ho$br OmVmV. emoH$mË_ Am{U H$ê$U ñdê$nmMr hr JmUr AgVmV. Zaqgh AdVmamÀ`mH$WmJrVmVhr emoH$ ì`ŠV Ho$bm OmVmo. `m JrVm§Mr aMZm gmonr, gwb^ AgVo. H$mhrer Hy$Q> Am{U Xw~m}YaMZmhr AgVo. `m JmÊ`m§_Ü o H$ënH$Vm ZgVo. nU _Zmbm {^S>Ê`mMo gm_Ï © AgVo.

""_mZ nS>br Xodar JŸ& _wIr Ë`m dibr gmo~S>r JàmU Jobm Hw$S>m J§, AmËå`m Q>mHy$Z Jobr Hw$S>r J§.

Agm emoH$mË_ gya Amidbm OmVmo. àXoenaËdo S>hmH$mMo ñdê$n doJdoJio AgVo.

C bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m CnmgH$m§Mr JmUr

_amR>r g§ñH¥$Vr hr AZoH${dY d¡{eï>çm§Zr ZQ>bobr Amho. bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m CnmgH$m§Zr hr g§ñH¥$VrOnÊ`mMm Am{U OmonmgÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bobm Amho. AmOhr IoS>çm§nmS>çm§VyZ d ¹${MV ehamVyZhrCnmgH$m§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo. CnmgH$m§Mr JmUr AmOhr bmoH$OrdZmV àM{bV AmhoV. CnmgH$ Amnbr JmUrd¡{eï>çnyU© arVrZo gmXa H$aV AgVmV. `m JmÊ`m§Zm à`moJ_yë` bm^bobo Amho. qH$~hþZm CnmgH$m§À`mJmÊ`m§Mo Vo d¡{eîQ>ç hmo . bmoH$m§À`m _Zmda g§ñH$ma H$aUo Am{U Ë`m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo hm CnmgH$m§À`mJmÊ`m§_mJrb _w»` hoVy AgVmo.

B Jm|Yir : _amR>r bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrV Am{U bmoH$OrdZmV "Jm|Yiçm§' Zm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎdAmho. XodXodVm§À`m CnmgZoMm EH$ ^mJ AgUmam Jm|Yi Hw$bmMma åhUyZ ew «àg§Jr KmVbm OmVmo.VwiOm^dmZr Am{U aoUwH$m `m XmoZ eŠVtMr CnmgZm H$aVmZm lÕm OmJVr R>odUo hr Jm|YimMr _yi àoaUmAmho. kmZXodmXr g§V Am{U _hmZw dm§À`m boIZmVhr Jm|YimMo C„oI oVmV. BVH$m hm àmMrZ Hw$bmMmaAmho. nU AmYw{ZH$ OrdZe¡br Am{U {dMmaYmam `m_wio hm Hw$bmMma jrU hmoV Mmbbm Amho.

Ho$di OmVrZo "Jm|Yir' Agbobm _mUyg "Jm|Yi' Kmby eH$V Zmhr Va Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo Xrjm KoUoAmdí`H$ AgVo. Jm|Yiçm§Mr doe yfmhr d¡{eï>çnyU© AgVo. Jm|YiçmÀ`m JiçmVrb H$dS>çm§À`m _mioVrbH$dS>r åhUOo XodrZo _maboë`m X¡Ë`m§À`m {eamMo àVrH$ hmo .

Jm|Yi hm EH$ _moR>m {dYr AgyZ `m {Z{_ÎmmZo amÌ^a JmUr åhUyZ bmoH$m§Zm ZrVrna Agm CnXoeHo$bm OmVmo. Jm|Yi {dYrMr d¡{eï>çnyU© _m§S>Ur AgVo. Jm|Yir EH$m nmQ>mda Zdo dó A§Wê$Z Ë`mdaVm§XimMm Mm¡H$ H$aVmo. Mm¡H$mÀ`m 4 H$monè`mda 4 d _Ü o 1 Imo~è`mMr dmQ>r R>odVmo. gwnmè`m, ImaH$m,hiHw§$S>, Ho$ir _m§S>Vmo. Mm¡H$mÀ`m _Ü o H$bemMr ñWmnZm H$ê$Z Ë`mda {dS>çmMr qH$dm Am§ã`mMr nmZo

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R>odyZ Ë`mda Zmai R>odVmo. _J `O_mZ XodrMr ñWmnZm H$aVmo. nyOm H$aVmo. Mm¡H$mÀ`m nmQ>mnwT>o 5 nmË`mR>odyZ Ë`m nmË`m§da WmoS>m ^mV KmbyZ da H$UH$sMm {Xdm R>odVmo. nmQ>m^modVr D$gmMo / emiyMo {VH$mQ>UoC o H$aVmo. Ë`mbm H$S>mH$Ê`m ~m§YVmo. _Ymo_Y KQ>_mi ~m§YyZ Vr H$bemdarb Zmaimda gmoS>Vmo. Jm|Yimbm{XdQ>r d ~wYbr Amdí`H$ AgVo.

àË`j Jm|Yimbm gwê$dmV H$aVmZm JU åhUyZ OJX§~oMo ñVdZ Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va gd© XodXodVm§ZmJm|YimgmR>r Am_§{ÌV Ho$bo OmVo.

""VwiOmnyaMr AmB© Jm|Yim `mdo,

H$moëhmnyaMr bú_r Jm|Yim `mdo,

_mhÿaÀ`m aoUwH$m_mVo Jm|Yim `mdo,

Jm|Yi _m§{S>bm Jm|Yim `mdoŸ&''

nyd©a§JmV XodrMr àe§gm Ho$br OmVo. XodVmà{Vð>mnZm, nyOm, JU, JdiU, AmdmhZ Am{U Z_ZPmë`mda A§Va§J gwê$ hmoVmo. `mV Am»`mZ gm§{JVbo OmVo. _J AmaVr hmoVo d ^ma CVabm OmVmo. `mJm|YimV _w»` Jm|Yir JrV d H$WoÀ`m gmhmæ`mZo {Zê$nU H$aVmo. _Ü oM àíZ {dMmê$Z {Zê$nUmbm JVrXoUmam ghmæ`H$ Jm|Yir d XmoKo g§~i, VwUVwUo dmOdyZ gmW XoVmV.

Jm|Yir Ooìhm Am»`mZ bmdVmV Voìhm Am»`mZm_Ü o a§J ^aÊ`mgmR>r àg§JmonmV AZoH$ dU©ZohQ>Hy$Z oVmV. _hmamï´>mVrb ~è`mM KamÊ`mV _mV¥XodVoÀ`m ZmdmZo Jm|Yi KmbÊ`mMm àKmV Amho. BVaAZoH$ bmoH$m§~amo~a {ó`m XoIrb Jm|YimÀ`m H$m ©H«$_mVrb àË oH$ {dYr_Ü o gh^mJr Pmboë`m AgVmV.Jm|Yiçm§À`m Am»`mZm§_YyZ Á`m H$Wm gmXa Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m§Mo ldU _Zmo mdo Ho$bo OmVo. Jm|Yir Oog§H$sU© MwQ>Ho$ gm§JVmV Vo _Ooera d _m{hVr XoUmao AgVmV.

nm¡am{UH$ d bm¡{H$H$ {df`mdarb nma§n[aH$ d ñda{MV Am»`mZo ZmQ>çénmZo gmXa H$aVmV. H$YrH$Yr{df`m§Va hmoD$Z {dñH$irVnUmhr oVmo. nU aMZoV d Ame`mV {d{dYVm AgyZ Ë`mV ZmQ>çmË_H$VmAgVo. dmL²>_`rZ gm¢X`m©Mm {dMma H$aVm `m JmÊ`m§_Ü o Ver JwUdÎmm H$_r AgVo. na§Vw Ë`m§Mm _yi hoVyAÜ`mË_ Am{U CnXoemMmM AgVmo. Ë`mV _mÌ Hw$R>ohr ~mYm oV Zmhr.

B dmgwXod : nhmQ>oÀ`m àgÞ dmVmdaUmV nma§n[aH$ JmUr åhUV, {^jm _mJV {\$aUmam dmgwXodAmOhr IoS>çmnmS>çm§VyZ ¹${MV ehamVyZ {XgVmo. S>moŠ`mda _moa{ngm§Mr AmH$f©H$ Q>monr, nm`mV Kw§Jê$,hmVmV Q>mi KoD$Z ~mgar dmOdUmam dmgwXod hr àmMrZ bmoH$àH$Q>Zg§ñWm Amho `mMo H$mhr Añnï> nwamdo{_iVmV. EH$ZmW, Zm_Xod VwH$mam_ `m§Zr dmgwXodmda ê$nHo$ aMbobr AmhoV. gd©gm_mÝ`m§n ªV AmnbmCnXoe nmohmoMmdm `mgmR>r g§Vm§Zr "dmgwXod' `m bmoH$àH$Q>Zg§ñWoMm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm Amho. g§Vm§À`m

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ê$nH$m§_Yrb dmgwXod hm bmoH$m§Zm Ah§H$mamMm Ë`mJ H$am, ^ŠVrMr H$mg Yam åhUOo AmË_kmZmMr,~«÷mZ§XmMr àmár hmoVo Ago gm§JVmZm {XgVmo.

bmoH$m§§À`m Xmar OmD$Z Y_m}nmgZoMo Am{U bmoH${ejUmMo H$m © H$aUmam dmgwXod Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç Am{Ug§JrV `m§À`m ~imda gdmªM§ bj doYyZ KoVmo. lrH¥$îU^ŠVrMm _{h_m Vmo H$WZ H$aVmo. nwamUmVrb AmXe©ì`ŠVtMo _mhmËå` Vmo gm§JVmo. nU àm_w»`mZo H¥$îUbrbm§ZmM Ë`mZo Amnë`m JrVm§Mm d Amoì`m§Mm {df`~Zdbo Amho. VwierMo _mhmËå`hr H$mhr Amoì`m§_YyZ dmgwXod gm§JVmV.

dmgwXodmMr ñ\w$Q> ñdê$nmMr d àg§J{Zð> Aer JrVo {dnwb AgyZ g_mOOrdZmMo naIS>, _m{_©H$dU©Z oVo. hþ§S>çmMr A{Zï> ê$T>r, Zdgmgma»`m A§Y:lÕm§~Ôb Vmo _m{hVr XoVmo.

dmgwXodmMm JmU§ åhUVmZmMm nXÝ`mg, _wÐm{^Z` Am{U bH$~ d¡{eï>çnyU© AgVo. Ë`m_wio OUyEH$nmÌr à`moJ H$aVmo Ago dmQ>Vo. XodmÀ`m ZmdmZo XmZ _mJUmam dmgwXod XmZ {_imbo H$s A§Jm^modVr{JaŠ`m KoV XmZ nmdë`mMo JmUo åhUVmo.

XmZ nmdb§.... XmZ nmdb§

n§T>anwamV.... BR>mo~m am`mbm

H$moëhmnyaÀ`m.... A§~m~mB©bm.

Ag§ gd© Jmdm§À`m XodXodVm§Mo Zmd KoV, Á`mZo XmZ {Xbo Ë`mÀ`m nyd©Om§Mo ñ_aU H$aVmo. Ë`m_wio Vmo OUyAmnbm CÕma H$aVmo Aer bmoH$_mZgmMr lÕm Amho. dmgwXodmMo VÎdkmZ X¡ddmXr Amho. Mm§Jë`m _mJm©ZoH$mbH«$_Um H$ê$Z, ~è`mdmB©Q>mMo \$i Xodmda gmondmdo Aer Ë`mMr OrdZÑï>r Amho. gm_m{OH$ ^mZOnÊ`mMr O~m~Xmar Vmo _mZVmo. Ë`m_wioM _hmamï´>mM§ gmpËdH$ Am{U Zr{V_mZ _Z Ë`mZo g_¥Õ Ho$boAmho.

B nm§Jwi : _amR>r bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m AZoH$ CnmgH$m§n¡H$s nm§Jwi hm EH$ CnmgH$ Amho. gÜ`m nm§Jwighgm nhmd`mg {_iV Zmhr. nm§Jwi hr g§ñWm àmMrZ AgyZ àm_w»`mZo X{jU _hmamï´>mV Ë`m§Mr dñVrAmT>iVo. _amR>r _wbwImVrb gwnrH$ ^mJmV JmdmoJmd Vo {^jogmR>r ^Q>H$VmV. àmMrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`mV{deofV: g§V kmZoída, Zm_Xod, VwH$mam_, EH$ZmW `m§À`m aMZm§VyZ nm§JwimMo C„oI oVmV.

nm§Jwi ñdV:bm gy m©Mm godH$ _mZVmo. Amnë`m ñdm_rÀ`m AmJ_ZmMr dXu XoÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`mÀ`mdagmondbobo Amho Ago Vmo _mZVmo. åhUyZM Ë`mbm "à^mVrMm XyV' Agohr g§~moYbo OmVo. "gy © nm§JimAmho' Aer H$ënZm doXmV, H°${b\$mo{Z© m Am{U Am°ñQ´>o{b`mVrb dÝ` O_mVtVrb H$mhr H$Wm§V Amho._hmamï´>mV {ó`m gy m©À`m aWmMo {MÌ H$mT>VmZm Ë`mbm EH$M MmH$ H$mT>VmV. Aê$UmoX`mÀ`m AmJ_ZmMrdmVm© XoVm XoVm nm§Jwi bmoH$m§Zm OmJdVmo. bmoH$m§_Yrb gV²àd¥ÎmtZm AmdmhZ H$aVmo.

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""Aao H$moUr Amnë`m dS>rbm§À`m ZmdmZ§Ÿ& am_àham_Ü o Y_© H$amŸ&H$moUr Amnë`m XodmY_m©À`m ZmdmZ§Ÿ& dóXmZ H$amŸ&H$moUr nwÊ` OmoS>Ê`mgmR>r nm§Jwimbm Ÿ& n¡ n¡gm XmZ H$amŸ&''

Aer ñdV:À`m `moJjo_mgmR>r `mMZm H$am`Mr, H$moUr H$mhr {Xbo H$s, MH«$mgma»`m CS>çm _ê$Z "nmD$S>nmdbo' Ago åhUyZ nmdVr Úm`Mr. nm§JwimMm nma§n[aH$ nmofmI åhUOo H$_aobm ~m§Ybobr b§JmoQ>r,Im§Úmda Km|JS>r, S>moŠ`mda {d{dY a§Jm§À`m H$nS>çm§À`m VwwH$S>çm§Zr {edbobr e§Hw$À`m AmH$mamMr Q>monr,H$mIobm Pmoir Am{U hmVmV Kw§JamMr H$mR>r hm hmo .

nm§Jwim~Ôb eaX ì`dhmao åhUVmV, ""bmoH$a§OZmVyZ CX²~moYZ H$aUmam, nma§n[aH$ JrVm§Mo OVZH$aUmam, Amnë`m CXa{Zdm©hmgmR>r Ë`mMm Am{dîH$ma KS>{dUmam, nm§Jwi Y_© OJdrV Agbm, Y_m©À`mJmoï>r J«m_aMZoVrb bmoH$m§Zm gm§JV Agbm Var Vmo JmdJmS>çm~mhoaMmM Amho. g_mOmMr gm§ñH¥${VH$_mZ{gH$ JaO ^mJdUmam, Ë`m§Zm nma_m{W©H$ {hVmÀ`m Jmoï>r gm§JUmam nm§Jwi {H$Ë`oH$ eVH$mnmgyZbmoH$OrdZmV Amnë`m nma§n[aH$ d¡{eï>çm§gh OrdZ OJVmZm {XgVmo.''

Ë`mÀ`m JrVmVyZ nwamUmVrb AZoH$ g§X © Ambobo nhmd`mg {_iVmV. nwamUmVrb XmZeya ì`ŠVtÀ`mXmV¥ËdmMo dU©Z H$ê$Z, XmZm_wio {_iUmè`m nwÊ`mMo _hÎd H$WZ H$aVmo. Ame`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Ë`mÀ`mJrVm§_Ü o {d{dYVm Agbr Var A{^ì`ŠVrÀ`m nÕVrZo _mÌ VmoM Vmo nUm Amho.

B ZmWOmoJr : ¡adZmWmÀ`m CnmgH$m§Zm åhUOoM ^amS>çm§Zm ZmWOmoJr, Jmogmdr qH$dm S>daoJmogmdrAgo åhUVmV. ¡admMr JmUr S>_ê$À`m gmWrda åhUyZ, {^jm _mJyZ ZmWOmoJr CnOr{dH$m H$aVmV.EImÚm Kar _§JbH$m © Pmë`mg ¡admMr CnmgZm H$aÊ`mgmR>r ZmWOmo½`m§Zm {Z_§{ÌV Ho$bo OmVo. `mdoir^amS> åhUOo EH$ àH$maMo {dYrZmQ>ç Ho$bo OmVo åhUyZ `m bmoH$m§Zm "^amS>r' Ago åhUVmV. AWm©V ^amS>KmbÊ`mgmR>r Xrjm{dYr ìhmdm bmJVmo.

^amS>çm§À`m Xrjm{dYr~Ôb _m{hVr XoVmZm à^mH$a _m§S>o åhUVmV, ""b½Zmnydu EImÚm {XderXrjm{dYrMm H$m ©H«$_ hmoVmo. _wbJm qH$dm _wbJr XmoKm§Zmhr Xrjm {Xbr OmD$ eH$Vo. JmoajZmWm§Zr amOm^V©arbm ZmWXrjm {Xbr VoìhmnmgyZ Xrjm XoÊ`mMr àWm gwê$ Pmbr Ago EH$m ZmWOmo½`mZo gm§{JVbo.H$mZmÀ`m nmirÀ`m _Ü`^mJr {d{Ynyd©H$ {N>X« nmS>Uo d Ë`mV Hw§$S>bo KmbUo Agm hm {dYr AgVmo.Hw§$S>bm§Zm "_wÐm' åhUVmV. JiçmV "qeJr' KmbÊ`mV oVo. Vr Vm§ã`mMr qH$dm {nVioMr AgVo. XodVoÀ`mCnmgZonydu ^amS>r qeJ dmOdVmV d Ë`mZ§Va Jwé {d{Ynyd©H$ Ë`mÀ`m hmVr "Xm~a' XoVmo. Xm~a ho EH$àH$maMo {^jmnmÌ AgVo. JwéZo {dYrnyd©H$ Xm~a {Xë`mZ§Va Ë`mZo ¡adZmWmÀ`m ZmdmZo {^jm _mJyZMCnOr{dH$m H$amdr, Agm g§Ho$V Amho.''

^amS>mV ¡admg§~§YrMr JmUr, àíZmoÎma ñdê$nr o{XH$ H$dZo Jm{`br OmVmV. ^amS>çm§Mr H$WmJrVoJÚnÚmË_H$ AgVmV. S>_ê$, VwUVwUo `m§À`m gmWrZo {d{YZmQ>ç gmXa Ho$bo OmVo eodQ>r AmaVr hmoVo d

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"^ma CVaÊ`mMm' {dYr hmoD$Z Vo nyU© hmoVo. ^amS>mV {d yVrMm dmna H$aVmV. " ¡amo~mM§ Mm§J^b§' AgmJOa H$aVmV. nX Am{U Am»`mZ gmXa H$aVmZm Z¥Ë` H$aV ZmhrV. JmÊ`m§À`m Mmbr gm_mÝ` AgVmVnU Varhr dmVmdaU ^mabobo AgVo. H$WmJm`Z d JÚJm`Zmda ^a AgyZ AYyZ-_YyZ ñda{MVg§dmXhr oVmV. CÎmaa§J hm ZmQ>çnyU© AgVmo.

B nmoVamO : _amR>r bmoH$Y_m©V gm¡å` àH¥$VrÀ`m Aem XodXodVm AmhoV. VemM CJ« àH¥$VrÀ`mXodXodVm AmhoV. _[aAmB©Mm CnmgH$ AgUmè`m nmoVamOmMo ~møê$n am¡Ð d _ZmMm WaH$mn CS>dUmaoAmho. XodrÀ`m ZmdmZo XmamoXma {\$ê$Z nma§n[aH$ JmUr åhUUmam nmoVamO Ho$g dmT>dyZ A§~mS>m KmbVmo._idQ> ^aVmo, {haì`m IUm§Mr Mmoir d {d{dYa§Jr dó n[aYmZ H$aVmo. _mV¥XodVm§À`m CnmgZmjoÌmVnwéfm§Zm àdoemg _ÁOmd Agë`mZoM ór ~ZyZ Vmo àdoe H$aVmo. nmoVamOmMr nma§n[aH$ doe yfm, hmVmVAgbobm H$moaS>m `m_wio Vmo am¡Ðñdê$nr ^mgVmo. bhmZ _wbo Ë`mbm Km~aVmV Va {ó`m XodrMm ^JVåhUyZ Ë`mMr nyOm H$ê$Z Ë`mbm YmÝ` XoVmV. _arAmB©À`m CnmgZoVrb Jmd ~m§YUo, JmS>m AmoT>Uo ho {dYrnmoVamOmÀ`m gmjrZo Ho$bo OmVmV. Jmdmda oUmao g§H$Q> Ë`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Xya hmoVo Agm bmoH$g_OAmho.

Am^amZ, JoZ_mi, H$moaS>m, hbJr, §S>mam, dmH$s, A§~m~mB©Mr _mi, b§JZ, KmJa_mi, Kw§Jwê$ `mnmoVamOmÀ`m n{dÌ dñVy AmhoV. gwViçmÀ`m JmoQ>çmMm Ioi, H$mnya ImUo, Vm|S>mVyZ {dñVd H$mTy>ZXmIdUo, A§Jmbm gw m Q>moMyZ KoUo, wVo CVadUo, Xm^U A§Jmda Q>moMyZ KoUo, {O oVyZ Amanma Xm^UH$mT>Uo Agbo M_ËH$ma nmoVamO H$aVmo.

""Ambr`m _ar~mB© {VMm H$ioZm AZw D$

^ë`m^ë`m§Mm KoVr {Ody Ambr`m _ar~mB©Ÿ&&''

Ago åhUUmam nmoVamO H$mhr AmodrJrVo JmVmo. m Amoì`m§Zm "døm' Ago åhUVmV. nmoVamO àm_w»`mZo MmaMaUr Amodr aMVmV. _arAmB©~amo~aM {dÇ>b épŠ_Ur, e§H$a-nmd©Vr, XÎm-AZgy`m, am_-grVm `mXodm§{df`rÀ`m Amoì`m§Mo à_mUhr AJXr H$_r Zmhr. Ë`mM~amo~a VrW©-joÌm§Mo _hmËå` dU©Z H$aUmè`mAmoì`m§Mohr à_mU ~aoM Amho.

gm_mÝ` _mUgmÀ`m _ZmMr OS>UKS>U H$aÊ`mMo H$m_ d Amnbr g§ñH¥$Vr {Q>H$dÊ`mMm à`ËZ `mCnmgH$m§Zr Amnë`m JmÊ`m§_YyZ Ho$bm AgyZ _amR>r g§ñH¥$VrV Ym{_©H$Vm Imobda ê$Obobr Agë`mZoYm{_©H$VoVyZ H$mhr JmUr åhQ>br OmVmV. H$mhr H$mhr doim hr Ym{_©H$Vm {dYter {ZJ{S>V AgVo. Ë`m_wio{d{Yg§~ÕVm, {dÜ`mË_H$Vm hr `m JmÊ`m§Mr àoaUm hmo . Ym{_©H$ g_mamYZ H$aUo, ~moY H$aUo, AÜ`mË_gm§JUo d ho gd© H$aV AgVmZm H$mhr à_mUmV a§OZ H$aUo `m hoVyZo hr JmUr åhQ>br OmVmV.

CnmgH$m§À`m JmÊ`mVrb Ame`mMo ñdê$n {d{dYm§Jr Amho. {d{dY Xod-XodVm§Mr CnmgZm H$aUmar

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hr AmamYZmJrVo Agbr Var H$mhr doim g_mO dmñVdmMo H$R>moa Xe©Z KS>dUmarhr JrVo åhQ>br OmVmV.gm_m{OH$ ZrVr_ÎmoMo H$Qy> g_mOdmñVd {M{ÌV Ho$bo OmVo. `mVyZ bmoH$_mZg Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©ZKS>Vo.

CnmgH$m§Mr JmUr Am{U Ë`m§Mr gmXa H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr A{^Zd Amho. aMZoMo {d{dY àH$ma CnmgH$m§ZrhmVmibobo AmhoV. gd©gm_mÝ` ñVamVrb bmoH$m§gmR>r gd©gm_mÝ` ñVamVrb bmoH$m§Zr hr JmUr Jm`bobrAgë`mZo `mV gwb^Vm Am{U gmononUm Amho. JmUr åhUÊ`mMr d¡{eï>çnyU© bH$~, A{^Z` Am{UdmÚm§Mr gmW `m_wio hr JmUr bmoH${à` R>abobr AmhoV. H$ënZm{dbmg, {d{dY H$ënZm~§Y d eãXd¡ dhr dmL²>_`rZ d¡{eï>ço AgyZ _mZdr _ZmMo d g_mOOrdZmMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. CnmgH$m§À`m JmÊ`m§Mm \$ma_moR>m à^md bmoH$_mZgmda Amho.

B S>ŠH$bdma : S>ŠH$bdma hr H$WmH$WZ H$ê$Z CnOr{dH$m H$aUmar _m§Jm§MrM EH$ CnOmVAgyZ Vo _m§Jm§Mo _mJVo AmhoV. \$ŠV _m§JmZr {Xbobr dñVyM Vo ñdrH$maVmV. Xwgè`m H$moUmÀ`m hmVMo VoImVhr ZmhrV. _m§J ho nyduMo dra Am{U Amåhr Ë`m§Mo _mJVo Ag§ Vo A{^_mZmZo gm§JVmV. _m§Jm§Zrhr Ë`m§Zm{^jm dmT>br nm{hOo Agm na§naoMm X§S>H$ Amho. _mV§Jm§Zm ~mS> CH$byZ Om{VnwamU gm§JUo hm Ë`m§Mmnma§n[aH$ ì`dgm` Amho. `m~Ôb A{YH$ _m{hVr XoVmZm à^mH$a _m§S>o åhUVmV, ""S>ŠH$bdmam§Mo ~mS>d¡{eï>çnyU© AgVo. A§XmOo AS>rM hmV ê§$X Am{U 15 Vo 20 hmV bm§~ Aem nmgmoS>rda EH$mda EH$Aem XmoZ a§JrV {MÌ_m{bH$m H$mT>boë`m AgVmV. ho ~mS> EH$m doiygma»`m H$mR>rbm Jw§S>mibobo AgVo.nwamU gm§JVmZm ~mS> hiyhiy CH$bbo OmVo. ZdrZ {MÌo g_moa oVmV. Ë`m§À`m gmhmæ`mZo Ho$boë`m H$WZmVyZnwamUmVrb H$Wm nwT>o nwT>o OmV AgVo. `m g§nyU© {H«$ obm "~mS> CH$bUo' Ago åhUVmV. ~mS> C>H$bUo `mg§koV {MÌnÅ>r CH$bUo Am{U qH$JarÀ`m gmWrZo H$WmH$WZ H$aUo `m XmoÝhr {H«$`m A§V^y©V AgVmV.''

Om{VnwamU gm§JÊ`mnydu S>ŠH$bdma _moambm CÔoeyZ H$dZ åhUVmV. ho H$dZ JÚnÚ{_{lV AgyZ_moambm CÔoeyZ g§dmX AgVmo. _moamÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mV§Jm§Zm _wOam Ho$bm OmVmo. S>ŠH$bdmam§À`m Om{VnwamUmVAZoH$ H$Wm AgVmV. ZmQ>çnyU© g§dmX Am{U à^mdr gmXarH$aUm_wio g§dmX {Od§V AgVmo. gmjmVàg§JXe©Z KS>ë`mgmaIo dmQ>Vo. S>ŠH$bdmam§Mo H$WZ åhUOo Y_©{dYr Zmhr, Cnmñ`XodVoer Ë`mMm g§~§YZmhr. gm_m{OH$ d gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm OnUo hm `m_mJrb hoVy AgVmo. qH$Jar ho CŠH$bdmam§Mo V§VwdmÚAgyZ EH$m hmVmZo qH$Jar dmOdV Xwgè`m hmVmZo ~mS>mdarb {MÌo XmIdV ZmQ>çnyU© H$Wm{ZdoXZ H$aVmV.

B ZmJ_§Í`mMr ^OZo (Zm_§Í`mMr ^OZo) : _amR>dmS>çmV gn©{df CVadUmè`m _mUgm§Zm"ZmJ_§Ìr' Ago åhUVmV. gn©{df CVadÊ`mMr {d{eï> nÕV Amho. nmZ bmJbo Amho qH$dm Zmhr honmhÊ`mgmR>r gn©X§e Pmboë`m ì`ŠVrbm {_aMr qH$dm qZ~mMm nmbm Imd`mg XoVmV. {dfmMm A§_bPmbm H$s Zmhr ho Ë`mdê$Z H$iVo. Oa nmZ bmJbobo Agob Va {d{eï> Mmbrda ^OZo åhUyZ gn©{dfCVadVmV. `m ^OZm§Zm "~mè`mMr ^OZo' åhUVmV. ^OZ åhUÊ`mAmYr qH$dm ^OZo Mmby AgVmZmZmJ_§Ìr H$mhr Vm§{ÌH$ {H«$`m H$arV AgVmo. _§Ìm~amo~aM Am¡fYr dZñnVtMmhr _m§{ÌH$ Cn`moJ H$aVmV.

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....7

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~mè`m åhUÊ`mg gwê$dmV H$aÊ`mnydu Imo~è`mÀ`m dmQ>çm, Zmai, qb~y, e|Xya, D$X, H$mnya,IS>rgmIa, XyY, Jwbmb, Jmo_yÌ, EH$ qZ~mMr S>hmir d n§MYmÝ`m§À`m ~mIim `m gdmªMm ~Îmrg Kam§Mmdmê$imÀ`m AmH$mamMm nQ> ^aVmV d _Ü o KQ>mMm Vm§ã`m d Ë`mda ZmJdobrMr nmZo d \w$bo R>odVmV.

^OZmbm gwê$dmV H$aVmZm EH$ Z_ZJrV åhQ>bo OmVo. `mV n§Yam Z_Zo AgVmV. eodQ>Mo Z_ZlrH¥$îUmbm Ho$bo OmVo. Z_ZmÀ`m ^OZmV gm§{JVbo OmUmao nU AàH$m{eV Ago EH$ XrK©H$WmJrV S>m°._m§S>o `m§Zr {Xbo Amho.

nmVmieof _hmamO H$s O`,

H$ë`mU, H¥${VH$m, amo{hUm, _J Ë`m _oKmÀ`m ~{hUr

_raJ Mmbbo ndZr, nS>bo AmaXmamMo nmUr,

ZXr Ambo J§ ^aVo, O_wZm ZXr nya Ambo,

_J Ë`m H$mbr`m S>ìhmbm, WS>r nmUr ao \w$Q>bo,

AdKo \w$agZ Mmbbo, _J Ë`m Zm{JUr n{ÙZr,

Cä`m YmamZ§ Mmbë`m, _Wwar nhmZdQ>çm bmJë`m.

Aem àH$maMr JmUr _m§{ÌH$ gm{^Z` åhUVmV. ~mè`mMr ^OZo _§Ìñdê$n AgVmV. hr ^OZo åhQ>ë`mdaÁ`mbm gmn Mmdbm Agob Ë`mÀ`m A§JmV gmnmMm g§Mma hmoVmo Aer g_OyV Amho. ZmJ_§Í`m{edm` hr^OZo Xwgao Hw$Urhr åhUV ZmhrV. Ë`mgmR>r gmYZm H$amdr bmJVo Ago gm§JVmV.

B o{XH$ : _amR>r bmoH$OrdZmV bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m CnmgH$m§Zr bmoH$a§OZ, bmoH$à~moYZ, Ym{_©H$g_mamYZ `m hoVyZo Amnbr O~m~Xmar A{Ve` à^mdrnUo nma nmS>br. o{XH$ em{har hr AerM EH$bmoH$àH$Q>Z g§ñWm Amho. bmoH$m§Mr AÜ`mpË_H$ yH$ d a§OZmMr yH$ `m àH$mamVyZ ^mJdbr OmVo. hmem{har H$mì`mMmM EH$ ^mJ Amho.

J«m_XodVm§À`m CËgdàg§Jr OÌm, Cê$g `m {Z{_ÎmmZo H$bJrVwè`mMo \$S> ^adbo OmVmV. doJdoJiçmOmVrVrb d ñVamVrb bmoH$ o{XH$ JmVmV. S>\$-VwUVwÊ`mÀ`m gmWrda, OZgm_mÝ`m§Zm g_Oob Aemgmoß`m ^mfoV AÜ`mË_ gm§{JVbo OmVo. H$bJrnjmMo em{ha eŠVrMo CnmgH$ AgVmV. Va Vwam njmMoem{ha {edmMo CnmgH$ AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr Am_Zogm_Zo Omhra ñnYm© hmoVo. Hy$Q> àíZ {dMmabo OmVmV. hogdmb-Odm~ H$m`©H«$_ H$Yr H$Yr XmoZ-Mma {Xdg MmbVmV.

^o{XH$ gmXa H$aVmZm àW_ JUnVrMr ñVwVr AgUmar JUmMr bmdUr åhQ>br OmVo. EH$ à_wIemhra S>\$ KoD$Z nwT>o JmV AgVmo. XmoZ gmWrXma Q>mi, VwUVwÊ`mMr gmW H$arV gya XoVmV. AmÜ`mpË_H$aMZm JmD$Z Pmë`mda eodQ>r H$WmË_H$, a§OZmË_H$ Am»`mZ aMZm åhQ>ë`m OmVmV, `mbmM "EoH$sd'Ago åhUVmV. nm¡am{UH$, bmoH$H$WmË_H$ Am{U dV©_mZH$mbrZ g_mOOrdZmer {ZJS>rV {df` "EoH$sdmV'AgVmV. nmÌm§Mm agaerV gOrdnUm, g§Kf©nyU© ZmQ>ç, H$mê$Ê`mg{hV {d{dY ^mdZm, Aà{V_ {ZdoXZ

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H$m¡eë`, AX² yV dmVmdaU, a§OH$Vm, H$mhr doim A{Ve`moŠV dmQ>mdoV Ago KQ>Zmàg§J Am{U {dZmoX ho`m EoH$sdm§Mo ñdê$n d d¡{eï>ç hmo .

oX åhUOo ahñ`, gm_mÝ`OZm§Zm _m{hV Zgbobo ahñ` CbJSy>Z XmIdÊ`mMo H$m_ o{XH$ bmdÊ`mH$aVmV. J§ ra {df`mdarb EoH$sdmVrb H$Wm emoH$àYmZ, ZrVrna, gË`mMm {dO` XmIdUmar AgVo.Ë`mVyZ bmoH$_mZgmda g§ñH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo. gm_m{OH$ {df`m§darb a§OH$ EoH$sdmV bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrVrbH$moUË`m Var EImÚm MmVw ©nyU© H$WoMr, KQ>Zmàg§Jm§Mr {ZdS> Ho$bobr AgVo.

aMZoÀ`m eodQ>r em{ha ñdV:Mo Zmd JmodVmo. hr aMZm g_yhmMr ZgVo. Ë`m_wio `mMm g_mdoebmoH$JrVmV hmoV Zmhr. bm¡{H$H$JrV åhUyZM `mMm C„oI H$aUo `mo½` R>aVo.

B em{har (bmdUr-nmodmS>m) : _amR>r dmL²>_`mV ñdV§Ì dmL²>_`àH$ma åhUyZ em{har dmL²>_`mg_mÝ`Vm {_imbobr Amho. _wñbr_m§À`m AmH«$_UmZ§Va naH$s` gÎmoMm \$mgu Am{U Aa~r ^mfoMm à^mdOZ_mZgmda nS>bm, Ë`mMo à{Vq~~ Amnë`mbm em{har dmL²>_`mVrb nmodmS>o Am{U bmdUr `mV {XgVo.

em{har dmL²>_`mMr {Z{_©Vr 1680 Vo 1800 À`m Xaå`mZ {XgVo. 1680 Vo 1707 `m 27dfmªÀ`m H$bmdYrV CÎmaoVrb g¡Ý`mMo Vi _amR>r _wbyImV EH$gmaIo N>mdÊ`m H$ê$Z am{hbo hmoVo. Ë`m_wioCÎmaoVrb \$m¡Om Eofmam_r Am{U a§Job ~Zë`m hmoË`m. \$m¡Or bmoH$m§Zr H$a_UwH$sgmR>r IoS>çmnmS>çm§VrbJmUmao Vm\o$ C o Ho$bo. `m H$mimV _hmamï´>mV Jm|Yir, S>dar, H$moëhmQ>r dJ¡ao JmUr ~OmdUmè`m O_mVrhmoË`m. `m O_mVrVyZ AZoH$ H$bmd§V CX`mbm oD$Z em{har H${dVoMm CËH$f© Pmbobm Amho.

AmO CnbãY AgUmao em{har H$mì` nmZrnV Z§VaMo Amho. Ë`mV _amR>çm§Mm B{Vhmg d ñd^mdmMoVËH$mbrZ ñdê$n AmoVàmoV abobo Amho. ~mOramdmÀ`m {ZYZmZ§Va namH«$_ H$_r Pmbm; nU _Xm©Zr ~mUmH$m`_ hmoVm. Ë`mV a§JobnUmhr {eê$ bmJbm. nmodmS>çm§Zm bmdÊ`m§Mr OmoS> {_imbr. dralr, {dbmg,g_mOOrdZ, Ym{_©H$ {dYr, na§nam `m§Mo Xe©Z em{har H${dVoVyZ hmoVo.

em{har dmL²>_`mMr àË`jmV CnbãYr AmO Var 14 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZMr AmnUmg {XgVo. AmOCbnãY Agboë`m nmodmS>çmV "MdXmì`m eVH$mVrb AkmZ{gÕ d ~{harnrgm {da{MV XmoZ nmodmS>o' `mdê$Z {gÕ hmoVo. Ë`m§Mo àË oH$s EH$ Ago nmodmS>o CnbãY AmhoV. VgoM ñ\w$Q> aMZmhr Amho. Vr bm¡{H$H$JrV ñdê$nmMr AgyZ bmdUrer nyU©nUo OwiUmar Amho.

bmdUr Am{U nmodmS>o ho XmoÝhr _amR>r g§ñH¥$VrVrbM Amho. S>m°. b. am. Z{gam~mXH$a åhUVmV,""emhra bmoH$OrdZmV nwaVo g_agbo hmoVo. AmÜ`mpË_H$VoMm Ë`m§Zm WmoS>m\$ma ñne© Pmbm Agbm Var VmoË`m§Mm ñWm`r^md ZŠH$sM ZìhVm. bmoH$OrdZmVrb {d{dY àg§J, g_moa OrdZmda CXma hmoD$Z namH«$_H$aUmao dra nwéf Am{U Amnë`m ê$nJwUgm¢X`m©Zo _moh KmbUmè`m én`m¡dZm `m§Mo ào_moËH$Q> ^md;^modVmbÀ`m dmVmdaUmVrb aJobnUm Am{U a§JobnUm d Ë`mVyZ àË``mbm oUmao Ag§»` àg§J `mgmè`m§À`m g§ñH$mam§VyZ em{ham§Mr H${dVm OÝ_mbm Ambr Amho. bmoH$m§À`m ^mdZm, bmoH$m§À`m eãXmV,

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bmoH$m§gmR>r _m§S>Umao emhra ho bmoH$H$dr hmoVo. Eo{hH$ OrdZmMm Ë`m§Zm Anma bmo hmoVm. g§gmamMrbmbgm hmoVr Am{U namH«$_mMr ~ohmoer hmoVr. Ë`m_wio g_H$mbrZ OrdZmMm àË`` em{har H${dVoVyZnwaonya oVmo.''

B bmdUr : bmdUr åhUOo OUy H$mhr _YmM§ nmoi§, A{Ve` gwaob, gdmªZm AmH${f©V H$aUmarnU àg§Jr "S>§I' _mam`bm H$_r Z H$aUmar. Aem `m bmdUrMo _yi bmoH$JrVmV Agë`mMo AZoH$Aä`mgH$ _mZVmV. bmdUrMr aMZm bmoH$JrVmgmaIr ñ\w$Q> ñdê$nmMr AgVo. ~mobr^mfoV {b{hboë`mbmdÊ`m§Mr ^mfm bmoH$JrVm§À`m ^mfogmaIr {XgVo. àojH$m§À`m _ZmV MQ>H$Z ê$OyZ Ë`m§Zm Vmb d gmWghO YaVm `mdr Aer aMZm AgVo. bmdUr hr T>mobH$s H$S>çm§À`m Vmbmda åhQ>br OmUmar ¥§JmdV©Zrdm nX²_mdV©Zr aMZm AgVo. bmdUrMo _yi bmoH$JrVmV gmnS>Vo. ~hþOZ g_mOmZo OZ g_wXm`mMo _Zmoa§OZH$aÊ`mgmR>r hm H$mì`àH$ma {Z_m©U Ho$bm Agmdm. e¥§Jma hm bmdUrMm agamO Amho.

"öX`mbm MQ>H$m bmdVo Vr bmdUr' Aer bmdUrMr ì`m»`m A. ~. H$moëhQ>H$am§Zr Ho$br Amho. Va"bmdUo åhUOo ì`dpñWV _m§S>Ur H$aUo, `mdê$Z ì`dpñWV _m§S>Ur, gw J aMZm Or_Ü o Amho VrbmdUr' Aer ì`m»`m _. dm. Ymo§S> `m§Zr Ho$br Amho. _. dm. Ym|S> `m§Zr bmdUrMr ì`m»`m AmUIrhrEH$m àH$mao Ho$br AgyZ ""gd© gm_mÝ`OZm§À`m _Zmoa§OZmH$[aVm Ë`m§Zm ê$MVrb Aem bm¡{H$H$, nm¡am{UH$dm AmÜ`mpË_H$ {df`mda aMbobr H$S>o dm T>mobHo$ `m§À`m Vmbmda {d{eï> T>§JmZo åhQ>bobr IQ>Ho$~mO dg\$mB©Xma nÙmdV©Zr dm ¥§JmdV©Zr Om{VaMZm åhUOo bmdUr hmo .''

OZgm_mÝ`m§Mo _Zmoa§OZ, O_ë`mg bmoH$moÕma, H$mì`mZ§X d ñdV:Mr hm¡g ^mJdUo `m àoaUm§~amo~aMAmUIr H$mhr àoaUm§_YyZ bmdUr {Z_m©U Pmbr Agmdr. _. dm. Ym|S> åhUVmV, "AdZV g_mOmMmemhra ho KQ>H$ hmoVo Am{U Ë`m g_mOmMo _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo hm Ë`m§Mm noem hmoVm. Xoe d g_mO `m§À`m~Ôb^ŠVrZo d àrVrZo ào[aV hmoD$Z AmnU H$mì`aMZm H$arV AmhmoV Agm Amd Ë`m§Zr H$YrM AmUbm Zmhr.em{ham§Zr H$dZo aMbr Vr n¡emgmR>r hm Amnbm H$mì` hoVy Ë`m§Zr H$YrM bndyZ R>odbm Zmhr.''

bmdUr _wimV bmoH$JrV Agbo Var H$mbm§VamZo JrVmbm Z¥Ë` d ZmQ>ç `m§Mr OmoS> {_imbr. lmì`Am{U Ñí` Ago Xwhoar ñdê$nmMo ho dmL²>_` Amho. gm_mÝ` bmoH$m§Mr H$a_UyH$ H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmdUr gmXahmoV Agë`mZo bmdUrH$ma Amnbm Ame` CKS>nUo d YrQ>nUo _m§S>Vmo. bmdUrMm _wIS>m doYH$ AgVmo.e¥§Jmamà_mUoM {d{dY agm§Zm bmdUrV ñWmZ {_imbo Amho. bmdUrVrb Zm{`H$m Zm`H$mBVH$mM CKS>AmË_m{dîH$ma H$aVmZm {XgVo. Zdè`mÀ`m bharà_mUo XohXmZ H$aUmar, ñdmarbm Joboë`m n{VamOm§MrAmR>dU H$mTy>Z PwaUmar, EoZ Vmê$Ê`mV Amnë`mbm {dahmV Q>mHy$Z Joë`m_wio "d¡ar' åhUUmar, åhmVmè`mZdè`m_wio hmoUmar _ZmodñWm ì`ŠV H$aUmar Zm{`H$m, bmdUrVyZ àH$Q> hmoVo. AZ§V\§$Xr, naeam_,am_Omoer, à^mH$a, gJZ^mD$ d hmoZmOr ~mim ho {d»`mV emhra AgyZ AmOhr AZoH$ emhra Amnë`mà{V oÀ`m Omoamda em{har H${dVm \w$bdVmZm {XgVmV.

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B nmodmS>m : nmodmS>çmMm gdm©V OwZm C„oI 12 ì`m eVH$mVrb "_{hH$mdVrMr ~Ia' `mnwñVH$mV gmnS>Vmo. nmodmS>m åhUOo H$WmH$mì`, nmodmS>m åhUOo H$s{V©H$mì` hmo . _amR>çm§À`m bm¡{H$H$OrdZmVrb CËH$fm©nH$fm©er _amR>r emhra ~hþVm§er VmXmËå` nmdbobo {XgVmV. nmodmS>çmMr aMZm YmdVrd ZmQ>ç_` àg§J wŠV AgVo. hr aMZm nÚ AgyZ JÚhr AgVo. åhUyZ ho M§nyH$mì` AgVo, Ago amOdmS>oåhUVmV. nmodmS>çm§Mr aMZmnÕVr Jm|YiçmÀ`m H$Wm {ZdoXZmgmaIr AgVo. Ë`mV àma§ r XodXodVm§ZmAmdmhZ, Z_Z AgVo. nwT>o _w»` H$WoMm àñVmd oVmo. Ë`mZ§Va àg§J{Z{_©VrVyZ H$Wm{ZdoXZ Agm H«$_AgVmo. nmodmS>m ho ÑH$lmì`, EH$nmÌr Am{U draagnyU© ZmQ>H$ Amho. emhra hm AZoH$ nmÌm§À`m y{_H$mEH$Q>mM dmT>dyZ AmdoemZo eãX \o$H$V AgVmo. ZoÌm{^Z`, _wÐm{^Z` `mÛmao lmoË`m§er g§dmX gmYbmOmVmo. nmodmS>m bmoH$OmJ¥VrMo d¥ÎmnÌmMo d B{VhmgmMo H$m_ H$aVmo.

nmodmS>m {Z{_©Vr _mJo H$mhr àoaUm {XgVmV. Or ì`ŠVr ^mdob d Á`mda Amnbr lÕm Amho Ë`m§MmJm¡ad H$amdm dmQ>Uo ñdm^m{dH$ Amho. `m ^md{ZH$ àoaUoVyZ nmodmS>m {Z_m©U Pmbm Agmdm. namH«$_mMmgmjmËH$ma {Xgbm H$s Vo H$maU nmodmS>m aMÊ`mgmR>r, ñ\y$Vu XoÊ`mg nwaogo hmoVo Ago `. Z. Ho$iH$aåhUVmV. Am{W©H$ d ì`mdhm[aH$ bm^ H$ê$Z ¿`mdm hrhr EH$ àoaUm Amho. Ë`mM~amo~a bmoH$ml`,amOml` VgoM Am§V[aH$ àoaUo~amo~a n[apñWVrOÝ` àoaUm åhUyZ gm§JVm oB©b.

nmodmS>çmÀ`m àma§ r XodXodVm§Zm d§XZ Ho$bobo AgVo. H$Yr H$Yr Á`mÀ`mnwT>o H$Wm Jm{`br OmVoË`mbmM AmdmhZ H$ê$Z emhra H$Wobm gwê$dmV H$aVmo. AZoH$Xm H$Wm dñVyVrb Ame`mda àma§^Adb§~yZ AgVmo. gdmB© _mYdamdm§À`m a§JmÀ`m nmodmS>çmV emhra à^mH$a

Ogm a§J lra§J Ioibo d¥§Xmd{Z Ûmnmam§VŸ&

Vgm a§J lr_§V Ioibo H${b wJ A{V AmXamVŸ&&

Agm àma§ H$aVmV.

H$WoÀ`m {ZdoXZmVrb àË oH$ nX~§Y EHo$H$m Mm¡H$mV gmXa Ho$bobm AgVmo. Mm¡H$ aMZoV Amoir,MaU, AWdm d¥Îm `m§Mo ~§YZ nmibobo ZgVo. Mm¡H$mVrb MaUg§»`m hr Zo_H$s ZgVo. nmodmS>çmVrb{d{dY Mm¡H$m§V AmoitMo, MaUm§Mo AJa d¥Îmm§Mo ~§YZ nmibobo {XgV Zmhr. H$maU Mm¡H$mÀ`m nX~§Ym_Ü oH$Wm{dH$mgmMm EH$ Q>ßnm, ^md{ZînÎmrMm dm àg§J{Z{_©VrMm EH$ N>moQ>mgm KQ>H$ gmH$ma Ho$bm OmVmo.

emhra Amnë`m aMZoV X§VH$Wm, VËH$m{bZ gm_m{OH$ g§Ho$V d nmnnwÊ` `m§À`m H$ënZm JmodyZH$Wo_Ü o a§J ^aVmo. `m YmdË`m aMZoV a§OH$Vm AmUUmao {dZmoX, agn[anmof, àg§J{Z{_©Vr B. KQ>H$m§ZrH$Wobm ~hma AmUbr OmVo. nU A{Ve`moŠVr, OmJê$H$VoMm A^md, dmñVd Ñï>rMr CUrd `m Xmofm§_wionmodmS>çm§Zm Eo{Vhm{gH$ _hÎd H$_r Amho. {ZdoXZmÀ`m JaOonmoQ>r H$mhr emhra JÚmMm Aml` H$arV. nUYmdVr nÚaMZm hmM Iam nmodmS>m Ago.

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4.4 g_mamon

{d{dY àH$maÀ`m bmoH$JrVm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va bmoH$JrVm§Mo H$mhr {deof Amnë`m bjmV oVmV."bmoH$' ho g_mOmMo Ago A§J Amho H$s, Á`m§À`mn ªV {ejU d kmZ OmD$Z nmohmoMbobo Zmhr. Aem{Zajam§Zr bmoH$JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br AgyZ Vr d¡{eï>çnyU© Amho. bmoH$JrVm§_Ü o g_mOOrdZmMo, g_mO_ZmMoXe©Z KS>Vo. `m_Ü o g§ñH¥$Vr, ZrVrH$ënZm, H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ OrdZ, H¥${fOrdZ, Xod-XodVm§{df`rÀ`m ^md-^mdZm, gU-g_ma§ , _mZdr ^md-^mdZm `m gdmªMo Xe©Z KS>Vo.

bmoH$JrVm§Mr ^mfm, b`, Amamoh-Adamoh, R>oH$m `m_wio hr bmoH$JrVo A{YH$ à^mdembr R>abrAmhoV. bmoH$JrVm§Mo {d{dY aMZm àH$ma, `m_Ü o Ambobo H$ënZm~§Y Am{U Ë`m§Mo Am{dîH$ma `m gdmªMoA{Ve` àË``H$mar Ago Xe©Z bmoH$JrVm§_YyZ KS>Vo. åhUyZM EH$ àH$mao bmoH$JrVo hr g_yh_ZmMm,g_yhOrdZmMm Amagm Amho Ago åhQ>bo Va A`mo½` R>aUma Zmhr.

bmoH$JrVm§_YyZ dmL²>_`rZ JwUdÎmm XoIrb OmUdVo. à`moJê$nVm ho bmoH$JrVm§Mo AmUIr EH$ _hÎdmMod¡{eï>ç Amho. bmoH$JrVmMm AmñdmX Ho$di ldUmZo qH$dm dmMZmZo KoVm oD$ eH$V Zmhr. Va Ë`mgmR>rË`m§Mo à`moJê$n nhmUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. à`moJm{edm` bmoH$gm{hË` bmoH$m§n ªV OmD$Z nmohmoMyM eH$VZmhr. bmoH$JrVo Ho$di JmD$Z gmXa Ho$br Va CËñ\y$V©, IQ>Ho$~mO, ZmQ>ç_` g§dmXmÀ`m Ûmaohr Amnë`m_ZmVrb ^mdZm BVam§n ªV nmohmoMdë`m OmVmV. åhUyZ S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo åhUVmV, ""bmoH$JrVm§MmAm{dîH$ma ñdV§Ì AgVmo, Vmo Ho$di dmÀ` ZgVmo Va ÑH$lmì` ñdê$nmMm AgVmo. åhUyZ bmoH$JrVo Ho$diEoH$m`Mr ZgVmV Va Vr nmhmd`mMr AgVmV. dmÚg§JrVmgh gmXa hmoUmao bmoH$JrVm§Mo à`moJê$n hoMnyU©ê$n AgVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$JrVm§À`m emãX ñdê$nm~amo~aM Ë`mMm à`moJ Ü`mZmV KoD$Z, à`moJmÀ`meŠ`Vm Ü`mZmV KoD$Z bmoH$JrVm§Mo _yë`_mnZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo.''

4.5 ñd §AÜ``Z àíZ Am{U CÎmao

A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. bmoH$JrVm§Mm àmMrZ àMmaH$ Ago XwJm© ^mJdVm§Zr H$moUmbm åhQ>bo Amho ?(JwUmT>ç / daê${M / dmgwXod)

2. nmoVamO hm H$moUË`m XodmMm CnmgH$ Amho ?(VwiOm^dmZr / _[aAmB© / aoUwH$m)

3. nm§Jwim§Mr dñVr _hmamï´>mV àm_w»`mZo Hw$R>o AmT>iVo ?(npíM_ _hmamï´> / X{jU _hmamï´> / CÎma _hmamï´>)

4. H$moUË`m aMZoMm g_mdoe bmoH$JrVmV hmoV Zmhr ?(bmoH$JrV / bmoH$H$WmJrV / bm¡{H$H$JrV)

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5. S>mH$mMo nm¡amo{hË` H$moU H$aVmV ?(S>ŠH$bdma / Hw§$^ma / _m§J)

CÎmao : 1) daê${M, 2) _[aAmB©, 3) X{jU _hmamï´>, 4) bm¡{H$H$JrV, 5) Hw§$^ma.

~) Jmiboë`m OmJr `mo½` eãX ^am.

1. bmoH$JrVm§_Ü o ........... gm_Ï © Agë`mMr ^mdZm bmoH$_mZgmV Amho.

2. ¡admMr JmUr ............ À`m gmWrda åhUyZ {^jm _m{JVbr OmVo.

3. nm§Jwi ñdV:bm ............ Mm godH$ _mZVmo.

4. gm_mÝ`OZm§Zm _m{hV Zgbobo ahñ` CbJSy>Z XmIdÊ`mMo H$m_ ........... H$aVmV.

5. hmXJm hm Ioi ............. _{hÝ`mV gd©Ì Ioibm OmVmo.

CÎmao : 1) _§ÌmË_H$, 2) S>_ê$, 3) gy ©, 4) o{XH$ bmdÊ`m, 5) AmpídZ.

H$) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a {bhm.

1. S>ŠH$bdma ho _m§JmMo _mJVo AmhoV.

2. bmdUr ho Ñí` d lmì` Ago Xwhoar ñdê$nmMo _mÜ`_ Amho.

3. S>hmH$mMo ñdê$n ho gd©Ì gmaIoM Amho.

4. åhUr åhUOo AZw dmMo àH$Q>Z AgVo.

5. dmH²$àMmam§À`m AmYmao bmoH$OrdZmMo g§X © emoYVm oVmV.

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a, 2) ~amo~a, 3) MyH$, 4) ~amo~a, 5) ~amo~a.

S>) `mo½` OmoS>çm Owidm.

"A' JQ> "~' JQ>

1. Jm|Yir A) _[aAmB©

2. dmgwXod ~) {~amo~m

3. nmoVamO H$) I§S>mo~m

4. ^amS>r S>) VwiOm^dmZr

5. YZJa B) lrH¥$îU

B©) e§H$a / ¡ad

CÎmao : 1) - S>, 2) - B, 3) - A, 4) - B©, 5) - ~.

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B) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. ^maVmV CImUm Ho$ìhmnmgyZ àM{bV Amho ?

2. _amR>dmS>çmV gn©{df CVa{dUmè`m _mUgm§Zm H$m` åhUVmV ?

3. gw§~amZ åhUOo H$m` ?

4. \o$aJrVm§_Ü o H$moUË`m ñdê$nmMo JmUr åhUVmV ?

5. {ó`m§Zr ^mdm{dîH$mamgmR>r H$moUË`m aMZoMm ñdrH$ma àmYmÝ`mZo Ho$bm ?

CÎmao : 1) doXH$mbmnmgyZ, 2) ZmJ_§Ìr, 3) Xodm{XH$m§Mo ñ_aU H$aUmè`m YZJar Amoì`m,4) H$WmË_, 5) Amodr.

B XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. CnmgH$m§À`m bmoH$JrVm§Mm WmoS>Š`mV AmT>mdm ¿`m.

2. åhUr d dmH²$à`moJmVrb g_mOXe©Z gmoXmhaU dU©Z H$am.

B bKwÎmar àíZ

1. bmoH$JrVmMr ì`m»`m H$ê$Z Ë`mMr à_wI d¡{eï>ço gm§Jm.

2. {ó`m§À`m bmoH$JrVm§Mo {d{dY àH$ma CXmhaUmgh gm§Jm.

B Q>rnm {bhm

1) eoVH$ar JrVo 2) em{har JrVo

4.6 CnH«$_

1. ñWm{ZH$ åhUtMo g§H$bZ H$ê$Z dJuH$aU H$am.

2. ñWm{ZH$ CImÊ`m§Mo g§H$bZ H$ê$Z dJuH$aU H$am.

4.7 A{YH$ dmMZmgmR>r nwñVHo$

1. bmoH$gm{hË`_r_m§gm : ^mJ 1 d 2, S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo.

2. JmdJmS>çm~mhoa : S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o.

3. _amR>r órJrVo : Ame` Am{U Am{dîH$ma : S>m°. Zrbm Omoer.

R R R

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5.1 C{Ôï>o

`m KQ>H$mMm Aä`mg Ho$ë`mZ§Va Amnë`mbm nwT>rb Jmoï>r g_OyZ KoVm oVrb.

· bmoH$H$Wm§Mr ^maVr` na§nam.

· bmoH$H$Wm§Mr _m¡{IH$ na§nam d Ë`m§Mo J«§W{Z{dï> àH$ma d d¡{eï>ço

· _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo OVZ Ho$boë`m d AmOhr ApñVËdmV Agboë`m {d{dY bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n.

· bmoH$H$Wm `m dmL²>_`àH$mamMo Zo_Ho$ ñdê$n d bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb bmoH$H$WoMo ñWmZ.

· _amR>r bmoH$H$WoMo ñdê$n.

5.2 àmñVm{dH$

àñVwV KQ>H$mV AmnU bmoH$H$WoMo ñdê$n, {d{dY àH$ma Am{U KQ>H$ Aä`mgUma AmhmoV.bmoH$H$Wm§Mr ^maVr` na§nam nhmVmZm J«§W{Z{dï> H$Wm§_Ü o ~¥hËH$Wm, n§MV§Ì, {hVmonXoe, doVmin§M{der,qghmgZ~{Îmer, ewH$~hmÎmar, OmVH$H$Wm, O¡ZMyUuH$Wm, H$hmÊ`m, d«VH$Wm `m§Mm Aä`mg `m KQ>H$mVH$amd`mMm Amho. VgoM _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m X¡dVH$Wm, narH$Wm, àmUrH$Wm, CËn{ÎmH$Wm,X§VH$Wm, amjgH$Wm, nwamUH$Wm, ñnï>rH$aUH$Wm `m H$Wmê$nm§Mr ñdê$nd¡{eï>ço g_OyZ ¿`m`Mr AmhoV.bmoH$H$WoMo _ybKQ>H$ H$moUVo ? aMZm~§Y d H$ënZm~§Y åhUOo H$m` Am{U Ë`mMr CXmhaUo `m§Mm AmT>mdmKoVë`mZ§Va "bmoH$H$Wm' `m KQ>H$mMo AmnU g{dñVa AÜ``Z H$aUma AmhmoV.

bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$er Pmbr ? Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n H$m` ? àH$ma H$moUVo Ë`m§Mm OJ^a àgmaH$gm Pmbm? Vmo hmoV AgVmZm Ë`mV H$moUH$moUVo ~Xb KS>bo ? `m§Mm {dMma `m KQ>H$mV AmnU H$aUmaAmhmoV.

KQ>H$ : 5

_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm

· bmoH$H$Wm§Mr ^maVr` na§nam : A) J«§W{Z{dï> H$Wm : ~¥hËH$Wm, n§MV§Ì, {hVmonXoe,doVmin§M{der, qghmgZ~Îmrer, ewH$~hmÎmar, OmVH$H$Wm, O¡ZMyUuH$Wm, H$hmÊ`m,d«VH$Wm~) _m¡{IH$H$Wm : X¡dVH$Wm, narH$Wm, àm{UH$Wm, CËn{ÎmH$Wm, X§VH$Wm, amjgH$Wm,nwamUH$Wm, ñnîQ>rH$aUH$Wm· bmoH$H$WoVrb _ybKQ>H$, aMZm~§Y Am{U H$ënZm~§Y.· _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm : ñdê$n d {deof

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5.3 {df` {ddoMZ

_mZdmbm àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ Amnbo AZw d Xwgè`mg gm§JÊ`mMr d EoH$Ê`mMr AmdS> Amho. VrË`mMr _yb yV àd¥Îmr Amho. `m H$WZ{à`VoVyZ bmoH$H$Wm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Ë`m§Mm H$Vm© AkmV AgVmo._m¡{IH$ na§naoZo Ë`m EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«${_V hmoVmV. g§km g§H$ënZm H$moemV bmoH$H$WoMrì`m»`m nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$br Amho. "Á`m§Zm Hw$Ur EH$ H$Vm© ZgVmo Aer _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Ambobr{ZdoXZàYmZ JÚ Jmoï> åhUOo bmoH$H$Wm.' "bmoH$H$Wm AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgVo. bhmZ bhmZ dmŠ o, doMH$eãX, AmoKdVr, KaJwVr d {OìhmiçmMr ^mfm `mVyZ Vr gmH$maVo. {VMm Ama§ d eodQ> AmH$f©H$AgVmo. {Vbm EH$ {d{eï> b` AgVo Am{U {VÀ`m aMZoMo H$mhr g§Ho$V AgVmV.' B§J«OrV 'Folktale'

ZmdmZo AmoiIbr OmUmar bmoH$H$Wm OJ^a àgma nmdbr. Vr ZXrà_mUo ^Q>H$s AgVo Am{U {VMo _yiemoYUo AdKS> OmVo. _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m bmoH$H$Wm nwT>o J«§W{Z{dï> Pmë`m. am_m`U_hm^maVmgma»`m J«§Wm§Vrb Zr{VH$Wm bmoH$H$Wm§VyZ g§ñH$m[aV Pmboë`m {XgVmV. gw~moY, AmH$f©H$ Am{UWoQ> H$miOmbm OmD$Z {^S>Umè`m bmoH$H$Wm Á`m {R>H$mUr àgma nmdVrb Ë`m g§ñH¥$VrMo, ^mfoMo,bmoH$ahmQ>rMo à{Vq~~ Ë`m§À`m {R>H$mUr namd{V©V hmoVo. nydu bmoH$H$Wm `m bmoH${ejUmMo _mÜ`_ hmoË`m,a§OZmMo gmYZ hmoË`m. AmOÀ`m d¡km{ZH$ wJmVrb Ë`m§Mm à^md {Q>Hy$Z Am{U Am{X_mZdmbm g¥ï>rÀ`mì`mnmamMo Pmbobo kmZ Ë`mZo H$Wmê$nmV _m§S>bo. Ë`mVyZ bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. B.g. 1812 bm{J«_~§Yy§Zr "_wbm§À`m Am{U KaJwVr H$Wm'À`m g§H$bZmZo bmoH$H$Wm§À`m Aä`mgmbm àma§ Ho$bm Ago_mZbo OmVo. na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m `m bmoH$H$Wm gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ame`mZo g_¥Õ AgVmV Am{U Ë`mVlÕm, ê$T>r, bmoH${dœmg, `mVw{dÚm Aem AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mm g_mdoe Agë`mZo Ë`m ^mfmemó,_mZdd§eemó d g_mOemór` Aä`mgmg Cn wŠV R>aVmV.

5.4 bmoH$H$Wm§Mr maVr` na§nam

^maVr` g_mO hm H$WZ{à` Amho. BWo H$hmUr, d«VH$Wm Ym{_©H$Voer {ZJ{S>V Amho. bmoH$m§ZmYm{_©H$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ kmZ XoÊ`mgmR>r F$pËdH$ H$Wm gm§JV. am_m`U, _hm^maV, ^mJdV, ~wX²YOmVH$,d¡{XH$ dmL²>_`mV AZoH$ H$Wm oVmV. H$moUË`mhr ^mfoV {b{IV gm{hË`mAmYr _m¡{IH$ dmL²>_`mMr na§namMmbV Ambobr {XgVo. maVr` bmoH$gm{hË`mMr na§nam doXH$mimnmgyZ Agbobr {XgVo. daê$Mr, JwUmT>ç`m§Zr bmoH$H$WoMr Ho$bobr g§H$bZo bmoH$H$WoMo àm{MZËd Xe©{dVmV. Á y àmÀM{dÚm{demaX {WAmoS>moa~oZ\o$ OJmVrb gd© bmoH$H$Wm§Mo CJ_ñWmZ ^maV Amho Ago _mZVmo. `m {gÕm§Vmbm {damoY Pmbm AgbmVar ^maVmV bmoH$H$WoMr AgUmar àmMrZ na§nam ZmH$maVm `oV Zmhr. ^maVmV H$WoH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr Ñï>rYm{_©H$VoMr d md{ZH$ Amho. H$Wm§V X¡dr eŠVr AgVo. H$WoÀ`m ldUnR>UmZo BpÀN>V \$i {_iVo Am{U{VMm An_mZ Ho$ë`mg, Z EoH$ë`mg g§H$Q>o {Z_m©U hmoVmV Aer YmaUmhr Amho.

^maVr` bmoH$H$WoMr na§nam XmoZ àH$maMr Amho. EH$ _m¡{IH$ d Xwgar J«§W{Z{dï> H$Wm. am_m`U,

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_hm^maV, F$½doX, eVnW~«m÷U, ~m¡ÕOmVHo$, O¡ZMwUu, H$Wmg[aËgmJa `m_Ü`o bmoH$H$WoMr ~rOoAmT>iVmV. {hVmonXoe, doVmin§M{der gma»`m J«§Wm§Vrb àmUrH$Wm qH$dm AX² wVH$Wm hr bmoH$H$WoMràmê$no AmhoV. F$½doXmVrb g§dmXgyŠVmV Ambobr nwê$adm, Cd©er hr H$Wm gdm©V àmMrZ H$Wm _mZbrOmVo. _`_rg§dmX, ewZ:eonH$Wm, AnmboMr H$Wm, À`dZ^mJ©d d gwH$Ý`m _mZdr hr H$Wm m J«§W{Z{d©ï>Pmboë`m àmMrZ H$Wm AmhoV. bmoH$^mfoVrb H$Wm Z§Va A{^OmV dmL²>_`mV g_m{dï> Pmë`m. AqhgoMrH$Wm KoVbr Va {VMo g§X © AZoH$àH$mao ~Xbbobo {XgVmV.

5.4.1 J«§W{Z{dï> H$Wm

_m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m H$Wm nwT>o H$mbm§VamZo A{^OmV dmL²>_`mV g§ñH¥$V ^mfoÀ`m ê$nmZoAmë`m. `m à{H«$`obm lrYa ì`§H$Q>oe Ho$VH$a "g§ñH¥$VrH$aU' Aer g§km XoVmV. bmoH$H$Wm§À`mJ«m§{WH$sH$aUmMr _r_m§gm _YwH$a dmH$moS>o nwT>rbà_mUo H$aVmV. "" "am_m`U' `m Am{XH$mì`mÀ`m{Z{_©Vrnyd©H$mimV ^maVmV gyVna§nam hmoVr. Y§XodmB©H$ H$Wm gm§JUmao "Am»`mZH$' qH$dm Hw$erbËd d¡{XH$H$mimnmgyZ hmoVo. _§Ì_w½Y H$aUmar Am»`mZo bmdÊ`mV Vo Hw$eb hmoVo. n[aUm_r Am»`mZH$, JÚnÚmË_H$H$Wm d draagnyU© JmWm EH$_oH$mg OmoS>ë`m OmD$Z Ë`m§Mm {dH$mg nwT>o am_m`U, _hm^maVmÀ`m ñdê$nmVPmbm Agmdm.'' Agohr _YwH$a dmH$moS>o åhUVmV. _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m bmoH$H$Wm§Zm _hmH$dtZrAmnë`m à{V oZo S>m¡bXma ~ZdyZ Ë`m§Mm g_mdoe A{^OmV dmL²>_`mV Ho$bm. lr. ì §. Ho$VH$am§Zr bmoH$H$WmJ«§W{Z{dï> hmoÊ`mMo 1) daê$Mrnyd© H$mb 2) daê$Mr H$mi 3) daê$MrZ§VaMm H$mb Ago VrZ H$mbI§S>_mZbo AmhoV.

am_m`U, _hm^maVmgma»`m J«§Wm§V _yi H$WoÀ`m AZwf§JmZo qH$dm ~moYê$nmZo AZoH$ H$Wm oVmV._hm^maVmV _yi d¥Îmm§V EH$ MVwWmªe Am{U Ë`mÀ`m nwï>çW© VrZ MVwWmªe Am»`mZo Ambr AmhoV.doXH$mimnojm Cn{ZfX H$mimV J«§W{Z{dï> H$Wm§V Pmboë`m ~Xbm~Ôb d¡Xohr H$moioH$a åhUVmV,""Cn{ZfËH$mbmnmgyZ H$Wm§Mm Y_©{dYter AgUmam Xwdm ~amM jrU hmoV OmD$Z Ë`m§À`m_mJMr àoaUmYm{_©H$VoEodOr A{YH$ OrdZm{^_wI ~Zbr. XodXodVm§À`mEodOr amOo, F$fr Am{X ì`ŠVtZm H$WmdmL²>_`mVàmYmÝ` {_imbo. nwamUdmL²>_` Am{U am_m`U _hm^maVmXr _hmH$mì`o `mV AemM d¥ÎmtMm n[anmofPmbobm AmT>iVmo'' `m AdVaUmVyZ J«§W{Z{dï> H$Wm§_mJo AgUmè`m bmoH$VÎdm§da àH$me nS>Vmo.

B ~¥hËH$Wm

A{Ib ^maVr` bmoH$H$Wm§Mm àmMrZ g§J«h åhUOo "~¥hËH$Wm'. gmVdmhZ amOmMm àYmZ JwUmT>ç`mZo `m H$Wm {b{hë`m. JwUmT>çmMm OÝ_ lwVmWm© d ZmJHw$_ma `m§À`m Jm§Yd©{ddmhmVyZ à{Vð>mU oWoPmbm. _moR>onUr Ë`mZo qdÜ` nd©Vmda e§H$amÀ`m JUmH$Sy>Z H$Wm EoH$ë`m d Amnë`m aŠVmZo n¡emMr^mfoV Ë`m VmS>nÌmda {b{hë`m Aer Am»`m{`H$m gm§{JVbr OmVo. hr ~¥hËH$Wm Bgdr gZmÀ`m n{hë`meVH$mV {Z_m©U Pmbr. {VMr gmVbj íbmoH$g§»`m hmoVr. na§Vw mV k{dÚoMm Cnhmg Ho$bobm Agë`mZo

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gmVdmhZ amOmZo m J«§WmMm Cnhmg Ho$bm. Vmo ghZ Z hmoD$Z JwUmT>çmZo ~¥hËH$Wm OmiÊ`mg àma§ Ho$bm.ghmbj íbmoH$ Oimë`mZ§Va gmVdmhZmZo Ë`mbm Wm§~ydZ Ë`mMm C{MV AmXagËH$ma Ho$bm. Ë`m_wioCabobo EH$ bj íbmoH$ åhUOo AmOMr ~¥hËH$Wm _mZbr OmVo. JwUmT>çmbm AX² wVH$Wm§Mm g§J«h H$ê$Zam_m`U-_hm^maVmÀ`m VmoS>rMm J«§W {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mMr _hËdmH$m§jm hmoVr. AmO hm J«§W CnbãY ZgbmVar Ë`mMr VrZ g§ñH¥$V g§ñH$aUo CnbãY AmhoV. Vr Aer,

1. ~¥hËH$Wm íbmoH$g§J«h (~¥hËH$Wm gmJa) : Zonmir n§{S>V ~wÕñdm_tZr AmR>ì`m qH$dmZdì`m eVH$mV hm J«§W {b{hbm AgyZ Vmo g§nyU© ñdê$nmV CnbãY Zmhr. Ë`mMo 37 gÌ AgyZ Ë`mV4539 EdT>r íbmoH$g§»`m CnbãY Amho.

2. ~¥hËH$Wm_§Oar : H$mí_rar amOm AZ§VmMm àYmZ jo_|Ð `mZo aMboë`m `m J«§WmV 75000íbmoH$ AgyZ Ë`mMo ñdén H$Wmg[aËgmJamà_mUo Amho. XmohmoV 18 b§~H$ AmhoV. "~¥hËH$Wm_§Oar' d"H$Wm g[aËgmJa' `m XmoÝhr J«§Wm§Mm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg lrYa ì §H$Q>oe Ho$VH$a `m§Zr Ho$bm Amho.

3. H$Wmg[aËgmJa : jo_|ÐmZo AZwdm{Xbobm J«§W amOm AZ§VmMr nËZr gy`©dVrÀ`m ng§VrbmCVabm Zmhr. {VZo Ë`mÀ`m nXar Agboë`m gmo_Xodmbm AZwkm Ho$br. Ë`mZo ~¥hËH$WoMo g§ñH¥$V ^mfm§VaHo$bo. Vmo J«§W åhUOo "H$Wmg[aËgmJa'. hm J«§W AX² wVagàYmZ Amho. `mV 24000 íbmoH$ 18 b§~H$ d24 Va§J AmhoV. `mMm aMZmH$mi AH$amì`m eVH$mMm CÎmamY© Agmdm Ago _mZbo OmVo. `m J«§WmVVËH$mbrZ g_mOmMo arVr[admO {dœmg, g§Ho$V `m§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo. _Ü` wJrZ H$WmdmL²>_`mda `m J«§WmMmIynM à^md nS>bm Amho.

B ~¥hËH$WoMr d¡{eï>ço

J«§Wm§da AgUmao AÜ`mË_mMo AWdm {d{eï> g§àXm`mÀ`m VËdn«UmbrMo OmoIS> PwJmê$Z XoD$Z JwUmT>çmZoH$Wobm a§OH$ ~Z{dbo. ho Ë`mMo _moR>o `moJXmZ hmo . Ë`mgmR>r Ë`mZo nma§n[aH$ {ednmd©Vr g§dmXmMràñVmdZm m J«§Wmbm OmoS>br. VgoM nyduÀ`m nwamU JwT> {dÚm§Mr ahñ`_`Vm OmoS>br. JwUmT>çmZo ~¥hËH$WobmbmoH${à` ~Z{dbo. `m g§X^m©V XwJm© ^mJdV åhUVmV. ""H$WoMo bm¡{H$H$ ñdê$n H$m`_ R>odUo hmM~¥hËH$WoMm _moR>m {deof. H$WoH$S>o Ho$di H$Wm åhUyZ nmhUo hoM {VMo d¡{eï>ç. H$moUË`mhr g§àXm`mÀ`mdmT>rgmR>r Zìho Va bmoH$mZwa§OZmgmR>r H$Wm g_mOmÀ`m gd© Wam§gmR>r Jmoim H$aUo, hm EH$ H$Wmg§J«hmMmZdmM AdVma JwUmT>çmÀ`m H¥$VrÀ`m ê$nmZo Amnë`mbm AmT>iVmo. Y_© Zìho, ZrVr Zìho, Va AX² wVVoMo_mZdr AmH$f©U hm `m H$WmdmL²>_`mMm àmU Amho. `m {ddoMZmVyZ ~¥hËH$WoMo doJionU bjmV oVo.Y_m©Mo OmoIS> PwJmê$Z a§OZna {b{hboë`m `m H$Wm§Zm nwT>o bm¡{H$H$ ñdê$n àmá Pmbo. gm_mÝ` bmoH$,àmUr, _yIm©À`m Aem gdmªÀ`m H$Wm `mV oVmV. Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV {b{hë`m Joboë`m n§MV§Ì, doVmin§M{der, {hVmonXoe, ~m¡ÕH$Wm, OmVH$H$Wm§Mr d¡{eï>ço `m ~¥hËH$WoV AmT>iVmV. ~mU^Å>mZo Amnë`mhf©M[aÌmÀ`m àñVmdZoV {OÀ`m_wio e¥§Jma^mdZm CÔr{nV Pmbr, {OÀ`m_wio Jm¡ar àgÞ Pmbr, Vr ~¥hËH$Wm'{edmÀ`m brboà_mUo Hw$UmÀ`m _ZmV {dñ_` CËnÞ H$arV Zmhr ? H$WmdmL²>_`mg Amdí`H$ Ë`m {dñ_`,

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AX² wVVm m JwUmMo g§gyMZ ~mUmZo BWo Ho$bo Amho Ago ~¥hËH$Wo~Ôb àe§gmoX²Jma H$mTy>Z {VMo _hÎd ñnï>Ho$bo Amho.

B n§MV§Ì

A_aeŠVr amOmÀ`m VrZ {ddoH$eyÝ` d AkmZr nwÌm§Zm ehmUo H$aÊ`mgmR>r n§{S>V {dîUwe_m© `m§Zr`m J«§Wm§Mr aMZm Ho$br. _hm^maVmVrb àmUrH$Wm§nmgyZ ~moY KoD$Z Ë`m§Zr `m J«§WmV 87 H$Wm aMë`mAmhoV. àmMrZ ^maVr` bmoH$H$Wm§Mm g§J«h `mV AgyZ {WAmoS>moa ~oZ\o$Zo O_©Z ^mfoV `mMm AZwdmX Ho$bmAm{U ^maV ho OJ^aÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm§Mo C_ñWmZ Agë`mMo _V _m§S>Umam ^maV_ybH$ {gÕm§V _m§S>bm.{dîUye_m©Zo am_m`U, _Zwñ_¥Vr, H$m¡{Q>ë`mMo AW©emó B. J«§Wm§À`m AmYmamZo hm J«§W aMbm Amho.

n§MV§ÌmV 1) {_Ì^oX, 2) {_Ìg§àmár, 3) H$H$moby{H$`_², 4) bãYàmUme_, 5) Anar{jVH$maH$_² Aer nmM V§Ìo Agë`mZo hm J«§W n§MV§Ì åhUyZ AmoiIbm OmVmo. `mMr {Z{_©Vr doXH$mimV PmbrAgmdr. `mMm àgma OJ^a Pmbobm Amho. B.g. 550 _Ü o gd©àW_ "nhbdr' ^mfoV n§MV§ÌmMmAZwdmX Pmbm. "g§nyU© n§MV§Ì' `m erf©H$mZo am. {M§. T>oa|Zr n§MV§ÌmMo g§nmXZ Ho$bo AgyZ Ë`mÀ`màñVmdZoV darb nmM V§Ìm§Mr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. `m J«§WmMr AZoH$ g§ñH¥$V g§ñH$aUo Pmbr. Vmo naH$s`,^maVr` ^mfm§V Jobm. "n§Mmonm»`mZ' hm _hmZw dr` J«§W åhUOo n§MV§ÌmMm AZwdmX Amho.

n§MV§ÌmV àmÊ`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ZrVr, ì`dhma kmZ, OrdZmMm AW© gmonm H$ê$Z gm§{JVbm Amho.`mMr aMZm AmH$f©H$, n[aUm_H$maH$ d AmQ>monera Amho. CXm. `mV àmUr _mZdmMo àVrH$ ~ZyZ `oVmV.~moY ho à`moJ R>odyZhr `m H$Wm a§OH$, MQ>H$Xma d AmH$f©H$ AmhoV. Ë`m_wio bhmZm§BVŠ`mM _moR>çm§Zmhr`m H$Wm AmH$f©H$ hmoVmV. `mVrb H$Wm _wimV bmoH$H$Wm Agmì`mV. Ë`m§Zm Zr{VH$Wm§V Jw§\y$Z n§MV§ÌmVg_m{dï> Ho$bo Agmdo Agmhr EH$ àdmX Amho. n§MV§ÌmVrb àË oH$ V§Ì åhUOo H$Wm§Mr EH$ gmIir Amho.n[a_§S>bH$Wm qH$dm Mm¡H$Q>rÀ`m H$Wm ho aMZmV§Ì `mV dmnabo Amho. n§MV§ÌmV EH$m H$WoVyZ Xwgar,XwgarVyZ {Vgar Aer H$Wm§Mr Jw§\$U Amho. `mM V§ÌmZo Z§VaÀ`m H$mimV Aao{~`Z ZmB©Q>g², ~¥hËH$WmXeHw$_maM[aÌ {b{hbo Jobo.

B {hVmonXoe

hm J«§W Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$mV ~§JmbMm amOm YdbM§Ð `mÀ`m nXar Agboë`m Zmam`U n§{S>VmZo aMbm.hm _yi g§ñH¥$V mfoV AgyZ Z§Va maVmVrb d OJmVrb AZoH$ mfm§V Ë`mMr mfm§Vao Pmbr. "{hVmonXoe'`m erf©H$mdê$Z `m J«§WmMo ñdê$n bjmV oVo. n§MV§ÌmZ§VaMm ~moY H$aUmam J«§W åhUyZ `mMo _hÎd Amho.`m J«§WmVyZ g_mOmbm ì`dhmakmZ, Ë`mJ, ào_, H$V©ì`, ŠVr, nwÊ` BË`mXr ZrVr_yë`m§À`m g§X^m©V.CnXoeHo$bm Amho. `m J«§WmMo à`moOZ g_mOmbm {hVmÀ`m Jmoï>r gm§JyZ Ë`mMo OrdZ gwI_` H$amdo ho Amho.

`mVrb H$mhr H$Wm AmnU n§MV§ÌmVyZ KoVë`mMo ñdV: Zmam`Un§{S>V Z_yX H$aVmo. {hVmÀ`m MmaJmoï>r gm§JUmam hm J«§W AmOhr bmoH${à` Amho.

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B doVmin§M{der

JwUmT>çmÀ`m ~¥hËH$WoMo g§ñH$aU Agboë`m H$Wmg[aËgmJa_YyZ doVmin§M{der d qghmgZ~{Îmerho XmoZ H$Wmàdmh {Z_m©U Pmbo. doVmin§M{der H$Wmg[aËgmJamÀ`m eem§H$dVu b§~H$mV EH$ g§nyU©CnH$WmZH$ åhUyZ Ambr Amho. `mV n§Mdrg H$Wm Agë`mZo Ë`mbm ho Zmd {_imbo. `mMr aMZm{edXmg ZmdmÀ`m {dÛmZmZo Ho$br. Ë`mZ§Va O§ bXÎm d d„^Xmg `m§Zrhr `m J«§WmMo AZwdmX Ho$bo. hm_yi J«§W g§ñH¥$V ^mfoV nÚmV hmoVm. ^maV^a àdmg H$arV `m H$Wm JÚmV AdVaë`m. `m gd© H$Wm MVwa~w{Õ_mZ amOm {dH«$_m^modVr, Ë`mÀ`m MmVw m© modVr {\$aVmV. m H$Wm§V AX² wVaå` dmVmdaU, A{V_mZdreŠVrMo {dnwb dU©Z oVo. àmMrZ AKmoan§Wr` gmYZm d `mVw{dÚm `m H$Wm§À`m _wimer Amho. doVmimZo{dH«$_mbm EoH${dboë`m `m H$Wm \$ma àmMrZ Agmì`mV.

doVmin§M{derÀ`m H$WmgyÌm§_mJo ñdmW© d H$nQ>~wÕr Amho. EH$m Jar~ {^jybm {dÚmYam§Mo Eoíd ©àmá H$ê$Z ¿`m`Mo hmoVo. Ë`mgmR>r bmJUmao _§Ì Ë`mbm oV hmoVo. ho _§Ì {gÕ hmoÊ`mgmR>r bmJUmar AKmoagmYZm _mÌ Ë`mbm AdJV ZìhVr. doVmimZo Koaboë`m _mZdr àoVmÀ`m _wImV _§Ìm½Zr àÁd{bV H$ê$ZAmhþVr Q>mH$m`À`m. VaM Ë`mbm Eoíd © àmá hmoUma hmoVo. `mH$m_r Ë`mZo amOm {dH«$_mMr _XV _m{JVbr.gai _ZmÀ`m amOmZo ñ_emZmV OmD$Z doVmimZo PmS>mda Q>m§Jbobo àoV Im§Úmda Q>mH$bo d Vmo MmbybmJbm. àoVmV dgboë`m doVmimZo Ë`mbm Hy$Q>H$Wm gm§{JVbr d eodQ>r àíZ {dMmabm. Ë`mMo CÎma Z{Xë`mg {dH«$_mÀ`m _ñVH$mMo MyU© hmoB©b Aer Y_H$shr {Xbr. amOmZo `mo½` CÎma {Xbo H$s àoV PmS>mdaOmD$Z bQ>H$V Ago. Ago n§Mdrg doim Pmbo. m n§Mdrg H$Wm åhUOo doVmi n§M{der. AIoa eodQ>À`m{Xder doVmi amOmbm b~mS> {^jwH$mMm ~ir, amO~ir XoÊ`mMm H$nQ>r {dMma gm§JVmo. Voìhm amOmË`mbm, {^jybm R>ma H$ê$Z ñdV:M Vr {gÕr àmßV H$ê$Z KoVmo. Aem AX² yV Am{U AKmoan§Wr`gmYZoer {ZJS>rV nmœ© y_r bm^boë`m H$Wm§À`m bmoH${à`VoMr _r_m§gm H$aVmZm _mbVr Xm§S>oH$a åhUVmV,"`m H$WmgyÌmMm AmË_mM _wir AX² yV dm yVH$moQ>rMm, `mMr aMZm JyT> à_o m§da AmYmabobr, àíZmoÎmao~wÕrMr H$gmoQ>r nhmUmarM d H$WmZHo$ a§OH$ AmhoV. bmoH$H$Wm-OZ{à` hmoÊ`mg Amdí`H$ AemH$Wm_yë`m§Mm doVmi n§M{derV {ÌdoUr g§J_ Pmbm hmoVm. _J Vmo dmL²>_`ào_r a{gH$m§À`m A{Ve` _Zmg`mdm `mV AmíM © H$gbo ?' _yi H$WmdñVy a§OH$ Agë`mZo doVmin§M{derhr bmoH${à` d a§OH$ PmbrAmho.

B qghmgZ~{Îmer

doVmin§M{derà_mUo qghmgZ~{ÎmerVrb H$Wm AX² yVaå` AgyZ EH$mVyZ Xwgar, XwgarVyZ {VgarAem gmIir nÕVrZo Jw§\$ë`m AmhoV. `m e¥§Ibm H$Wm a§OH$ d CX²~moYH$ Aem Xwhoar hoVyZo {b{hë`mAmhoV. hm _yi J«§W g§ñH¥$V ^mfoV d íbmoH$ê$nmV Amho. `mMr n{hbr àV jo_§H$a ZmdmÀ`m O¡Z gmYyZoMm¡Xmì`m eVH$mV aMbr. hm gmYy O¡Z Agë`mZo Ë`mZo `m H$Wm§VyZ O¡Z X¡dVo d gd©gm_mÝ` _mUgoAmUbr. _yi H$Wm§Vrb ~«m÷U X¡dVo d ~«m÷Um§EodOr Ë`mZo hm ~Xb Ho$bm. n§. {dîUwe_m© `m§Zr B.g.

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1814 gmbr qghmgZ ~{ÎmerMm _amR>rV AZwdmX Ho$bm. hm J«§W EdT>m bmoH${à` Pmbm H$s Ë`mÀ`m ghmAmd¥Ë`m {ZKmë`m.

qghmgZ~{ÎmerMo g§ñH¥$V Zmd "qghmgZÛmqV{eH$m' Ago Amho. {edm` Xwgao EH$ Zmd "{dH«$_mH©$M[aV' Agohr Amho. CÁO¡ZrMm amOm {dH«$_ `mbm B§ÐmH$Sy>Z ~Îmrg nwViçm Agbobo qghmgZ {_imbohmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m Z§Va Vo y{_JV Pmbo. Z§VaÀ`m CO¡ZrMm amOm ^moO `mÀ`m H$mbI§S>mV O_rZ IUVmZm VogmnS>bo. ^moOamOm Ë`mÀ`mda AmamohU H$aUma VmoM Ë`mdarb EH$ EH$ nwVir ~moby bmJVo. àË oH$nwVirZo {dH«$_mMo Jm{`bobo JwU Ý`m`{à`Vm, Am¡Xm ©, em¡ © dJ¡ao Amnë`mV Zgë`mMr OmUrd moOamOmghmoVo. àË oH$ nwVir Ë`mbm {dH«$_mMr mo½`Vm Agë`mg qghmgZmda Amê$T> hmo Ago AmdmhZ H$aVo. amOm^moO Ë`mbm nm` bmdÊ`mMo gmhg H$arV Zmhr. Vmo {dH«$_mMr Wmoadr _mÝ` H$aVmo. Vo nmhVmM nè`m n§IngaVmV Am{U qghmgZ Xya CSy>Z OmVo. qghmgZ~{ÎmerMo H$WmZH$ ho Ago Amho. `mV AX² yVaå`VmAmho, a§OZ d ~moYhr Amho. EH$mM ì`ŠVrÀ`m `m H$Wm bmoH${à` AmhoV d gd© maV^a ngaboë`mAmhoV. `mVrb H$WZnÕVr Zm{dÝ`nyU© Amho. nwT>o `mM H$WZnÕVrZo "ewH$~hmVar' hm J«§W {Z_m©U Pmbm.qghmgZ~{ÎmerVrb gwQ>çm gwQ>çm H$Wm Z§Va BVa Xoem§Vrb H$Wm§V g§H«$m§V Pmë`m. doVmin§M{derà_mUo`mhr J«§Wm§Mm Zm`H$ {dH«$_ Amho `mMo ñdê$nhr VgoM Amho. `mV H$Wm IwbdyZ gm§{JVë`mZo AmH$f©H$Pmë`m AmhoV. g. Am. OmoJioH$a `m§Zr _yi g§ñH¥$V íbmoH$m§gh qghmgZ~{Îmer _amR>rV à{gÕ Ho$bobrAmho.

B ewH$~hmÎmar

bmoH$H$WoVrb H$ënZm~§Y _moR>o amoMH$ AgVmV. Ë`mV newnjr ~mobVmV, AdKS> H$m_o H$aVmV.Ë`m_wio `m H$Wm amoMH$, a§OH$ ~ZVmV. a§OH$ H$aVm H$aVm Ë`m bmoH${ejUmMo \$ma _moR>o H$m_hr H$aVmV._XVgoZ ZmdmÀ`m ì`mnmè`mZo EH$ H$mdim d nmonQ> nmibm hmoVm. ì`mnmamÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ë`mbm ~aoM{Xdg KamnmgyZ Xya ahmdo bmJbo. BH$S>o Ë`mMr nËZr H$m_{dìhb hmoD$Z XwamMmamg àd¥Îm Pmbr. àW_H$mdiçmZo {Vbm CnXoe Ho$bm. nU {VZo Vmo YwS>H$mdyZ bmdbm. nmonQ>mZo {Vbm amoO amÌr EH$ Aem H«$_mZo~hmÎma amÌr ~hmÎma H$Wm gm§{JVë`m. `m H$Wm§VyZ nmonQ>mZo {Vbm XwamMmamMo, ì`{^MmamMo Xwîn[aUm_gm§{JVbo. `m H$Wm EdT>çm agmi hmoË`m H$s nËZrMo amÌr ~mhoa nS>Umao nm` KamV Wm§~bo. ì`{^MmaQ>ibm Am{U {VMm nVrhr naV Ambm. `m H$Wm åhUOo "ewH$~hmÎmar' hm J«§W hmo .

Xhmì`m eVH$mV {b{hbobm hm J«§W JÚnÚ Aem {_l ñdê$nmV Amho. Mm¡Xmì`m eVH$mV "VwVrZm_m'`m ZmdmZo Ë`mMm \$magrV AZwdmX Ho$bm Jobm. nwT>o qMVm_Ur^Q> d ídoVm§~a O¡Z `m§Zr Ho$bobo `mMoAZwdmX à{gÕ Pmbo. hm J«§W AZoH$ ^mfm§V AZwdm{XV Pmbm. `m H$Wm§V H$WH$ nmonQ> Amho. `m H$Wm§VyZnwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$Vr, órMo OrdZ, {VÀ`mda bmXë`m Joboë`m ZrVr_ÎmoÀ`m H$ënZm `m§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo.agmi ewH$dmUrZo ì`mnmè`mMr nËZr Jw§VyZ Jobr Am{U ì`{^MmamnmgyZ A{bßV am{hbr. hr H$WmdñVy BWoa§OH$VoZo _m§S>br Amho.

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B OmVH$H$Wm

OmVH$H$Wm åhUOo ~wÕmÀ`m nyd©OÝ_rÀ`m H$Wm. ~wÕ_hmËå` gm§JÊ`mgmR>r Ë`m aMë`m Joë`m. `mH$Wm ~wX²YmÀ`m ~mo{YgËdmdñWoVrb AgyZ {Ì{nQ>H$mÀ`m Xwgè`m I§S>mV Amë`m AmhoV. ^maVmV AZoH$Y_©g§àXm` {Z_m©U Pmbo. EHo$H$mir ~m¡Õ Y_m©g àm{Vð>m àmßV Pmbr hmoVr. Ë`mdoir Ë`m§Zr Y_©àgmamgmR>r^maVr` bmoH$H$Wm KoD$Z Ë`m§Zm Amnë`mbm hì`m Vem Amnë`m Y_m©À`m Mm¡H$Q>rV ~g{dë`m. Ë`mMr_r_m§gm _hmXodemór OmoetZr ^maVr` g§ñH¥${VH$moemV Ho$br Amho. Vo åhUVmV "OmVH$dmL²>_` ~wÕmÀ`mnydu bmoH$H$Wm ñdê$nmV ApñVËdmV hmoVo. ~wÕmÀ`m h`mVrVM {^jy§Mr g§JrVr abr hmoVr. Ë`m H$mimn ªVË`mMo énm§Va Y_©Zr{VH$Wm§V Pmbo Am{U {Vgè`m g§JrVrÀ`m H$mimV H$WmMm g§J«h H$aÊ`mV Ambm. nwT>o`m H$Wm§V ^a nS>V Jobr. Am{U B.g. nmMì`m eVH$mV ~mo{YgËdmÀ`m nyd©OÝ_mVrb H$Wm§Mm"OmVH$H$Ç>H$Wm' m ZmdmZo {Zamim g§J«h V`ma H$aÊ`mV Ambm. g§JrVr åhUOo n[afX. m H$Wm ZdY_m©MrVÎdo g_mO_ZmV éO{dÊ`mgmR>r aMë`m Joë`m. `mV ^maVmVrb X§VH$Wm§Mm AmYma KoVbm Amho. CXm."aN>nmb' OmVH$mV "Zmdmà_mUo JwU Zmhr' Aem Ame`mMr H$Wm Amho. hr H$Wm ^maVmV R>UR>UnmiZmdmZo à{gÕ Amho.

~m¡Õ Y_m©Mm àgma hmoVmZm `m OmVH$H$Wm MrZ, OnmZ, g`m_ (Wm`b§S>), gbmoZ (lrb§H$m) `mXoemV nmoMë`m. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m loð> Aä`mgH$ XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zr OmVH$H$Wm§da _moR>o g§emoYZ Ho$boAmho. `m H$Wm nmbr ^mfoV {b{hë`m Joë`m. Z§Va ~m¡Õ n§{S>Vm§Zr `m§Mo ê$nm§Va Ho$bo. Ym{_©H$ H$maUm§gmR>r,n§WàgmamgmR>r {b{hboë`m `m H$Wm a§OH$, amoMH$ AmhoV. `m ~wÕ Zm`H$, àojH$ qH$dm Xwæ`_ ì`pŠVaoImAem {d{dY énm§V {XgVmV. OmVH$H$Wm hrZ`mZ d _hm`mZ XmoÝhr g§àXm`mV AmXaUr` AmhoV. 547OmVH$H$Wm EHy$U 22 mJmV AmhoV. mV Y_©H$Wm, àmUrH$Wm, ào_H$Wm, X§VH$Wm, Zr{VH$Wm, {dZmoXH$WmAmhoV. `mVyZ CnXoe Ho$bobm Amho. `m§Mr aMZm JÚnÚ{_lrV AgyZ `m§Mm àma§ JmWoZo d eodQ> JmWoZohmoVmo. XmoZ JmWm§À`m _Ü o AWm©Mo d Ame`mMo {ddoMZ Ho$bobo Amho. ~wÕmZo nma{_Vm kmZ àmá H$ê$ZKoÊ`mgmR>r newnjm§Mo Oo OÝ_ KoVbo Ë`mg§X^m©V `m H$Wm AmhoV.

{WAmoS>moa ~oZ\o$Zo ^maV hm gd© bmoH$H$Wm§Mo _yi Amho. Agm ^maV_ybH$ {gÕm§V _m§S>VmZm OmVH$H$Wm§À`m ^maVm~mhoa Pmboë`m àgmamMm AmYma KoVbm.

B O¡ZMyUuH$Wm

_hmdram§Zr nma§n[aH$ ^maVr` H$Wm§Mo bm¡{H$H$ ñdê$n H$m`_ R>odyZ O¡Z Y_m©À`m àgmamgmR>r Ë`m§Zm~moYdmXr ê$n {Xbo. `m ~moYH$Wm åhUOo O¡ZMyUuH$Wm hmo . `m§ZmM AdMyU©, MyU©, MyU©H$ Aerhr ZmdoAmhoV. XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zm O¡Zm§À`m Zr{V{df`H$ H$Wm§Zm MyUudê$Z MyU©H$ ho Zmd nS>bo Agmdo AgodmQ>Vo. Ë`m åhUVmV, ""gdm©V OwÝ`m X§VH$Wm, àm{UH$Wm _hm^maVmV AmT>iVmV. ~m¡Õ d O¡Z Y{_© m§ZrË`m§Zm Zr{VH$Wm§Mo ê$n XoÊ`mMo _moR>o H$m © Ho$bo Amho. `mdê$Z O¡ZMyUuH$Wm§Mo _wimVrb bmoH$H$Wmê$n,Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm {_imbobo Zr{VVËdê$n Am{U Varhr Ë`m§Zm Agbobo a§OH$Ëd mda àH$me nS>Vmo. O¡ZMyUuH$Wm§V

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Y_©{ejH$ d _Zmoa§OZ `m XmoÝhtMm gw§Xa g_Ýd` Amho. `m H$Wm§VyZ _mZdr gwIXw:ImMo ZH$iV Pmbobo{MÌU ho `m§Mo OmVH$H$Wm§nojm AgUmao doJionU hmo . O¡Z Y_m©Mm àgma, ZrVrVÎdm§Mm àgma d Y_©ajUAem hoVyZo `m H$Wm aMë`m Agë`m Var ho dmL²>_` g_¥Õ Amho. O¡ZMyUuH$Wm _hmdram§À`m H$mimnmgyZàM{bV AgyZ `mV O¡Z VrWªH$a d l_UH$ `m§À`m OrdZH$Wm AmhoV. `mV Y_©{gXYm§Vm§Mo {ddaU Amho.`m H$Wm§À`m eodQ>r Ho$dbr ZmdmÀ`m Wmoa d Y_©Ñï>çm A{YH$mar ì`ŠVrMo dMZmYma oVo. Ë`mVyZ `m H$m ©aMZoMm _yi hoVy ñnï> hmoVmo.''

O¡Z dmL²>_`mV AZoH$ H$WmH$moe {Z_m©U Pmbo AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s h[afoUmH¥$V "~¥hËH$WmH$mof' hm à_wIAgyZ Ë`mV 157 H$Wm AmhoV. à^mZ§XmMm "JÚH$WmH$moe', AmMm © jo̧YamMm "~¥hËH$Wm_§{Oar' hmH$Wm H$moe ho à{gÕ AmhoV. Ë`m{edm` Zo_M§ÐmMm "AmamYZm H$WmH$moe' lwVgmJamMm "d«VH$WmH$moe' d"~¥hËH$WmH$moe' Ago AZoH$ H$WmH$moe CnbãY AmhoV. Ë`mVrb MyUuVyZ O¡ZY_m©Mm àgma, Y_©VËdm§Mmg§J«h, a§OZ, CX²~moYZ Ago AZoH$ hoVy gmÜ` hmoVmV. AmOhr O¡ZY_u` `m H$Wm§Mo ^pŠV^mdmZo ldUH$aVmV.

B H$hmÊ`m-d«VH$Wm

H$hmÊ`m m EH$ àH$maÀ`m d«VH$Wm AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_H$mi {ZpíMV gm§JVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m§Mm OÝ_16 ì`m eVH$mV Pmbm Agmdm Ago _mZbo OmVo. m H$hmÊ`m§Mm àma§ AmQ>nmQ> ZJamV hmoVmo. AmR> noR>m§MoZJa Vo AmQ>nmQ> ZJa. Ë`mV amOm, ~«m÷U, dmUr, narQ>, B©ídanmd©Vr, ZmJH$Ý`m, XodH$Ý`m, eoVH$ar,Hw$U~r, boH$sgwZm, gJir amhmV Agbr Var `mV d«V H$aUmè`m {ó`m àm_w»`mZo ~«m÷U AmhoV. Ë`mVrbd«Vo {d{eï> hoVyZo g§VVr, g§nÎmr, _mZ, d¡Yì` Q>miUo, ZmdS>VrMr AmdS>Vr hmoUo, Amboë`m g§H$Q>mVyZ nmahmoUo Aem ZmZm àH$maÀ`m hoVyZo Ho$bobr Agë`mZo `m H$hmÊ`m "H$må`' AmhoV. qH$dm hr d«Vo "H$må`d«Vo'AmhVo. `mV H$m_Zm nyU© Pmë`mda KoVbm dgm Q>mH$m`Mm Zmhr hm X§S>H$ Amho.

S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§Zr H$hmUrMr ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho. ""Ym{_©H$ {dYrer g§~§{YV AgUmè`mbmoH$H$Wm§Zm {d{YH$Wm, d«VH$Wm qH$dm H$hmUr Ago g§~moYbo OmVo.' ""bmoH$OrdZmVrb Ym{_©H$ H$Wm§Mo,Y_©{dYter g§ wŠV Agbobo àmXo{eH$ ê$n åhUOo H$hmUr.'' hr Vmam ^dmiH$a `m§Zr Ho$bobr ì`m»`mH$hmUr d d«VH$Wm `m§Mo gmhM © ñnï> H$aVo.

H$hmUr AWdm d«VH$Wm hr {ó`m§gmR>r KmbyZ {Xbobr d«Vo AmhoV. `mVrb H$mhr H$hmÊ`mV nwéf d«VH$aVmZm {XgV Agbo Var `mVrb ~hþVoH$ H$Wm-gyÌo ór nmÌm§er {ZJS>rV AgVmV. doJdoJiçm dmam§À`m,VrWmªÀ`m, gUm§À`m `m H$hmÊ`m {ó`m§Zm H$_©H$m§S>mV, d«Vd¡H$ë`mV Jw§VdyZ R>odUmè`m hmoË`m. Ë`mH$mirórbm {ejU ZìhVo, {VMo H$m`©joÌ Ka EdT>oM hmoVo. Aem H$mimV gXmMma, ZrVr_yë`, H$ï>, Ë`mJ,nm{Vd«Ë`, Z_«Vm Aem _yë`m§Mo nmofU H$hmÊ`m H$arV. órbm Xwæ`_ ñWmZ AgUo, ZmdS>VrMr AmdS>VrhmoÊ`mgmR>r, d¡Yì` Q>miÊ`mgmR>r {VZo d«Vo H$am`Mr, `mdê$Z ór nwéf oX bjmV oVmo.

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....8

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`m H$hmÊ`m gm{hË`ê$n åhUyZ {b{hë`m Zgë`m Var Ë`m§Mo dmL²>_`rZ gm¢X © bjmV KoÊ`mgmaIoAmho. bhmZ bhmZ MQ>H$Xma dmŠ o, Ë`m§Zm AgUmar b`~ÕVm, Jo Vm H$hmÊ`m§Zm AmH$f©H$ ê$n XoVo.CXm. Am{XË`amUy~mB©À`m H$WoV Am{XË`mMr H$hmUr Z EoH$Umar ~«m÷UH$Ý`m amUr hmoVo, {Vbm Xm[aÐçoVo. àYmZnËZr {Vbm Cnm` gm§JVo. Xwgè`m _Obog nmZ dmTy>Z KoVë`mda Vr åhUVo, "H$am ao hm§H$mam,

{nQ>m ao S>m§Jmoam, ZJamV H$moUr Cnmer Amho H$m `mMm emoY H$am ! Cnmer Zmhr, H$mhr Zmhr. _miçmMm_im {nH$V Zmhr.' qH$dm Jar~ ~{hUrg lr_§V ^mD$ n§ŠVrVyZ hmH$bVmZm åhUVmo, ""VmB© VmB© Vwbm dóZmhr, nmÌ Zmhr, XmJXm{JZo Zmhr.'' ~{hUrbm d¡ d Amë`mda ^mD$ åhUVmo ""VmB©, VmB© Vy CÚm _mÂ`mKar Oodm`bm o. Zmhr H$mhr åhUy ZH$mo. Kar H$mhr Oody ZH$mo.'' H$hmÊ`m§Mr ^mfm, ~mobr^mfm AgVo `mVZmQ>ç AgVo. CXm. gmo_dmaÀ`m H$WoVrb "_r oD$' Ago {dMmaUmè`m, AmnmoAmn àH$Q> Pmboë`m _wbrbmAÜ`m© KQ>Ho$M§ _mhoa {_iV§. dmiyÀ`m ~oQ>mV Vr nVrgh oVmM "EH$ _moR>m dmS>m Ambm, H$moUr åhUo _mPm_ohyUm Ambm, H$moUr åhUo _mPr ~{hU Ambr. Xmgr ~Q>H$s am~VmhoV...' WmoS>çm doioZo ho gd© ZmhrgohmoVo. H$hmÊ`m§Mr mfm AmoKdVr AgVo. nwT>o H$m` hr CËH§$R>m {Q>H$dyZ R>odUmar d ~«m÷U {ó`m§À`m Vm|S>MrKaJwVr diUmMr AgVo. {VÀ`mV AgUmè`m nwZéŠVrV {VMo gm¢X © dmT>bobo {XgVo. `m H$Wm gaigai XodmUKodmUrMr ^mfm H$aVmV. A_yH$ d«V Ho$bo Va A_yH$ \$i. Z Ho$bo VaÀ`m {ejobm lrH¥$îUhr Km~aVmo. B§ÐmXr nmM g^m§V V§~moè`mÀ`m Vmam VwQ>ë`mda Amkm hmoVo, "H$am ao hmH$mam, {nQ>m ao Xm§S>moam,JmdmV H$moUr dmUdUmdmMyZ Agob Ë`mÀ`m nmR>rMm VrZ ~moQ> H§$H$a H$mT>m, V§~moè`mbm Vmam bmdm,H$sV©Z Mmby H$am, a§^m ZmMË`m H$am.' H¥$îUXod {^D$Z gw^Ðobm MQ>H$Z JmonX²_mMo d«V gm§JVmV.H$hmUrVrb XodmH$S>o _mJUohr g_¥ÜX AgVo. CXm. "H$mH$Uo ^aÊ`m boH$s Xo, _wgiH$m§S>çm Xmgr Xo,Zmam`UmgmaIo nmM nwÌ Xo', (\$gH$sMr H$hmUr) `m H$Wm§V _mojmEodOr Eo{hH$ OrdZmVrb gwImMr_mJUr AgVo.

nydu H$hmUr åhUOoM bmoH$H$Wm Agm g_O hmoVm. 1925 gmbr B{VhmgmMm © {d. H$m. amOdmS>o`m§Zr Y_©{dYrer {ZJ{S>V AgUmè`m H$Wm åhUOo H$hmÊ`m' ho ñnï> Ho$bo. S>m°. {dœZmW qeXo `m§Zrhr"d«VH$Wm nma§n[aH$ bmoH$H$WoMm àH$ma Zmhr. bmoH$H$WoMm EH$ àH$ma åhUyZ AmVmn`ªVÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zrd«VH$Wm§Mm Omo {dMma Ho$bm Amho Vmo MwH$sMm Amho. {h§XyY_©àUmbrMm àgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Hw$UrVar nwam{UH$mZod«VH$Wm§Mr nmoWr V`ma Ho$br Agmdr Am{U H$mbH«$_mV {Vbm _m¡{IH$ ê$n àmá Pmbo Agmdo' Aer_r_m§gm Ho$br Amho. H$hmUrÀ`m AIoarg "d«V H$aUmè`mM§ g§H$Q> Q>ib§ Vg§ Vw_M§ Am_M§ Q>imo d hrgmR>m CÎmam§Mr H$hmUr nmMm CÎmar gw\$i g§nyU© hmodmo' Ago {dYmZ oVo. `mMm AÝd`mW© am. J. OmYd`m§Zr gmR> hr g§»`m EHy$U H$hmÊ`m gmR> Agmì`mV Aem AWm©Zo oV Agmdr. Am{U "gmR> eãXm§MrH$hmUr nmM eãXm§V \$bÐÿn hmoVo. "Vo nmM eãX åhUOo "A_Š`m à_mUoM eodQ>r gH$im§Mo H$ë`mUhmodmo' hr Vr nmM dMZo qH$dm nmM eãX Agm bmdbm Amho. n§MV§Ì, ewH$~hÎmar à_mUo "gmR>' ho `mH$Wm§Mo "gm§p»`H$s' d¡{eï>ç Agmdo. `m d«VH$Wm§Mo A§Va§J d ~{ha§J XmoÝhr AmH$f©H$ AmhoV. _m¡{IH$na§naoVyZ `m J«§W{Z{dï> Pmë`mZo Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n d¥Îm~Õ ZgVmZmhr Jo Amho.

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d«VH$Wm§Mo d¡{eï>ç gm§JVmZm S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo åhUVmV, ""d«VH$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aVmZm _m¡{IH$na§naoVrb bmoH$H$Wm§_Ü`o AmT>iUmar AZoH$ d¡{eï>ço aMZmH$mamZo H$m¡eë`mZo dmnaë`mZo d«VH$Wm§ZmbmoH${à`Vm {_imbr. bmoH$H$WoV _mZdr _Zmda g§ñH$ma H$aÊ`mMo _moR>o gm_Ï`© AgVo. Ë`mMm H$bmË_H$Cn`moJ H$ê$Z d«VH$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. d«VH$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr H$aUmar ì`ŠVr ~hþlwV Am{U ^mfoMr CÎm_OmU AgUmar Agmdr. nwamU_VdmXr Ñï>r R>odyZM Ë`mZo d«VH$Wm aMë`m Am{U Amnbm hoVy gmÜ`H$aÊ`mV Vmo eñdr Pmbm AgoM åhUmdo bmJob. bmoH$H$Wm H$moUË`mhr {d{eï> {dMmaàUmbrer ~m§YbobrZgVo, g_mOmÀ`m ì`mnH$ {hVmMm Ñ{ï>H$moU bmoH$H$WoVyZ {XgVmo. Ver ì`mnH$ Ñï>r bmoH$H$WoV AmT>iVZmhr.''

5.4.2 bmoH$H$WoMo _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo {d{^Þ àH$ma

B X¡dVH$Wm

_mZd g_mOmÀ`m gdm©V OwÝ`m H$Wm åhUOo X¡dVH$Wm hmo . bmoH$H$WoMm hm EH$ d¡{eï>çnyU© àH$maAgyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm àma§ X¡dVH$WonmgyZ Pmbobm {XgVmo. B§J«OrV X¡dVH$WogmR>r Myth

hm eãX dmnabm OmVmo. XodXodVm, `j, J§Yd©, A{V_mZdr `moZr `m§À`mer g§~§YrV AgUmè`m H$WmåhUOo X¡dVH$Wm hmo`. àm. {X. Ho$. ~oS>oH$a m H$Wm§Zm {Xì`H$Wm Aer g§km dmnaVmV. m H$Wm§V gy`©M§Ð,AmH$me, ZjÌo, newnjr, PmS>o, S>m|Ja, ZXr `m§Mo _mZdrH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`mM doir Ë`m gdmªZmA{V_mZdr eŠVr àXmZ Ho$br OmVo. Ë`m_wio `m H$Wm AX² wVaå` hmoVmV. `mVyZM nwT>o CËnÎmrH$Wm,narH$Wm, ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. `m H$Wm§V g¥ï>rMr CËnÎmr, aMZm, {dZme, X¡dr KQ>ZmAm{U XodXodVm `m§Mr dU©Zo AgVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr énaofm `m J«§WmV XwJm© ^mJdVm§Zr X¡dVoH$WoÀ`mCËnÎmrg§X^m©V åhQ>bo Amho, "^mfoMr gwê$dmV Pmë`mZ§Va àmW{_H$ AdñWm Amobm§S>ë`mZ§Va Xwgè`mAdñWoV {d{dY {ZgJ©Ñí`m§Mr gwg§JVr bmdyZ Ë`m§Mm ^mfoV H$Wmê$nmZo AZwdmX H$aÊ`mMr H$bm _mZdmZogmÜ` Ho$br. `m H$Wm åhUOoM X¡dVH$Wm _mZdmÀ`m B{VhmgmMr gwê$dmV ^mfonmgyZ Pmë`mZ§Va Á`mH$Wm OÝ_mbm Amë`m Ë`mV X¡dVH$Wm AJXr àW_ `oVmV.

_mZd d {ZgJ©eŠVr `m§À`mV A{VàmMrZH$mir g§Kf© hmoV Ago. `m {ZgJ©eŠVtZm àgÞ H$ê$ZKoÊ`mgmR>r OmXwQ>moÊ`mMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmB©. H$Yr {ZgJ© KQ>H$m§Mm AZwZ` Ho$bm OmB©. `mVyZ AZoH$XodVm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm. Am`mªZr {ZgJ© XodVm§Mm ñdrH$ma Ho$bm hmoVm. Ë`m§À`m AmYr ^maVmV - _mV¥XodVmApñVËdmV hmoË`m {ednyOm, d¥jnyOm, àmUrnyOm Ho$br OmV hmoVr. {dœmVrb M_ËH$mamZo pñV{_V Pmboë`m_mZdmZo Amnë`m narZo Ë`mMm AW© bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm. Ë`mVyZ X¡dVH$Wm§Mm OÝ_ Pmbm AgmdmAer EH$ CËnÎmr gm§{JVbr OmVo.

bm`b ZmdmÀ`m ^mfmn§{S>Vm§Mo åhUUo Ago H$s, X¡dVH$Wm øm H$mën{ZH$ ZgyZ Ë`m àmMrZ KQ>Zm dì`ŠVr `mda AmYmaboë`m Iè`mIwè`m hH$sH$VtÀ`m H$mbm§VamZo {dH${gV ~Zboë`m H$Wm AmhoV. Xwgao

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åhUUo Ago H$s, X¡dVH$Wm `m {dÛmZm§Zr aMboë`m ~moYH$Wm AgyZ Ë`m§Zm ê$nH$ H$Wmê$n {Xbo Jobo.EH§$XarV X¡dVH$Wm§Mo _yi Ë`m§À`m àmMrZVo_wio emoYUo AdKS> hmoVo.

àma§ r X¡dVH$Wm§V OJmMr CËnÎmr, _mZdmMo OÝ__¥Ë y{ZgJ©MH«$, ney, njr, S>m|Ja PmS>o `m§Mo {MÌUHo$bo Jobo. nwT>o `m H$Wm§Mo ñdê$nM ~Xbbo. doJdoJiçm Y_©g§àXm`m§Zr Ë`m§À`m AmMma{dMma dVËdà{VnmXZmgmR>r X¡dVH$Wm§Mm Cn`moJ H$ê$Z KoVbm. Ë`m_wio `m H$Wm§V Ë`m Ë`m g§àXm`mMr Cnmñ`X¡dVo d Ë`m§À`m g§~§YrÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mm g_mdoe Pmbm. Ë`mVyZ X¡dVH$Wm§~Ôb lÕm {Z_m©U Pmbr. Ë`mV~Xb {Z{fÕ _mZbm OmVmo. Ë`mVrb g§Ho$Vm§Mo H$mQ>oH$moa nmbZ Ho$bo OmVo. `m H$Wm Y_mªer g§~§{YVAgë`m_wio Ë`m§À`m ^modVr nm{dÍ`mMo db` AgVo. {d{eï> Y_m©À`m XodXodVm§À`m OmoS>rZo {dœMH«$Mmb{dUmè`m {d{dY eŠVtZm XodVm ñdê$n _mZyZ Ë`m§Mr dU©Zo X¡dVH$Wm§V oVmV. `mVrb KQ>Zm H$pënVAgë`m Var Ë`m Ho$ìhmVar KS>ë`m AmhoV Agm R>m_ g_O AgVmo. Ë`m g¥ï>rÀ`m AX² wVmer OmoS>ë`mAgë`mZo Ë`mV pñV{_VVm AgVo. Ë`mV Y_©H$Wonojm ì`mnH$ AW© gm_mdbobm AgVmo. Ë`m_wio Y_© Jobo,g§ñH¥$Vr ~Xbbr Var X¡dVH$Wm {Q>Hy$Z am{hë`m.

A±S´>çy b±JÀ`m _Vo X¡dVH$Wm åhUOo _mZdOmVrMm àma§ rMm B{Vhmg EdT>oM ZgyZ Ë`mV Am{Y^m¡{VH$emóhr AmhoV. `mV _mZdmÀ`m VihmVmdaMo Ho$g H$m Jobo ? Ë`mÀ`m H$_aoImbr XmoZ IiJo H$m ? J«hUH$m bmJVo ? Aem àíZm§Mr _r_m§gm Ho$bobr AgVo, Amnë`mnarZo Ë`mMm AW© bmdbobm AgVmo. CXm.aËZm{JarOdirb S>m|JamMo Zmd {_è`m S>m|Ja H$m? _méVr ÐmoUm{Jar CMbyZ ZoVmZm Ë`mMm {_è`m EdT>mVwH$S>m T>mgiyZ Imbr nS>bm, Vmo VwH$S>m åhUOo {_è`m S>m|Ja, g_wÐ ImaQ> AgUo, J§JmdVaU `m H$Wma§OH$ d nwamUH$Wm§Vrb g§X © XoUmè`m AmhoV. X¡dVH$Wm§Vrb g§X © OJ^a Owibobm AmT>iVmo. CXm.^maVr` nwamUH$Wm§V amhÿ Ho$Vy M§Ðgy mªZm J«mgVmV Va Zmg© H$Wm§V CJ« bm§S>Jo XmoKm§Zm J«mgVmV. WmoS>Š`mVX¡dVH$Wm H${ënV Agë`m Var, dmñVdm{Yð>rV Agë`m Var a§OZ d à~moYZ H$aUmè`m AmhoV ho{ZpíMV.

B narH$Wm

X¡dVH$WoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m na§Vw Y_m©er g§~§{YV Zgboë`m AX² wVaå`VoZo n[anyU© AgUmè`mH$Wm åhUOo narH$Wm. Ë`m§Zm AØþVH$Wm Agohr åhQ>bo OmVo. Ë`m H$Wm§Mo C{Ôï> _Zmoa§OZ ho AgVo. gd©OJ^amÀ`m dmL²>_`mV AmT>iUmè`m narH$Wm§Vrb H$ënZm~§YmV gmå` AmT>iVo. AboŠPm§S>a H«$m°n `mbmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$mZo narH$Wm§da ~aoM g§emoYZ Ho$bo Amho. Vmo narH$WoMr d¡{eï>ço gm§JVmZmåhUVmo "AX² wV H$WoV Zm`H$ qH$dm Zm{`H$m H$WoVrb _Ü`dVu ì`ŠVr AgVo. m ì`ŠVr^modVr namH«$_mMr,M_ËH$mamMr qH$dm AdKS> àg§JmMr C^maUr Pmbobr AgVo. AX² wVH$Wm åhUOo EH$ Melodrama

qH$dm H¥$Ìr_ H$ê$U ^mdZmQ>ç AgVo' Ago XwJm© ^mJdV åhUVmV. H$maU `m H$Wm§Vrb Zm`H$ qH$dmZm{`H$m gwê$dmVrbm EImÚm g§H$Q>mV gmnS>bobo AgVmV. gmdÌ AmB©Mm N>i, amjgmH$Sy>Z haU dEImÚm àmÊ`mV AWdm dñVyV ê$nm§Va hmoUo, Zm`H$ qH$dm Zm{`Ho$À`m dmQ>çmbm N>i, Cnojm oUo Vmo

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~è`mMXm {dYdmnwÌ AgUo$ dJ¡ao. AX² wVH$Wm§Vrb Zm`H$ Zm{`Ho$bm gX²JwUr, ê$ndmZ, hþfma d namH«$_rdmQ>VmV. Ë`m§Zm A{V_mZdr `moZrVrb ì`ŠVr åhUOo `j, {H$Þa, J§Yd©, ZmJ _XV H$aVmV. AIoarg{H$Vrhr g§H$Q>o Ambr Var Vo `mVyZ nma hmoVmV.

narH$WoVrb nè`m _mZd dñVrOdi AgVmV. Ë`m amÌr AdVaVmV Am{U g§H$Q>mV gmnS>boë`mgX²JwUr Zm`H$/Zm{`Ho$bm OmXwMr N>S>r, _§Ì dm AÝ` EImÚm dñVy§À`m ghmæ`mZo g§H$Q>mVyZ nma H$aVmV.`m H$Wm§V A{V_mZdr `moZrVrb ì`ŠVtÀ`m ~m~VrVrb H$ënZm~§YmV A{Ve`moŠVr, AX² wVaå`Vm qH$dmA_mZdr JwUY_© AgVmV. CXm. MoQ>H$sU qH$dm `j, {H$Þa, amjgm§Zm _m`mdr eŠVr àmá AgVo -Ë`m§Mm Ord EImÚm dñVyV, àmÊ`mV AgVmo. amjg ho gw§Xa amOH$Ý`m qH$dm amOnwÌmbm dmQ>ob Ë`m ê$nmV~§{XdmZ H$ê$Z R>odVmV, AWdm H$m_mbm Ow§nVmV. nè`m _mÌ gw§Xa d X`miy AgVmV. `m ì`ŠVrHw$R>ohr H$gmhr g§Mma H$ê$ eH$VmV. Ë`m§Zm H$bm, g§JrV, Z¥Ë` `oVo. Ë`m _mZdmer g§~Y R>ody eH$VmV.gmV ^mD$ EH$ ~{hU, gmoZgmIir d qgS>´>obm `m gma»`m narH$Wm Ho$di a§OZ ho à`moOZ R>odyZ {Z_m©UPmë`m AmhoV.

narH$WoVrb amOH$Ý`m qH$dm gmdÌ AmB©H$Sy>Z N>i gmogUmè`m _wbrbm amOnwÌ AZoH$ g§H$Q>m§ergm_Zm H$arV dmMdVmo. `m H$m_r Ë`mbm newnjr qH$dm PmS> _XV H$aVo. Ë`m H$Wm§V a§OZnaVm AgbrVar Zoh_r gwîQ>m§Mm Ñï>m§da {dO` hmoUo, Xwï>mbm emgZ hmoUo hm gm§ñH¥${VH$ X§S>H$ qH$dm Zr{VVËd `mVnmibobo AmT>iVo. `mV Zm`H$ Zm{`Ho$da oUmè`m g§H$Q>m§Mr _m{bH$m AgVo. Ü o mn ªV nmoMoVmoda Ë`m§ZmAZoH$ g§H$Q>m§Zm Vm|S> Úmdo bmJVo. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mo àH$Q> hmoUmao MmVw ©, Y¡ © hm `m narH$Wm§Mm Jm^m AgVmo.Am{U m gd© H$Wm gwIm§V AgVmV. Vm|S>mVyZ gmoZo Q>mH$Umam njr, CS>Vm KmoS>m, MQ>B©, A_¥V\$i, OmXyMrA§JR>r, gmoQ>m, N>S>r Aem dñVy `m H$Wm§V ~arM _moR>r H$m_{Jar ~OmdVmV. H$WoÀ`m AIoarg AZoH$XmZm`H$mbm AY} amÁ`, amOH$Ý`m àmá hmoVo. WmoS>Š`mV narH$Wm hr a§OZna AgVo. {VÀ`mV Jm§ r © AgboVar gwï>m§Mm Xwï>m§da {dO` ho VÎd R>g{dÊ`mMm à`ËZ `mVyZ Ho$bm OmVmo.

B àm{UH$Wm

nyU©nUo H$mën{ZH$ AgUmè`m àm{UH$Wm AmH$mamZo bhmZ nU Ame`mZo g_¥Õ AgVmV. `mVàmÊ`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ì`dhmakmZ, gm_m{OH$ MmVw ©, amOH$s` YyV©Vm m§Mo {ejU {Xbo OmVo. àmUrH$Wm§V_mZdr ñd^mdmMo à{Vq~~ nS>bobo {XgVo. B§J«OrV Fable m ZmdmZo àm{UH$Wm AmoiIë`m OmVmV. ñQ>rWWm°ågZZo "newH$Wm Ooìhm Zr{VVÎdo d ~moY XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo gm§{JVbr OmVo, Voìhm {VMo ê$n àm{UH$WoMo~ZVo' Ago åhQ>bo Amho. `m ì`mIoVyZ àm{UH$WoMo d¡{eï>ç, ñdê$n ñnï> hmoVo. OmVH$H$Wm, _hm^maV,n§MV§Ì, {hVmonXoe, BgmnZrVr BË`mXr J«§Wm§Vrb H$Wm§Mo Xoh àm{UH$Wm Agbo Var Ë`m ~moYdmXr AmhoV.àm{UH$Wm§Mm OÝ_ Ho$ìhm Pmbm ho gm§JUo H$R>rU nU Ë`m§Mm àgma _mÌ PnmQ>çmZo gd©Xya PmbobmAmT>iVmo. n§MV§Ìm§Mm AZwdmX H$aUmè`m ~oZ\o$Zo n§MV§Ì d BgmnZrVrVrb àm{UH$Wm§Vrb _yb yV \$aH$ñnï> Ho$bm Amho. Vmo åhUVmo, n§MV§ÌmVrb àmUr _mUgm§à_mUo ~mobVmV, dmJVmV CbQ> BgmnZrVrVrb

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àmUr àmÊ`mgmaIo dmJVmV. ñdV:À`m newOrdZmÀ`m gd`r H$m`_ R>odyZhr `mVbo àmUr _m¡ë`dmZCnXoe H$aVmV. CXm. "JìhmUrVrb Hw$Ìm' hm WmoamKaMm _mObobm Hw$Ìm BVam§Zm JdVmbm Vm|S> bmdy XoVZmhr.

n§MV§ÌmMm aMZmH$mi M§ÐJwßV _m¡ m©Z§VaMm åhUOo B.g. nyd© XmoZ eVHo$ _mZbm OmVmo. `mVrbH$pënV H$Wm àmÊ`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ ~moY H$aVmV. ì`dhmakmZ XoVmV. Ë`m§Mr aMZm Ë`mM hoVyZo PmbrhmoVr. BgmnZrVr B.g.nyd© 600 df} {b{hbr Jobr. {\«${O`mMm a{hdmgr Agbobm, OÝ_mZo {ZJ«mo AgbobmBgmn hm Jwbm_ hmoVm. Ë`mÀ`m MmVw © gm§JUmè`m, ì`dhmakmZ XoUmè`m, YyV©Vm {eH$dUmè`m H$Wm EoHy$ZàgÞ Pmboë`m _mbH$mZo Ë`mbm Jwbm_{JarVyZ _wŠV Ho$bo. BgmnÀ`m H$WmV N>moQ>o àmUr oVmV. `m H$WmAme`g§nÞ AgyZ Ë`mV AIoarg ì`mdhm[aH$ VmËn © gm§{JVbo Amho. `m H$Wm ~è`mM bmoH${à` Pmë`md gd©Xya nmoMë`m. àmÊ`m§À`m {ZgJ©XÎm JwUm§da AmYmaboë`m H$Wm OJ^a g_mZ AgVrbM Ago Zmhr.n§MV§ÌmVrb YyV© H$moëhm nmümË` H$Wm§V Vmo aoZm°S>© ZmdmZo ZOaog_moa C^m amhVmo. OJ^aÀ`m H$Wm§V H$moëhmYyV©, bm§S>Jm b~mS> AgVmo. nU A_o[aH$Z {ZJ«moV YyV© Agbobm ggm ~«÷XoemV ehmUm d Ý`m`{à`åhUyZ à{gÕ AgVmo.

àm{UH$Wm AmH$mamZo bhmZ nU _moR>çm ~moYàX AgVmV. Ë`mVyZ {H$Ë oH$Xm _m¡ë`dmZ kmZhr{_iVo. CXm. n§MV§ÌmVrb YyV© ~Jim IoH$S>çmbm damh {_hramÀ`m emómYmao gm§JVmo. "AmVm ~mam df}XwîH$mi nS>Uma H$maU eZr amo{hUr ZjÌmVyZ OmVmo. Voìhm B§Ð ~mam df} nmD$g nmS>rV Zmhr.' BgmnZrVrVrbbm§S>Jm d H$moH$amMr Jmoï> "~ir Vmo H$mZ {nir' ho ì`mdhm[aH$ gË` ñnï> H$aUo. Ë`mVyZ a§OZmVyZ ~moYH$aUmè`m H$Wm bhmZm§BVŠ`mM Wmoam§Zmhr {à` hmoVmV. AX² wVH$WoVrb àmÊ`m§à_mUo BWo àmÊ`m§Zm A{V_mZdreŠVr ZgVo. BWbr àm{Ug¥ï>r nyU©nUo bm¡{H$H$ AgVo. `mV _mZdr ñd^md, ì`dhma `m§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo VoàmÊ`m§À`m ê$nm§VyZ. CXm. YyV© H$moëhm, J{d©ð> dmK, Sy>I YaUmam ZmJ àm{UH$Wm§_Ü o {XgVmo. AZoH$åhUtMm CJ_hr àmUrH$WrV AmT>iVmo. Ë`m§Zm Ñï>m§VH$Wmhr åhQ>bo OmVo. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr `m H$Wm§Mod¡{eï>ç gm§JVmZm åhQ>bo Amho, ""AmQ>moneranUm, KQ>Zm~mhþë`mMm A^md, ì`mdhm[aH$ gË`mMo Am{U_mZdr ñd^mdmMo Xe©Z `m§_wio àm{UH$Wm qH$dm ~moYH$Wm `m AmOhr CX²~moYH$ Am{U n[aUm_H$maH$dmQ>VmV.'' m CX²JmamVyZ àm{UH$Wm§À`m ñdê$nmMr d n[aUm_H$maH$VoMr Zo_H$s _m{hVr {_iVo. Ym{_©H$VmZgboë`m, nyU©nUo bm¡{H$H$ OrdZmMo {MÌU H$aUmè`m àm{UH$Wm _mZdr ñd^mdmVrb {dg§JVrda àH$meQ>mH$VmV. _mZdmbm àmÊ`m§~Ôb AgUmè`m Hw$VyhbmVyZ `m H$Wm OÝ_ë`m. àmÊ`m§À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _mZdr_Zmda g§ñH$ma H$aUmè`m `m H$Wm§_Ü o CnXoemMr ê$jVm Zgë`mZo _Zmda Zo_Š`m R>gVmV.

B CËn{ÎmH$Wm

CËn{ÎmH$Wm§VyZ g¥ï>r, _mZd, {ZgJ©, àmUr, J«h, Vmao, ZjÌo, M§Ð-gy`©, dZñnVr BË`mXtÀ`mCËnÎmrÀ`m {d{dY H$Wm gm§{JVboë`m AgVmV. CËnÎmrMm emoY KoUmè`m `m H$Wm§V H$maU_r_m§gm dñnï>rH$aUo oVmV. `m§Mm OÝ_ _mZdmÀ`m H$ënZmeŠVrVyZ d ^m{dH$VoVyZ Pmbm. `m H$Wm _mZdmÀ`m

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{dMmaeŠVrn{bH$S>À`m Agë`m Var Ë`mda {dœmg R>odbm OmVmo. H$maU `m Y_©^mdZoer {ZJ{S>VAgVmV. Ë`m§À`m^modVr nm{dÍ`mMo db` Agë`mZo Ë`m~Ôb e§H$m KoVbr OmV Zmhr. Ë`m_wioM grVmy_rVyZ, Ðm¡nXr `kHw§$S>mVyZ, nm§S>d, H$U© _§Ìm_wio OÝ_bo ho _mÝ` Ho$bo OmVo.

CËnÎmrH$Wm OJ^a à{gÕ AmhoV d Ë`mV gmå` AmT>iVo. CXm. "eVnW~«m÷U' J«§WmV àOmnVramOmZo àOm {Z_m©U H$aÊ`mnydu hmV Mmoibo. Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m hmVmdaMo Ho$g JiyZ nS>bo d Ë`mVyZdZñnVr {Z_m©U Pmë`m. `m CËnÎmrH$Wm ^m{dH$VoZo ldU d nR>Z Ho$ë`m OmVmV. `mV AX² yVVm AgbrVar Vr ^ŠVr^mdm_wio narH$WohÿZ doJir R>aVo. `m H$Wm§Zm àmMrZ na§nam Amho.

CËn{ÎmH$Wm§V oUmar dU©Zo CKS>, AmS>nS>Xm Z R>odVm oVmV. Ë`mV oUmao bm¡{H$H$ C„oI gai gaigm§{JVbo OmVmV. nU Vo gm§JUmè`mbm, EoH$Umè`mbm ~r^Ëg dmQ>V Zmhr. ~rO_§Ìm§À`m ghmæ`mZo g¥ï>rMrCËnÎmr Pmbr. OÝ_ A`moZrg§ d Agy eH$Vmo. emn, C:emn m§Mr dU©Zo m H$Wm§V oVmV. CXm. ~«m÷UH$Ý obmZmJmÀ`m \w$ËH$mamZo J © amhVmo. ~rO_§Ì, g§ moJm{edm` nwÌàmßVr Am{U _mVo{edm` OÝ_ `m H$ënZmCËn{VH$Wm§V dma§dma oVmV. maVmV {Za{Zamiçm OmVrÀ`m Om{VH$Wm àM{bV AmhoV. CXm. S>ŠH$bdmam§À`mOm{VnwamUmV g¥ï>rÀ`m CËnÎmrMr H$Wm `oVo. Jm§oS>, H$sa, H$moir BË`mXr OmVtÀ`m CËnÎmrÀ`m H$Wm§hràM{bV AmhoV. WmoS>Š`mV _mZdr {dMmaeŠVr n{bH$S>o AgUmè`m `m CËnÎmrH$Wm ^m{dH$VoZo EoH$ë`m dgm§{JVë`m OmVmV.

B X§VH$Wm

X§VH$Wm§Zm Legend Agm B§J«Or eãX Amho. XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zr X§VH$Wm§Mr ì`m»`m "Vm|S>moVm|S>rgm§{JVboë`m, Á`m§Zm nwamUmMm boIr AmYma Zmhr Aem Jmoï>r åhUOo X§VH$Wm hmoV' Aer Ho$br Amho.à^mH$a _m§S>o ì`m»`m H$aVmV Vr Aer : "bmoH$OrdZmV _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Ambobr Aer H$Wm,{OMm AmYma EImXr Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm AgVo. _mÌ _m¡{IH$ na§nao_Ü`o {OMo ñdê$n nyU©nUo ~XbboboAgVo. {Vbm X§VH$Wm Ago åhUVmV.' X§VH$Wm EImÚm Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zoda AmYmabobr AgVo. {VÀ`mVrbgË` H$mbm§VamZo Yyga hmoVo. Ë`mda AX² yVVoMr db o {Z_m©U hmoVmV. X§VH$WoMm AmYma Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>ZmAgbr Var H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV {VÀ`mV AZoH$ H$mën{ZH$ g§X © KwgS>bo OmVmV. X§VH$Wm hm eãX lrYan§{S>Vm§À`m nm§S>dàVmn `m J«§WmV oVmo d XwJm© ^mJdVm§Zr da {Xboë`m ì`m» oVyZ lrYambm X§VH$WoMmA{^àoV Agbobm AW© ì`ŠV Ho$bm Amho.

à^mH$a _m§S>o X§VH$Wobm "{dn ©ñV qH$dm Ag§~Õ d nwîH$iXm {dñ_¥V B{Vhmg' Ago åhUVmV.X§VH$WoV àXoenaËdo {^ÞVm `oV OmVo. H$maU {VÀ`mV Ë`m Ë`m àXoem§Mo Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ d gm_m{OH$OrdZmMo OVZ Ho$bobo AgVo. _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo nwT>o MmbV Amboë`m X§VH$Wm§V H$mën{ZH$ dU©Zo, A{Va§{OVKQ>Zm `oV Agë`m Var {VÀ`mV d{U©boë`m ì`ŠVr d KQ>Zm gË` AgVmV. Eo{Vhm{gH$, nm¡am{UH$H$mimVrb KQ>Zm `m X§VH$WoÀ`m _wbmYma AgVmV. _yi KQ>Zoda H$ënZoMr nwQ>o EdT>r MT>VmV H$s, Ë`mVgË` PmH$moibo OmVo. Ë`m_wio X§VH$Wm§Zm _amR>rV \$mobH$Wm qH$dm ^mH$S>H$Wm Agm eãX Amho. ñWm{ZH$

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H$WmgwÌo, nm¡am{UH$ ì`ŠVr Am{U KQ>Zmàg§Jm§er OmoSy>Z VËH$mbrZ OrdZmMo {MÌU H$aUmè`m X§VH$WmåhUOo nm¡am{UH$ X§VH$Wm. CXm. am_, nm§S>d, ZmaX, _ëhmar, gm{dÌr, JUnVr `mV H$mhr doim loð> dbmoH$moÎma nwéfm§Zm XodËd ~hma Ho$bo OmVo. CXm. g_wÐ ha{dUmam dra naewam_, J§JmZXrÀ`m àdmhmbmdiU bmdyZ H$mbì`m§Mm Cn`moJ àW_ H$aUmè`m ^JraWmMo gË` à`ËZ ~mOybm nS>bo d Ë`mZo ñdJm©VyZJ§Jm AmUë`mMr X§VH$Wm àg¥V Pmbr.

X§VH$Wm§Mo ñWm{ZH$ d ^Q>H$s X§VH$Wm Ago XmoZ ^mJ nS>VmV. ñWm{ZH$ X§VH$Wm Ë`m Ë`m ñWim§er{ZJ{S>V AgVmV. Z§Va Ë`m ñWmZm§Va H$aVmV. CXm. _ZyMr d _hmnwamMr H$Wm. ñWm{ZH$ X§VH$Wm§Mo Mmaà_wI dJ© nS>VmV.

1. Eo{Vhm{gH$ ì`ŠVtMm d KQ>Zm§Mm g§~§Y Agbobm dJ©.

2. ñWbm§À`m Am»`m{`H$m§Mm dJ©.

3. nwaboë`m YZmÀ`m H$Wm§Mm dJ©.

4. wVmIoVm§À`m, PnmQ>boë`m Kam§À`m d PmS>m§À`m {d{eï> KamÊ`m§Mm Am»`m{`H$m§Mm dJ©.

ñWm{ZH$ X§VH$Wm§V Xwï> hoVyZo {Xbobo ~ir, CXmÎm AmË_~{bXmZ, Ë`m§À`m Ñí` IwUm, g_mYr,Xodio, d§¥XmdZ, d¥jVbr BË`mXr Adeof Zm§XV AgVmV. CXm. nmd©VrMm S>moim nSy>Z {Z_m©U PmbobmZ¡{ZVmb, ZI nSy>Z Pmbobm Z»Ir Vbmd, am_mZo nyOm Ho$bobo am_oœa qH$dm am_qbJ, H¥$îUmMo JmoHw$i,d§¥XmdZ dJ¡ao.

^Q>H$s qH$dm n[a «_Uerb X§VH$Wm hr AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgVo Am{U Vr AZoH$ {R>H$mUr àgm[aVhmoVmZm {VÀ`mVrb H$Wm~rOm§Mm AZwH«$_ «_UmV ~XbyZ OmVmo. {VMo _ybñWmZ emoYUo AdKS> AgVo._mÌ ^Q>Š`m X§VH$WoMo {dñVmajoÌ ñWm{ZH$ X§VH$Wonojm IynM _moR>o AgVo. CXm. "~brMo eodQ>Mo eãX'`m X§VH$WoV àË`j _wbmbm ~ir XoUmam ~mn d amOm `m§À`mH$S>o nmhÿZ _wbJm ~ir OmVmZm hgVmo. H$maUajH$ Ë`mMo dYH$ hmoVmV. hr H$Wm ewZ: eonmÀ`m "EoVao` ~«m÷U H$Wm' d BVaÌ `wamonr` H$Wm§Vhr Amho.Xwgar M§Ðhmg H$Wm. M§Ðhmg ZmdmMm ew^ ZjÌmda OÝ_bobm _wbJm Ë`mÀ`m eÌyÀ`m AZoH$H$nQ>H$mañWmZmVyZ dmMVmo. Ë`mÀ`m {ejoMo nÌ Vmo KoD$Z OmV AgVmZm dmQ>oV EH$ Vê$Ur Vo nÌ ~XbVo.Ë`m_wio Ë`mbm gÎmm, g§nÎmr, nËZr {_iVo d Ë`mÀ`m eÌy§Mm Zme hmoVmo. WmoS>Š`mV X§VH$Wm§V Zm`H$Zm{`Ho$bm XodËd, A{V_mZwfËd {_iVo. `m§Mr {Z{_©Vr ~moYmgmR>r Pmbobr ZgVo.

B amjgH$Wm

_m¡{IH$ bmoH$H$Wm§À`m AZoH$ àH$mam§V amjgH$Wm d¡{eï>çnyU© d AX²^wVaå` AmhoV. A_mZwfeŠVr, H«$m¡ ©, àM§S> d ^`mZH$ Xoh bm^bobo amjg dmQ>oV Vo H$ê$ eH$VmV. Vo {ÌH$mbkmZr AgVmV.bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb amjgH$Wm `m ZmQ>H$mÀ`m gwï>, gV²erb Mm[aÍ`mÀ`m nmœ© y_rda H$miçm H«y$a d Xwï>

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ê$nmV a§J{dë`m Joë`m AmhoV. ^maVmV nwamUH$Wm§V amjgm§Mo AZoH$ C„oI oVmV. CXm. _Yy, _ya, H¡$Q>^,AKmgya, amjgm§Mm dY {dîUyH$Sy>Z Pmbm, ho amjg dmQ>ob Vo ê$n KoD$ eH$VmV. CXm. eH$amgya H¥$îUmbm_maÊ`mgmR>r nm§JwiJmS>m KoD$Z oVmo. Vo hdoV _hmb ~m§YVmV, MmbVmV, JwßV hmoVmV. _mUgmMo ê$nm§VaXJS>mnmgyZ njmn ªV H$emVhr H$ê$ eH$VmV. Aem Ag§»` {gÕr Ë`m§Zm àmá AgVmV. Ë`m§Mm Cn`moJ VoXwï>mì`mgmR>r H$aVmV. Ë`mVyZ gËH¥$Ë o Ho$br Agë`mÀ`m H$Wm ¹${MVM gmnS>VmV.

amjgm§Zm gw§Xa Vê$Ur, amOH$Ý`m `m§Mo AmH$f©U _moR>o AgVo. Vo Ë`m§Zm nidyZ AmUyZ H$S>oH$moQ>~§Xmo~ñVmV R>odVmV. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o b½ZmMr amoO _ZYaUr H$aVmV. nU Hw$R>ë`mhr amjgmZo ~iO~arZoamOH$Ý oer {ddmh bmdbobm {XgV Zmhr. amj{gUtZmgwÕm _mZdmMo AmH$f©U AgVo. CXm. eyn©UImam_-bú_UmH$S>o AmH¥$ï> hmoVo. {hqS>~m r_mer {ddmh H$aVo. ~mUmgwaH$Ý`m Cfm lrH¥$îUmMm ZmVy A{ZéÕbmnidyZ AmUyZ Ë`mÀ`mer b½Z H$aVo. gË`^m_m hr gwÕm amjgH$Ý`m Amho.

Za_m§g^jH$ amjg AË §V H«y$a, g§Vmnr Agbo Var _yI© AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mm nmonQ>mV qH$dmAÝ` {R>H$mUr AgUmè`m àmUmMo ahñ` Vo gm§JyZ Q>mH$VmV. ~mQ>brVbm amjg nwÝhm ~mQ>brV ~§X H$aVmoVmo. g_wÐ_§WZmVrb A_¥V _mo{hZrê$n {dîUy_wio amjgm§Zm {_iV Zmhr. Ë`mÀ`m aŠVmVyZ Xwgao amjg

{Z_m©U hmVomV. Ë`m§À`m H$Zdmiy {ó`m Zm`H$mbm àmUmMo ahñ` gm§JVmV. qH$dm amjg oÊ`mnydu Ë`mÀ`mOmÊ`mMr ì`dñWm bmdVmV. ho amjg VmH$XdmZ Agbo Var YyV© ZgVmV. nU g§Vmnbo H$s AË §V {ZX©dmJVmV. Ë`m§À`m Odi _m`mdr eŠVr, AX² wV dñVy§Mm I{OZm AgVmo. J{bìhaÀ`m àdmg H$Wm§VamjgmÀ`m XoemMm C„oI oVmo. qhXy nwamUm§V Xod d X¡Ë`m§Mo hmS>d¡a, wÕ `m§À`m H$Wm oVmV. Zmg©H$Wm§VË`m§À`m AZoH$ H$Wm AmhoV. amjgH$Wm§Mo à`moOZ _mbVr~mB© Xm§S>oH$am§Zr _m{_©H$nUo gm§{JVbo Amho.""\$moQ>mo Mm§Jbm oÊ`mgmR>r H$miçm nS>ÚmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVoM. gÁOZ, gËàd¥Îm {ZVr_mZ _mUgm§MogX²JwU d Mm[aÍ` CRy>Z {Xgmdo åhUyZM amjgr dU©Zm§Mm hm H¥$îUdU© ^mJ bmoH$H$WoV AJË`mZo `moObobm{Xgob.'' _mUgmVrb {ZX© Vm, A_mZdr d¥ÎmtZm amjgrd¥Îmr H$m åhQ>bo OmVo, Ë`mMo CÎma amjgH$Wm§VgmnS>Vo.

B nwamUH$Wm

^maVmV AR>am nwamUo à{gÕ AgyZ Ë`mV AZoH$ H$Wm AmhoV. Ë`m H$Wm J«§WmVyZ d _m¡{IH$ na§naoVyZEH$m {nT>rVyZ Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o Amë`m AmhoV. nwamUH$Wm Y_m©er {ZJS>rV Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mo nR>U ldUnwÊ`àX _mZbo OmVo. Ë`m_wio AmOhr MmVw_m©gmV qH$dm AÝ`doir nwamUH$Wm _moR>çm lÕoZo d pŠV^mdmZoEoH$ë`m OmVmV. `m H$Wm CXmÎm _yë o g_mO_Zmda ê$O{dÊ`mMo H$m © H$aVmV. Y«wd~mi, ^ŠV àëhmX,{M{b`m~mi, lmdU~mi, h[aü§Ð, Vmam_Vr, {eH$mU `m§À`m H$Wm à{gÕ AmhoV. `m nwamUH$WmdS>rbYmè`m§H$Sy>Z bhmZ _moR>çm§Zm EoH$dyZ g§ñH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV. JUoenwamU, ñH§$YnwamU, {dîUwnwamU,{ednwamU Aer nwamUo XodXodVm§À`m AZoH$ H$Wm§Zr wŠV AmhoV. `m nwamUH$Wm _Zmoa§OH$ Agë`m Var

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Ë`m§Mm hoVy a§OZ ZgyZ ~moY hm Amho. Ë`m§Mm Ame` g_mOmda Mm§Jbo g§ñH$ma H$aUmam AgVmo. X¡dXodVm§Moem¡ ©, Ë`mJ, Ë`m§À`mdahr _mUgmà_mUo g§H$Q>o oUo, Ë`m§Mr H$gmoQ>r bmdUo Ago H$ënZm~§Y AgUmè`mnwamUH$Wm _mUgmbm OJÊ`mMo ~i XoVmV. `m nwamUH$Wm§V gmpËdH$Vm AgVo. Ü o mgmR>r à`ËZ H$ê$ZAT>inX {_i{dUmam Y«wd, _mVm{nË`m§Mr godm H$aUmam lmdU~mi qH$dm gË`mgmR>r dZdmg ^moJUmamamOm h[aü§Ð `m§À`m nwamUH$Wm, g_mO_Zm§da CXmÎm n[aUm_ H$aVmV. _mZdr _Zmbm XodËdmMo, Xodm§À`mnamH«$_mMo Ë`mJmMo AmH$f©U AgVo. Ë`mMà_mUo Xodm§Mr ^rVrhr AgVo. Ë`m_wio Xodm§À`m H$Wm gm§JUmarnwamUo g_mOmÀ`m Zr{V{ejH$mMo H$m`© H$aVmV.

B ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm

ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm§Mr CËnÎmr X¡dVH$Wm d CËnÎmrH$Wm§VyZ Pmbr. Am{X_mZd g¥ï>r_Ü`oKS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§Zr Amü ©M{H$V Pmbm. `m AX² wV, {dñ_`H$maH$ KQ>Zm§Mm AÝd` bmdÊ`mMm à`ËZË`mZo Ho$bm. Ë`mVyZ ñnîQ>rH$aU H$Wm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. m H$Wm§V EImÚm KQ>ZoMo ñnï>H$aU {Xbo OmVo. mVVH©$ewÕVonojm AX² wVmda ^a {Xbobm AgVmo, H$mën{ZH$Vm A{YH$ AgVo. Ë`m_wio `m H$Wm d¡{eï>çnyU©R>aVmV.

ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm Y_m©er {ZJ{S>V AgVmV. Ë`m§Mr ^mfm gmonr, AmoKdVr AgVo. Ë`mVyZ CnXoeqH$dm ~moY H$aÊ`mnojm ì`dhmakmZ {Xbo OmVo. CXm. M§ÐmZo JwénËZrbm ñne© Ho$ë`mZo Ë`mÀ`mda S>mJnS>bm. B§Ð A{hë oÀ`m emnmZo ghómj ~Zbm. Ë`mÀ`m earamda hOma S>moio Agë`mZo Ë`mbm ho Zmd{_imbo. g_wÐ_§WZmVyZ Ambobo {df àmeZ Ho$ë`mZo Xmh Pmë`m_wio e§H$amZo J§Jm, gn© ho Jiçmda Am{UM§Ð _mÏ`mda YmaU Ho$bo. åhUyZ Vmo J§JmYa, ZmJZmW, ^mbM§Ð, \$UtÐ, ZriH§$R> `m Zmdm§Zr AmoiIbmOmVmo. g_wÐ ImaQ> H$m ? AJñVtZr Vmo n«meZ H$ê$Z nwÝhm Amnë`m _wÌmdmQ>o CËg{O©V Ho$ë`mZo Vmo ImaQ>Pmbm. gy m©Mr _wbo `_-`_r. `_mÀ`m _¥Ë yZo emoH$mHy$b Pmboë`m `_rbm Ë`mMr {dñ_¥Vr hmoÊ`mgmR>r,{ZÐm `mdr åhUyZ Xodm§Zr {Xdg amÌrMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br. Aer H$Wm {XdgamÌ {Z{_©VrÀ`m ñnï>rH$aUmgmR>rgm§{JVbo OmVo. H$moH$UmV AmT>iUmè`m H$mhr dZñnVtZm grVoMo nmoho, grVoMr doUr Aer Zmdo H$m ? mMremór` _r_m§gm {dkmZ H$WoV hmoB©b. nU bmoH$H$Wm§V Ë`mMo ñnï>rH$aU doJio AgVo. eofmÀ`m _mÏ`mdaVmobboë`m n¥Ïdrda nmn dmT>bo H$s, eof _mWm S>mobmdVmo d YaUrH§$n hmoVmo. n¥ÏdrÀ`m n[a «_Um_wio{Xdg-amÌ hmoV Agbo Var bmoH$gm{hË`mV Ë`mMo ñnï>rH$aU M§Ð gy © XmoKm§Mr oQ> Z hmoUo dJ¡ao gm§{JVboOmVo.

ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm§Mm AÝd` Ym{_©H$ lÕm§er AgVmo. CXm. gwXmå`mMo nmoho H¥$îUmZo AmdS>rZo Im„o.Ë`m_wio nmoho H$Yr ZmH$mê$ Z oV Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. `m H$Wm N>moQ>çm d gyÌ~Õ AgVmV. gmÜ`m gmoß`m^mfoVyZ Ë`m lmoË`m§Zm AmH${f©V H$aVmV. `m H$Wm ^ŠVrZo ldUnR>U Ho$ë`m OmVmV. `m{edm` _m¡{IH$bmoH$H$Wm§Mo hmñ`H$Wm, MmVw ©H$Wm, namH«$_H$Wm, AZw dH$Wm Ago AZoH$ àH$ma AmhoV. `m àH$mam§ZrbmoH$H$boMo XmbZ g_¥Õ Ho$bo Amho. kmZ d _Zmoa§OZmMr gmYZo ZgVmZm bmoH$H$Wm a§OZ H$aVmZm

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g_mOmbm ì`dhmakmZ, MmVw ©, gX²dV©Z, ZrVr dJ¡aoMr {eH$dU XoV hmoË`m. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mr mfm AmH$f©H$,MQ>H$Xma, S>m¡bXma ~Zbr Amho.

5.5 bmoH$H$WoVrb _ybKQ>H$, aMZm~§Y Am{U H$ënZm~§Y

bmoH$H$Wm§Mm àgma gd©Xya OJ^a Pmbm Amho. `m OJ^aÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm§V H$mhr g_mO KQ>H$AmhoV. ga [aMS>© Q>|nb m§Zr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo emór` dJuH$aU H$aÊ`mMo H$m © gd©àW_ Ho$bo. Ë`m§À`m AmYrH$Wm§Mo dJuH$aU H$ê$Z Ë`m§À`mVrb _yi KQ>H$m§Mm emoY KoVbm Amho. Q>|nb `m§Zr 'Wide Awake

Stores' ZmdmMm J«§W {b{hbm AgyZ Ë`mbm OmoS>boë`m n[a{eï>mV Ë`m§Zr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo _ybKQ>H$, H$ënZm~§YdJ¡a|Mr _m{hVr {Xbr Amho. Q>|nb `m§Zr bmoH$H$Wm§Mo Mma à_wI KQ>H$ _mZbo AmhoV Vo Ago.

1. bmoH$H$WoVrb nmÌo.

2. bmoH$H$WoVrb A{^d¥Õr

3. bmoH$H$WoÀ`m A{^d¥Õrbm nyaH$ gmYZo (Means)

4. g§H$sU© KQ>H$ (Miscellany)

à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr `m Mma KQ>H$m§IoarO H$Wm{Z{_©VrÀ`m _wimer AgUmao g_mO_Z, H$Wmê$no`m§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bm Amho. Q>|nb `m§Zr Xe©{dbobo KQ>H$ Ë`m§Zm AnyU© dmQ>bo. eaX ì`dhmao `m§ZrbmoH$H$WoÀ`m _yi KQ>H$m§Mr g§»`m Xhm _mZbr Amho. Ë`mV Ë`m§Zr H$Wmê$n, g_mO_mZg, H$ënZm~§Y,H$Wm{deof, H$WoMr KQ>Zm, dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr, H$WoMm hoVy, H$WZ, H$WoVrb VÎd `m§Mmhr g_mdoe Ho$bmAmho.

5.5.1 bmoH$H$WoVrb nmÌo

H$Wo_Ü o nmÌ hr EH$ Amdí`H$ Jmoï> Amho. nmÌ{da{hV H$Wm g§ dV Zmhr. H$WoVrb KQ>Zm KS>Ê`mgmR>rnmÌo Cn`wV R>aVmV. OJ^aÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm§V, gmdÌ AmB©, Xwï> MoQ>H$sU, nè`m, amjg, eya Zm`H$,ê$ndmZ Zm{`H$m, ~«m÷U Aer nmÌo oVmV. `m nmÌm§Mr dV©UyH$hr g_mZ AgVo. CXm. Xwï>, Hw$ê$n,åhmVmar, MoQ>H$sU, gw§Xa ê$nmMr d gw§Xa H$mo_b _ZmMr amOH$Ý`m, Xwï> amjg, CS>Vm KmoS>m, _XV H$aUmaonewnjr dJ¡ao nmÌm§VyZ H$WmZH$mbm JVr oVo.

5.5.2 bmoH$H$WoVrb A{^d¥Õr

bmoH$H$WoVrb A{^d¥Õr qH$dm J{V_mZVm H$Wobm nwT>o ZoVo. H$WoMr dmT> hmoUo qH$dm àJVr hmoUoåhUOo H$WoMr A{^d¥Õr. bmoH$H$WoÀ`m d¡{eï>çm§à_mUo ho KQ>H$hr a§OH$, AX² wV AgVmV. amOH$Ý oMmnU nyU© H$aÊ`mgmR>r Zm`H$mMm àdmg, Zm{`Ho$À`m {d{MÌ AQ>r, ñdßZo, wŠË`m, AßgaoÀ`m emoYmV_mZdr Zm`H$, dmQ>oV Ë`mbm à{Vñn{Y©Zr oQ>Uo, Zm{`Ho$Mo ê$nm§Va, \$i, \y$b, ^mOrV hmoUo. àg§Jr Ë`m\$imÀ`m qH$dm EImÚm nmIamÀ`m Vm|Sy>Z Zm`H$mbm g§Ho$V {_iUo B. KQ>H$ bmoH$H$WoVrb A{^d¥Õr

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H$aUmao KQ>H$ AgVmV. XwJm© mJdVm§Zm H$moH$UÀ`m _hmar bmdÊ`mV "B§ÐmMr ~mbwamUr' hr H$Wm {_imbr.Ë`mV AOw©Zmda AZwê$ŠV Pmbobr ~mbwamUr Am§ã`mMr H$mo ~ZyZ AOw©ZmÀ`m _m§S>rVyZ n¥Ïdrda oVo.Cd©erà_mUo {VMrhr AQ> AgVoo, AOw©Z AQ> _moSy>Z {Vbm {ddó nmhVmo d _aVmo. ~§Sy> H$moiçmMr ~m`H$mo{VMo H$nS>o, Xm{JZo KmbyZ {Vbm {d{harV T>H$bVo. ~mbwamUrZo AmUbobo nmUr qenSy>Z H$moirU H$_iê$nr~mbwamUrbm Hw$gH$ê$Z mVmV KmbVo. Ë`mVyZ Vr ~mobVo d gË` CbJS>Vo. AemM àH$maMr gmoZgmIirMr,{~bnVr amUrMr H$Wm Amho. gmV ^mD$ d EH$ ~{hU hr Vm_ri H$Wm, hþH$s Am{U VwH$s hr Hw$U~r H$WmAem AZoH$ H$Wm AX² wVaå` AmhoV.

5.5.3 A{^d¥Õrg nyaH$ gmYZo

H$Wm J{V_mZ H$aUmao KQ>H$ åhUOo A{^d¥Õrg nyaH$ gmYZo hmoV. H$WH$mÀ`m _wImVyZ hr nyaH$gmYZo H$Wobm JVr XoV AgVmV. hr gmYZohr AX² yV, A_mZdr d X¡dr AgVmV. CXm. amOmÀ`m S>moiçmdaqeJ CJdbo, Ýhmì`mbm Z amhmdyZ Vo Vmo PmS>mbm gm§JVmo d q~J \w$Q>Vo Vo PmS>mH$Sy>Z. C{H$aS>çmdaMm mV~mobVmo d ~mbwamUr {Od§V hmoVo. gmoZ gmIirbm Kma Oody ImD$ KmbVo. H$Yr e§H$a nmd©Vr {d_mZmVyZOmVmZm {nS>rV órMo aS>Uo EoHy$Z oVmV. H$Yr EImXr Jm` {edqbJmda A{^foH$ KmbVo. qghmgZmdarbnwVir ~mobVo, H$Yr nmonQ> Zr{VH$Wm gm§JyZ ì`{^Mma Q>miVmo. H$mhr H$Wm§V Amgam, ZmJH$Ý`m Jar~_wbmbm _XV H$aVmV. H$Yr newnjr _mZdr dmUrV H$mhr ahñ` gm§JVmV, g§H$Q>mda VmoS>Jo gm§JVmV.Ë`m§Mo Z EoH$Umè`m Zm`H$ Zm{`H$m§Zm ^ §H$a `mVZm ^moJmì`m bmJVmV. Ago KQ>H$ H$Wobm J{V_mZH$aVmV.

5.5.4 g§H$sU© qH$dm nyaH$ KQ>Zm

bmoH$H$Wm AX² wVaå` Agë`mZo Ë`m§À`mVrb dmVmdaUhr VgoM _m`mdr d Ag§ d AgVo. ZmJbmoH$,nmVmibmoH$, dZMa dJ¡a|Mo dmVmdaU EdT>o H$m¡eë`mZo a§J{dbobo AgVo H$s, gË` dmQ>mdo. amjg, yV,{nemÀ`, hS>i `m g§H$ënZm bmoH$H$Wm§Zr ÑT> Ho$ë`m. nú`m§Zm ^{dî` g_OVo d Ë`m_wio bmoH$H$WoÀ`mZm`H$mÀ`m à`ËZm§Zm {Xem {_iVo. amOH$Ý obm ~§{XdmZ H$aUmè`m amjgmbm amOdmS>m, {VWbm H$S>oH$moQ>~§Xmo~ñV Am{U Vmo ^oXÊ`mMr `wŠVr XoUmam EImXm njr `m KQ>Zm H$WmZH$mbm nyaH$ R>aVmV. Zm. Jmo.MmnoH$am§Zr {b{hboë`m "~Xbmnya' `m g§J«hmVrb M§ÐhmgmÀ`m bmoH$H$WoV M§Ðhmgmbm {~Z^moJmVyZ {Z_m©UPmbobr ~m`H$mo hdr AgVo. Ë`mMr BÀN>m EoHy$Z EH$ÌnbrÀ`m S>moiçmVyZ nmÊ`mMo W|~ nS>VmV. Ë`mVyZH$Ý`m d gn© ~mhoa nS>VmV. Vr H$Ý`m Ë`m gnm©~amo~a aV hmoVo, Zdè`mbm _mam`bm gm§JVo. nU M§ÐhmgmZogmnmbm _maVmM Vr H$T>B©V gnm©Mo VwH$S>o KmbyZ Ë`mMo {df H$mT>Vo dJ¡ao Aem g§H$sU© KQ>Zm§Zr bmoH$H$Wm§MramoMH$Vm dmT>Vo.

5.5.5 bmoH$H$WoMo aMZm~§Y

bmoH$H$Wm§Mm àgma gd© OJ^a Pmbm. Ë`mdoir Ë`mÀ`m _yiê$nmV Ë`m Ë`m àXoemMr mfm, m¡Jmo{bH$,

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gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eï>ço, bmoH$g§Ho$Vm§Mr ^a nSy>Z Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n ~Xbbo. ho ~Xb Pmbo Var Ë`m§À`m énmVH$mhr gmå` H$m`_ am{hbo. Ë`m H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$ê$Z bmoH$H$Wm§Mo _ybñWmZ emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Aä`mgH$m§ZrHo$bm. Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Zm H$mhr aMZm~§Y àmá Pmbo. bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm EH$ _mZdg_yhmn ªV_`m©{XV Ñï>r Z R>odVm ì`mnH$ Ñï>r R>odmdr bmJVo.

A{VàmMrZ H$mir ApñVËdmV Agboë`m H$Wm§VyZ OÝ_boë`m bmoH$H$Wm OJ^a àgma nmdVmZmË`m§À`mV ~Xb hmoV Jobo. ñWi, H$mi, ñdê$n, KQ>Zm, ì`ŠVr mV ~Xb Pmbm Var Ë`mV Oo _ybH$Wm{deofH$m`_ am{hbo. Ë`m§Zm aMZm~§Y Ago åhUVm oB©b. OJ^aÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm§V H$mhr gmå` AmT>iVo. wJmZw wJoàM{bV Agboë`m bmoH$H$Wm§Mm àgma doJdoJiçm {R>H$mUr Pmbm Var Ë`mV H$mhr H$Wm§V gmå` AmT>ibo.Ë`mbm _ybH$Wm qH$dm H$Wm{deof Ago åhUVmV. dZ© `m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$mZo 'Handbook of

Folklore' `m J«§WmV _ybH$Wm§Mr MMm© H$ê$Z gÎma H$Wm{deof qH$dm _ybH$Wm {Xë`m AmhoV. ^maVmVrbAä`mgH$ eaÀM§Ð {_Ì `m§Zr Í`hmÎma H$Wm{deof gm§{JVbo AmhoV. AmÝQ>r AmZ} `m§Zr H$Wm{deofm§Mr{dñV¥V gyMr {Xbr Va pñQ>W Wm°_gZZr 'Folktale' `m Amnë`m J«§WmV H$mhr à_wI bmoH$H$Wm§Mm g_mdoeHo$bm Amho. darb Aä`mgH$m§À`m g§emoYZm_wio _ybH$Wm§Mr gyMr, Xem§enÕVrZo Ë`mM§o dJuH$aU `m_wiobmoH$H$WoÀ`m Aä`mgmMo EH$ emó V`ma Pmbo. pñQ>W Wm°_gZ `m§Zr Ho$bobr H$Wm{deofmMr ì`m»`mAer, "Á`m nma§n[aH$ H$WoMo ñdê$n g§nyU©V: ñdV§Ì AgyZ {OMm AÝd` bmdÊ`mg H$moUË`mhr BVaH$WoMr Oê$a nS>V Zmhr Ë`m H$Wobm H$Wm{deof åhUmdo.'' VrZ hOma dfm©nyduÀ`m nwamUH$Wm§VdÝ`O_mVrÀ`m H$Wm AmhoV. Ë`mdê$Z bmoH$H$Wm nmM hOma dfmªnmgyZ ApñVËdmV Agmì`mV Ago _mZboOmVo. ~oZ\o$Zo OJ^aÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm§Mo _yi n§MV§ÌmV emoYbo. Z§VaÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr bmoH$H$Wm `m EH$mhÿZOmñV {R>H$mUr {Z_m©U Pmë`mMo {gÕ Ho$bo.

OJ^aÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm§V gw§Xa amOH$Ý`m, Xwï> gmdÌ AmB©, MoQ>H$sU, amjg, Xwï>> ^mD$, ZU§XobmN>iÊmmè`m ^mdO`m, bmo r amOm, gd©{gÕr AgUmao gËnwéf, ~mobUmao newnjr, em{nV Zm`H$ Zm{`H$m,Ë`m§Zm {_iUmao C:emn, gÁOZm§Mo B©œamH$Sy>Z ajU hmoUo, H$nQ>r {_Ì Ago H$mhr g_mZ aMZm~§YAmT>iVmV. WmoS>Š`mV _m¡{IH$ ê$nmZo bmoH$H$Wm àgm[aV hmoVmV. Ë`m§À`mV ~møê$nmV ~Xb Pmbo VarË`m§À`mV H$mhr _yi aMZm~§Y H$m`_ am{hbo.

5.5.6 bmoH$H$Wm§Mo H$ënZm~§Y

H$Wm{deofm§À`m _ybKQ>H$m§Zm "H$ënZm~§Y' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. Ë`mMr ì`m»`m "bmoH$H$Wm§Mm ñdV§ÌnUopñWa amhÿ eH$Umam KQ>H$ åhUOo H$ënZm~§Y' Aer Ho$br OmVo. hm H$WoMm bhmZmV bhmZ KQ>H$ AgVmo.B§J«OrV Ë`mbm 'Motif' Ago åhUVmV. Va H«o$n `mZo H$ënZm~§YmgmR>r 'Motive' Agm eãX dmnabm Amho.dmgwXodeaU AJ«dmb Ë`mbm "A{^àm`' Agm eãX `moOVmV. H$WoVrb na§naoZo {Q>Hy$Z amhÊ`mMm JwUY_©AgUmam KQ>H$ åhUOo H$ënZm~§Y hmo .

H$ënZm~§YmMo VrZ àH$ma AgVmV. (1) H$Vm©, (2) dñVy, (3) KQ>Zm. dmgwXodeaU AJ«dmb

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`m§À`m _Vo Á`mà_mUo Kambm drQ>m§Mr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Ë`mà_mUo bmoH$H$Wobm H$ënZm~§YmMr JaOAgVo. Ë`m{edm` bmoH$H$Wm g§ dV Zmhr.

H$ënZm~§YmÀ`m H$Vm© `m KQ>H$mV ZmJ, amjg, nè`m, MoQ>H$sU, _mZd, gmdÌ AmB©, _yi, _mZdór nwéf, A_mZdr newnjr `m§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`mOdi H$mhr Abm¡{H$H$ eŠVr AgVo qH$dm Vogwï>-Xwï> dJ¡ao AgVmV.

dñVy : `m KQ>H$mV OmXwMm {Xdm, MQ>B©, N>S>r, Jm{bMm, CS>Vm KmoS>m, gmoÝ`mMo PmS>, Vm|S>mVyZ gmoZoQ>mH$Umam njr, AÞ XoUmar Wmir, dZJm`, Aem H$mhr AX² wV dñVy§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$H$WmAX² wV hmoVmV.

KQ>Zm : `m KQ>H$mV KS>Umè`m AmíM ©H$mar KQ>Zm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo. XwJm© ^mJdVm§Zr nmonQ>mZo{MaVmê$Ê` XoUmao A_¥V\$imMo PmS> ~mJoV bmdÊ`mMr KQ>Zm "bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ê$naoIm'_Ü o gm§{JVbrAmho. ^mD$ ZmJ Pmbm H$s ~{hU Ë`mÀ`m _mJo _mJo OmUo, gmdÌ AmB©Zo ~{hUrbm ~XMbZ R>adyZ ~mhoaH$mT>VmM ^mD$ {VÀ`m _mJo OmUo, amOmbm ñdßZmV gmoÝ`mMo PmS> {XgUo, XodVm amJmdUo, \${OVr hmoUo,wVmMo CbQ>o nm`, Xwï> gmdÌ AmB©Mo N>iUo ho H$ënZm~§Y gd©Ì AmT>iVmV. A_o[aHo$Vrb ãby_\$sëS>

`m§Zr H$ënZm~§YmMo gd© àW_ AÜ``Z Ho$bo. pñQ>W Wm°_gZ `m§Zr OJ^amÀ`m H$ënZm~§Ym§Mr gyMr~Z{dÊ`mMo H$m © hmVr KoVbo. ^maVmV ga [aMS>© Q>|nbZr H$ënZm~§YmH$S>o Aä`mgH$m§Mo bj doYbo.H$ënZm~§YmV {d{dYVm AgVo. g_mZ H$ënZm~§Y doJdoJir ê$no YmaU H$aVmV. CXm. "ZmJ' `m H$Vm©H$ënZm~§YmÀ`m AmYmao AZoH$ ZmJH$Wm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Ë`mV ZmJ_Ur, ZmJmbm g§JrVmMr AmdS> AgUo,Ë`mÀ`m S>moŠ`mda n¥Ïdr AgUo, Ë`mÀ`m ZmJbmoH$mVrb Ag§»` M_ËH$ma Ago AZoH$ H$ënZm~§Y AmT>iVmV.Ë`mÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm bmoH$H$Wm ~ZVmV. H$ënZm~§Ym§Zm emo mXe©H$mMr Cn_m {Xbr OmVo. emo mXe©H$hbdmdm Vgm H$mMoÀ`m VwH$S>çmVyZ Zdr Zjr V`ma hmoVo. Ë`mà_mUo g_mZ H$ënZm~§Ym§V doJdoJiçmbmoH$H$Wm AmH$ma KoVmV. Ë`m§Mo {díbofU H$aVmZm S>m°. {dœZmW qeXo åhUVmV, ""H$ënZm~§Y ñWbH$mbmÀ`m,^mfoÀ`m _`m©Xm Amobm§Sy>Z {dH${gV hmoD$ eH$VmV. {d{eï> OZg_yhmMm, Varhr gmd©{ÌH$ AZw d `mH$ënZm~§YmV AgVmo. H$ënZm~§Y AZoH$ AW© ì`ŠV H$ê$ eH$VmV. H$mimÀ`m AmoKmV H$mhr H$ënZm~§YZmhrgo hmoVmV. H$ënZm~§YmV hOmamo dfmªnyduÀ`m g_yhOrdZmMo AZw d AgVmV.'' bmoH$gm{hË` _r_m§gm^mJ-1 _Yrb H$ënZm~§Ym§Mo ho {ddoMZ Ë`mÀ`m AZoH$ d¡{eï>çm§da àH$me Q>mH$Umao Amho.

5.6 _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm

OmJ{VH$ nmVirda bmoH$H$Wm§Mm {deofËdmZo Aä`mg Pmbm Amho. ^maVr` nmVirda bmoH$H$Wm§Mr{Z{_©Vr _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbr AgyZ Ë`m§Mo g§H$bZ d g§nmXZhr _moR>çm à_mUmda Pmbo Amho. H$WmH$WZAm{U H$WZldU hr _yb yV _mZdr àd¥Îmr Agë`m_wioM bmoH$H$Wm§Mo XmbZ A{Ve` g_¥Õ Am{U g§nÞAgbobo {XgVo. XodbmoH$, amOKamUr Am{U gm_mÝ` _mUgo Aem gdmªZmM H$Wm EoH$Uo AmdS>V Agë`mZoM

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ào[aV hmoD$Z AZoH$ H$Wm {Z_m©U Pmë`m. Am{U {Z_m©U Pmbobr H$Wm EH$m {R>H$mUr H$YrM ahmV Zmhr Va{VMm bdH$aM gd©Ì g§Mma hmoVmo, àgma hmoVmo. `mMo àm{V{ZYrH$ CXmhaU åhUyZ e§. Jmo. XmVo `m§Zrg§nm{XV Ho$bobr EH$ _amR>r H$Wm Amnë`mbm gm§JVm oB©b.

EH$Xm EH$ amOnwÌ Am{U àYmZ nwÌ dZm_Ü o _wŠH$m_mbm AgVmV. Ë`mdoir àYmZnwÌmbm Jmoï>EoH$Ê`mMr Vrd« BÀN>m AgVo. amOnwÌmbm Iyn Jmoï>r oVmV ho _m{hV Agë`m_wio Vmo amOnwÌmbm Jmoï>gm§JÊ`m~Ôb {dZ§Vr H$aVmo. nU H$mhr H$maUmZo amOnwÌ Jmoï> gm§JÊ`mMr Q>mimQ>mi H$aVmo Am{U PmonrOmVmo. nU Ë`mbm Á`m nmM Jmoï>r _m{hV AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm nmoQ>mV XSy>Z amhUo ng§V nS>V Zmhr Am{U _Jhiyhiy EHo$H$ Jmoï> ~mhoa nSy>Z PmS>mda MT>VmV. amOnwÌ Amnë`mbm XS>dy nmhV hmoVm åhUyZ g§Vmnì`ŠV H$aVmV Am{U Ë`mbm emn XoVmV. `m Jmoï>rMm _{VVmW© Agm H$s, H$Wobm CnOVM ñd`§àgmamMrAmdS> AgVo. Ë`m_wioM _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm àH$m{eV d AàH$m{eV ñdê$nmV _moR>çm à_mUmV {XgVmV.

_hmamï´> amÁ` bmoH$gm{hË` _mboVrb nwñVH$m§_Ü o, _hmamï´> amÁ` bmoH$gm{hË` g{_VrZo àH$m{eVHo$boë`m d gamo{OZr ~m~a `m§Zr g§nm{XV Ho$boë`m EH$ hmoVm amOm, VrWmªMo gmJa, amO{dbmgr Ho$dS>m,gm§Jrdm§Jr, gw§~amZ _m§S>rb, d¡O`§Vr m nwñVH$m§_Ü`o VgoM e§. Jmo. XmVo, _YwH$a dmH$moS>o, . {^. nmQ>rb,am_ H$mio, à^mH$a _m§S>o, {dídZmW qeXo, d¡Xohr H$moioH$a `m§À`m nwñVH$m§_Ü`o AZoH$ _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§Mog§X © Ambobo AmhoV. `m _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§Mo BVa bmoH$H$Wm§er AgUmao gmå`, Ë`m§Mo {díbofU _amR>rbmoH$H$WoMo A§J yV doJionU Am{U _amR>r bmoH$_mZg, bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z `m A§JmZo AmnU {dMmaH$ê$`m.

OmJ{VH$ nmVirda bmoH$H$Wm§Mo Á`mà_mUo dJuH$aU Ho$bobo Amho Ë`mZwgma _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§MoX¡dVH$Wm, CËn{ÎmH$Wm, d«VH$Wm, AX²^wVH$Wm, X§VH$Wm, ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm, àmUrH$Wm, hmñ`H$Wm dg§H$sU© H$Wm Ago dJuH$aU H$aVm `oB©b. _amR>rVrb `m bmoH$H$Wm§Mm gmoXmhaU n[aM` AmnU BWo H$ê$ZKoD$`m.

B X¡dVH$Wm (Myth)

X¡dVH$Wm hm bmoH$H$WoMm d¡{eï>çnyU© àH$ma AgyZ XodXodVm, j, J§Yd©, A{V_mZdr moZr m§À`merg§~§{YV Aem `m H$Wm AgVmV. `m H$Wm§_Ü`o Xodm§À`m H¥$Vr, Ë`m§Mo H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ g§~§Y, {_ÌËd, eÌwËd,O`-namO` `m§À`m h{H$JVtMm g_mdoe hmoVmo. CXm. Xod _ëhmar hm ~mUmB©gmR>r H$gm _|T>nmi ~ZVmo`mMr a§OH$ H$Wm YZJam§_Ü o bmoH${à` Amho.

"~mUmB©gmR>r _|T>nmi Pmbm Xod _ëhmarŸ&' `m bmoH$H$WoV M§XZnyaÀ`m O§JbmV _|T>nmi dmñVì`mbmAgVmZm AMmZH$ JS>JSy>Z VoOmMm nw§OH$m H$miçm H$mVimH$S>o Ymdbm Am{U EH$m bhmZ _wbrV gm_mdbm.XodmMr H¥$nm åhUyZ YZJam§Zr {Vbm Amnbo _mZbo. {Vbm ~mUmB© `m ZmdmZo g§~moYy bmJbo. {ed^ŠV~mUmB©Zo _ëhmarÀ`m àmßVrgmR>r OoOwar JS>mda à`mU Ho$bo Am{U _ëhmarbm gm§Jmdm YmS>Vo. {VÀ`mgmR>r

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_ëhmarMm Ord nmIamgmaIm CS>Vmo Am{U {Vbm oQ>m`bm Vmo YZJa dñVrV oVmo. ~mdiQ> YZJamMm doeKoD$Z ~mUm~mB©H$S>o _|T>nmi åhUyZ _|T>a§ amIUrMr ZmoH$ar nËH$aVmo. _|T>a§ _mê$Z H$am_V XmIdVmo. ~mUmB©{MS>Vo Voìhm Vmo {Vbm åhUVmo, "_mPr ~m`H$mo hmo, _J _|T>a§ {OÎmr H$ê$Z XmdVmo.'' ~mUmB© mda CnamoYmË_H$hgVo, nU ~m`H$mo ìhm`bm H$~yb hmoVo. Am{U nmhVm nmhVm gd© _|T>a§ {Od§V hmoVmV. R>aë`mà_mUo ~mUmB©_ëhmarer b½Z H$aVo. _ëhmar YZJam§Mm OmdB© Pmë`mZ§ Ë`m§À`m AmZ§Xmbm nmamda CaV Zmhr.

na§naoZo hr bmoH$H$Wm AË §V glÕ ^mdZoZo OVZ Ho$br AgyZ {Vbm H$mën{ZH$ _mZbobo Zmhr.{VÀ`mV ~Xbhr Ho$bm OmV Zmhr. XodVm§Mo Am{U {ZgJm©Vrb AZoH$ KQ>H$m§Mo _mZwfrH$aU Ago _amR>rbmoH$H$Wm§_YyZ Ho$bobo {XgVo. m H$Wm§Mr g§»`m {dnwb Zmhr. ewÕ X¡dVH$Wm H$_r Agë`m Var XodXodVm§erg§~§{YV CËnÎmrH$Wm _mÌ WmoS>çm A{YH$ à_mUmV CnbãY AmhoV.

B CËn{ÎmH$Wm

_mZd, {ZgJ©, àmUr, J«h, Vmao, ZjÌ, M§Ð-gy ©, dZñnVr BË`mXtÀ`m CËnÎmrÀ`m {d{dY bmoH$H$Wm_amR>r_Ü o bmoH${à` AmhoV. Y_© mdZoer {ZJ{S>V Aem `m bmoH$H$Wm§ modVr nm{dÍ`mMo db` AgVo.CXm. _hmamï´> amÁ` bmoH$gm{hË` _mboÀ`m n{hë`m nwînmV amÌ{XZ~mB©Mr Jmoï> gm[JVbobr Amho.

amÌ{XZ~mB©bm gy ©, M§Ð Am{U Vmam~mB© hr VrZ _wbo AgVmV. EH$Xm `m VrZ _wbm§Zm Xwgè`m§H$S>oOodUmgmR>r ~mobmdbo OmVo. {VÝhr _wbo Oodm`bm OmVmV. gy m©Zo AmB©gmR>r AÞ AmUbo Zmhr åhUyZ Ë`m§MoKa gVV CÝhmV amhVo d bmoH$hr Ë`mÀ`mH$S>o nmhmV ZmhrV, M§ÐmZo AmB©gmR>r WmoS>ogo AÞ AmUbo åhUyZË`mMo Ka gmdbrV Amho nU Varhr WmoS>oM åhUOo nwaogo AÞ Z AmUë`m_wio Ë`mMo Vm|S> Zoh_r nm{hbo OmVZmhr. Va H$mhr R>am{dH$ {XderM Vo nm{hbo OmVo. Vmam~mB©Zo _mÌ AmB©gmR>r nwaogo AÞ AmUbo åhUyZamÌ{XZ~mB© {Vbm Zoh_r Amnë`mOdi R>odyZ KoVo.

`mMà_mUo grVm, Ðm¡nXr, nm§S>d, H$U©, _§XmoXar `m§À`m CËn{Îm~Ôb AZoH$ bmoH$H$Wm bmoH${à`AmhoV. AË §V ^m{dH$VoZo d lÕoZo `m H$Wm nR>U Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

B d«VH$Wm dm H$hmUr ({d{YH$Wm)

Ym{_©H$ {dYter g§~§{YV bmoH$H$Wm åhUOoM d«VH$Wm qH$dm H$hmÊ`m hmoV. hr d«Vo àm_w»`mZo{ó`m§gmR>r KmbyZ {Xbobr AmhoV. `mVyZ àË oH$ d«Vmer {ZJ{S>V H$hmÊ`m§Mm OÝ_ Pmbobm Amho. `md«VH$Wm MmVw`©, ~moY, gX²dV©Z, Ë`mJ, Y_m©MaU `m§Mr {eH$dU XoVmV. àmßV n[apñWVrV OJÊ`mMo ~iXoVmV. _amR>r g§ñH¥$VrV Aem AZoH$ d«VH$Wm AgyZ _amR>r bmoH$OrdZmbm Ë`m§Zr g_¥Õ Ho$bo Amho.

g_mOmV Zoh_r lr_§Vmg _mZ {Xbm OmVmo. Jar~mMm H$moUr dmbr Zmhr hm oX ZmË`m_Ü ohr oVmo."ewH«$dmaMr H$hmUr' _Ü o ^mdmÀ`m Kar ghó^moOZ AgVo. gJiçm Jmdmbm Am_§ÌU {Xbo OmVo. nUJar~ ~{hUrbm Am_§ÌU {Xbo OmV Zmhr. An_mZ {JiyZ _wbm§gmR>r ~hrU ghó^moOZmbm OmVo. An_m{ZV

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Ho$bo OmVo. Varhr Xwgè`m {Xder OmVo, nwÝhm {VMm An_mZ Ho$bm OmVmo. bú_rMr nyOm H$aVo. `m_wiobú_rMr H¥$nm hmoD$Z {Vbm g§nÎmr àmßV hmoVo. mD$ {Vbm Oodm`bm ~mobmdVmo Voìhm hr A§JmdaÀ`m EHo$H$mXm{JÝ`mda Kmg R>odVo. ^mdmbm MmoI CÎma XoVo.

Am{XË` amUy~mB©À`m d«VH$Wo_Ü o _moR>çm ~{hUrbm {dnÞmdñWm oVo Voìhm YmH$Q>r ~{hU {Vbm_XV H$aVo Ago XmIdbo Amho. Wmoaë`m ~{hUrZo Am{XË`amUy~mB©Mr H$hmUr Z EoH$ë`mZoM {Vbm Xm[aÐçAmbo hmoVo. nU ho d«V Ho$ë`mZo nwÝhm d¡^d àmßV Pmbo. Aem H$hmÊ`m§_YyZ g_mO_Zmda lÕoMo,Ym{_©H$VoMo g§ñH$ma Ho$bo OmVmV.

_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§_Ü`o gUdma, CËgdm§er {ZJ{S>V d«VH$Wmhr AmhoV. CXm. dgw~mag, lmdUrgmo_dma, {OdVr, ZmJn§M_r, _§JimJm¡a, h[aVm{bH$m, gmo_dVr A_mdñ`m B. d«VH$Wm§Zm Aä`mgH$bmoH$H$WmM _mZVmV.

S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§Zr _mÌ "d«VH$Wm nma§n[aH$ bmoH$H$WoMm àH$ma Zmhr. bmoH$H$WoMm EH$ àH$maåhUyZ AmVmn ªVÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr d«VH$Wm§Mm Omo {dMma Ho$bm Amho Vmo MwH$sMm Amho. qhXy Y_© àUmbrMmàgma H$aÊ`mgmR>r Hw$UmVar nwam{UH$mZo d«VH$Wm§Mr nmoWr V`mar Ho$br Agmdr, Am{U H$mbH«$_mV {Vbm_m¡{IH$ ê$n àmßV PmboAgmdo' Ago åhQ>bo Amho.

B narH$Wm qH$dm AX² wV H$Wm (Fairy & Tales)

d¡XH$H$WoVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m na§Vw Y_m©er g§~§{YV Zgboë`m AX² wVaå` H$Wm åhUOo narH$Wmhmo . _Zmoa§OZmÀ`m hoVyZo {Z_m©U Pmboë`m `m H$Wm§Mr g§»`m _amR>rV {dnwb Amho. Xw:Ir qH$dm g§H$Q>mVAgboë`m Zm`H$-Zm{`H$m§Zm g§H$Q>_wŠV, Xw:I_wŠV H$aUmar EH$ AX²^wV d A{V_mZdr _XV ho `mH$Wm§Mo _w»` gyÌ AgVo.

_YwH$a dmH$moS>o g§nm{XV "dZamUr h[aUr' `m H$WoVrb Aßgam _Z Mb{~Mb Agë`mZo Z¥Ë`H$aVmZm dma§dma MwH$Vo. B§ÐmZo H$maU {dMmaë`mda g§gmamMr, _wbm~mim§Zm Am§OmaÊ`m-Jm|OmaÊ`mMrBÀN>m àm_m{UH$nUo gm§JVo. B§Ð {VÀ`m àm_m{UH$nUmda Iye hmoVmo. Aßgam Agë`m_wio {Vbm ~§YZoAgVmV. _J `mVyZ n`m© åhUyZ EH$ dfm©gmR>r {Vbm dZamUr h[aUr åhUyZ n¥ÏdrVbmda nmR>dVmo.

M§ÐZJarÀ`m amOmÀ`m BÀN>oImVa {eH$mar h[aUrbm nH$S>VmV. {VÀ`m S>moiçmVbo Aly nmhÿZamOnwÌmbm X`m oVo d Vmo {Vbm gmoSy>Z XoVmo. Ë`m_wio amOm g§VmnVmo d Ë`mbm dZdmgmbm YmS>Vmo. EH${Xdg h[aUr amOnwÌmbm dZmV nmhVo. amOnwÌmÀ`m nm`mer bmoiVo {Vbm gw§Xa AßgaoMo ê$n bm^Vo.amOnwÌmbm df© a gmW XoB©Z, nËZr H$ê$Z ¿`m åhUVo. XmoKm§Mm {ddmh hmoVmo. dZamUr J^m©a amhVo -amOnwÌ {OdmnmS> OnVmo - H$Ý`m OÝ_mbm `oVo. EH$m amOZJarV n[admamgh `oVmo ZmoH$ar H$aVmo. Ë`mMr~m`H$mo nmhÿZ àYmZ amOmbm gw§Xa órbm Vwåhr de H$am åhUVmo. àYmZmZo Iyn à`ËZ Ho$bo, H$nQ>H$mañWmZHo$bo. _¡{\$brV amOnwÌ gw§Xa nmdm dmOdVmo. e§ a _moham Ë`mbm ~jrg {_iVmV. nU Ë`mbm XwYmV {df

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....9

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{_giyZ nobm {Xbm OmVmo. dZamUrÀ`m n[adamVrb ~oS>H$s XyY gm§S>Vo - _m§Oa MmQ>Vo - _ê$Z OmVo.àYmZmMo H$nQ> CKS>H$sbm oVo - amOnwÌ n[adma KoD$Z amOZJar~mhoa nS>Vmo - Z§Va dZamUr AmnUB§Ðmbm {Xbobm eãX nmiUma AgyZ amOnwÌm~Ôb H¥$VkVm ì`ŠV H$ê$Z {ZKyZ OmVo. amOnwÌ gw§Xa H$Ý obmKoD$Z ZJamH$S>o naV OmVmo.

AemM àH$maÀ`m AZoH$ AX² wVH$Wm _amR>rV AmhoV. h[a^ŠV åhmVmar, JmUma§ PmS>, Kyg Zdar,lmdU gmIir, {Zimd§VrMr H$Wm, ^mdmMr H$aUr, {Xì`m§Mr O~mZr, gmdÌ AmB©À`m OmMmÀ`m Am{UË`mVyZ gwIê$n ~mhoa nS>Umè`m _wbm-_wbtÀ`m H$Wm {dnwb à_mUmV AmhoV. AX² wVVm hrM `m H$Wm§Mrg§OrdZr Amho. BWo H$ënZmeŠVrbm Hw$R>bohr ~§YZ Zmhr. g§Mmambm _`m©Xm Zmhr. {MaVmê$Ê`, A{Vgwï>,A{VXwï> Aer nmÌo `m H$Wm§_YyZ Amnë`mbm oQ>VmV. aMZoV Jw§VmJw§V AgVo nU hr Jw§VmJw§Vhr R>ardgmÀ`mMrM AgVo. H$WoMo gwImÝV ê$n ho AX² wVH$Wm§Mo d¡{eï>ç Amho.

B X§VH$Wm (Legends)

"Vm|S>mVm|S>r gm§{JVboë`m, Á`m§Zm nwamUmMm boIr AmYma Zmhr Aem Jmoï>r åhUOo X§VH$Wm hmoV'Aer X§VH$WoMr ì`m»`m XwJm© ^mJdVm§Zr Ho$br Amho. X§VH$Wm§Zm _amR>rV AgË`H$Wm qH$dm ^mH$S>H$WmåhUyZhr g§~moYbo OmVo. X§VH$Wm Ho$di _Zmoa§OZmgmR>r gm§{JVbr OmV Zmhr. _amR>r X§VH$Wm§~Ôb d¡XohrH$moioH$a åhUVmV, ""_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§V g§» oÀ`m Ñï>rZo AX² wVH$WoÀ`m ImbmoImb X§VH$Wm§Mm H«$_m§H$bmJVmo. Ë`mV ñWm{ZH$ X§VH$Wm§MmM g_mdoe AgyZ Ë`mVrb dÊ ©{df`mMo joÌ Iyn {dñV¥V Amho.nwamUH$mimnmgyZ Vo Adm©MrZ H$mimn ªVMm àXrK© H$mi Ë`mV gm_mdbobm AgyZ Ë`m H$mimVrb AZoH$ì`ŠVtMr, KQ>Zm§Mr, ¹${MV H$mhr àmÊ`m§Mr d dZñnVtMrhr ñ_¥Vr bmoH$_mZgmZo H$Wm§Ûmao OVZ Ho$bobrAmho.''

"ZmJd§er gmVdmhZmMr H$Wm' hr A{Ve` gw§Xa X§VH$Wm Amho. JmoXoÀ`m KmQ>mda nmUr ^aUmè`m_wbtn¡H$s ~«m÷U _wbJr {Xgm`bm gw§Xa, gwaob JmUmar Aer hmoVr. {VÀ`m JmÊ`mda ZmJ S>mobVmo. {VbmKmJar~amo~a nmÊ`mV AmoT>Vmo. BVa _wbr Km~aVmV. gw{_Ìmer ZmJ {ddmh H$aVmo. Z§Va Vr J^m©a amhVo nU_mhoaMr AmoT> {VÀ`m _ZmV {Z_m©U hmoVo. eodQ>r ZmJ {VMr nmR>dUr H$aVmo. nU ~mn {Vbm KamV KoV Zmhr.^Q>H$V n¡R>Ubm `oVo. Hw§$^ma {Vbm boH$ _mZyZ KamV KoVmo. {VM§ ~mi _mVrM§ g¡Ý` V`ma H$aVmo. CÁO¡ZZJarMm EH$ Á`mo{Vfr {dH«$_ amOmMm hmV nmhÿZ `m Hw§$^mamKar dmT>Umè`m _wbmH$Sy>Z YmoH$m Amho AgoåhUVmo. gw{_ÌoM§ Ym~§ XUmUV§, ZmJamOmMo ñ_aU H$aVo. ~mi ZmJd§emMm amOm hmoB©b Ago AmídmgZ,{dídmg ZmJamOm XoVmo. {dH«$_mer ~mi gmVdmhZ namH«$_mZo bT>Vmo. {dH«$_ niyZ OmVmo. gmVdmhZmZo Ë`m{Xder Zdo gmb gwê$ Ho$bo d amÁ`mMr JwT>r C^maVmo. Aer gmVdmhZ amOmMr X§VH$Wm _amR>r bmoH$_mZgmV{à` Amho.

`m{edm` OoD$a, H$moiçmMo KmS>Jo~wdm, e§H$amMr H$moH$UmVbr 12 ñd § y qbJo d AZoH$ ñWm{ZH$X§VH$Wm _amR>r_Ü`o Agboë`m {XgVmV.

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B àm{UH$Wm (Animal Tales)

_mZdmbm àmUrOrdZm~Ôb Anma Hw$Vyhb dmQ>Vo. `m Hw$VyhbmVyZ Ë`mMo OrdZ, ñd^mdd¡{eï>ço

_mUgmbm kmV hmoV Jobo Am{U Ë`mVyZ àmÊ`m§darb H$Wm aMë`m OmD$ bmJë`m. mVyZ àmÊ`m§Mo _mZwfrH$aUhrPmbobo Amho. Ë`m_wio ho àmUr ~mobVmV, _mUgm§gmaIm VH©$ewÕ {dMma H$aVmV. m H$Wm AmH$mamZo bhmZ

AgVmV. _`m©{XV nmÌ AgVmV.

_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§V VwbZoZo àmUrH$Wm§Mr g§»`m IynM H$_r Amho. gwga, dmK, H$moëhm, qgh,C§Xra, _m§Oa, Jm`, harU Aem AZoH$ àmÊ`m§da bmoH$H$Wm AmhoV. e§. Jmo. XmVo `m§Zr gwga Am{U H$moëhm

hr àmUrH$Wm "_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm : ^mJ XmoZ' _Ü`o {Xbr Amho, Vr Aer, H$moëhm YyV© - ZXr nmaH$aÊ`mgmR>r gwgarMr _XV KoVmo - ZXr nma H$aVmZm gwgarÀ`m ê$nmMr ImoQ>r ñVwVr H$aVmo - ZXr nma

Ho$ë`mda gwgarbm {Xbobo Am_rf nyU© Z H$aVm nbm`Z H$aVmo - gwga g§VmnVo - H$moëhçmMm ~Xbm¿`m`Mo R>adVo - {MIbmV bnyZ ~gVo - Ë`mMm nm` nH$S>Vo - H$moëhm ~VmdUr H$aVmo, nm`mbm Ea§S>mMm

Iw§Q> ~m§Ybm åhUyZ ~ao ZmhrVa gwgarZo VmoM nH$S>bm AgVm Ë`mÀ`m øm dmŠ`mZo gwga \$gVo Am{UË`mMm nm` gmoS>Vo - H$moëhm nbm`Z H$aVmo Am{U gwgarMr {Zamem hmoVo.

AemM Ame`mÀ`m AZoH$ àmUrH$Wm _amR>rV AmT>iVmV.

B hmñ`H$Wm (Merry Tales)

bmoH$H$Wm§Mm EH$ hoVy a§OZ Agë`m_wio {dZmoXr ñdê$nmÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm _moR>çm à_mUmV {Z_m©U

Pmboë`m AmhoV. gm_mÝ`V: AmH$mamZo bhmZ AgUmè`m `m MwQ>Ho$dOm H$Wm§_Ü o eara, _mZ{gH$ ì §½`VgoM ñd^mdd¡{eï>ço, _yI©nUm, H|$ÐñWmZr AgVmV. _amR>r_Ü o hmñ`H$Wm§Mo à_mU ~è`mn¡H$s Amho.

"~wQ>Š`m Zdè`mMr \${OVr' hr hmñ`H$Wm _wbm§ZmM Zìho Va _moR>çm§Zmhr AmH${f©V H$aVo. EH$m

JmdmV Zdam ~m`H$mo AgVmV - Zdam ~wQ>H$m Va ~m`H$mo C§M - XmoKm§V Zoh_r ^m§S>U - EH$Xm ~m`H$mobmH$mR>rZo _mam`Mo R>admVo - ~m`H$mo MnimB©Zo H$mR>r H$mTy>Z KoD$Z C§Mmda R>odVo - naVÀ`m ^m§S>UmV

~m`H$mo H$mR>rZo Zdè`mbm ~S>dVo - {VZo _mabo H$s Vmo AmoaSy>Z åhUo ""Vwbm {Odm{Zer _mabo Var _mPmamJ H$_r ìhm`Mm Zmhr !, Vwbm {Od§V R>odUma Zmhr !'' Ë`m_wio bmoH$m§Zm dmQ>o ~wQ>H$mM ~m`H$mobm _maVmo.

bmoH$ åhUV, ""~wQ>Š`mMm amJ ^mar, ~m`H$mobm _mê$Z _mê$Z {VM§ ^arV H$arb. `m H$WoVrb àË`jKQ>Zm doJirM Amho. nU bmoH$m§Zm \$ŠV EH$M ~mOy _m{hV Agë`m_wio Vo EH$mM ~mOyZo {dMma H$aVmV.

{dg§JVr Ooìhm dmMH$m§À`m, lmoË`m§À`m bjmV oVo VoìhmM `m H$WoVrb {dZmoX g_OVmo.

"{^H§$ ^Q>mMo _§Ì' `m hmñ`H$WoV {^H§$^Q> d Ë`mMm _wbJm D$g Mmoam`bm OmVmV. _wbJm D$gmV

{eaVmo Va {^H§$^Q> nhmam H$aVmo - eoVH$ar `oVmV. Mmoar nH$S>br OmB©b åhUyZ {^H§$^Q> ~gë`mOmJodê$Z _wbmbm _§Ì åhQ>ë`mÀ`m gwamV JwnMyn gyMZm XoVmo - _wbJm Ë`m gyMZm EoHy$Z Vgm dmJVmo -

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Ë`m_wio Mmoar nMVo - CbQ> {^H§$^Q>m~Ôb eoVH$è`m§Zm AmXa dmQ>Vmo. Aem H$Wm§_YyZ hmñ`{Z{_©Vr hmoVo.Am{U `m H$Wm§Zm gmd©H$m{bZ bmoH${à`Vmhr bm^Vo.

5.7 bmoH$H$Wm§Mo {deof :

`m{edm` _amR>r_Ü o MmVw ©H$Wm, ~moYH$Wm, _mbmH$Wm, g§H$sU© H$Wm Aem {d{dY àH$maÀ`m.H$WmCnbãY AmhoV. S>m°. d¡Xohr H$moioH$a `m§Zr _amR>r bmoH$H$WoMo R>iH$ {deof nwT>rbà_mUo gm§{JVbo AmhoV.

B AX² wVmMo àm~ë`

_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb bmoH$H$WmàH$mam§À`m nañnaà_mUmdê$Z Ago ñnï> {XgyZ `oVo H$s, _amR>rbmoH$H$Wm§V AX² wVmMo àm~ë` Amho. AX² wVH$Wm§à_mUo X¡dVH$Wm, X§VH$Wm, ñnï>rH$aUH$Wm Am{X àH$mam§VhrAX² wVVm AgVo qH$dm Agy eH$Vo. bmoH$H$Wm§Mr hr g¥ï>r OUy AØþVmZo mê$Z Jobobr Amho. m AX² wVeŠVrModmhH$ XodXodVm, nè`m, Aßgam, ZmJ, amjg{nemÀMmXr `moZr, {gÕ _mUgo, àmUr, dZñnVr dJ¡ao-{d{dY Vèhm§Zr d hoVy§Zr Amnbr A§J yV AX² wVeŠVr àH$Q> H$aVmV. oWo ñWbH$mbmMo ~§YZ AË §V{e{Wb Pmbobo AmT>iVo. AX² wV KQ>Zm, emn d C:emn, ê$nmÝVa, àMwaVm, OmXyÀ`m {d{dY dñVy AemAZoH$ n¡by§VyZ AX² wVmMo _Zmohmar Xe©Z gVV hmoV amhVo. bmoH$H$WoVrb g§Kf© d ZmQ>çmË_H$Vm ~ìhm§er`m AX² wVeŠVr_wioM {Z_m©U hmoVo.

B H$Wm{deof d H$ënZm~§Y gmå`

_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb H$Wm{deof, H$ënZm~§Y Am{U OmJ{VH$ gyMrVrb H$Wm, H$Wmg[aËgmJa d^maVmVrb AÝ`àm§Vr` bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb H$Wm{deof d H$ënZm~§Y `m§À`mV ~arM gm_Ý`ñWio AmhoV.

B nmÌ{MÌU gm§Ho${VH$ ñdê$nmMo

_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§V {d{dY ì`dgm`m§À`m {d{dY ñd^mdm§À`m ì`ŠVtMr {MÌUo nmhmd`mg {_iVmV.VWmnr Ë`mVrb ~arMer ì`pŠV_Îdo hr gm§Ho$V{VH$ Am{U R>ard Z_wZmnmÌm§À`m ñdê$nmMr AgVmV.AZoH$ nmÌm§Mo R>am{dH$ g§Ho$V ê$T> Pmbobo AgyZ Vr nmÌo VemM gm§Ho${VH$ Mohè`m_mohè`mMr AgVmV.VgoM Ë`m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd Zoh_r pñWa ñdê$nmMo AgVo. Ë`mV {dH$mg dm ~Xb hmoV Zmhr. nmÌm§À`m{H«$`m§ZrM bmoH$H$WoMm {dñVma hmoV OmVmo. H$WoV Ë`mÀ`m _mZ{gH$ Am§XmobZmMo {MÌU hmoV Zmhr.

B R>am{dH$ g§Ho$Vm§Mo nmbZ

OmJ{VH$ nmVirda ê$T> AgUmè`m gwImÝVVm, _XVZrg ê$nm§Va, OmXyÀ`m dñVy, {ddmhnU m§gma»`mg§Ho$Vm§Mo nmbZ _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§V hr `Wm`mo½`nUo Ho$bobo AmT>iVo.

B AX² wVH$Wm§Vrb R>am{dH$ H¥$Vr

AX² wVH$Wm§Vrb KQ>Zm dm nmÌm§À`m H¥$Vr `m ~hþYm R>am{dH$ ñdê$nmÀ`m AgVmV. _amR>r AX² wVH$WoVrb nmÌm§À`m H¥$VrVhr VgmM àH$ma AmT>iyZ `oVmo.

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B qhXwY_u` H$Wm

`m gd© H$Wm _hmamï´>mVrb qhXwY_u` g_mOmV àM{bV Agboë`m bmoH$IWm AmhoV. _hmamï´>mVrbg_mO àm_w»`mZo qhXwY_u` Agbm Var AZoH$ eVHo$ BVa bmoH$m§Mr dñVrhr oWo Amho. VWmnr `m gd©bmoH$H$Wm§VyZ _hmamï´>mVrb qhXy Y_u` g_mOmMoM bmoH$_mZg A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo H$mhr WmoS>o AÝ`Y_u`m§MoC„oI AmhoV.

B amOn[admamg àmYmÝ`

_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb {d{dY ì`pŠVXe©ZmMo narjU Ho$ë`mg Ago {XgVo H$s, `m bmoH$H$Wm§VamOn[admamg \$ma _moR>çm à_mUmda àm{V{Z{YËd {_imbobo Amho. gw_mao 150 H$Wm `m amOn[admamMo{MÌU H$aUmè`m AmhoV. `m amOn[admamV amOm, amUr, amOnwÌ, amOH$Ý`m, àYmZ, àYmZnwÌ, Xmgr,amOgodH$, amOg¡{ZH$, amOmMm Ýhmdr, _mir Aem AZoH$ ì`pŠVaoIm§Mm g_mdoe hmoVmo.

B g_mOmVrb gd© ñVam§Zm à{V{Z{YËd

g_mOmVrb {d{dY ì`mdgm{`H$m§Mo à{V{ZYr `m H$Wm§VyZ gmnS>VmV. ~«m÷U, gmdH$ma, ì`mnmar,eoVH$ar, Hw$idmS>r, gmoZma, Hw§$^ma, Mm§ ma.... Ago {d{dY ì`dgm` H$aUmar _mUgo Amnë`mbm `mbmoH$H$Wm§V ^oQ>VmV. Jmê$S>r, OmXyJma, _m§{ÌH$, Á`mo{Vfr, Amnmnbr H$m¡eë`o àH$Q> H$aVmV. Cno{jVAm{U g_mOmV à{Vð>m ZgUmè`m d A{à` g_Oë`m OmUmè`m ì`pŠVaoIm§Mo {MÌUhr `m bmoH$H$Wmg¥ï>rZoË`mÁ` _mZbobo Zmhr.

B nmÌm§À`m H$m¡Qw>§{~H$ nmVirda g§~§YmMo {MÌUmg àmYmÝ`

n{VnËZr, gmnËZ^md, _mVm{nVm Am{U _wbo, ^mD$~hrU, gmgygyZ, ZU§X ^mdO` BË`mXr AZoH$ZmË`m§VyZ CËnÞ hmoUmè`m g§Kfm©Mo àMwa {MÌU _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§V AmT>iVo. hm g§Kf© Šd{MV Ho$di_mZ{gH$ nmVirdaM amhVmo Va ~è`mM doim Ë`mbm ì`mdhm[aH$ ê$nhr àmßV Pmë`mMo AmT>iVo.

B _hmamï´>r` g_mOmÀ`m g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z

_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§VyZ _hmamï´>r` g_mOmMr OS>UKS>U ñnï>nUo à{Vq~{~V hmoVo. MmVwd©Ê ©ì`dñWm,~«m÷Um§Mo loð>Ëd, ñn¥í`mñn¥í`Vm, Am§VaOmVr` {ddmh, nwéfàYmZ g§ñH¥$Vr, nwéfm§Mo ~hþnËZrH$Ëd AemAZoH$ g§ñH¥${Vd¡{eï>çm§da `m bmoH$H$Wm§À`mÛmao àH$me nS>Vmo. g_mOmVrb JQ>m§À`m nañna g§~§Ym§MoAmH$bZ hmoVo. g_mOmÀ`m Ym{_©H$ g_OwVr {d{dY XodVm§À`m CnmgZm, ^ŠVrÀ`m nÕVr, gXmMmamMog§Ho$V, Ë`mÁ` d {Z{fÕ _mZë`m OmUmè`m H$ënZm B. ~m~tMo `WmW© {X½Xe©Z `m H$Wm§Ûmao Ho$boboAmT>iVo.

S>m°. d¡Xohr H$moioH$a `m§À`m "_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm ñdê$n_r_m§gm' `m J«§WmMm {dÚmÏ`mªZr gmjonmZoAä`mg H$amdm. VgoM S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§À`m "bmoH$gm{hË` _r_m§gm ^mJ EH$ d XmoZ Mm Aä`mg

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Ho$ë`mg _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§Mr ñdê$nd¡{eï>ço bjmV oVrb.

_amR>r bmoH$H$Wo~Ôb S>m°. _YwH$a dmH$moS>o {b{hVmV, ""_amR>r bmoH$H$Wm A{Ve` bd{MH$ Amho.Vr ^maVr` bmoH$H$WoÀ`m àMÊS> {Z {dñVrU© Agboë`m àdmhmVrbM EH$ Ymam Amho. Am{X_ H$mimnmgyZZ¡g{J©H$ K{Q>Vm§À`m ê$nmZ§ ^` XmI{dV Ambr Amho {Z PmS>mPwSw>nm§À`m..... newnjm§À`m ê$nmZ§ Jm|Om[aVAmbr Amho. H$hmUr, {MQw>H$bm, Am»`m{`H$m, Jmoï> {Z H$Wm Agm XoeH$mbn[apñWVrZwê$n nohamdm~XbV Ambr Amho. Ho$di bmoH$m§Mo a§OZ-CX²~moYZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Am{U _hmH$mì`mMr XmbZo g_¥Õ H$ê$ZVr Wm§~br Zmhr Va amZmdZmVyZ, S>m|JaXè`mVyZ {Z Jmdm{edmamVyZ Vr ^Q>H$V am{hbr. ^Q>H$Vm ^Q>H$VmXoeàm§VmÀ`m gr_m {Vbm AS>dy eH$ë`m ZmhrV. Y_©OmVrÀ`m q^Vr {Vbm Wmondy eH$ë`m ZmhrV. ^Q>H§$Vrhm {VMm OrdZY_© ~Zbm. na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m H$Wm§Mm gmR>m ^maVmBVH$m AÝ`Ì AmT>iUo eŠ`Zmhr. ^maVmVrb bmoH$H$Wm§Mm àgma OJ^a AmT>iyZ oV Agë`mZo {WAmoS>oa ~oZ\o$ `m§Zr ^maVmbmOmJ{VH$ bmoH$H$Wm§Mo OZH$Ëd ~hmb Ho$bo Am{U _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm hr XoIrb maVr` g§ñH¥$VrMr à{V{ZYrAmho. ....... _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm _èhmQ>r g§ñH¥$VrMo Xe©Z KS>{dV Agbr Varhr {Vbm àmXo{eH$ Mm¡H$Q>rVnyU©V: ~g{dVm oD$ eH$V Zmhr. {dídmË_H$Vm hmM {VMm Abm¡{H$H$ JwU R>aVmo; åhUyZ _amR>r bmoH$H$WoMràXoe{d{eï>Vm _hÎdmMr ZgyZ {VMr {dídmË_H$Vm _hmamï´>mbm yfUmdh R>aUmar Amho.''

5.8 g_mamon

H$WZ{à` hr _yb yV Aer _mZdr àdÎmr Amho. {VMo nmofU bmoH$H$Wm§Zr Ho$bo. bmoH$H$Wm `m àmMrZAmhoV. Ë`m§Mm H$Vm© AkmV AgVmo. _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o g§H«${_V Pmboë`mbmoH$H$Wm Z§Va J«§W{Z{dï> Pmë`m. Ë`m§Zm A{^OmV dmL²>_`mV ñWmZ {_imbo. B.g. 1812 bm {J«_~§Yy§Zr"_wbm§À`m Am{U KaJwVr H$Wm§À`m g§H$bZmZo bmoH$H$Wm§À`m Aä`mgmbm àma§ Ho$bm. a§OZ Am{U CX²~moYZAgo XmoÝhr hoVy gmÜ` H$aUmè`m bmoH$H$Wm ^mfmemó, _mZdd§eemó d g_mOemó `m§À`m Aä`mgmgCn`wŠV R>aVmV. ^maVr` bmoH$H$Wm§Mr na§nam _m¡{IH$ d J«§W{Z{dï> Aer XmoZ àH$maMr Amho. _m¡{IH$na§naoVrb H$Wm nwT>o am_m`U, _hm^maV, F$½doX, eVnW~«m÷U B. J«§Wm§V g§ñH$aU hmoD$Z g_m{dï>Pmë`m. ~m¡ÕOmVHo$, O¡ZMyUuH$Wm, Y_©àgmamgmR>r bmoH$H$Wm§Mm AmYma hmoD$Z {b{hë`m Joë`m. JwUmT>çmZo{b{hboë`m ~¥hËH$Wm _mÌ AÜ`mË_mMo OmoIS> PwJmê$Z H$Wobm a§OH$ ~ZdVmV. n§MV§Ì, {hVmonXoe,doVmin§M{der, ewH$~hmÎmar, qghmgZ~{Îmer gma»`m J«§W{Z{dï> bmoH$H$Wm Zr{V~moY H$aVmV, a§OZH$aVmV. Ë`m§À`mVrb AX² wVaå`Vm gd© ñVam§Vrb d d`moJQ>m§Vrb dmMH$m§Zm "H$må`' Agë`m Var Ë`m§Mre¡br b`Xma, MQ>H$Xma Amho.

_m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m X¡dVH$Wm, narH$Wm, àm{UH$Wm, CËnÎmrH$Wm, X§VH$Wm, amjgH$Wm,nwamUH$Wm, ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm Aer {d{dY H$Wmê$no g_mOmbm ì`dhmakmZ, MmVw ©, gX²dV©Z Zr{V~moYH$aUmar AmhoV. bmoH$H$WoMo _ybKQ>H$, aMZm~§Y, H$ënZm~§Y, d¡{dÜ`nyU© AgVmV. g_mZ H$ënZm~§Yn[a «_U H$aVmZm AZoH$ ê$no YmaU H$aVmV. Aem àH$mao bmoH$dmL²>_`mV bmoH$H$Wm§Mo ñWmZ _hÎdmMo

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Amho. Ë`m§Zm _moR>r bmoH${à`Vmhr bm^br Amho. Ë`m§Mm g_mO_Zmdarb à^md nyduhr hmoVm Am{U AmOhr{Q>Hy$Z Amho.

5.9 dñVw{Zð> àíZ

A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m

1. "OmVH$H$Ç>H$WmdÊUZm' hm J«§W H$moUË`m ^mfoV {b{hbm Jobm ?(AY©_mJYr / nmbr / n¡emMr)

2. _XZgoZ ì`mnmè`mÀ`m nËZrbm H$moUË`m H$Wm§Zr ì`{^MmamnmgyZ namd¥Îm Ho$bo ?({hVmonXoe / doVmi n§Mm{der / ewH$~hmÎmar)

3. _mZd g_mOmÀ`m gdm©V OwÝ`m H$Wm H$moUË`m ?(X¡dVH$Wm / narH$Wm / X§VH$Wm)

4. {hVmonXoe hm J«§W H$moUr {b{hbm ?(JwUmT>ç / gmo_Xod / Zmam`U n§{S>V)

5. bmoH$H$Wm hr g§km gd©àW_ Hw$Ur dmnabr ?({d. H$m. amOdmS>o / lr. ì`§. Ho$VH$a / am. qM. T>oao)

CÎmao : 1) nmbr, 2) ewwH$~hmÎmar, 3) X¡dVH$Wm, 4) Zmam`U n§{S>V , 5) {d. H$m. amOdmS>o.

~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.

1. narH$Wm `m X¡dVH$Wm§VyZ {Z_m©U Pmë`m.

2. _hmdram§Zr ^maVr` ~moYH$Wm§Zm O¡ZY_©àgmamgmR>r {Xbobo ê$n åhUOo OmVH$H$Wm hmo .

3. amOm {dH«$_mg oQ> {_imboë`m qghmgZmda gìdrg nwViçm hmoË`m.

4. Bgmn {ZJ«mo Jwbm_mMr Ë`mÀ`m MmVw m©_wio Jwbm_{Jar g§nbr.

5. H$hmÊ`m§_Ü o H$m_ZmnyVugmR>r d«Vo oVmV d Ë`m "H$må`' AmhoV.

CÎmao : 1) ~amo~a, 2) MyH$, 3) MyH$, 4) ~amo~a, 5) ~amo~a.

H$) Jmiboë`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

1. à^mH$a _m§S>o .............. H$Wobm {dn`©ñV, Ag§~Õ d nwîH$iXm {dn`©ñV B{Vhmg AgoåhUVmV.

2. newH$Wm Ooìhm Zr{VVÎdo d ~moY XoÊ`mÀ`m CÔoemZo gm§{JVbr OmVo. Voìhm {Vbm .............H$Wm åhQ>bo OmVo.

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3. ~wÕmÀ`m nyd©OÝ_rÀ`m H$Wm åhUOo ................. H$Wm hmo .

4. JwUmT>çmÀ`m ~¥hËH$WoMm .............. amOmZo An_mZ Ho$bm.

5. "g§nyU© n§MV§Ì' hm J«§W ................ `m§Zr {b{hbm Amho.

CÎma : X§VH$Wm, 2) à{VH$Wm, 3) OmVH$H$Wm, 4) gmVdmhZ, 5) am. qM. T>oao

S>) `mo½` OmoS>çm Owidm

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ê$naoIm A) S>m°. {dœZmW qeXo.

2. bmoH$H$Wm H$ënH$Vm ~) _YwH$a dmH$moS>o

3. _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm : ñdê$n_r_m§gm H$) _mbVr Xm§S>oH$a

4. _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm S>) S>m°. d¡Xohr H$moioH$a

5. bmoH$gm{hË` _r_m§gm B) XwJm© ^mJdV.

B©) am. qM. T>oao.

CÎmao : 1) - B, 2) - H$, 3) - S>, 4) - ~, 5) - A.

B) nwT>rb àíZm§Mr EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. ~¥hËH$Wm gd©àW_ H$moUr gm§{JVbr ?

2. g¥ï>rÀ`m {Z{_©VrMr H$Wm H$moUË`m H$WmàH$mamV `oVo ?

3. lr. ì`§. Ho$VH$a "g§ñH¥$VrH$aU' H$emg åhUVmV ?

4. n§MV§ÌmMm O_©Z ^mfoVrb AZwdmX H$moUr Ho$bm ?

5. Ym{_©H$ d«V H$aVmZm gm§{JVë`m OmUmè`m H$Wm§Zm H$m` åhUVmV ?

CÎmao

1. daê$Mr

2. CËnÎmrH$Wm.

3. _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m bmoH$H$Wm A{^OmV dmL²>_`mV oUo `mbm lr. ì §. Ho$VH$a"gm§ñH¥${VH$aU' åhUVmV.

4. {WAmoS>moa ~oZ\o$ `m§Zr "n§MV§Ìm' Mm O_©Z AZwdmX Ho$bm.

5. Ym{_©H$ d«V H$aVmZm gm§{JVë`m OmUmè`m H$Wm§Zm H$hmÊ`m qH$dm d«VH$Wm åhUVmV.

B XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. bmoH$H$Wm§Mr ^maVr` na§nam ñnï> H$ê$Z J«§W{Z{dï> H$Wm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

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2. _m¡{IH$ H$Wm§Mo ñdê$n {deX H$ê$Z {d{dY àH$maÀ`m bmoH$H$Wm§Mm gmoXmhaU AmT>mdm ¿`m.

3. ~¥hËH$WoMo _hÎd gm§JyZ H$hmÊ`m-d«VH$Wm, qghmgZ~{Îmer, n§MV§Ì dJ¡ao H$Wmê$nm§Mr {Z{_©Vrà{H«$`m d ñdê$n ñnï> H$am.

4. _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm§Mm g{dñVa nam_e© ¿`m.

B bKwÎmar àíZ

1. bmoH$H$WoMo _ybKQ>H$, aMZm~§Y, H$ënZm~§Y `m§Mm gmoXmhaU n[aM` H$ê$Z Úm.

2. X§VH$Wm åhUOo H$m` Vo gm§JyZ CËn{VH$Wm, amjgH$Wm, nwamUH$Wm, ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm `m§Mmnam_e© ¿`m.

3. ~¥hËH$Wm d {VÀ`mVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m H$Wmê$nm§Mm AmT>mdm ¿`m.

4. S>m°. d¡Xohr H$moioH$a `m§Zr gm§{JVbobr _amR>r bmoH$H$WoMr d¡{eï>ço gm§Jm.

B Q>rnm {bhm.

1) O¡ZMyUuH$Wm, 2) ewH$~hmÎmar, 3) OmVH$H$Wm, 4) ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm, 5) nwamUH$Wm.

5.10 CnH«$_

1. Vw_À`m n[agamVrb {d{dY X§VH$Wm§Mo g§H$bZ H$am.

5.11 A{YH$ dmMZ

1. _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm : _YwH$a dmH$moS>o.

2. _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm ñdê$n_r_m§gm : d¡Xohr H$moioH$a.

3. bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ê$naoIm : XwJm© ^mJdV.

4. bmoH$H$Wm - H$ënbVm : _mbVr Xm§S>oH$a

6. ^maVr` g§ñH¥$VrH$moe I§S> {Vgam : g§.n§. _hmXodemór Omoer.

7. bmoH$gm{hË` _r_m§gm : ^mJ 1 d 2 : S>m°. {dœZmW qeXo.

8. _amR>r dmL²>_`H$moe I§S> Mm¡Wm : Vmam ^dmiH$a.

9. _amR>rVrb H$Wmê$no : am. J. OmYd.

10. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n : à^mH$a _m§S>o.R R R

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6.1 C{Ôï>o

_amR>r bmoH$Z¥Ë o, bmoH$ZmQ>ço m bmoH$H$bm§À`m Aä`mgmZo nwT>rb Jmoï>tMo AmH$bZ hmoÊ`mg _XV.hmoB©b.

· bmoH$na§nam§À`m, H$bmàH$mam§À`m d¡{eï>çnyU©VoMo, d¡{dÜ`mMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.

· bmoH$m{dîH$mam§À`m ~XbV Joboë`m ñdê$nmMo AmH$bZ hmoB©b.

· VËH$m{bZ g_mOaMZm, _Zmoa§OZmMr gmYZo, gm§ñH¥${VH$ dmagm, ê$T>r, àWm, na§nam, {dYtMoAmH$bZ H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b.

· {d{dY ZmQ>ç, Z¥Ë` àH$ma Ë`mgmR>r dmnabr Jobobr dmÚo `m§À`m d¡{eï>çnyU© dmnamMm n[aM`hmoB©b.

6.2 àmñVm{dH$

_mZdr bmoH$g_yh hm Q>ßß`mQ>ßß`mZo àJV AdñWoV nmohmoMbobm Amho. Am{X_ J«m_rU bmoH$g_yhmZoZ¡g{J©H$ OrdZ OJV AgVmZm, A§{JH$mabobr Or OrdZe¡br Amho Ë`m OrdZe¡brMm Omo H$bmË_H$Am{dîH$ma Amho Ë`mbm bmoH$H$bm åhUUo A{YH$ C{MV R>aob. na§naoZo MmbV Ambobr {MÌH$bm, JrVo,H$Wm, g§JrV `m§Mm A§V^m©d bmoH$H$bmV hmoVmo. Ver hr g§km AË §V ì`mnH$ Amho. Vr hOmamo àH$mam§ZrbmoH$OrdZmVrb H$bm{dîH$mamer OmoS>bobr Amho. OrdZmer g§~§Y AgUmè`m H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`mH$m_mer, {dYrer {VMm OdiMm g§~§Y AgVmo. H$bmË_ OrdZe¡brMm Vmo _wŠV Am{dîH$ma AgVmo. Ë`mVH$bmË_H$Vo~amo~a Z¡g{J©H$ ghO ñdm^m{dH$Vobm A{YH$ _hÎd AgVo. bmoH$na§naoZo MmbV AmbobobmoH$g_yhmMo ho md{ZH$ Am{dîH$ma bmoH$a§J y_rda gmXa hmoVmV. àñVwV KQ>H$mV AmnU bmoH$a§J y_rdarbbmoH$Z¥Ë o Am{U bmoH$ZmQ>çm§Mm g{dñVa {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV.

KQ>H$ : 6

_amR>r bmoH$H$bm

* bmoH$a§J y_rMo {deof* bmoH$Z¥Ë o - {dYrZmQ>ç, A{^Mma ZmQ>ç, H«$sS>mZ¥Ë` (^ŠVmMo Z¥Ë`, Jm|Yi, wË o, H$sV©Z,Z_Z, ^mê$S>, XemdVma, JOrZ¥Ë`, boPr_, _§JimJm¡a, ZmJn§M_r, {På_m-\o$a B.)* bmoH$ZmQ>ço : ZmQ>çmË_ {dYr, Ym{_©H$ ZmQ>ç dm CnmgZm ZmQ>ç, a§OZZmQ>ç (_w§O, b½Z,H$mH$S> AmaVr, birV, X§S>ma, ~mohmS>m, OmoJVm, OmoJdm, wË o, H$sV©Z, V_mem, {MÌH$Wr, dJ,H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m, ~hþénr)

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6.3 {df` {ddoMZ

_amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr IynM _moR>r Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo XmbZ A{Ve` g_¥Õ Am{Ug§nÞ Amho. AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§Zr hr ì`mßVr ñnï> Ho$br Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mV emãX dmL²>_` AmhoM nUË`mM~amo~a H¥$Vr-CŠVrVyZ bmoH$OrdZmMm Am{dîH$ma KS>dUmè`m {d{dY bmoH$H$bm§Mmhr Ë`mV _hÎdnyU©gh^mJ Amho. H$maU `m bmoH$H$bm§ZrM bmoH$OrdZ Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr g§nÞ d g_¥ÜX ~Zbobr Amho.bmoH$OrdZmZoM `m bmoH$H$bm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Amho Am{U Ë`mVyZ bmoH$_mZgmMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. H$bmd§Vhmhr g_mOmMmM EH$ KQ>H$ Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`mda Ë`m _mVrMo, àXoemMo g§ñH$ma AgVmV. Am{U hog§ñH$ma KoD$ZM Ë`mMo Am{dîH$ma hmoVmV.

bmoH$H$bm§Mm Am{dîH$ma hm bmoH$g_yhmÛmao hmoV AgVmo. bmoH$g_yhmÛmao Am{dîH¥$V hmoUmè`m `mH$bm§Mo ñdê$n A§eV: d¡ pŠVH$ Agbo Var Ë`m Am{dîH$mamnmR>r_mJo g_yh_Z AgVoM. ì`ŠVr {deofVonojmg_yh{Zð>m hoM bmoH$H$bm§Mo ì`dÀN>oXH$ bjU AgVo. gd©M bmoH$H$bm§_Ü o na§naoMm EH$ YmJm AgVmo.Ë`m_wioM bmoH$H$bm§Mo ñdê$n {OVHo$ nwamVZ {VVHo$M {ZË`ZyVZ _mZbo OmVo. àmH¥${VH$ _wŠVnUm, CËñ\y$V©Vmd bd{MH$Vm hr bmoH$H$bm§Mr A§J yV d¡{eï>ço _mZbr OmVmV. Ë`m_wioM bmoH$H$bm `m àmMrZ na§naoVyZAmboë`m Agë`m Var Ë`m§Mm dV©_mZ Am{dîH$ma VmOm, {Od§V d H$mimMo ^mZ amIUmam AgVmo.

bmoH$H$bm§Mr {Z{_©Vr XoIrb gm_m{OH$ OmUrdoVyZ hmoV AgVo. `m gm_m{OH$ OmUrdm eVH$mZweVHo${Od§V R>odÊ`mMo H$m_ m bmoH$H$bm H$aV AgVmV. m H$bm g_mOmMo _Zmo{dMma d _Zmo{dH$ma à{Vq~{~VH$aÊ`mMo H$m_hr H$aV AgVmV. åhUyZ bmoH$H$bm `m {dYr H$_m©À`m gmhM`m©Zo ApñVËdmV oVmV Am{Ugm_y{hH$ Zo{UdoVrb md{dídmMo à{V{Z{YËd Ë`m H$aVmV. bmoH$dmÚo d bmoH$_mÜ`_m§À`m Ûmao m Am{dîH¥$VhmoVmV. `m bmoH$H$bm§Mo ñdê$n AZoH${dY Amho. àñVwV KQ>H$mV bmoH$a§J y_rMo {deof d bmoH$H$bm§Mm

Chmnmoh AmnU H$aUma AmhmoV.

6.4 bmoH$a§J y_rMo {deof

bmoH$na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo, bmoH$g_yhmMo ^md{ZH$ Am{dîH$ma gmXa H$aÊ`mMo à^mdr _mÜ`_åhUOo bmoH$a§J y_r hmo . ho bmoH$m§Zr, bmoH$m§À`mgmR>r, bmoH$H$boÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ {Od§V R>odbobo bmoH$g§{MVAgVo. Vo bmoH${ejUm~amo~aM bmoH$a§OZhr gmYVo. Ym{_©H$ àoaUm, lÕm OnVm OnVm g_mO KQ>H$mVbrEH$g§KVm {Q>H$dyZ R>odÊ`mMo H$m_hr H$aVo.

1. na§naoZo MmbV Ambobo ZmQ>çmË_ bmoH$m{dîH$ma bmoH$a§J y_rda gmXa hmoVmV.

2. bmoH$a§J y_rdarb ZmQ>çmË_ dmñVd ho bmoH$a§JH$_u Am{U gmWrXma `m§À`m gO©Zerb H¥$Vr~amo~a bmoH$àojH$m§À`m gh^mJmZo {gÕ hmoVo.

3. bmoH$a§J y_rdarb àË oH$ à`moJ hm AZÝ`gmYmaU AgVmo.

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4. bmoH$a§J y_rdarb ZmQ>çmË_ dmñVd ho gmnoj AgVo, Zoh_r H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m g§X^m©V{gÕ hmoVo.

5. bmoH$a§J y_rdarb à`moJmMr H$mb_`m©Xm àmá H$mbmdYrà_mUo H$Yr dmT>Vo H$Yr H$_r hmoVo.

6. bmoH$a§J y_rdarb H$WZmV nÚmMo Jm`Z, g§nmXUr Am{U A{^Z`mÛmao ZmQ>ç {Z_m©U H$aUo`mMm dmna Ho$bobm AgVmo.

7. bmoH$a§J y_rdarb g§dmXmMr R>iH$ VrZ ê$no OmUdVmV. 1) H$WmJV nmÌm§_Yrb g§dmX,2) ñdJVo qH$dm a§JH$_uMo AmnmngmVrb g§dmX, 3) àojH$m§er Ho$bobm g§dmX.

8. bmoH$a§J y_rdarb Jm`Z, ZmQ>çmMo gmXarH$aU, Z¥Ë`mMr Am{U dmÚmMr gmWg§JV hr nañnanmofH$ AgVo. a§J y_rdarb gmXarH$aUmV Ë`m_wio d¡{eï>çnyU©Vm oVo.

`m bmoH$a§J y_rda gmXa hmoUmao bmoH$Z¥Ë` Am{U Ë`mMo CnàH$ma `m§Mm {dMma H$ê$`m.

B bmoH$Z¥Ë`

Amnbr Am{X_ g§ñH¥$Vr Z¥Ë`mË_H$ hmoVr. Ë`m H$mir Z¥Ë` ho {dYrMm mJ hmoVo. à^mH$a _m§S>o§À`m _VoAm{X_ H$bm{dîH$ma g§àofUmMo qH$dm g§XoedhZmMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZhr hmoVo. Z¥Ë`mbm a§J y_rMr OZZr_mZbo OmVo. bmoH$_mZgmÀ`m md^mdZm àH$Q> H$aÊ`mÀ`m C_uVyZ bmoH$JrVm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Pmbr. bmoH$JrVmVyZbmoH$Z¥Ë`mZo AmH$ma KoVbm Am{U bmoH$Z¥Ë` hm bmoH$OrdZmVë`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ A{^ì`ŠVrMm EH$ A{d^mÁ`KQ>H$ ~Zbm. {ZgJm©V KS>Umè`m H$mhr KQ>Zm, F$Vw~Xb, noaUr, H$mnUr, nmD$g oUo Aemdoir Vr VrZ¥Ë o naV naV Ho$br OmD$ bmJbr. Z¥Ë`mMm àYmZ hoVy bmoH$a§OZM hmoVm, Vr g_yhmMrM {Z{_©Vr hmoVr.bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m Am{dîH$mamMo EH$ H$bmË_H$ _mÜ`_ åhUOo bmoH$Z¥Ë` hmo . ^md^mdZm§Mm Am{dîH$maH$aUo ho bmoH$Z¥Ë`mMo EH$ à`moOZ Amho. H«$sS>oÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ earamMo g§VwbZ amIUo, XodXodVm§Zm AmdmhZH$aUo d g§Vwï> H$aUo Am{U gdm©V _hÎdmMo åhUOo `mVweŠVtZm àgÞ H$ê$Z KoUo hr bmoH$Z¥Ë`m_mJrbà`moOZo hmoV. ""bmoH$Z¥Ë o hr JVrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Pmbobm gm_m{OH$ Am{dîH$ma AgVmV. Ë`mV OrdZmÀ`mAmË_ yV Agbobm Zo{_H«$_ A{^ì`ŠV hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m `mVwàYmZ à{H«$ oMo H$m © ì`ŠVr Am{U g_ï>rÀ`mg§ajUmMo AgVo.'' Aer bmoH$Z¥Ë`mMr ì`m»`m "ñQ>±S>S>© {S>ŠeZar Am°\$ \$moH$bmoAa' _Ü o {Xbr Amho.g{dVm OmOmo{X`m `m§Zr _amR>r bmoH$Z¥Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU nwT>rbà_mUo Ho$bo Amho. 1) {à`mamYZ Z¥Ë o,2) H¥$frZ¥Ë o, 3) wÕZ¥Ë o, 4) Ym{_©H$ Z¥Ë o, 5) OmXy Z¥Ë o, 6) gm_wXm{`H$ Z¥Ë o. Iao Va Aä`mgmÀ`mgmo rgmR>r 1) {ó`m§Mr Z¥Ë o, 2) nwéfm§Mr Z¥Ë o, 3) ór-nwéf g§{_l Z¥Ë o Agohr Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU H$aUoeŠ` Amho.

bmoH$Z¥Ë`mVrb hmbMmbt_Ü`o hmVdmao, nXÝ`mg, earamMr hmbMmb BË`mXt_Ü`o OgOgmH$mQ>oH$moanUm oV Jobm VgVgm emór` Z¥Ë`mMm nm`m {Z_m©U Pmbm Agmdm. bmoH$Z¥Ï`mV ^mdm{dîH$ma

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AgVmo Vmo g_yhmMm bmoH$Z¥Ë` hr _Z_moH$ir AgVmV. hr Z¥Ë` Hw$Urhr Z {eH$dVm EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>ZXwgè`m {nT>rn ªV ghO nmohMVmV.

gmXarH$aUmZwgma bmoH$Z¥Ë`mÀ`m ñdê$nmV {d{dYVm AmT>iVo. Aä`mgmÀ`m gmo rgmR>r {dYrZmQ>ç,Am{^Mma ZmQ>ç Am{U H«$sS>mZ¥Ë` Ago Ë`m§Mo dJuH$aU Ho$bo Amho. `m dJuH$aUmÀ`m AmYmao AmnUbmoH$Z¥Ë`àH$mam§Mm g{dñVa Aä`mg H$ê$`m.

B {dYrZmQ>ç : ZmQ>çmMm _ybómoV {dYr Amho. {dYtZm bmoH$OrdZmV _hÎdnyU© ñWmZ AgVo.eaX ì`dhma|À`m _Vo ""{dYrer ZmQ>ç OmoS>bo OmÊ`mVyZM {dYrZmQ>çmMm OÝ_ Pmbm. {dYrZmQ>çmÀ`mOS>U-KS>UrV Z¥Ë`, JrV, g§JrV, g§dmX `m§À`m EH${ÌV Am{dîH$mamÀ`m à{H«$ obm H$mbmZwê$n Am{UOrdZ OJÊ`mÀ`m nÕVrMo g§X © bm^bobo AmhoV.''

Amnë`m maVr` g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o {dYr ho mËdmË_H$VoÀ`m mdZoVyZ Ho$bo OmV Agë`m_wio ñdm^m{dH$nUoË`mbm Z¥Ë` d JrVmMr OmoS> {_iVo. Ë`mVyZ ZmQ>çê$n àmá hmoVo. {dYrnyOobm _J a§JXodVoMm XOm© {_imbmAgmdm. bmoH$_mZgmVrb lÕm, md-^mdZm Am{U àM{bV _mÜ`_m§Ûmao bmoH$a§OZ H$aVmZm EH$ AmZ§XmoËgd{Z_m©U hmoD$ bmJbm. `km{dYrer g§~§{YV ZmQ>çmbm Yw_mao \w$Qy>Z Ë`mMo {dYrZmQ>çmV ê$nm§Va PmboAgmdo. {dYr AmMaUmVyZ CJ_ nmdboë`m ZmQ>çàdmhmMo Q>ßno eaX ì`dhmao nwT>rbà_mUo gm§JVmV.

1. {dYr Am{U {dYr gmOam H$aÊ`mMr nÕVr.

2. {dYrZmQ>ç

3. _Zmoa§OZ àYmZ bmoH$Y_u ZmQ>ç

4. {dîUwXmg ^mì`m§nmgyZ àM{bV Pmbobr ZmQ>Ho$ (gZ 1943 nmgyZMm ZmQ>çàdmg)

{dYrZmQ>çmVyZ {dYr dJibm OmD$Z Ë`mbm H$WoMr OmoS> {_imbr, _Zmoa§OZmMm hoVy àYmZ R>ê$ZË`mZwgma gmXarH$aU hmoD$ bmJbo, Vo bmoH$m§Zm ê$Mbo Am{U Ë`mVyZ bmoH$ZmQ>çmMm OÝ_ Pmbm. {dYrZmQ>çmMoH$mhr {deof à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr nwT>rbà_mUo gm§{JVbo AmhoV.

1. na§namJV MmbV Amboë`m ZmQ>çàH$mam§Mo ñdê$n {dYtMo AgVo. EH$ {dYr åhUyZM XadfulÕoZo ho {dYr Ho$bo OmVmV.

2. à{Vdfu {d{eï> {VWtZm hr {dYrZmQ>ço Ho$br OmVmV.

3. nmD$g nS>mdm, YZYmÝ`mMr g_¥ÜXr ìhmdr, g§H$Q>o oD$ Z oV Aer {dYrZmQ>çm§Mr à`moOZoAgVmV.

B Am{^MmaZmQ>çm

nma§n[aH$ ê$T>r{dYtÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ bmoH$ a§Jm{dîH$ma hmoV AgVmV. `mVrb H$mhr ZmQ>ç_`

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Am{dîH$ma ho OrdZmMo A§JM ~Zbobo AgVmV. Va H$mhr ZmQ>ç_` Am{dîH$mam§À`m _wimer lmoVmàojH$m§Mr OmUrd AgVo. ê$T>r{dYrVrb ZmQ>ç_` Am{dîH$mam§Mo ñdê$n n{hë`m àH$maMo Va{Za{Zamiçm XodVm§Mo ^JV lmoVm, àojH$m§À`m Om{UdoZo Or {d{YZmQ>ço gmXa H$aVmV Ë`mMo ñdê$nXwgè`m àH$maMo AgVo. `m XmoÝhrhr àH$maÀ`m ZmQ>çmË_ Am{dîH$mam§nojm AmUIrhr EH$ ñdê$nZmQ>ç_` Am{dîH$mamMo nmhmd`mg {_iVo. Ë`mMo dJuH$aU Zo_Ho$ H$emV H$amdo Agm àíZ nS>Vmo.Aem na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m ZmQ>ç_` Am{dîH$mambm A{^MmaZmQ>ç åhUVm oB©b Ago à^mH$a_m§S>o `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

4. `m {dYrZmQ>çmV EImXr {_WH$Wm ZmQ>çê$nmZo XmI{dbr OmVo.

5. bmoH$ XodVm§Mr gm|Jo KoVmV. gm|Jo KoÊ`mnydu H$mhr {Z`_ nmiVmV.

6. àojH$ gm|Jm§Zm àË`j X¡dVo AdVabr AmhoV, Ago g_OyZ Ë`m§Mo Xe©Z KoVmV.

7. `mV Z¥Ë`, g§JrV, `m§Mo EH$ê$nËd AgVo.

8. `m§Mo ñdê$n `mËdmË_H$ Am{U à{VH$mË_H$ AgVo.

9. XodVm§g_moa {dXyfH$ Am{U BVa gm|Jo AmUbr OmVmV.

{d{Y, ŠVr Am{U ZmQ>ç m Jmoï>r {dYrZmQ>çmV EH$ÌnUo oVmV. {d{YZmQ>ç Pmë`mZ§Va bmoH$OrdZmVM¡VÝ` {Z_m©U hmoVo. JmdmMr gwajm, g_¥Õr `mgmR>r gm_y{hH$ CËgmhmV {d{YZmQ>ç gmXa hmoVo. Z¥Ë`,Jm`Z Am{U ZmQ>ç ho VrZ KQ>H$ {d{YZmQ>çmV EH$Ì oVmV. {d{YZmQ>çmV doe yfobm d a§J yfobm \$maàmYmÝ` {Xbo OmVo. _wIdQ>o V`ma H$arV AgVmZm Ë`m§Mr hþ~ohÿ~ à{V_m V`ma H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bmOmVmo. {d{YZmQ>ço AZoH$ H$Wm§Zr g_¥Õ AgVmV. H$moUVo H$WmZH$ gmXa H$am`Mo `mMm {dMma AmYrMHo$bm OmVmo.

B H«$sS>mZ¥Ë` : Ioimbm OrdZmV AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. ^maVmVrb gd© àm§VmV na§naoZoMmbV Ambobo H$mhr bmoH$Ioi àM{bV AmhoV. {d{eï> gUmÀ`m doir H$mhr {d{eï> Ioi Ioibo OmVmV.Ë`mn¡H$s {ó`m§Mo Ioi H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m {dYrer, CËgdmer, d«Vmer OmoS>bobo AgVmV. {ó`m§À`mZ¥Ë` IoimMo ñdê$n {deX H$aVmZm à^mH$a _m§S>o åhUVmV. "{ó`m§À`m IoimVrb emar[aH$ b`~ÕhmbMmbtÀ`m nwZamdV©Zmbm EH$àH$mao Z¥Ë`mMo ñdê$n àmá hmoVo. `m IoimV nXÝ`mg, AmoUdo hmoUo,ñdV:À`m A§Jm^modVr {JaH$s KoUo, Ë`mMà_mUo ñdV: Q>mir dmOdUo qH$dm Xwgè`mÀ`m hmVmV Q>mir KoUoAem {H«$`m AgVmV. m Am§{JH$ b`~Õ nwZamd{V©V, Am{dîH$mam{edm` MM}daÀ`m hmd^mdm§À`m Xe©ZmMmA§V^m©d Ë`mV hmoVmo. åhUyZM {ó`m§À`m `m ñdê$nmÀ`m Ioim§Zm Ho$di Ioi åhUÊ`mnojm Z¥Ë`IoiåhUUo A{YH$ g§ wpŠVH$ R>aVo. BWo AmnU ZmJn§M_r Am{U _§JimJm¡arÀ`m doir Ioië`m OmUmè`m{På_m-\w$JS>r, \o$amMr JmUr `m {ó`m§À`m Am{U boPr_ `m g§{_l Ioim{df`r A{YH$ _m{hVr H$ê$ZKoUma AmhmoV.

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B ^ŠVm§Mo Z¥Ë` : bmoH$XodVm§À`m ^ŠVm§Zm bmoH$^mfoV "^JV' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo. Aem ^JVm§MrAZoH$ ê$no _hmamï´>mV àM{bV AmhoV. "^JVnU' hoM Ë`m§À`m CnOr{dHo$Mo gmYZ AgVo. XodVm§Mo ^ŠVåhUyZ H$Yr XodVoÀ`m àVrH$ ê$nmV Va H$Yr ^ŠVmÀ`m y{_Ho$V Vo {^jm _mJVmV. Jm|Yir, dmKo `mgma»`m ^ŠVm§Zr Jm|Yir H$boÀ`m gmXarH$aUmVyZ doJir a§J y_r gmH$ma Ho$br Amho. nU nmoVamO,dmgwXod, ñ_emZOmoJr, ^amS>r `m gmaIo ^JV XmamoXmar {\$ê$Z XodXodVm§Mr Z¥Ë o gmXa H$aVmV. H$WmJm`ZH$aVmV. Ë`m§Mo gmXarH$aU, Ë`mVbr ZmQ>ç_`Vm gJioM d¡{eï>çnyU© AgVo. Ë`mbm a§J yfoMr, doe yfoMrOmoS> AgVo. hmVmV EImXo dmÚ AgVo. Am{U ^JVm§Mo ho ê$n Am~mbd¥Õm§Zm \$ma AmdS>Vo. bmoH$m§À`m_ZmV Ë`m {d{eï> XodVog§~§Yr lÕm {Z_m©U H$aUo, Agbobr lÕm OmJ¥V R>odUo hr H$m_o Ë`mVyZ gmYbrOmVmV. bmoH$ lÕoZo g§JrV, Z¥Ë` Am{U ZmQ>çmMm AmZ§X KoVmV. H$bmË_H$ Am{dîH$mamVyZ AmZ§X XoUoAm{U _Zmoa§OZ H$aUo ho ^ŠVm§À`m Z¥Ë`mMo d¡{eï>ç gm§JVm oVo. BWo AmnU WmoS>Š`mV nmoVamO, dmgwXod,ñ_emZOmoJr, ^amS>r, `m ^ŠVm§Mm n[aM` H$ê$Z KoD$.

B nmoVamO : Xadfu AmfmT>r _{hÝ`mV _hmamï´>mV ehar Am{U J«m_rU ^mJmV _§Jidmar, ewH«$dmarnmoVamOmMr \o$ar oVo. `mbm H$S>H$bú_rhr åhUVmV. H$Yr Vmo S>moŠ`mda bú_r AmB©Mm Xoìhmam / H$nmQ>KoD$Z oVmo Va H$Yr EH$Q>mM AmgyS>mMm AmdmO H$aV oVmo. `mMm nmoemI d¡{eï>çnyU© AgVmo. Ë`mMo Ho$gdmT>bobo Am{U _moH$io AgVmV. H$nmimbm _idQ> AgVmo. H$miçmH${^Þ nmoVamOmÀ`m H$_aobm IUm§À`mVwH$S>çmMm KmJam AgVmo. Vmo CJ« rfU {XgVmo. _[aAmB©À`mM ê$nmZo Vmo añË`mda Z¥Ë` gmXa H$aVmo.hmVmVë`m {Q>narZo JiçmVbm S>\$/T>mobH$ dmOdVmo. _arAmB©Mm hm JV Amnë`m d¡{eï>çnyU© a§J yfoVyZ,A{^Z` Z¥Ë`mVyZ doJioM ZmQ>çXe©Z Am~mbd¥ÜXm§Zm KS>dVmo.

B dmgwXod : dmgwXod {deofËdmZo H¥$îUH$Wm gmXa H$aVmo. S>moŠ`mda e§Hw$H$ma _moa{ngmMr Q>monr,nm`mV Kw§Jê$ hmVmV Q>mi, A§JmV KmoiXma A§JaIm, H$_aobm eobm, eoë`mV ~mgar, H$mIoV Pmoir Agogw§Xa Ü`mZ gwaob AmdmOmV {JaH$s KoV ZmMV ^ë`m nhmQ>o XmamV oVo. añË`mda, XmamV A§JUmV Zm_KmofH$aV XmZ _mJVmo. H$WmJrV JmVmZm dmgwXod OUy EH$nmÌrZmQ>çM gmXa H$aVmo. Á`mÀ`m XmamV {^jm_mJm`Mr VmoM àojH$ AgVmo. XodXodVm§À`m Am»`mZm~amo~a bm¡{H$H$ Am»`mZo JmD$Z àojH$m§Mo EH$àH$maoVmo CX²~moYZhr H$aVmo.

B ñ_emZOmoJr : hm e§H$amÀ`m doemVbm {^joH$ar _hmamï´>mV AYyZ_YyZ Ñï>rg nS>Vmo. Ë`mMmnmoemI a§Jr~oa§Jr AgVmo. JiçmV _mUgmMr H$dQ>r KoVbobr bmoI§S>r K§Q>m AgVo, hmVmV H$mR>r AgVo.AmaS>mAmoaS>r H$aV O~arZo {^jm _mJUmao ho OmoJr AgVmV. e§H$amMm doe YmaU H$aVmZm H¥${Ì_ OQ>m,S>moŠ`mda {H$arQ>, H$nmimda bmb-H$mio {ndio J§Y, S>moiçm^modVr bmb-H$mio nÅ>o, JiçmV éÐmjm§À`m_mim, VmB©V, e§ImMr d hmS>mMr _mi Ago `mMo gObobo ê$n AgVo. {deofV: H$mnm{bH$ g§àXm`mMoñ_emZOmoJr Ago ê$n KoD$Z {^jm _mJVmV. Ë`m§Mo H$WmJm`Z ZmQ>çnyU© AgVo. qH$JarÀ`m gmWrZo Ho$boboVobJy ^mfoVrb H$WZ-Jm`Z g_Obo Zmhr Var ZmQ>çnyU© Am{dîH$mam_wio bmoH$m§Zm à^mdrV H$aVo.

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B dm¿`m_wair : ho I§S>mo~mMo ^JV AgyZ H$WmJrV JmD$Z ZmQ>ç gmXa H$aVmV. KamV ew H$m ©àg§Jr åhUOoM _§Jbàg§Jr OmJaUmZo gm§JVm H$aÊ`mMm àKmV H$mhr Hw$Qw>§~m§_Ü o Amho. dm¿`m Am{U _wairho I§S>mo~mMo CnmgH$ JmdmoJmd I§S>mo~mMr JmUr JmV {^jm _mJV {\$aVmV. dm¿`m hmoÊ`mMm Am{U _wairhmoÊ`mMm d¡{eï>çnyU© {dYr AgVmo. OmJaUmMo H$m ©H«$_, Z¥Ë`-ZmQ>ç Jm`Zm_wio dm¿`m_wair bmoH$OrdZmVbmoH${à` Pmbo Am{U Ë`mMr XIb g§Vm§Zmhr ¿`mdr bmJbr.

^amS>r hm ¡admMm JV nwamUH$Wm qH$dm bmoH$H$WmJrV gmXa H$aVmo. _Ü o _Ü o H$Wm JÚ {Zê$nUmZoñnï> H$aVmo. {^jm _mJVmo.

YZJa OmVrVrb {~amo~m§Mo ^JVhr hþB©H$mÀ`m doir CËgdmÀ`m doir H$WmJrVo JmVmV. Z¥Ë` ZmQ>çgmXa H$aVmV. døm Am{U dmZ åhUUmao {~amo~mMo ^JV AmOhr J«m_rU ^mJmV AmT>iVmV.

Ago ho bmoH$XodVm§Mo ŠV Iè`m AWm©Zo bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo CnmgH$ AmhoV. Ë`m§Zr Amnë`m CnmgZoVyZ,nma§n[aH$ JrVo dmÚo Am{U "énmÀ`m' _mÜ`_mVyZ _hmamï´>mMr bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr Onbr Amho. `m CnmgH$m§Zr_amR>r bmoH$Y_u ZmQ>çm§Mr OmonmgZm H$ê$Z bmoH$OrdZmV Ë`m§Zm _mobmMo ñWmZ àmá H$ê$Z {Xbo Amho.

B Jmo§Yi :

Jm|Yi ho {dYrZmQ>ç, Hw$imMma åhUyZ _hmamï´> Am{U H$Zm©Q>H$mV àM{bV Amho. KamV _§JbH$m ©Pmbo H$s `O_mZ Jm|Yiçm§Zm Kar ~mobmdVmV. ho Jm|Yir ^dmZr, A§~m~mB© BË`mXr _mV¥XodVm§À`m ZmdmZoAmamYZm ZmQ>ç gmXa H$aVmV. gmXarH$aUmÀ`m nÕVrdê$Z Jm|YimMo XmoZ àH$ma _mZbo OmVmV.1) H$mH$S>çm qH$dm nmoVè`m Jm|Yi, 2) g§~içm Jm|Yi. Jm|Yir hr O_mV Amho Am{U Ë`m§À`mVH$X_amB© Am{U aoUyamB© Ago XmoZ n§W AmhoV.

Jm|YiçmMm nmoemI d¡{eï>çnyU© AgVmo. A§JmV nm`Kmoi PJm AgVmo. S>moŠ`mbm dmgwXodmgmaIrH$dS>çm§Zr _T>dbobr Q>monr AgVo. JiçmV H$dS>çm§Mr _mi AgVo. hmVmV OiVm nmoV KoD$Z OoìhmJm|Yi KmVbm OmVmo Ë`mbm H$mH$S>çm Jm|Yi åhUVmV. ~mH$sMo gmWrXma g§~i, VwUVwUo dmOdV gmWH$aVmV. ZwgË`m g§~i-VwUVwÊ`mda gmXa Ho$bm OmVmo, Vmo g§~içm Jm|Yi. gmWrbm Q>mi I§{Oar AgVoM.g§Ü`mH$mir OodUo Pmë`mda Jm|YimMo Am`moOZ AgVo. nyd©a§JmV nyOm{dYr Ho$bm OmVmo. JUnVr Am{UBVa Xodm§Zm AmdmhZ Ho$bo OmVo. Mm¡a§Jmda Zdo dó A§Wê$Z Ë`mda Vm§Xyi ngê$Z Ë`mda nmM {dS>ogwnmè`m R>odVmV. Ho$irÀ`m Im§~m§Mo D$gmÀ`m nmë`mMo _Ia Ho$bo OmVo. _Ü`^mJr ZmaimghrV H$beñWmnZ H$aVmV. ~mOybm {XdQ>r noQ>dbr OmVo. dmÚm§Mr d XodrMr nyOm H$ê$Z H$m ©H«$_mg gwê$dmV hmoVo.

gwê$dmVrbm JUnVrMo Z_Z Jm{`bo OmVo. Ë`mZ§Va VwiOmnyaMr A§~m~mB©, aoUwH$m, `ëbå_m `mXodVm§Mo _mhmËå`, ñWimMo _hmËå` Jm{`bo OmVo. EImXo {dZmoXr JrV ZmQ>ç_`arË`m gmXa Ho$bo OmVo.JmVmZm _Ü o _Ü o CËñ\y$V© g§dmXm§Mr OmoS> AgVo. JrVmVbo ZmQ>ç Amnë`m A§J yV H$m¡eë`mZo Jm|YirA{YH$ IwbdVmo.

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CÎmaa§JmV EImXo nm¡am{UH$ bmoH$H$WmË_ Am»`mZ bmdbo OmVo. h[aü§Ð-Vmam_Vr, lr`mi-Mm§JwUm,aoUwH$m-O_X¾r-naewam_, lmdU~mi, dra goZ, M§ny goZ, Om`m amUr, n§M\w$br Aem nm¡am{UH$ gm_m{OH$H$Wm bmdë`m OmVmV. H$Wm H$moUVrhr Agmo eodQ>r Xodr _mhmËå` gm§{JVbo OmVo. Jm|Yiçm§Mr H$WZe¡brd¡{eï>çnyU© AgVo. nÚmMr JÚ g§nmXUr Vmo Hw$ebVoZo H$aVmo. g§dmXmÀ`m AmYmao CÎm_ ZmQ>ç{Z{_©VrgmYVmo.

à_wI Jm|Yiçmbm ZmB©H$ åhUVmV. Ë`mMo gmWrXma ghnmÌm§Mo gm|J dR>{dVmV. H$Yr H$Yr Jm|YimMoZmQ>ç amÌ^a MmbVo. Jm|YiçmÀ`m Am»`mZmVbo {d{dY KQ>Zm, àg§J Jm|Yir A{Ve` agmi dmUrZogmXa H$aVmo. moOZmMm WmQ>, amOH$Ý oMm e¥§Jma, Am»`mZmVë`m hmb Anoï>m Aem àg§Jm_wio ZmQ>ç{Z{_©VrhmoVo. gaVoeodQ>r Xodr _mhmËå` lmoË`m§À`m _Zmda R>gdbo OmVo.

H$moUVrhr a§J yfm, ZonÏ` ZgVmZm Jm|Yir EH$ g_¥Õ ñdê$nmMo ZmQ>ç gmH$ma H$aVmo. g_mOmVë`m{d{dY d¥Îmr-àd¥ÎmtMo Z_wZo bmoH$m§g_moa R>odVmo. àg§Jr {dZmoX {Z{_©Vr H$aVmo. H$Yr H$ê$U agmMm n[anmofH$ê$Z lmoË`m§Zm {IidyZ R>odVmo, Ë`m§Mo a§OZ H$aVmo. àg§J Ym{_©H$ AgVmo. Hw$bmMma åhUyZ XodrMm Jm|YiKmVbobm AgVmo. bmoH$ ^ŠVr ^mdmZo ldUmZ§XmV a§Jbobo AgVmV. Am»`mZmV a§OH$Vm AgyZ Jm|YirbmoH$a§OZ H$aVmV. `mdê$Z {dYrZmQ>çmVyZ ZmQ>ç H$go A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo `mMr à{MVr oVo.

B ^mê$S>

bmoH$a§OZmVyZ bmoH${ejU gmYUmao ^mê$S> ho ZmQ>ç bmoH$a§J^y_rda àM{bV Amho. ^mê$S>mbm{b{IV g§{hVm XoÊ`mMo lo g§V EH$ZmWm§Zm Úmdo bmJVo. ^mê$S>mMr g§{hVm, H$WmdñVy, Ë`mVrb y{_H$m,nmÌm§Mm A{^Z`, gmWrbm g§JrV Am{U gmXarH$aU `mVyZ bmoH$Y_u VÎdm§Mm àË`` oVmo. ~hþê$T> Vo^mê$S> Agmhr `mMm EH$ AW© àM{bV Amho. ^mê$S>mMr aMZm ê$nH$mË_H$, nÚ ñdê$nr AgVo. dadanmhVm ì`mdhm[aH$ / gm_m{OH$ {XgUmè`m nÚmVyZ AÜ`mpË_H$ AW© àH$Q> hmoV AgVmo.

JmoHw$imï>_r, _hÎdmÀ`m EH$mXí`m§Mr nmaUo, H$më`mMo H$m ©H«$_, h[aZm_ gßVmh Aem H$m ©H«$_mÀ`mgm§JVm g_ma§ m§Zm l_n[ahmamW© _Zmo{dZmoX åhUyZ amÌr ^mê$S>mMm H$m ©H«$_ Ho$bm OmVmo. ^mê$S>m_Ü oàm_w»`mZo AmOy~mOyÀ`m OrdZmVbo, g_mOmVbo {df` {ZdS>bobo AgVmV. {ZË` n[aM`mMo S>m|~mar,Jmê$S>r, _mir, ^Q>-^Q>rU, O§J_, dmgwXod, nmoVamO, ogH$a, am_moer bmoH$ Amnë`m bì`mOå`mgh^mê$S>mÀ`m ê$nmVyZ bmoH$a§J_§Mmda AdVaVmV. bmoH$OrdZmMo à{Vq~~M mê$S>mV nS>bobo {XgVo. Ë`m_wioM^mê$S>o bmoH${à` Pmbr AgmdrV.

"qdMy Mmdbm', "XmXbm ZH$mo ~mB©', "amoS>Jm dmhrZ Vwbm' Aer EH$ZmWm§Mr {H$Ë`oH$ ^mê$S>oOZgm_mÝ`mV bmoH${à` AmhoV. ^mê$S> JmUmè`m§Mr dof yfm nma§n[aH$ AgVo. ^mê$S> gmXa H$aUmam ZQ>qH$dm à_wI Zm`H$ EH$Q>mM dof yfm H$aVmo. CXm. d¡Xy órMo gm|J KoVbo Va Odi JmR>moS>o, nmR>rer _ybAgVo. Am§Yim gmXa H$am`Mm Agob Va Odi H$mR>r AgVo. Aën doe yfoVM gJio gm_mdbobo AgVo.gmWrXma _yidoemVM AgVmV.

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....10

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^mê$S>mVrb Z¥Ë`mMo XmoZ VrZ àH$mamV gmXarH$aU hmoVo. gmXarH$aU H$aUmè`m§À`m nm`mbm Kw§Jê$AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§Mo Z¥Ë` a§JVXma hmoVo. {d{eï> nXÝ`mg, Jmob {\$aUo, {JaH$s KoUo, H$mhr d¡{eï>çnyU©H$a_wÐm `m§Mm gw§Xa _oi Z¥Ë`mV AgVmo. `m Z¥Ë`mbm Yw«wnX Jm`ZmMr gmW AgVo Vo g_yhJmZ AgVo.Y«wnXJm`Z Am{U gmXa hmoUmao Z¥Ë` m§Mm _oi BVH$m n[aUm_H$maH$ AgVmo H$s, lmoVo JrV JwUJwUVM naVOmVmV.

{Za{Zamiçm Ioim§Mrhr ^mê$S>o gmXa Ho$br OmVmV. CXm. \w$JS>r, {På_m, h_m_m. {ó`m§Mr y{_H$mnwéfM H$aVmV. {ó`m§À`m {d{eï> IoimMr b`~ÕVm Am{U JVr_mZVm ^mê$S>mÀ`m gmXarH$aUmVyZ àVrVhmoV AgVo.

^mê$S>mMr aMZm ê$nH$mË_H$ nÚñdê$nr AgVo. ^mê$S> JmV AgVmZm _w»` ZQ> _YyZ _YyZ Wm§~yZñnï>rH$aU H$aVmo. Ë`mdoir g§dmXmMr aMZm Z¥Ë` JrVmbm OmoSy>ZM Ho$br OmVo. g^modVmbr KS>Umè`mÑï>m§VmÀ`m gmømZo AZoH${dY CXmhaUm§ghrV {df` Iwbdbm OmVmo. ^mê$S>mMr g§nmXUr H$aUmao EH$mMdoir Ë`m y{_Ho$Vrb ZmQ>ç dR>dVm dR>dVm {ddoMZmVyZ JyT>mW© g_OmdyZ gm§JVmV.

^mê$S>mMr bmoH${à`Vm J«m_rU Am{U ZmJa g_mOmV AOyZhr {Q>Hy$Z Amho. mê$S>mÀ`m gmXarH$aUmÀ`md¡{eï>çnyU©Vo_wioM ^mê$S> hm ñdV§Ì Z¥Ë` ZmQ>çàH$ma AOyZhr {Q>Hy$Z Amho. åhUyZM àgma_mÜ`_mVAmOhr ^mê$S>mMm dmna _moR>çm à_mUmV hmoVmZm AmT>iVmo.

B XemdVma

IoiVm ZoQ>Ho$ XemdVmar Ÿ& oWo oVr gw§Xa Zmar

ZoÌ _mo{S>Vr H$bmHw$gar Ÿ& n[a AdKo YqQ>JU.

- Xmg~moY (6-8-11)

Xmg~moYmV am_Xmg ñdm_r XemdVmamMm Agm C„oI H$aVmV. _wHw§$XamO, kmZoœa m§À`m dmL²>_`mVhrAàË`jnUo XemdVmamMo C„oI AmT>iVmV. AJXr MmbwŠ`m§À`m H$mimnmgyZ XemdVmam§Mr na§nam ê$T>Agmdr, Ago nwamdohr AmT>ibo AmhoV. XemdVma hm {dYrZmQ>ç àH$ma {deof H$ê$Z H$moH$UmV Am{UJmoì`mV AË §V bmoH${à` Amho. H$moH$UmV {H$_mZ gmS>oVrZeo dfm©nmgyZ XemdVmamMr na§nam ApñVËdmVAgmdr. Jmoì`mVrb Ymbmo, H$moH$UmVrb H$bm `m à`moJê$n H$bmàH$mam§er XemdVmar IoimMo WmoS>§\$magmYå © AmT>iVo.

XemdVmar _§S>içm-dmbmdbH$a, _moMo _mS>H$a, _mg}H$a, AgmobH$a, AmOJmdH$a Aer AZoH$XemdVmar _§S>ir amOmnya, d|Jyb}, _mbdU, gmd§VdmS>r n[agamV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`mH$S>o XemdVma na§naoZoMmbV Ambobm Amho. AmO {H$_mZ n§Yam XemdVmar _§S>io ApñVËdmV AmhoV.

XemdVma `m IoimV noQ>mè`m§Zm \$ma _hÎd AgVo. doVmÀ`m `m noQ>mè`mMo ew{M y©V hmoD$Z nyOZ

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H$ê$Z Ë`mVbo _wIdQ>o, Xm{JZo, dó, hË`mao H$bmH$ma Cn`moJmV AmUVmV. gañdVr, JUnVr, _moa, gn©Ago _wIdQ>o Ë`mV R>odbobo AgVmV. XemdVmar _§S>itMo noQ>mao EH$m {nT>rH$Sy>Z Xwgè`m {nT>rH$S>o lÕmnyd©H$gmondbo OmVmV.

""H$moH$UmVrb nwîH$i XodñWmZm§À`m dm{f©H$ OÌm ^maVmV d Ë`m OÌoÀ`m eodQ>r XemdVmar IoihmoV AgVmV. hr d{hdmQ> \$ma OwZr AgyZ `m IoimÀ`m IMm©gmR>r Ë`m Ë`m XodñWmZm§Zm dfm©gZo R>adyZ{Xbobr AmhoV.'' {d. H¥$. OmoetÀ`m `m Zm|Xrdê$Z XemdVmamMm Ioi Ym{_©H$ {dYr åhUyZ JmdnmVirdaJmdmVrb Xod XodVm§À`m OÌoÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo Ho$bm OmVmo ho ñnï> hmoVo. adiZmW ho H$moH$UmVrb J«m_X¡dVAgyZ ~hþVoH$ JmdmV adiZmWmMr `mÌm ^aVo. `mÌoÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo bmoH$ EH$Ì oVmV. Xodmbm JmèhmUoKmbUo, Zdg \o$S>Uo Ago hoVy AgVmV. XodmMr nmbIr {ZKVo. Ë`mnwT>o bmoQ>m§JU KmVbo OmVo. nmbIrMr{_adUyH$ naV Amë`mda XemdVmambm gwadmV hmoVo.

Xodim~mhoaMm C§MdQ>m hm a§J_§M AgVmo, ZmaimMo dmgo dmnê$Z _m§S>d Ho$bm OmVmo. {dOoMr gmoZìhVr. Voìhm XemdVma n{bË`m§À`m àH$memV a§Jm`Mo. XemdVmar ZmQ>çmV nyd©a§J Am{U CÎmaa§J AgVmo.nyd©a§JmV gmXa hmoUmè`m ^mJmbm AmS>XemdVma åhUVmV. gyÌYmamÀ`m {ZdoXZmZo IoimMr gwadmV hmoVo._wIdQ>mYmar JUnVr a§J_§Mmda ZmMV oVmo. Ë`mMr nyOm hmoVo, Z_Z hmoVo. JUnVr, gañdVrZ¥Ë` hmoVo VoAmerdm©X XoVmV, Ë`m§Mm àdoe g§nVmo. Ë`mZ§Va _Ëñ`, Hy$_©, damh, Zaqgh, dm_Z, naewam_, am_,H¥$îU, ~wÕ Am{U H$ëH$s Ago Xhm AdVma nydu XmIdbo Om`Mo. AmVm _mÌ ho Xhm AdVma Z XmIdVmgyÌYmamÀ`m {ZdoXZmVyZM Vo àojH$m§n ªV nmohmoMVmV. Z§Va AË §V _hÎdmMm e§ImgwamMm n«doe hmoVmo.

e§ImgyamÀ`m A§Jmda g§nyU© H$mio dó AgVo. S>moio, ZmH$, Vm|S>mÀ`m {R>H$mUr ~wa»`mbm {N>ÐoAgVmV. bmb a§JmMr H$mnS>r Or^ bm|~V AgVo. Ë`mMo ~mobUo {dZmoXr, \$Q>H$i AgVo. Ë`mZo ~«÷XodmModoX Mmoabo, naV XoV Zmhr åhUmbm åhUyZ H¥$îU JXmàhmamZo Ë`mbm R>ma _maVmo Ago H$WmZH$ gmXa hmoVo.e§Imgya eaU oVmo-Ë`mbm C:emn {_iVmo. ho nmÌ {dXwfH$mÀ`m na§naoer {_iVo OwiVo AgVo, BWoXemdVmam§Mm nyd©a§J g§nVmo.

CÎmaa§JmV am_m`U, _hm^maV, nwamUo, ^mJdV B. _Yë`m nm¡am{UH$ àg§Jm§Mo gmXarH$aU hmoVo.amOm-amUr, F$fr , Aßgam, amjg Aer nmÌo AgVmV. XodXmZd wÕmMo àg§J h_Img AgVmV. IoimMo_wIdQ>o bmH$S>r AgVmV. JUnVr, gañdVr, ~«÷Xod, amdU hr nmÌo _wIdQ>o YmaU H$ê$ZM àdoeH$aVmV. nydu XemdVmamÀ`m {b{IV g§{hVm Zgm`À`m (AmOH$mb g§{hVm, gr.S>r. gJio CnbãYAmho.) H$WmZH$mVbo àg§J H$bmH$mam§Zm _mhrV Agm`Mo, CËñ\y$V© g§dmXmVyZ à`moJ gmH$ma ìhm`Mo.XemdVmar nmÌo CËñ\y$V©nUo g§dmX gmXa H$aVm H$aVm Ë`mbm dV©_mZmVë`m KQ>Zm àg§Jm§Mr OmoS> XoD$Zà`moJ amoMH$ ~ZdVmV.

bú_Umgh a§J_§Mmda àdoe H$aV Amboë`m am_mÀ`m hmVmV KS>çmi AgVo. Ë`mV ~KV Vmo åhUVmo

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""WmoS>m boQ> Pmbmo, Zm`Va hm XeVm|S>çm amdU H$YrM `_gXZr àdoe H$aVmo.'' g§dmXmVyZ dV©_mZn[apñWVrda, gm_m{OH$ AdñWoda CnamoYmË_H$ Q>rH$m{Q>nUr AgVo. XemdVmamMm hoVy Ho$di bmoH$a§OZZgVmo Va EImXm ~moYhr àojH$m§n ªV nmohmoMdm`Mm AgVmo.

gÚpñWVrV XemdVmamMo ñdê$n nwîH$i ~Xbbo Amho. H$moH$U n[agamVyZ hm à`moJ ~mhoa nSy>ZehamVyZ Ë`mMo à`moJ `eñdrnUo gmXa hmoD$ bmJbo AmhoV. 1-2 ór XemdVmar _§S>io nU ho à`moJH$aVmV.

B H$sV©Z

XodmMr AmamYZm H$aÊ`mMo, ^ŠVrMo gwb^ gmYZ åhUyZ àmMrZH$mimnmgyZ H$sV©Z àM{bV Amho.ZmaX EH$ CÎm_ H$sV©ZH$ma Agë`mMm C„oI nwamUmV gmnS>Vmo. doXH$mimVhr H$sV©Zmbm _hÎd hmoVo, hoCn{ZfXmVë`m gyV, em¡ZH$ H$sV©Zna§naodê$Z ñnï> hmoVo. EH$ CnmgZm ZmQ>ç åhUyZ _hmamï´>mVrb H$sV©Zna§nam, H$sV©ZmÀ`m ñdê$nmMo gmXarH$aUmMo àH$ma, H$sV©ZmVrb ZmQ>ç `m§Mm {dMma H$amd`mMm Amho.

_hmamï´>mV ZmaXr` (haXmgr) H$sV©Z Am{U dmaH$ar H$sV©Z Aem XmoZ à_wI na§nam ê$T> AmhoV. g§VZm_Xod ho dmaH$ar H$sV©Z na§naoMo AmÚ àdV©H$ _mZbo OmVmV. ZmaXr` H$sV©Z na§nam Zo_H$s H$YrnmgyZgwê$ Pmbr `m~m~V _V oX AmhoV. nU AJXr _hmZw md dmL²>_`mVgwÕm haXmgr H$WoH$ar eãXm§Mm C„oIAmT>iVmo.

H$sV©Zm_Ü o g§JrV Z¥Ë` Am{U ZmQ>ç `m {VÝhr Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe AgVmo. g§V Zm_Xod Amnë`mA §JmV H$sV©ZmMr d¡{eï>ço gm§JVmZm åhUVmV.

AmVm Z_y a§J y{_H$m ! H$sV©Zr C o bmoH$ Ÿ&

Q>mi _¥Xw§J lmoVo XoIm Ÿ& Ë`m _mPo X§S>dVŸ&

_hmamï´>mV H$sV©Z na§nam 12-13 ì`m eVH$nmgyZ bmoH${à` Agmdr.

H$sV©Z OUy EH$nmÌr ZmQ>çà`moJ AgVmo. H$sV©ZH$ma åhUOo haXmgr~wdm ~hþlwVr, ì`mg§Jr a{gH$AgVmo. CÎm_ nmR>m§Va, CÎm_ g§JrVmMo kmZ Ë`mbm AgVo. S>moŠ`mbm nJS>r, JiçmV _mi, A§JmV~mam~§Xr, nm`Kmoi YmoVa, H$nmimbm ~wŠH$m, hmVmV drUm Agm Ë`m§Mm nmofmI AgVmo. H$Yr haXmgmÀ`mnm`mV K§wJê$ d hmVmV {Mniçmhr AgVmV. gmWrbm drUm, Q>mi, _¥Xw§J / nIdmO hr dmÚo AgVmV.AmOÀ`m H$mimV H$sV©ZmV hm_m}{Z`_ dmnabr OmVo. ZmaXr` H$sV©ZmV _§Owi AmdmOmMr _§{Oar Am{UdmaH$ar H$sV©ZmV ^aXma AmdmOmMo Q>mi dmnabo OmVmV. H$sV©ZH$mamMr dmUr àmgm{XH$, AmoKdVr AgobAm{U Ë`mbm Hw$eb dmXH$m§Mr gmW Agob Va H$sV©Z CÎmamoÎma a§JVM OmVo.

H$sV©ZmV nyd©a§J AgVmo. àW_ nyd©a§JmV H$sV©ZH$ma EImXm {Zê$nUmMm A^§J JmVmV. Ë`mÀ`mAme`mÀ`m AZwf§JmZo AZoH$ Ñï>m§V XoV {Zê$nU H$aVmV. g§VdMZm§Mo XmIbo, MyU©H$, H$S>H$, nQ>H$m,Mm¡nmB©, Xmogm `m§Zr nyd©a§J a§JVo.

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CÎmaa§JmV nyd©a§JmV KoVboë`m A §Jmbm AZwgê$Z EImXo nm¡am{UH$ Am»`mZ bmdbo OmVo. CÎmaa§JH$WmË_ AgVmo . Hw$eb H$sV©ZH$ma Amnë`m ZmQ>çnyU© {ZdoXZH$m¡eë`mZo àË`j àg§J lmoË`m§g_moa gmH$maH$aVmo. ho H$WmgyÌ nyd© a§Jmer OmoS>bobo AgVo. Am{U _Ü o_Ü o dV©_mZH$mimVrb KQ>Zm§er Ë`m§Mm XwdmhrOmoS>Ê`mV oVmo. h[aZm_mMm JOa ho `m ZmQ>çà`moJmMo à_wI H|$Ð AgVo. à^mH$a _m§S>o H$sV©Zm~ÔbJm¡admoX²Jma H$mT>VmZm åhUVmV, ""n[apñWVr Z ~XbVm Am»`mZmVrb àg§JmZwê$n {Za{Zamiçm ñWmZm§MmAm^mg `m EH$nmÌr Z¥Ë` à`moJmÀ`m a§J y_rda {Z_m©U H$aVm oVmo. H$sV©ZH$mamÀ`m dmdamgmR>r Q>mH$boë`mgVa§OrdaM _Wwamhr {Z_m©U hmoVo Am{U d§¥XmdZhr AZw dbo OmVo.''

H$sV©ZmÀ`m a§J_§M ì`dñWoV g§àXm`mZwgma WmoS>m\$ma ~Xb AgVmo. ZmaXr` d dmaH$ar g§àXm`mÀ`mH$sV©ZmÀ`m doir a§J_§Mr` ì`dñWm {d{eï> ñdê$nmMr AgVo. JmUnË`, am_Xmgr, JmS>Jo~wdm§À`m H$sV©ZmMoa§J_§M WmoS>m\$ma \$aH$mZo doJio OmUdVmV. AmYw{ZH$ H$mimV H$sV©ZmMm CÎm_ àgma_mÜ`_ åhUyZ Cn`moJHo$bm OmV Amho.

B Z_Z

Z_Z Ioio hm H$moH$UmVrb àm_w»`mZo CÎma aËZm{Jar ^mJmVrb AË §V bmoH${à` bmoH$H$bmàH$ma.~hþOZ g_mOmV Ym{_©H$ àg§Jr ho Ioio gmXa Ho$bo OmVmV. í`m_Or ZmB©H$ H$mio `m§Zr H$Zm©Q>H$mVyZ hmbmoH$H$bmàH$ma H$moH$UmV AmUbm Ago Aä`mgH$m§Mo _V Amho. `m bmoH$H$bmàH$mamMo `jJmZmer gmå`AmT>iVo. Z¥Ë`, ZmQ>ç d g§JrVmÀ`m gmWrZo am_m`U, _hm^maVmVrb H$Wm^mJmMo Jm`Z Ho$bo OmVo.

\$mëJwZ _{hÝ`mV hmoirÀ`m gUmnmgyZ JmdÀ`m XodrÀ`m ZmdmZo Hw$U~r g_mO Z_Z-Ioiobm gwadmVH$aVmo. XodrMr nmbIr T>mob, Vmem§À`m JOamV KamoKar {\$adbr OmVo. XmamoXmar {VMr nyOm hmoVo. Zdg~mobbo OmVmV. Z_Z-Ioio H$aUmar Xhm-~mam _mUgo AgVmV. nm`Kmoi PJo, nJS>r, CnH$aUo hmVmVQ>mi Aer nma§n[aH$ dof yfm AgVo.

b½ZH$m`m©À`m àg§Jr JmdmVrb à{V{ð>V KamV g§nyU© amÌ^a Ioio ZmMdbo OmVmV. `mVhr nyd©a§J -CÎmaa§J Agm àH$ma AgVmo. n{hbo Z_Z JUoembm AgVo. Ë`mMr gwadmV gyÌYma H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m XmoÝhr~mOybm _¥X§JdmXH$ AgVmV.

n`bm Z_mZ, Xod n`bm Z_mZ, JUoe Xodmbm

Xod `mJmer _oKmbm, Xod nmVmir eofmbm.

Aer 12 Z_Zo hmoVmV. Xodm{XH$m§gh M§Ð, gy ©, nmQ>rb, àojH$ gdmªZm Z_Z Ho$bo OmVo. _J gm|JmMoZ¥Ë` hmoVo. EH$-EH$ gm|J oVo d ZmMyZ naV OmVo. _J gyÌYma JUnVr ñVdZ H$aVmo. JUnVr S>mobV oVmod Ë`mZ§Va "ZQ>dm' ho nmÌ oVo. gyÌYma Am{U ZQ>ì`m_Ü o MQ>H$Xma {dZmoXr g§dmX hmoVmV. ho a§OH${dZmoXr g§dmX gJiçm§Zm AmdS>VmV. lrH¥$îU, n|X²çm Am{U órdofYmar nwéf Jm¡iUr oVmV. MQ>H$Xmag§dmXmVyZ hmñ`{Z{_©Vr hmoVo. BWo nyd©a§J g§nVmo.

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CÎmaa§JmV EImXo Am»`mZ gmXa Ho$bo OmVo. {ZdoXZmVyZ gyÌYma H$Wm^mJ nwT>o ZoVmo. ^anya ZmQ>ç,JÚ nÚ {_lrV {ZdoXZ, Q>mi-_¥Xw§JmÀ`m gmWrZo Z_Z-Ioio amÌ^a MmbVmV. `m§Mr {b{IV g§{hVmAgVo. H$mimZwgma WmoS>o \$ma ~Xb Pmbo Var AOyZhr "Z_Z Ioio' Amnbo ApñVËd {Q>H$dyZ AmhoV.

B ^wË`o

wË o hm XodrMm CnmgH$. wË`m-^moß`m-AmamYr ho EH$mM AWm©Mo eãX, Jm|Yiçm§à_mUoM ho wË oqH$dm AmamYr XodmMm Jm|Yi KmbVmV. wË`m§Zm VwiOmnyaÀ`m ^dmZrÀ`m CnmgZoV {deof _mZ AgVmo.XodrÀ`m N>{~Ý`mÀ`m doir XodimV nhmdo {VH$S>o wË`m§Mr JXu {XgVo. Hw$R>o ho wË o nmoV KoD$Z ZmMVAgVmV Va EImÚm {R>H$mUr nmoV IoiVm IoiVm JrV JmVmZm AmamÜ`mÀ`m A§JmV g§Mma Pmbobm AgVmo.

_mhþaMr aoUwH$m Am{U VwiOmnwaMr ^dmZr `m AmamÜ`mÀ`m Cnmñ` XodVm. KamoKar KQ> ~gë`mda hmXodrMm CnmgH$ Xmamer oVmo. Ë`mÀ`m A§JmV Iyn KmoiXma PJm AgVmo. S>moŠ`mbm e§Hy$À`m AmH$mamMrH$dS>çm Jw§\$bobr Q>monr, JiçmV d H§$~aobm H$dS>çmMmM nÅ>m. S>mì`m Im§Úmda bQ>H$dbobr VmobmMr~wYbr, COì`m H$mIoV Pmoir, JiçmV hiXr-Hw§$H$dmMr {nedr, N>mVrda hiXr Hw§$H$dmZo _mIbobmXodrMm Q>mH$, EH$m hmVmV qMÜ`m§Mm _moR>m nmoV Am{U Xwgè`m hmVmV VwUVwUo Agm Ë`m§Mm ga§Om_ AgVmo.A§Jmdarb H$nS>o VobmZo hiXr Hw§$H$dmZo _mIbobo AgVmV. wË`m Ambm H$s {d{eï> àH$maMm OiŠ`mVobmMm dmghr oVmo. XodrMr Am{U BVa XodVm§Mr AZoH$ JmUr Vmo gmXa H$aVmo. bmoH$ ñdoÀN>oZo Ë`mbm n¡-n¡gm YmÝ` OwZo H$nS>o XoVmV. Vmo bmoH$m§Zm g§VmofmZo nmoVmMm A§Jmam bmdyZ Amerdm©X XoVmo.

wË`m hmoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ XrjoMm {dYr H$amdm bmJVmo. hm Xrjm{dYr VwiOmnyaMo ^mono H$X_-nmQ>rbH$aVmV. H$mhr bmoH$ ZdgmZo wË o hmoVmV. _§Jidma d ewH«$dma wË`mMm doe MT>dyZ OmoJdm _mJVmV.wË`m XodrMr JmUr VÝ_`VoZo {Q>noÀ`m AmdmOmV Jm`bm gwadmV H$aVmo. hmVmVbo VwUVwUo dmOV AgVo.

Xwgè`m hmVmV nmoV noQ>bobm AgVmo Am{U Vmo Jm`bm bmJbm H$s Ë`m JmÊ`mVyZ ZmQ>çM bmoH$m§g_moagmH$ma hmoVo.

VwiOmnwaÀ`m XodrÀ`m Xa~mamV wË`m§Zm _mZmMo ñWmZ Amho. lr XodrÀ`m AmamÜ`m§_Ü o yË` åhUOogodH$ d Ë`m§Mo amOo åhUOo ^moß o Aem eãXm§dê$Z wË o d ^mono ho eãX XodrÀ`m Xa~mamV dmnaVAgmdoV. Aer EH$ ì wËnÎmr _m§S>Ê`mV oVo. wË`mÀ`m d¡{eï>çnyU© JrVmVyZ XodrMm _{h_m ZmQ>ç_`arVrZobmoH$m§g_moa gmH$ma hmVomo. bmoH$_mZgmV AOyZhr wË`mbm _mZmMo ñWmZ Amho.

B H«$sS>mZ¥Ë`

H«$sS>mZ¥Ë` `m àH$mamV àm_w»`mZo {ó`m§H$adr Ioi Ioië`m OmUmè`m Z¥Ë`mË_H$ Ioim§Mm {dMmaH$amdm bmJVmo. A§JU-Amogar dmS>çmVbr/JëbrVbr _moH$ir OmJm Aem {R>H$mUr ho Ioibo OmVmV`mMm g§~§Y àm_w»`mZo EImÚm CËgd, gU, d«V `mÀ`mer OmoS>bobm AgVmo. nwéfm§Mrhr H$mhr H«$sS>mZ¥Ë obmoH${à` AmhoV.

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ZmJn§M_r : lmdU _{hÝ`mVrb `m gUmbm ZdrZ b½Z Pmboë`m _wbr _mhoar oVmV. ZmJmMr nyOmH$aÊ`mgmR>r dmê$imbm OmVmV. ZmJ ho gw\$brH$aUmMo àVrH$ _mZyZ nyOm Ho$br OmVo. H$Yr ^mD$, H$YrnVr `m ^mdZoZo hr nyOm Ho$br OmVo. `mdoir \o$amMr JmUr åhUyZ Z¥Ë` Ho$bo OmVo.

Mb J g o dmê$imbm, ZmJmo~mbm nyOm`mbm

hiXrHw§$Hy$ dhm`mbm, VmÁ`m bm`m doMm`mbm

Ago \o$amMo JrV JmV JmV gJiçm OmVr O_mVrÀ`m bhmZ-Wmoa d`mÀ`m {ó`m \o$amV gh^mJrhmoVmV. \o$amMr JmUr, _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Ambobr AgVmV. órÀ`m gwI X:Im§Mm, ^md-^mdZm§Mm,{VÀ`m {H«$`m-à{V{H«$`m§Mm Vmo _Zmok Am{dîH$ma AgVmo. b`mË_H$ aMZm, `_H$mZwàmgmMm dmna, {d{eï>R>oH$m `m_wio hr JmUr a§OH$ hmoVmV.

_§JimJm¡a : lmdUmV oUmè`m Xa _§Jidmar ~«m÷U OmVrVë`m Zd{ddm{hVm _§JimJm¡arMo d«VH$aVmV. _Zmo mdo nyOm H$aVmV. amÌr OmJaU H$aVmV. `m OmJaUmÀ`m doir {d{dY àH$maMo Ioi IoiboOmVmV.

emar[aH$ b`~Õ hmbMmbtMo nwZamdV©Z Pmbo H$s, Ë`mbm {d{eï> àH$maÀ`m Z¥Ë`mMo ñdê$n àmáhmoVo. d¡{eï>çnyU© nXÝ`mg, H$Yr AmoUdo ìhm`Mo Va H$Yr ñdV: ^modVr {JaH$s ¿`m`Mr. H$Yr gynZmMdm`Mo Va H$Yr KmJa Ioidm`Mr. Ago {ó`m§À`m IoimMo ñdê$n AgVo. 3-4 VèhoMm {På_m, 3-4 àH$maÀ`m \w$JS>çm Ioië`m OmVmV. \w$JS>rÀ`m IoimV EH$_oH$s¨Mr Moï>m H$aUmar JmUr åhQ>br OmVmV.CImUo KmVbo OmVmV. ZmVog§~§YmVë`m {d{dY ì`ŠVt{df`tÀ`m mdZm {ó`m CImÊ`mVyZ ì`ŠV H$aVmV.

H$m|~S>m, ZIwë`m, AmS>diKw_-nS>diKw_, AmJmoQ>m-nmJmoQ>m, AmB© _r oD$ H$m ? "AJ§-H$mJ§;qnJm, IwMu H$m {_aMr, gmb_ gmbH$s, Jmo\$ {dUw, {H$H$sM§ nmZ, ZmM J§ Kw_m, KmJa Kw_dUo Ago[d{dY àH$maMo Ioi Ioibo OmVmV. àË oH$ IoimMo JmUo d¡{dÜ`nyU© AgVo. Ë`mbm {d{eï> b` AgVo.`_H$mZwàmgm§Mr `moOZm, IQ>Ho$~mOnUm AgVmo. {ó`m§À`m {d{dY y{_H$m§Mm R>gH$m AgVmo. OmoS>rbmQ>miçm qH$dm nmdbm§Mm IUIUrV ZmX AgVmo. Ioi CÎmamoÎma a§JVM OmVmo.

XmoKtMm {På_m, Im§Xr {På_m, \o$amMm {På_m Ago AZoH$ àH$ma àM{bV AmhoV. XmoKr XmoKtZrg_moam g_moa C o amhÿZ EH$ nm` CMbyZ {d{eï> nXÝ`mg H$aV nañnam§Zm Q>mir XoD$Z Z¥Ë` H$aÊ`mMr{H«$`m `mV hmoVo. {På_m H$Yr Mm¡KtMm, H$Yr AmR>OUtVhr Ioibm OmVmo. OmñV {ó`m O_ë`m Va _moR>m\o$a Yê$Z Im§Xr {På_m Ioibm OmVmo.

H$Yr "{P_ nmoar {P_' `m JmÊ`mÀ`m R>oŠ`mda Va H$Yr Ym¡å` F$fr Am{U eHw§$VboÀ`m nma§n[aH$JrVmda {På_m Ioibm OmVmo. {På`mMm AmZ§X gd© d`moJQ>mVë`m {ó`m _Z_wamX bwQ>VmV.

boPr_ : boPr_ hm Img nwéfr IoiZ¥Ë`mMm àH$ma Amho. hm Ioi gm§{KH$ AgyZ g§» obm BWo ~§YZZmhr. d`mMo ~§YZ Zmhr. boPr_ åhUOo EH$m Xm§S>çmÀ`m XmoÝhr Q>moH$m§Zm YmVyÀ`m H$S>çm AgVmV. `m

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H$S>çm§_Ü o nmVi nÍ`mÀ`m Jmob MH$Ë`m Jw§\$boë`m AgVmV. boPr_ hbdbo H$s `m nÍ`mÀ`m MH$Ë`mEH$_oH$m§da AmnQy>Z boPr_Mm d¡{eï>çnyU© AmdmO oVmo. EH$m hmVmV bmH$S>r Xm§S>Ho$ nH$S>VmV. VaXwgè`m hmVmV nÍ`mÀ`m MH$Ë`m§OdiMo N>moQ>o Xm§S>Ho$ nH$S>VmV. nydu Ho$di nwéfM hm Ioi IoiV AmVmemim§_Ü o _wbrgwÕm boPr_ Ioiy bmJë`m AmhoV. boPr_ IoiUo hm àH$ma draZ¥Ë`mMm àH$ma Amho. hoZ¥Ë` _hmamï´> d JwOamWoV àM{bV Amho. {d{dY àH$maMo A§J g§MmbZ, nwT>o OmUo, _mJo oUo, CS>çm_maUo, Imbr dmH$Uo, {JaH$s KoUo BË`mXr àH$ma hmVmVë`m boPr_À`m Vmbmda H$am`Mo. gmWrbm T>mob,Pm§Om, Vmem AgVmoM. gJir IoiUmar _§S>ir T>mobmÀ`m Vmbmda ~o mZ hmoD$Z ZmMVmV. XodVm§À`mnmb»`m, {_adUwH$m, IoS>çmVë`m `mÌm-OÌm, Cê$g `mnwT>o boPr_ IoiUmao Vm\o$ AgVmV. emim-emim§_YyZhr ì`m`m_ àH$ma åhUyZ boPr_ {eH$dbo OmVo. nwÊ`m_Ü o JUoemoËgdmÀ`m eodQ>À`m {Xder\$ma _moR>çm {_adUwH$m {ZKVmV. Ë`mVbo H$mhr {d{eï> g§Km§Mo boPr_ Z¥Ë` \$ma àojUr` AgVo. `mIoimbm Zo_H$m Hw$R>o, H$gm àma§ Pmbm ho gm§JUo H$R>rU Amho. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Mo _V Ago Amho H$s,noedmB©À`m H$mimV hm Ioi gwê$ Pmbm Agmdm. _Zmoa§OZ, gm§{KH$ EH$monm, eara_Zmbm ^anya ì`m`m_XoUmam, OmoenyU© Agm hm Ioi Amho.

B bmoH$ZmQ>ç (Folk drama)

OrdZmVrb ZmQ>ç AZw dVM _mUgmZo ZmQ>çmMr {Z{_©Vr Ho$br Agmdr Ago ZmQ>çmË_H$VoÀ`m~m~VrV ~mobbo OmVo. _mZdr OrdZmVrb ~mobÊ`m MmbÊ`mMm gmYm dV©Z ì`dhma bjmV KoVbm VarhrZmQ>çmË_H$Vm Amnë`m àË``mbm oVo. ZmQ>çmMr hr na§nam Am{X_ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambobr na§namAmho. bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma H$aUmarhr ZmQ>çH$bm Z¥Ë`H$boVyZ OÝ_mbm Amë`mMohr EH$ _V Amho.\«o$Pa `m Aä`mgH$m§À`m _Vo ZmQ>ç ho gw\$brH$aUmÀ`m {dYrMo Adeofê$n Amho. {dYr H$aÊ`m_mJrbbmoH$g_yhmMr lÕm ZmQ>çmMr J§JmoÌr _mZVmV. S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§À`m _Vo Va ""{dYr Mma Mm¡Km§g_moaqH$dm g_yhm_Ü o Ooìhm H$aÊ`mV oD$ bmJbo Voìhm Ë`mMo ñdê$n ZmQ>H$s Pmbo. `mOH$mÀ`m dmJÊ`mV,hmbMmbrV n«ojH$m§À`m Om{Udo_wio ñdm^m{dH$Vm H$_r hmoD$Z ZmQ>H$s ^mJ oD$ bmJbm. {dYt_Ü o Ooìhm`mOH$mMo Aì`pŠVH$aU hmoD$Z Vmo Xwgè`mMr y{_H$m KoVmo Ë`m doir hm {dYr {d{YZmQ>çmÀ`m ñdê$nmMm~ZVmo. `mVrb ZmQ>çmË_H$VoMm ^mJ ñdV§ÌnUo {dH${gV hmoVmo. Ë`m~amo~a EImXr {_WH$Wm gm§{JVbrOmVo. hrM {_WH$Wm àË`jmV KS>bobr XmI{dbr OmVo. Ë`mVyZM ZmQ>çmMm CJ_ Pmbm Agmdm.

`m {ddoMZmdê$Z Am{X_ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambobo {H«$`mË_H$ ZmQ>ç{dYr nwT>o nwT>o Ë`mVrb Ho$dilÕm^mdZm ~mOyg gmê$Z bmoH$ZmQ>ço {dYr ~Zbo AgmdoV d nwT>rb H$mimV a§OZ, bmoH$lX²Ym dCX²~moYZ m àoaUm§_wio bmoH$ZmQ>çmV Ë`m§Mo énm§Va Pmbo Agmdo. H$maU bmoH$ZmQ>çmMo à`moJ ho bmoH$_mZgmMrA{^ì`ŠVr H$aUmao AgVmV. ho Amnë`m àË``mbm oVo. Aem m bmoH$ZmQ>çm_YyZM AmYw{ZH$ a§J y_r{df`rì`dñWm ApñVËdmV Ambr.

a§J_§Mmda gmXa hoUmè`m ZmQ>H$mnojm "bmoH$ZmQ>ç' hm bmoH$H$bm àH$ma doJim Amho. AmOhr J«m_rU

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^mJmV, Am{Xdmgr ^mJmV OÌm, gU-CËgd, g_ma§ , {dYr H$_m©À`m àg§Jr bmoH$ZmQ>ç Ioibr OmVmV.OÌoÀ`m àg§Jr hmoUmam V_mem qH$dm dJZmQ>ç, {ddmh Pmë`mZ§Va qH$dm Hw$imMma àg§Jr KmVbm OmUmamJm|Yi, I§S>mo~mg_moa hmoUmao dm¿`m-_wairMo {dYrZmQ>ç, J«m_X¡dVm§À`m CËgdmV Ioibm OmUmam "~mohS>m'ho bmoH$ZmQ>çmMo àH$ma {ZIi a§OZ, H$a_UwH$sgmR>r {Z_m©U hmoUmè`m ì`mdgm{`H$ ZmQ>H$m§nojm doJioAmhoV. Vo bmoH$OrdZmÀ`m {dYrH$_m©Mm ^mJ åhUyZ Ioibo OmVmV. Aem `m bmoH$H$bm àH$mamMr AmnUAä`mgmMr EH$ {eñV åhUyZ ì`m»`m, ñdê$n d àH$ma bjmV KoD$`mV.

B bmoH$ZmQ>ç : ì`m»`m d ñdê$n

_mUyg hm g_yhOrdr àmUr Amho. Ë`m_wio EH$ g_yh_Z KoD$ZM Vmo OJV AgVmo. øm g_yh_ZmMmË`mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ OS>UKS>UrV _hÎdmMm dmQ>m AgVmo. `m g_yhmMm Am{dîH$ma bmoH${dYr, Y_©{dYr,ê$T>r, na§nam MmbrarVr `mÀ`m ñdê$nmV hmoVmo. Am{U `m {dYrH$_m©~amo~aM EH$ ZmQ>ç hr OÝ_mbm oVo.

H$moUo EHo$H$mir Y_©lÕm, `mVwlÕm hm _mZdr OrdZe¡brMm EH$ A{d^mÁ` d An[ahm © ^mJhmoVmo. Ë`m lÕm§À`m Am{dîH$mam§VyZ ZmQ>çê$n OÝ_mbm Ambo d bmoH$ZmQ>çmMm OÝ_ hm {H«$ oVyZ d{d{YZmQ>çmVyZ Pmbm. bmoH$g_yh_mZgmMo lÕm_` Am{dîH$ma bmoH$ZmQ>çmVyZ hmoVmV. H¥$Vr, JrV, g§JrV,dmXZ, nyOZ, H$WZ, A{^Z` `m gdmª_YyZ ZmQ>ç{Z{_©Vr H$aÊ`mMo à`ËZ Am{X_ H$mimnmgyZMo à`ËZAmhoV. Am{X_mZdmMo {eH$maZ¥Ë` øm ZmQ>çmË_H$ H¥$VrM hmoV. hm Ë`mMm ZmQ>çY_u Am{dîH$ma hmo .

{dYrZmQ>çmMr àoaUm KoD$Z OÝ_mg Ambobo bmoH$ZmQ>ç Z¥Ë`, g§JrV, Jm`Z, dmXZmXr H$bmJwUm§MrOmoS> {_iVmM {dH${gV hmoV Jobo. Ë`m_wioM bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr bmoH$ZmQ>çmMr "bmoH$na§naoVrb`mËdmË_H$ d {d{YZmQ>çmVyZ CËH«$m§V Pmbobm AZmJa ZmQ>çàH$ma' Aer ì`m»`m Ho$br Amho.

B bmoH$ZmQ>çmMo àH$ma

^maVr` bmoH$ZmQ>ç Ym{_©H$ ~¡R>H$sda C o Agbo Var H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m XodVm§À`m CnmgZoMm^mJ åhUyZ bmoH$ZmQ>çmMm Cn`moJ Ho$bm Jobm Amho. "bmoH$ZmQ>ç' hr g§km AZoH$ àH$maÀ`m nma§n[aH$ZmQ>ç{dYtgmR>r T>mo~i _mZmZo dmnabr OmUmar g§km Amho. na§Vw AmO `m g§koMm AmnU Ooìhm {dMmaH$aVmo Voìhm ZmQ>çà`moJm§Mo hoVy, à`moJ H$aUmao H$bmH$ma Am{U à`moJmMo ñdê$n bjmV KoD$Z Ë`mMo àH$maHo$bo OmVmV.

_hmamï´>mVrb bmoH$ZmQ>çmMm {dMma Ho$ë`mg V_mem, I§S>mo~mMo OmJaU-Jm|Yi, H$m|H$UmVbo Z_Z,XemdVma qH$dm H$mbm àH$ma m gdmªMm g_mdoe EH$mM àH$mamV H$aVm oV Zmhr. Aä`mgmÀ`m gmo rgmR>rH$m hmoB©Zm bmoH$ZmQ>çmMo doJdoJio àH$ma H$amdo bmJVmV. gd©gmYmaUV: bmoH$ZmQ>çmMo VrZ àH$ma dJuH$aUHo$bo OmVo.

Y_©-{d{Yna bmoH$ZmQ>ç : `m bmoH$ZmQ>ç àH$mamV Ym{_©H$, Ho$di {dYter {ZJ{S>V Agboë`mb½Z, _w§O Am{X àg§Jr XodrÀ`m CnmgZoMm Jm|Yi, I§S>mo~mMo OmJaU, "^mê$S>' `mgmaIr {dYrZmQ>ço

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bmoH$ZmQ>çmMo à_wI àH$ma _mZbo OmVmV. Ym{_©H$ {dYr åhUyZ ho àH$ma gmXa Ho$bo OmVmV. a§OZ-CX²~moYZmnojm nwÊ`g§M`, nmnjmbZ, Hw$imMma nmbZ ho hoVy `m àH$mam_mJo AgVmV. `m bmoH$ZmQ>çàH$mamÀ`m gmXarH$aUmdoir ê$T>r-na§nam§Mo H$mQ>oH$moa nmbZ Ho$bo OmVo. `mV Am{dîH$ma ñdmV§Í` _`m©{XVAgVo.

Y_m©{Y{ð>V a§OZZmQ>ç : Aem àH$maÀ`m bmoH$ZmQ>ç àH$mamV Ym{_©H$VoMm ^mJ AgVmo. na§VwY_©{dYrÀ`m H$_©H$m§S>mË_H$ {Z`_~ÕVobm Amobm§Sy>Z _wŠV Am{dîH$mamMo àJQ>rH$aU H$aUmao ~mohmS>m,n§M_r, b{iV, ^mê$S>, XemdVma, X§S>ma BË`mXr bmoH$ZmQ>ç àH$mam§Mm g_mdoe `m àH$mamV H$aVm oVmo.nm¡am{UH$ H$WmZHo$ d AmÜ`mpË_H$ ~moYmMm Ame` _m§S>Umar d gm_m{OH$ ñVa oXm§Mr, MmbrarVtMo ^mî`H$aUmar hr bmoH$ZmQ>ç AgVmV.

a§OZna bmoH$ZmQ>ç : Y_©{dYtZm ~mOybm gmê$Z Ho$di a§OZnaVoH$S>o PwH$bobr bmoH$ZmQ>ço `màH$maÀ`m bmoH$ZmQ>çmV oVmV. H$R>nwVbr, dJ, V_mem, H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§Mm Ioi `m àH$mamV _moS>VmV.

darb {ddoMZmdê$Z Amnë`m Ago bjmV oB©b H$s, "bmoH$ZmQ>ç' hr g§km AmnU Ho$di V_mem`m bmoH$ZmQ>çmnwaVr _`m©{XV Ho$bobr Zmhr. Va bmoH$ZmQ>çmV Ym{_©H$ ZmQ>çmMm H$_r-OmñV à^md d{ZIi a§OZnaVm bjmV KoD$Z Ë`mMo {ddoMZ Ho$bo. AWm©V {d{YZmQ>çm_YyZ {d{dY à`moJ ApñVËdmVAmbo. `m {d{YZmQ>çm§_Yrb Ym{_©H$ lÕm, `mVw{df`H$ H$ënZm OgOem H$_r hmoV Joë`m VgVgobmoH$ZmQ>ç A{YH$ ZmQ>ç_` hmoV Jobo. Y_©lÕm§Mr OmJm a§OZnaVoZo KoVë`mZo bmoH$ZmQ>ç ho gmXar-H$aUmÀ`m nmVirda "Ioi', "J§_V' R>abo.

B bmoH$ZmQ>çmMr d¡{eï>ço :

1) bmoH$ZmQ>çmMm OÝ_ {dYr AmMaUmVyZ Pmbobm Agë`mZo Ë`mMr ~¡R>H$ Ym{_©H$Voda AmYmabobrAmho. Ym{_©H$ d nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm^mJ Ë`mV AmT>iVmo.

2) bmoH$ZmQ>çmMr g§{hVm A{b{IV ñdê$nmV AgVo. Ë`m_wio gmXa H$aUmè`m H$bmH$mamà_mUo Vr~XbVo.

3) bmoH$ZmQ>çmV gwï> d Xwï>m§Mm g§Kf© AgVmo. gwï>m§Mm Zoh_r {dO` XmIdbobm AgVmo.

4) bmoH$a§OZmVyZ CX²~moYZ d gÚ g_mOOrdZmMo {MÌU bmoH$ZmQ>çmV Ho$bobo AgVo.

5) bmoH$ZmQ>ç hr à`moJmË_H$ bmoH$H$bm AgyZ Vr {d{Ygmnoj d àojH$gmnoj AgVo.

6) bmoH$na§naoVrb H$bmd§V `mV ^mJ KoV AgVmV.

7) bmoH$ZmQ>çmV a§J yfm, doe yfm, ZonÏ` `m§Zm {deof _hÎd {Xbo OmV Zmhr.

8) bmoH$ZmQ>çmMm a§J_§M hm Iwbm a§J_§M AgVmo.

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9) bmoH$a§OZmgmR>r Z¥Ë`, g§dmX, d emar[aH$ hmd^md `m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bm OmVmo.

darb àH$mamV _moS>Umè`m H$mhr bmoH$ZmQ>ç àH$mamMm AmnU oWo WmoS>Š`mV n[aM` H$ê$Z KoD$`m.

_w§O : _w§O / _m¡Or~§YZ / CnZ`Z ho gJio EH$mM AWm©Mo eãX. ~Qy>Mo, gmV-AmR> dfm©À`m_wbmMo CnZ`Z H$aUo åhUOo EH$ àH$maMm Xrjm{dYrM AgVmo. Ë`mMm bm¡{H$H$ OÝ_ KmbdUo Am{UnwZO©Ý_ KS>{dÊ`mMm hm g§ñH$ma AgVmo. åhUyZ _w§O Pmboë`mbm {ÛO Ago g§~moYVmV. CnZ`ZmMm {dYrhm g_mOmMm KQ>H$ hmoÊ`mgmR>r H$amdm bmJUmam {dYr Amho.

CnZ`Z {dYr_Ü o _mV¥ moOZmMm gmohim AgVmo. Ë`mdoir AmB©À`m Odi ~gdyZ WmQ>m_mQ>mV^moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. AmB© ~Qy>bm adVo. Ë`mdoir JmUr åhQ>br OmVmV. _w§O Pmë`mda Cï>o Im`Mo Zmhr Agmg_O ê$T> AgVmo. Z§Va ~Qy>Mo Ho$g H$mnÊ`mV oVmV. Ë`mnydu H$mZmOdi X © R>odyZ Vo dñVè`mZo H$mnÊ`mVoVmV ho EH$ àH$maMo àVrH$mË_H$ ~brXmZM AgVo. X^m©À`m ê$nmZo ~Qy>Mm A§V KS>dyZ AmUbm OmVmo.

Z§VaM Ë`mbm {ÛOËd àmá hmoVo.

_w§OrÀ`m {dYrV {nVm AmMm`m©À`m y{_Ho$V AgVmo. Vmo ~Qy>bm Amnë`m _m§S>rda ~gdyZ KoVmo.embrZo PmHy$Z KoVmo Am{U H$mZmV _§Ì gm§JVmo. embrZo/dómZo PmHy$Z KoUo, H$mZmV _§Ì gm§JUo, Z§Va^modVr Jw§S>mibobo dó Xya gmaUo ho gJio gm§Ho${VH$ J © YmaU H$aUo nwÝhm ~Qy>Mm OÝ_ Pmbm Ago Xe©dUoAgo ZmQ>çmË_ê$n AgVo. BWo ~Qy>Mo Abm¡{H$H$aU hmoVo. Ë`mbm XodVmñdê$n _mZbo OmVo. Ë`mÀ`m A§JR>çmMoVrW© gJioOU KoVmV. _w§OrÀ`m {dYrÀ`m doir ~Qy>À`m H$_aobm Jy§O ~m§YVmV. hmVmV X§S> XoVmV. _w§OPmë`mda Vmo OmZdo YmaU H$ê$Z g§Ü`mH$mir O_boë`m ZmVodmB©H$m§H$S>o › ^dVr {^jm§Xohr åhUyZ {^jm_mJVmo. hr {^jm ñdrH$mê$Z Vmo OUy {dÚmä`mgmgmR>r JwéJ¥hr YmS>bm Amho Ago g§dmX KS>VmV. hmZmQ>ç_` {dYr nyduÀ`m KQ>Zm§Mo AdeofM AmhoV. Z§Va Ë`mMr KmoS>çmdê$Z dmOVJmOV {_adUyH$H$mT>VmV. JmdÀ`m _méVrMo Xe©Z H$adyZ AmUVmV. Z§Va Ë`mbm d Ë`mÀ`m AmB©bm \w$bm§À`m nm`KS>çm§dê$ZKamV KoVmV. AmodmiVmV, Ñï> H$mT>VmV. ho gJio àVrH$mË_H$ {dYr Adeof AOyZhr H$mhr {R>H$mUr OnboOmVmV.

_w§O Pmë`mda amoO gH$mir / g§Ü`mH$mir Jm`Ìr _§ÌmMo nR>U H$ê$Z g§Ü`m H$am`Mr Agmg§Ho$V AgVmo. åhUOoM Xa{Xder nwZO©Ý_ hmoD$Z Zdo VoO YmaU H$am`Mm {dYr Vmo AmVm H$mb~mø PmbmAmho.

_w§OrZ§Va gmoS>_w§O H$aVmV. ho Va ~hmarMo ZmQ>H$ AgVo. _Zmoa§OH$ nU J§ raVoZo Ho$bobm {dYrAgVmo. _w§O Pmbobm ~Qy> Amnbm {ddmh H$amdm åhUyZ ê$gyZ ~gVmo. {ddmh H$mhr hmoV Zmhr åhUyZH$mer`mÌobm Om`bm {ZKVmo. Voìhm AJXr N>Ìr, gm_mZmMo JmR>moS>o, H$mR>rbm KmoS>m Aer Ë`mZo V`marHo$bobr AgVo. Aemdoir ~Qw>Mm _m_m YmdV oVmo. ~Qy>Mr g_OyV KmbVmo. ~Qy>bm Amnbr _wbJr XoD$ AgoAmœmgZ XoD$Z naV AmUVmo. ho gmoS>_w§OrVbo EH$ ZmQ>çM AgVo. AOyZhr hm {dYr J§ ranUo Ho$bm OmVmo.

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hm {dYr à{VH$mË_H$ Adeofê$nmZo AOyZhr {e„H$ Amho. Ë`mVbr ZmQ>çmË_H$Vm AOyZhr {Od§V Amho.

B b½Z : b½Z{dYr m _hÎdnyU© g§ñH$mamMo gJio Vnerb VnmgyZ nm{hbo Va Ë`mVbr ZmQ>ç_`VmbjmV oVo. b¾{dYr_Ü o da-dYy `m CËgd_yVu AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm A{^foH$ H$aUo, gwVdUo, hmVmbmH§$H$U ~mYUo åhUOo Ë`m§Zm Xodñdê$n H$pënÊ`mMm {dYr AgVmo.

dam§À`m dof yfm OmVrnaËdo Oar ~Xbë`m Var ~mqeJ qH$dm _w§S>mdi ~m§Ybr OmVo. damMr {_adUyH$H$mT>br OmVo. Vmo da {d{eîQ> doemV KmoS>çmda ~gyZ {_adyZ Ambm H$s Ë`mbm AmodmiUo, nm`mda nmUrKmbUo Ago {dYr hmoVmV. dambm H¥$îU Am{U dYybm épŠ_Ur _mZyZ gJio {dYr hmoVmV.

à{VH$mË_H$arVrZo dYyÀ`m ^mdmH$Sy>Z dambm AS>dUo, H$mZ{nirMm {dYr hmoVmo. H$mhr OmVrVdamÀ`m hmVmV qb~y bmdbobo eó AgVo. Vmo Ë`m eñÌmZo dYyÀ`m XmamV bmH$S>mMr {M_Ur _maVmo, OUydYynjmMo nm[anË` H$aVmo. Ë`mZ§Va dYynjmH$S>rb {ó`m danjmVë`m bmoH$m§Mr Zmdo KoD$Z AneãXm§MrJmUr åhUVmV. Ë`mbm Jmiçm åhUVmV. ho Ho$ìhmVar KS>V hmoVo. Ë`mMo Adeofê$n AmO AmT>iVo.

danjmH$S>rb bmoH$ Amë`mda gr_m§VnyOZ hmoVo. ì`mhr ì`mhr bmoH$m§Mr Jim oQ> hmoVo. {dhrUrMo{VÀ`m ~amo~aÀ`m _mZH$aUtMo nm` Omd`m~amo~a YwVbo OmVmV. nydu bm§~ nëë`mÀ`m àdmgmVyZ oUmar_§S>ir, àdmg AdKS> åhUyZ nm` YwVbo OmV AgmdoV. åhUOo nydu Ho$ìhmVar KS>boë`m KQ>Zm§Mo AdeofAmOhr àM{bV AgmdoV. da_mB©À`m S>moŠ`mda Vm§XwimMr _yR> YaUo, nm`KS>çm KmbUo, N>ÌMm_a,{ZemUo KoD$Z da d da_mB©bm {_adV AmUUo. nm`mda Hw§$H$dmZo ñdpñVH$ H$mTy>Z nyOm H$aUo m gJiçmM{H«$`m g_mOmV J§ ranUo Ho$ë`m OmVmV. {ddmh {dYrV ê$T> Pmboë`m `m {H«$`m åhUOo ZmQ>çmË_ {dYrAgVmo. `mMo ^mZ A{bßVnUo Ë`m KQ>Zm§H$S>o nm{hbo Va oD$ eH$Vo.

Jmonm H$aUo, hmamS>oam, gmV datMm {dYr, _madmS>r _{hbm§Mo {ddmhZmQ>ç, amjg{ddmhmMo ZmQ>çê$nAdeof, dra H$mT>Ê`mMm {dYr, {ddmhmoÎma bú_rnyOZ, gwnmar IoiUo, {dS>m VmoS>Uo, hmVmoiçm gmoS>Uo,C§~aR>çmdaMo _mn Amobm§Sy>Z dYyZo KamV oUo, damZo dYyMo Ho$g X^m©À`m H$mS>rZo {d^mJUo Ago na§naoZoMmbV Ambobo AZoH$ {dYr b½ZmV àM{bV AmhoV. `m {dYrV ZmQ>çVÎd nwaonya AmT>iVo.

B H$mH$S> AmaVr : hm _moR>çm _§XramV Ho$ë`m OmUmam nhmQ>oMm {dYr Amho. _§XramMr XmaoCKS>Ê`mnydu ŠVJU, mQ> XmamV ynmiçm åhUV C o AgVmV. XodimMo _mZH$ar hmVmV VwnmV {^OdbobmH$mH$S>m (\w$bdmVr) KoD$Z Vmo àÁdbrV H$ê$Z eoOKam~mhoa C o amhVmV. `m doir VmbmgwamV ynmiçm§MoJm`Z hmoVo. `mZ§Va Xod OmJm Pmbm Ago g_OyZ Ë`mbm Vm|S> YwÊ`mMr {dZdUr H$aVmV. Ë`mZo hmVnm`YwVbo Aer H$ënZm H$ê$Z AmaVr H$aVmV. `m gmohiçmbm H$mH$S>AmaVr åhUVmV. nhmQ>oÀ`m aå` àg§JrhmoUmè`m `m ZmQ>çmË_ {dYrÀ`m doir Or H$mì`aMZm Ho$bobr Amho Vr ldUr` AgVo. n§T>anya, {eS>u,H$moëhmnya B. à{gÕ _§XramVbr H$mH$S> AmaVr ldUr` AgVo. _hmamï´>mV, dmaH$ar g§àXm`mV H$mH$S>çmMo^OZ à{gÕ Amho. Vo H$m{V©H$ _{hÝ`mV AgVo.

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B eoOmaVr : nhmQ>o Xodmbm OmJo H$aÊ`mgmR>r H$mH$S>AmaVr Jm`Mr Am{U {XdgmÀ`m AIoaÀ`màhar, {deofV: _§{Xa ~§X H$aÊ`mÀ`m doir eoOmaVr H$am`Mr Aer àWm AmT>iVo.

XodmÀ`m e`ZJ¥hmV nb§J ì`dpñWV H$aVmV. AJXr A§Wê$U, nm§Kê$U, _ÀN>aXmUr, nmÊ`mMmVm§ã`m Aer ì`dñWm Ho$br OmVo. VËnydu Xodmbm {dS>m XoÊ`mgmR>r {dS>çmMr AmaVr Ho$br OmVo. `mdoiràË`j Vm§~yb Am{U AmaVrVyZ _mZg{dS>m {Xbm OmVmo. {dS>çmMr AmaVr Pmë`mda ñWm{ZH$ àWoà_mUo_yVunmgyZ Jm^mè`mn ªV XodmÀ`m nm`mMo R>go CR>dyZ qH$dm AmaVr eoOKamV ZoD$Z Xod PmonÊ`mgmR>reoOKamV Joë`mMr H$ënZm Ho$br OmVo.

EH$mXer, am_Zd_r, OÝ_mï>_r Aem CndmgmÀ`m àg§Jr qH$dm Á`m {Xder XoD$i amÌr ~§XH$am`Mo ZgVo Aemdoir eoOmaVr Ho$br OmV Zmhr. _§{XamV dmñVì` H$aUmè`m Xodmbm nhmQ>oÀ`m àg§JrCR>dUo d amÌr PmonÊ`mMr {dZ§Vr H$aUo ho ZmQ>ç `m XmoÝhr AmaË`m§_YyZ àË``mbm oVo.

B b{iV : {Za{Zamiçm XodVm§Mr qH$dm bm¡{H$H$ gm|Jo AmUyZ Ioi H$aÊ`mÀ`m àH$mambm "b{iV'Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. b{iV hm eãX "brbm' `m eãXmdê$Z Ambm Agmdm Ago S>m°. AmZ§X Hw$_ma ñdm_r`m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho.

ho CnmgZmQ>ç AOyZhr J«m_rU ^mJmV H$mhr {R>H$mUr àM{bV Amho. gU-CËgdmÀ`m {Xderb{iV H$aÊ`mMr àWm _hmamï´>mV H$mhr {R>H$mUr AmT>iVo. _hmamï´> eãXH$moemV b{iVmMm AW© ZdamÌBË`mXr CËgdmÀ`m eodQ>À`m {Xder gm|Jo AmUyZ Ioi H$aUo Agm {Xbm Amho. S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>ob{iVmbm bmoH$àH$Q>Z g§ñWm Ago åhUVmV. b{iVmH$S>o Vo bmoH${dîH$mamMo _mÜ`_ åhUyZ nmhVmV.

gwadmVrÀ`m H$mimV b{iV ho H$sV©Zml`r hmoVo. H$sV©ZmÀ`m eodQ>r b{iV hmoD$Z gm|Jo gOdyZ Ë`m§MrAmaVr Ho$br OmB©. hr AmaVr lmoË`m§_Ü o {\$adyZ n¡go Jmoim Ho$bo OmV. gwadmVrbm H$sV©Zml`r Agboë`mb{iV na§nao_YyZM nwT>o ñdV§Ì b{iV hm CnmgZmZmQ>ç àH$ma ê$T> Pmbm.

b{iVmVyZ Xod-XodVm, nm¡am{UH$ H$WmZm`H$, dmgwXod, nmoVamO, Jmê$S>r, Hw$S>_wS>çm Á`mo{Vfr,Añdbdmbm, dm¿`m-_wair Aer gm|Jo AmUbr OmVmV. Va H$Yr H$Yr X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb gmdH$ma,H$_©R>-ImXmS> ^Q> Aer hr gm|Jo AmUbr OmVmV.

b{iVmVrb g§dmX CËñ\y$V© AgVmV. _Ü o _Ü o àojH$hr `m g§dmXm§Zm nwñVr OmoS>VmV. b{iVmMrgm|Jo nma§n[aH$ nÕVrZo gO{dbr OmVmV. b{iVmMo 1) H$mbm 2) H$sV©Z, 3) Zm_gßVmh, 4) bmoH$moËgdAgo 4 àH$ma _mZbo OmVmV.

a§J y_rdê$Z gmXa Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m b{iVmV a§J y_rMo gd© g§Ho$V nmibo OmVmV. àma§ r Y«wnX hmoVo.Z§Va gyÌYma àdoe H$aVmo. Vmo JUoeñVdZ H$aVmo. Z§Va {dXwfH$ oVmo. Ë`mMo Am{U gyÌYmamMo {dZmoXrg§ mfU hmoVo Am{U _J b{iVmÀ`m gm|Jmbm gwadmV hmoVo. dof yfm, a§J yfm H$_r à_mUmV Agbr Var

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MQ>H$Xma g§dmXmVyZ, ZmQ>ç_` àg§Jm§À`m gmXarH$aUmVyZ b{iV gmH$ma hmoVo. hm Y_©ñdê$nr _Zmoa§OZmMmbmoH${à` àH$ma AgyZ A{^Z` Am{U g§dmX hr Ë`mMr àmUVËdo AmhoV. gyÌYma gm|JmMr ~VmdUrg§nmXUr H$aVmo. b{iVmMm Am{U ^mê$S>mMm g§~§Y OdiMm R>aVmo. XmohmoV ~arM gmå`ñWio AmT>iVmV.

B OmoJdm : aoUwH$m, _hmbú_r, VwiOm^dmZr, emH§$^ar Am{U BVahr AZoH$ eŠVrXodVm§À`mZmdmZo {^jm _mJÊ`mÀ`m {dYrbm "OmoJdm' Ago åhUVmV.

_hmamï´>mVbo XodrMo CnmgH$ JiçmV H$dS>çm§Mr _mi KmbVmV. H$nmir §S>mam bmdVmV. hmVrnaS>r KoVmV Am{U _§Jidmar Am{U ewH«$dmar, ZdamÌ, nm¡fmV Am{U lmdUmV KamoKar OmD$Z "dmT> J_m` OmoJdm' Agm nwH$mam H$aVmV. XodrMo CnmgH$, J¥{hUr Hw$bmMma åhUyZ nmM Kar OmoJdm _mJVmV.ZdgmZo OmoJdm _mJUmè`m {ó`m§Mr g§»`m A{YH$ AgVo.

b½ZmÀ`m Jm|YimÀ`m doirhr OmoJdm _mJm`Mm AgVmo. nyOobm ~gbobm ZdaXod Jm|Yir Am{UH$adbrbm ~amo~a KoD$Z OmVmo. Jm|Yir g§~i dmOdVmo Am{U ZdaXod Amnë`m Im§ÚmdaÀ`m CnaÊ`mV 5Kao OmoJdm _mJVmo. OmoJË`m§À`m Cn{OdrHo$Mo gmYZ "OmoJdm' AgVmo. Mm¢S>H§$ dmOdyZ OmoJVo XmamoXmarOmD$Z OmoJdm _mJVmV. OmoJdm {Xbm H$s haIyZ ZmdmMo JmUo åhUVmV. "OmoJdm XoUmè`mÀ`m Hw$imMmS>§H$m H¡$bmgmV dmOy Xo, Ë`m§Mr _wb§~mi§ gwImV amhÿ XoV' Agm Vm|S> ^ê$Z Amerdm©X JmÊ`mVyZ XoVmV.

"{nR>m{_R>mMm OmoJdm, Kmbm ~m`H$m§Zmo bdH$ar, _bm ~mB© Om`M§ Xya~ar, J§ H$moëhmnyaÀ`m ~mOmar'Ago JmUo åhUV J¥{hUr OmoJdm _mJÊ`mMo ZmQ>ç ^OZmV gmXa H$aVmV. Vmo OmoJdm KoD$Z _r H$m` H$m`H$arZo hoM Ë`m órbm JmÊ`mVyZ gm§Jm`Mo AgVo.

XodrMo CnmgH$ Oo OmoJVo AmhoV Ë`m§Mr g§»`m ehamVyZ Odi Odi KQ>br Amho. nU Hw$bmMmaåhUyZ OmoJdm _mJUmar J¥hñW _§S>ir Aënà_mUmV ehamV AmT>iVmV. OmoJdm hm ^OZmV gmXa Ho$bmOmUmam H$bmàH$ma åhUyZhr ê$T> hmoV Amho.

B OmoJVm : `ëbå_m XodrÀ`m CnmgH$m§Zm OmoJVm åhUVmV. ZdgmZo Xodrbm dm{hbobo _wbJoOmoJVr ~ZVmV. `ëbå_m XodrÀ`m CnmgZoV OmoJVo OmoJ{VUrbm \$ma _hÎdmMo ñWmZ Amho. OmoJVrUS>moŠ`mda XodrMm OJ (naS>r) KoD$Z H$nmir §S>mam {d wVr boD$Z XodrMr JmUr åhUV {^jm _mJVoË`mdoir OmoJVr {Vbm Mm¢S>H§$ dmOdyZ gmW XoVmo.

`„ÿ~mB© J _mPr AmB© J

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naS>r KamoKar

Agm XodrMm "H$S>mH$m' H$sVu JmOdÊ`mMo H$m_ OmoJVm H$aVmo. OmoJË`m§Mr H$mZS>r d _amR>r JmUr

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àMbrV AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m JmÊ`mVyZ Vo aoUwHo$Mo bmoH$H$WmË_H$ M[aÌ JmVmV. H$mhr JmUr Hy$Q> àíZmË_H$AgVmV. ^ŠVmMr narjm nmhmUo, X¡Ë`m§Zm emgZ H$aUo, XodmMo M_ËH$ma, _mUgmMo Jd©haU Am{UXodmMr H¥$nm Ago JmÊ`mMo {df` AgVmV. _§Jidmar-ewH«$dmar {d wVr, §S>mam, _idQ> boD$Z XodrMrnaS>r KoD$Z KamoKar OmUmao OmoJVr {^jm KmbUmè`mÀ`m H$nmir §S>mam bmdyZ ^aë`m Vm|S>mZo Amerdm©XXoVmV. OmoJVm XmamoXmar OmD$Z CnmgZm ZmQ>çmMo gmXarH$aUM H$aVmo. bmoH$ Ë`mbm lÕoZo Vm§Xyi, nrR>,n¡go XoVmV.

OmoJVm hmoÊ`mMm {dYr AgVmo. OmoJVm ~Zm`Mo Agob Va XodrÀ`m ñWmZmda OmD$Z {VWo {dYrnyd©H$ _mi, naS>r, {eŠH$m YmaU H$amdm bmJVmo. OmoJË`mbm dm¿`mà_mUo Amnë`m OmVrVrb _wbrerb½Z H$aVm oVo.

B ~mohmS>m : _hmXod H$moir, {^ëb, H$moH$Um R>mHy$a `m Am{Xdmgr O_mVrV ~mohS>m àM{bV Amho.~mohS>çmbm Am{Xdmgt_Ü`o AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho. H$moH$U n[agamV ~mohmS>m `m {dYrZmQ>çmMoAm`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo. na§naoZo MmbV Ambobm hm EH$ gm_y{hH$ {dYr AgVmo. JmdH$è`m§À`m Am{U glÕ^m{dH$m§À`m Ñï>rZo Vmo XodVmdVaUmMm {dYr AgVmo. _hmamï´>mVrb J«m_rU mJmV AmOhr g_mOmV XodVoÀ`mAdVaUmMo ZmQ>ç {Za{Zamiçm ñdê$nmV àM{bV Amho. H$moH$UmVrb XemdVma, Ioio, Zm{eH$ Am{U_mboJm§d VgoM ImZXoe ^mJmVrb ^dmS>m, _amR>dmS>çmVrb n§M_r hr Ë`m {dYrZmQ>çmMr {d{dY ê$noAmhoV.

n§M_r, ^dmS>m, AmImS>r dm M¡Vr hm CËgd àH$ma b{iVmgmaImM AgVmo. n§M_rÀ`m eodQ>À`m{Xder hmoUmè`m à_wI {dYrg H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~mohmS>m Ago åhUVmV. {Z`mo{OV {VWrbm à{Vdfu VmogmOam Ho$bm OmVmo. `m Y_©{dYr_wio Z¡g{J©H$ d X¡dr H$mon hmoUma Zmhr, JmdmV {nH$nmUr ^anya hmoB©b.amoJamB© ngaUma Zmhr. YZYmÝ`m§Mr g_¥Õr hmoB©b, XodmMr H¥$nm amhrb Aer bmoH$m§Mr lÕm AgVo.åhUyZM XodmÀ`m nyOmñWmZmÀ`m CËgd àg§Jr ~mohmS>çmMo Am`moOZ Ho$bo OmVo.

~mohmS>çmV {d{dY XodXodVm§Mr, nwamU nwéfm§Mr gm|Jo H$mT>br OmVmV. n§M_rVë`m BVa gm|Jm§Zm gm|JoåhUVmV. nU ~mohmS>çmÀ`m gm|Jmbm àË`j XodVmdVaUmMm _mZ {Xbm OmVmo. gm|J KoUmè`mbmgwÕm_wIdQ>m YmaU Ho$bm H$s g^modVmbMo mZ ahmV Zmhr. m gm|JmMr nyOm bmoH$ lÕoZo H$aVmV. Ë`mbm Zdg~mobVmV qH$dm ~mobbobm Zdg \o$S>VmV. gm|Jm§À`m gmWrbm hbJr, T>mob, Vmem, _¥X§J hr dmÚo AgVmV.`mÀ`m Vmbmda gm|Jo _YyZ _YyZ Z¥Ë`hr H$aVmV. gOdbobr gm|Jo Ë`m§Mo Z¥Ë`-Jm`Z VgoM OmoS>rbm g§JrVAm{U MQ>H$Xma g§dmX `mVyZ ZmQ>ç {Z_m©U hmoVo. ~XbË`m H$mimZwgma `m {dYrZmQ>çm§Mo ê$n ~XbVAmho. AmYw{ZH$VoMm à^md OmJmoOmJr {XgV Amho. gm|Jm§H$S>o H$a_UwH$sMo gmYZ åhUyZhr nm{hbo OmD$bmJbo Amho. nU `m {dYrZmQ>çm§Mo H$m`m©Ë_H$ _yë` AOyZhr Amho. Ë`m§À`mÛmao KS>Umao a§OZ Am{UàË`j XodVoÀ`m Xe©ZmMo g_mYmZ bmoH$ _mZVmV. Ë`m {Z{_ÎmmZo JmdmVë`m bmoH$m§Mo EH$Ì oUo hmoVo.^pŠVgwI bwQ>bo OmVo. gd© OmVr Y_m©Mo bmoH$ EH$Ì oVmV. g_yh^mdmZo H$m_o Ho$br OmVmV.

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~mohmS>çmMo d¡{eï> Ago H$s, ~mohmS>çmVbo _wIdQ>o 100 n ªV AgVmV. Vo bmH$S>mMo, eoUm-_mVrMo, ^mVm§À`m Vwgm§Mo, PmS>m§À`m gmbrnmgyZ ~ZVmV. {d{eï> Hw$imVrb bmoH$m§ZmM {d{eï> _wIdQ>mZmMdÊ`mMm _mZ AgVmo. `m gm|JmVbr Ym{_©H$ lÕm WmoS>r H$_r hmoD$Z bmoH$ H$a_UwH$sMo gmYZ åhUyZË`mH$S>o nhmV AmhoV.

B V_mem : V_mem ho bmoH$a§J y_rdarb AË §V à^mdr Ago a§OZZmQ>ç Amho. _hmamï´>mV àM{bVAgboë`m à`moJê$n bmoH$H$bm àH$mam§n¡H$s V_mem hm AË §V _hÎdnyU© Am{U ~hþOZ g_mOmMm bmoH${à`H$bmàH$ma Amho. Joë`m gmS>oVrZeo dfmªMr na§nam bm^bobm hm H$bmàH$ma B.g. 1989 n ªV "J§_V' `mZmdmZo AmoiIbm OmV hmoVm. AmOhr ImZXoemV V_membm "IS>r J§_V' Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. noedmB©À`mH$mimV V_membm amOml` {_imbm. mM H$mimV am_ Omoer, hmoZmOr~mim, naeam_, à^mH$a, AZ§V\§$Xr,gJZ^mD$ Ago à{gÕ emhra hmoD$Z Jobo.

AJXr gwédmVrÀ`m H$mimV V_mem hm o{XH$ H$bJrVwè`mÀ`m \$S>mgmaIm gmXa hmoV Ago. EH$à_wI emhra Amnë`m Mma-nmM gmWrXmamgh S>\$, VwUVwUo, T>mobH$s, Q>mi Aem à_wI dmÚm§À`mgmWrZo à`moJ gmXa H$am`Mo. nmoWr-nwamUm§Vrb H$mhr Hy$Q>àíZ, AYmë`mMr AmoiI H$ê$Z XoUmao gdmb-Odm~, gw\$s-gm§»` Xe©ZmMm à^md `m V_memda hmoVm. H$mbm§VamZo V_memMo ho ñdê$n ~XbyZ Ë`mMrOmJm g§JrV V_memZo KoVbr. noedoH$mimV `m V_membm ZmÀ`mnmoè`m§Mm V_mem åhUyZ AmoiIbo OmVhmoVo. `m V_memMo ñdê$n Ho$di a§OZàYmZ hmoVo.

B.g. 1885 Vo 1990 À`m Xaå`mZ V_memVë`m ZmÀ`m nmoè`mÀ`m EodOr "ór' nmÌm§Mm gh^mJPmbm. Ë`m~amo~a "_mder' hr V_memV àdoebr Am{U "\$mg©' Am{U "dJm'_wio V_memMo AdKo ñdê$nM~Xbbo. "dJmMm V_mem' Aer V_memZo Amnbr ZdrZ AmoiI {Z_m©U Ho$br. `mM V_memda 1948gmbr AíbrbVoMm Amamon hmoD$Z V_memda ~§Xr KmbÊ`mV Ambr. Vmon ªV V_memVë`m dJmÀ`m {b{IVg§{hVm ZìhË`m. dJmbm goÝgm°aÀ`m H$mÌrMmhr gm_Zm H$amdm bmJbm. BWyZM V_memV Am_ybmJ« ~XbPmbo Am{U V_membm AmYw{ZH$ ñdê$n àmá Pmbo.

B V_memMo gmXarH$aU : npíM_ _hmamï´>mV Am{U AmgnmgÀ`m ^mJmV {d{eï> nÕVrZo gmXaHo$boë`m V_membm dmZXoer V_mem Ago åhUVmV. `m à`moJmV JU-Jm¡iU-bmdUr Am{U \$mg© hmoVmo.V_memÀ`m eodQ>r dJ hm ZmQ>H$mgmaIm ^mJ gmXa Ho$bm OmVmo.

JU : T>mobH$sdmë`mMr Wmn T>mobH$sda nS>br Am{U H$S>odmë`mZo Ë`mbm gmW {Xbr H$s hr dmÚoAI§S> Xhm {_ZrQ>o dmOV am{hbr H$s g_Om`Mo V_membm gwê$dmV hmoVo. T>mobH$s Am{U H$S>çmÀ`m ZmXmZoV_membm gmOoer dmVmdaU {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. Z§Va V_memMm gaXma Am{U Ë`mMo gmWrXma gwaVo V_memÀ`m~moS>m©da oD$Z JUnVrÀ`m Z_ZmMr bmdUr åhUVmV. Ë`mbm JUmMr bmdUr åhUVmV. àWoZwgma JUmMrbmdUr Pmbr H$s Jm¡iUrbm àma§ hmoVmo.

Jm¡iU : hm V_memVrb AË §V bmoH${à` mJ. H¥$îU Am{U Ë`mMm gd§JS>r n|Úm qH$dm gm|JmS>çm,

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Jm¡iUr Am{U _mder Aer nmÌo ~moS>m©da oVmV. _WwaoÀ`m ~mOmambm OmVmZm H¥$îU Jm¡iUtZm AS>dVmo._mderMr N>oS>N>mS> hmoVo. MQ>H$Xma g§dmX PS>VmV. AmH$f©H$ Z¥Ë` hmoVo. ~mOmaMr, H¥$îUmÀ`m AmoiIrMr,H¥$îUmÀ`m ImoS>çm gm§JUmar, JdiUtÀ`m AmoiIrMr Am{U {dZdUrMr Aem nmM Jm¡iUr hmoVmV. AYyZ_YyZ g§nmXZr AgVo. _yi gyÌmbm YmoH$m nmoMy Z XoVm Ho$di g§dmXmVyZ, Z¥Ë`mVyZ hdo Vo ñWi-H$mi C^mHo$bm OmVmo. bmoH$_§Mmda EH$ g_¥Õ ZmQ>ç gmH$ma hmoVoo.

V_memVrb bmdUr : ZD$dmar bwJS>o, nm`mV Mmi, ^aKmog A§~mS>m, da _mibobo \w$bm§Mo JOaoAem _amR>_moiçm gmOmV ZQ>bobr ZmMr _moamÀ`m {ngmè`mà_mUo Amnë`m gmS>rMm nXa ngê$Z ZmMH$aV bmdUr gmXa H$aVo. à^mH$a _m§S>o åhUVmV, "V_memÀ`m a§J y_rda Z¥Ë` bmdUrVrb Ame`mbmàH$Q> H$aUmam Am§{JH$ Am{U gmpËdH$ A{^Z`, Z¥Ë` `m _mÜ`_mVyZ V_memVrb bmdUr gmXa Ho$brOmVo.' bmdUrZ¥Ë`mbm IQ>Ho$~mO g§dmX Am{U hOaO~m~rnUmMr OmoS> AgVo. gmXarH$aUmV {d_wŠVVmAgVo.

\$mg© qH$dm ~VmdUr : Ag§ mì` KQ>Zm, A{Ve`moŠV àg§J Am{U Ë`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmar {d{jßVVmhr \$mgm©Mr d¡{eï>ço AgVmV. eya {enm`mMm \$mg©, ~wO½`mMm \$mg©, Jwbm~N>H$S>rMm \$mg© B. AZoH$\$mg© V_memVyZ gmXa Pmbo AmhoV. B§J«Or ZmQ>H$mÀ`m AZwH$aUmVyZ _amR>r ZmQ>H$mV 1856 _Ü o \$mg©Ambm Vmo bmoH${à` Pmbm. åhUyZM V_memZohr Ë`mMo AZwH$aU Ho$bo. {dZmoXmMr aobMob Agbobo ho \$mg©\$maM bmoH${à` R>abo. Aem VèhoZo JU-Jm¡iU-bmdUr-~VmdUr (\$mg©) hmoD$Z V_memMm nyd©a§Jg§nVmo.

"dJ' ho AmYw{ZH$ V_memVbo à_wI A§J Amho. bmoH$m§Zm AmH${f©V H$aUmao nm¡am{UH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$H$WmZH$ dJmV gmXa hmoVo. Ë`mÀ`m gmXarH$aUmV {Od§VnUm AgVmo. dJ hr gm_y{hH$ {Z{_©Vr AgVo.H$WmZH$mÀ`m àH$mamZwgma dJm§Mo nm¡am{UH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$, bmoH$H$WmË_H$ gm_m{OH$ Ago àH$ma Ho$boOmVmV. bmoH$H$WmË_H$ dJ© ho A{YH$ d¡{eï>çnyU© AgVmV. Vo bmoH$g_OwVr§da AmYmarV AgVmV.nma§n[aH$ bmoH$H$WmË_H$ dJm§Zm "aOdmS>r+dJ' åhUVmV.

H$WmZH$mZwgma dJmV nmÌo AgVmV. Ë`m§Mo g§dmX H$WmZH$mbm nyaH$ nU ñd §ñ\y$V© AgVmV. dJmMmàH$ma H$moUVmhr Agbm Var Ë`mV A{Ve`moŠV KQ>Zm, ^mdZm§Mo ^S>H$ àH$Q>rH$aU, nmÌm§Mo {d{jßV dV©ZAgVo. Ë`mVyZ {dZmoXmMr {Z{_©Vr hmoVo. AíbrbVm, XmoZ H$Wm§Mo g§dmX, emãXrH$ H$moQ>çm§Mm dmna AgVmo.{ZdoXH$ Amnë`m {ZdoXZmZo H$WmZH$mVbo Xwdo gmYm`Mo Am{U H$WoMo gyÌ A~mYrV R>odm`Mo H$m_ H$aVmo.gwadmVrbm dJmÀ`m H$WmZH$mMm n[aM` H$ê$Z XoUmar bmdUr Jm{`br OmVo {Vbm "{ebH$ma' AgoåhUVmV.

dJmMr g§{hVm A{b{IV AgVo. V_memV dJmMr gédmV Pmbr, Ë`mV ZmQ>ç Ambo Am{U V_membmoH${à` Pmbm. dJmMo `e gd©ñdr Ë`mV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m H$bmd§Vm§À`m gmXarH$aUmda Adb§~yZ

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....11

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AgVo. ho hahþÞar H$bmH$ma Amnë`m A{^Z`mÀ`m à^mdr Am{dîH$mamVyZ ZmQ>ç gmH$ma H$aVmV. Ë`m§Mog§dmX ñdm^m{dH$ AgVmV. ~ìh§er H$bmH$ma bmoH$^mfoMm dmna g§dmXmgmR>r H$aVmV.

^mD$ \$ŠH$S> Am{U nÇ>o ~mnyamd `m§À`m_wio V_memVrb dJmbm Iyn bmoH${à`Vm bm^br. nwT>oË`mbm "dJZmQ>ç' ho Zmdhr {_imbo. emhra ^r_amd H$aS>H$, AmÊUm^mD$ gmR>o, nw. b. Xoenm§S>o, emhragm~io, dg§V g~Zrg, e§H$a nmQ>rb B. emhram§Zr, boIH$m§Zr `m g§X^m©V \$ma _mobmMr H$m_{Jar~Omdbr. AmO _mÌ "dJZmQ>ç' `m ñdê$nmV dJmMo ñdV§Ì à`moJ hmoV Agë`m_wio dJmMr V_memer\$maH$V hmoVo H$s H$m` Aer n[apñWVr {Z_m©U Pmbr Amho.

B {MÌH$Wr

nm¡am{UH$ àg§Jm§Mr bmoH$e¡brVbr {MÌo XmIdyZ H$WmH$WZ H$aVmo Vmo {MÌH$WH$ hmo`. {MÌH$Wr{MÌ, JrV Am{U dmÚ `m§Mm dmna H$ê$Z H$WmH$WZ H$aVmV. AJXr àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ hr O_mV hmbmoH$a§OZmMm ì`dgm` H$aVo. MmbwŠ` amOm gmo_oœa `mÀ`m "_mZgmo„mg' `m J«§WmV {MÌH$Ï`mMm C„oIAmT>iVmo.

{MÌH$Ï`mOdi 1 Vo 1Ÿ&& \w$Q>mMr bmoH$e¡brVbr 10-15 {MÌo AgVmV. T>mobH$s, EH$Vmar, Q>mi,VwUVwUo, S>_ê$ gmWrbm AgVo. _wImZo JrV~Õ Jm`Z H$aV COì`m hmVmVë`m _moa{ngmÀ`m {ZXe©H$mZo{MÌmVbo àg§J Xe©dV {MÌH$Wr àg§J ñnï> H$aVmo. àdmhr {ZdoXZmbm A{^Z`mMr gmW AgVo. H$WmnwamUmVë`m AgVmV nU Ë`m bmoH$H$WoMm a§J KoD$Z AdVaVmV.

_{UnyaÀ`m ~ «wdmhZmMr {dH«$_JmWm, am_m`UmVrb H$m§MZ_¥JmMr Am{U grVoÀ`m AnhaUmMr H$Wm,{ed-{^„rUrMr ào_H$Wm, h[aü§Ð Vmam_VrÀ`m gÎdnarjoMr H$ê$UmoXmÎm H$Wm Aem H$Wm {MÌH$WrgmXa H$aVmV.

nydu {MÌH$Ï`m§À`m CXa{Zdm©hmMo hoM gmYZ hmoVo. Vo O_mdmZo JmdmoJmd {\$am`Mo. Jmdm~mhoaHw$Qw>§~H${~ë`mgh nmbo R>moHy$Z CVam`Mo, Ë`m§Mm XwYmVwnmMmhr ì`dgm` Agm`Mm. Ë`m§À`m ~m`H$m "_¡Zm'åhUyZ AmoiIë`m Om`À`m. `m "_¡Zm' H$mí`mÀ`m Wmirbm _oU bmdyZ Ë`m H$mS>rZo dmOdyZ {MÌH$Ï`m§ZmgmW H$am`À`m qH$dm Wmir dmOdyZ JmUr åhUyZ {^jm _mJm`À`m. gÜ`m ho {MWH$Wr Zm{eH$ {OëhçmV,H$moH$UmV VwaiH$ AmT>iVmV. Vo Amnbr CËnÎmr _amR>çmnmgyZ Pmbr Ago gm§JVmV. VwiOmnwaMr ^dmZr,OoOwar nmbrMm I§S>mo~m, H$moëhmnyaMr _hmbú_r, Omo{V~m hr Ë`m§Mr Hw$bX¡dVo AmhoV.

{MÌH$Wr hm bmoH$a§OZH$ma ~XbË`m H$mimV _mJo nS>V Mmbbm Amho. Ë`m§Mr ZmQ>çnyU© H$WZe¡br,{MÌm§À`m gmømZo àg§J C o H$aÊ`mMo H$m¡eë` bmon nmdV Amho. Jm|Yiçm-^amS>çm§à_mUo nmodmS>çmÀ`mg§ajUmV {MÌH$Ï`m§Mmhr hmV^ma _mobmMm Amho. T>mobH$s d EH$VmarÀ`m Vmbmda {MÌH$Wr nmodmS>o gmXaH$arV AgV. {MÌH$Wr hr jrU hmoV OmUmar bmoH${dîH$mamMr MmbVr ~mobVr g§ñWm OnUo Amdí`H$Amho.

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B H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m

_hmamï´>mV H$igwÌr ~mhþë`m§À`m Ioim§Mr na§nam \$ma àmMrZ Agmdr. AJXr kmZoœam§À`m H$mimnmgyZam_Xmgm§n ªVÀ`m dmL²>_`mV H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§À`m Ioim§Mo g§X © gmnS>VmV. H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§Zm H$mZS>rV"Jm|~r AmQ²>Q>m' Ago åhUVmV. ~mhþë`m§Mo ho ZmQ>ç ^maVmV Odi Odi gd© àm§VmV bmoH${à` Amho.gmXarH$aUmV WmoS>m \$ma \$aH$ AmT>iVmo. H$mhr {R>H$mUr ~mhþë`m§Mo H$mhr Ioi nS>Úmda ~mhþë`m§Mrgmdbr nmSy>Z Ho$bo OmVmV Va H$mhr Ioi a§J_§Mmda àË`j ~mhþë`m ZmMdyZ Ho$bo OmVmV. `m ZmQ>çmVrbnmÌo ~mhþë`m§À`m ñdê$nmV AgVmV. Xmoè`m§À`m gmømZo `m {ZOud nmÌm§Zm gyÌYma AË §V Hw$ebVoZohbdVmo Am{U {ZOud ~mhþë`m OUy gOrd hmoD$Z n«g§JZmQ>çmMm AZw d XoVmV. gyÌYmamÀ`m H¥$VrbmdmÚg§JrV, JrV, à^mdr {ZdoXZ Am{U g§dmXm§Mr gmW AgVo. hm Ioi Y_©{dYr gmnoj ZgVmo nU `mV{ZdS>bobr H$WmZHo$ nm¡am{UH$ AgVmV.

H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§À`m ZmQ>çmMr XmoZ ê$no àMbrV AmhoV. EH$ N>m`mZmQ>ç Am{U Xwgao ~mhþë`m§MoIoi `m IoimVyZ àm_w»`mZo am_m`UmVrb H$Wm gmXa Ho$br OmVo.

Amo[agmVrb amdU N>m`, Am§Y«mV "Jm|~r AmÅ>m', Ho$aimV Wmo„m nmD$Hw$W, CÎmaàXoe d amOñWmZmVH$R>nwVbr `m Zmdm§Zr H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§Mo Ioi AmoiIbo OmVmV. Am§Y«n«XoemVrb Vob§JUmV "Aao _amR>m'hr ñdV§Ì O_mV H$igyÌ ~mhþë`m§Mo Ioi H$aVo. ho bmoH$ _hmamï´>mVyZ Vob§JUmV ñWbm§V[aV Pmbobo eoVH$arAmhoV. CXa{Zdm©hmMo gmYZ åhUyZ Vo Ago Ioi d ZmQ>Ho$ gmXa H$aVmV.

_amR>r a§J y_rMo AmÚ àdV©H$ {dîUwXmg ^mì`m§À`m àma§ rÀ`m H$mimVrb H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§MrZmQ>Ho$hr bmoH${à` hmoVr. H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§À`m Ioimbm _hmamï´>mV `_nwar åhUVmV. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ`m H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§Mo ZmQ>ç bmoH$a§OZmMo H$m_ H$arV Amho. EHo$H$mir bmoH${à`VoMo {eIa JmR>boë`m `mIoimMo ApñVËd jrU hmoD$ bmJbo Amho. a§OZm~amo~a CX²~moYZ gmYUmar hr H$bm OmonmgUo JaOoMo.Amho.

B X§S>ma

X§S>ma qH$dm qXS>ma ho {dYr ZmQ>ç _amR>dmS>m, ImZXoe, {dX © `m àXoemV àMbrV Amho. {deofV:Am§Y Am{U Jm|S> `m Am{Xdmgr O_mVtMo bmoH$ `mV gh^mJr hmoVmV. Ë`m n[agamVrb XodXodVm§Mo CËgd,`mÌm, OÌm, b½Zàg§J, OÝ_moËgd Aemdoir ho ZmQ>çà`moJ Ho$bo OmVmV. JUoeMVwWu Vo H$m{V©H$s nm¡{U©_m`m H$mbmdYrV ho à`moJ Ho$bo OmVmV.

JmdmVrb qH$dm XodñWmZmOdirb C§MdQ>m hm m bmoH$ZmQ>çmMm a§J_§M AgVmo. nma§n[aH$ àgmYZm§Zra§J yfm, doe yfm Ho$br OmVo. `mV Xhm-~mam bmoH$ gh^mJr hmoVmV. gyÌYma Am{U gm|JmS>çm AgVmo.àm_w»`mZo nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm^mJmda X§S>ma AmYmarV AgVo. gd©àW_ nyOm{dYr hmoVmo. _hmXod, _ogm_m`,nmogm_m`, I§S>mo~m, _„_m Aem XodXodVm§À`m nyOobm `m {dYràH$mamV _hÎdmMo ñWmZ AgVo. a§J_§MmÀ`m_Ü`^mJr dVw©i AmIyZ _Ü`^mJr XodHw§$^mÀ`m PmS>mMr \$m§Xr C^r H$ê$Z nyOm Ho$br OmVo. m à{VH$mË_H$

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nyOoZ§Va H$m ©H«$_mMr gwadmV hmoVo. Z_Z JrV JmB©ë`mZ§Va X§S>mamÀ`m gmXarH$aUmbm gwadmV hmoVo. `mMrg§{hVm _m¡{IH$ ñdê$nmMr AgVo. gmXarH$aUmMr {^ñV {ZdoXZmda AgVo. ZonÏ`mMo gJio H$m_hr{ZdoXZM H$aVo. JÚ-nÚ g§_rl Ago {ZdoXZmMo ñdê$n AgVo. g§dmX gmYo gmono AgVmV. àg§Jr {dZmoX{Z{_©Vr gmYbr OmVo. H$Yr H$Yr g§dmXmV CImUo, H$moS>çm§Mm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. nyd©a§J Am{U CÎmaa§JAgVmo. `m gmè`mbm JrV-Z¥Ë`mMr nmœ© y_r AgVo. {Q>nè`m§~amo~aM T>mob, qeJmS>m, hbJr, Pm§O, S>\$,VwUVwUo, _¥Xw§J, Q>mi gmWrbm AgVmV.

nyd©a§JmV gd©àW_ Z_Z hmoVo. Z§Va hmñ` {Z_m©U H$aUmao KQ>Zm-àg§J, ñ\w$Q> nXo gmXa Ho$brOmVmV. Z_ZmMo ñdê$n Jm|Yi OmJaUmVrb AmdmhZ JrVmà_mUoM AgVo. dmÚm§À`m AmdV©Zmda {d{eï>VèhoMm nXÝ`mg H$aV _hmXod AdVaVmo. ho Z¥Ë` gwê$ AgVmZmM JUnVr, gmaOm, hZw_§Vhr AdVaVmV.gyÌYma Am{U {dXwfH$mÀ`m g§dmXmVyZ gJiçm Jmoï>r ñnï> Ho$ë`m OmVmV.

CÎmaa§JmV nm¡am{UH$, gm_m{OH$, H$mën{ZH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ KQ>Zm àg§Jmda AmYmabobo ZmQ>çàg§JgmXa Ho$bo OmVmV. g§dmX CËñ\y$V© AgVmV. H$Wm Oar H$ê$Uag àYmZ Agbr Var eodQ> AmZ§Xn ©dgrAgVmo. M_ËH¥$VrnyU© KQ>Zm, A{Ve`moŠVr, OmXyQ>moUo, _§ÌV§Ì m Jmoï>r {dnwb à_mUmV AgVmV. g_H$mbrZg_mOpñWVrer H$WoMo ZmVo OmoS>bo OmVo. bmoH$a§OZm~amo~aM EImXo VÎd à{VnmXZ H$ê$Z bmoH$m§À`m_Zmda g§ñH$mamVyZ ~moY R>adbm OmVmo.

Ym{_©H$ g_mamYZoVyZ bmoH$a§OZ - bmoH$g§ñH$ma gmYyZ X§S>ma ho {d{YZmQ>ç g§nÞ hmoVoo. AOyZhrJ«m_rU ^mJmV X§S>mamMr bmoH${à`Vm {Q>Hy$Z Amho.

B ~hþê$nr

{d{dY àH$maMr gm|Jo ~o_mby_nUo YmaU H$aUmè`mbm ~hþê$nr åhUVmV. ê$T>mWm©Zo hr EH$ AZoH$ê$no KoD$Z CnOrdrH$m H$aUmar OmV Amho. {H$Ë oH$ eVH$m§Mr na§nam bm^bobo ~hþéß`m§Mo Ioi AmOhr_hmamï´>mV bmoH${à` AmhoV. {dœH$moemV ~moh{n© Aem ZmdmMr Zm|X Agbobo ~hþê$nr doJdoJiçm amÁ`mVdoJdoJiçm Zmdm§Zr AmoiIbo OmVmV. JwOamVoV Ë`m§Mm ^dæ o, H$Zm©Q>H$mV ~hþê$n½`mê$, ImZXoe-_amR>dmS>çmV am`a§X qH$dm am §Xa Aem Zmdm§Zr Vo AmoiIbo OmVmV.

~hþéno ZQ>bm Zmam`U

gm|J g§nmXyZ Ÿ& O¡gm V¡gm Ÿ&

Ago gmW© dU©Z g§V VwH$mam_m§Zr Amnë`m EH$m A §JmV na_oœamMo Ho$bo Amho. ~hþénr hm Hw$eb ZQ>AgVmo. g§JrV, Z¥Ë`, JrV, g§dmX hr Ë`mÀ`m IoimMr d¡{eï>ço AgVmV. noQ>r, I§{Oar, Q>mi Am{U Vw_S>rhr Ë`mMr dmÚo AgVmV. b`Xma JrVo JmV Amnbo Ioi XmIdV Vmo XmamoXmar {\$aVmo. H$moUË`mhr JmdmV4-5 {Xdgm§nojm OmñV Wm§~V Zmhr. Amnë`m R>aboë`m hŠH$mÀ`m Jmdr dfm©VyZ EH$Xm {\$aVrda OmD$Z,gm|Jo KoD$Z Vmo {^jm Jmoim H$aVmo. ~{hamo~m, OmZmB©, OmoImB©, I§S>mo~m ho ~hþéß`m§Mo Xod AmhoV. H$Zm©Q>H$mVyZ

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Oo ~hþénr _hmamï´>mV bmoH${à` Pmbo, Ë`m§À`m Ioimda X{jUoVrb `jJmZmMm à^md OmUdVmo. ho ~hþê$nre§ImgyadY, ^ñ_mgyadY, {dœm{_Ì gÎdhaU Ago àg§J gmXa H$aVmV. am_, H¥$îU, hZw_mZ, amdUAer hþ~ohÿ~ gm|Jo Vo dR>dVmV.

nmQ>bmMm dmS>m, añË`mVbm Mm¡H$, EImXr _moH$ir OmJm hmM ~hþéß`mÀ`m IoimMm a§J_§M AgVmo.oWoM JrV, g§dmXmÀ`m gmømZo N>moQ>r N>moQ>r gm|Jo gmXa Ho$br OmVmV. Ogm àojH$ Agob Vgo IoimMo ê$n

~XbVo. bmoH$a§OZ hmM àYmZ hoVy AgVmo. H$Yr gm_m{OH$ ì §½`mda, {dg§JVrda ~hþê$nr {dZmoX H$aVmoVa H$Yr {dXmaH$ CnhmgJ © {dZmoXhr H$aVmo. ~hþê$nr bmoH$m§Zm MH$dVmo, ~ZdVmo Vo \$ŠV {dZmoX åhUyZbmoH$m§Zm \$gdÊ`mMm Xwï> hoVy Ë`mMm H$YrM ZgVmo.

nmobrg, \$m¡OXma, nmoñQ>_Z, _mñVarU, {^jwH$, doS>m Aer J§_VrXma gm|Jo ~hþê$nr ~o_mbw_nUodR>dVmo. AmYr nmobrg Agë`mMr ~o_mbw_ ~VmdUr H$am`Mr. `O_mZmbm Km~ao H$ê$Z gmoS>m`Mo. Ë`m§Mr\${OVr Pmbobr nmhÿZ Amnbo Iao ê$n XmIdm`Mo Aer Ë`m§Mr arV AgVo. _hmamï´>mVrb ~hþê$nr amjg,KmoS>m, {^„, hmë`m, e§H$a-nmd©Vr, Z§Xr Aer gm|Jo dR>dVmV. bhmZ _wbmÀ`m aS>Ê`mMm, nú`m§Mm,àmÊ`m§Mm hþ~ohþ~ AmdmO H$mT>VmV. gm|Jmbm `mo½` Aer doe yfm H$aVmV. {ó`m§À`m y{_H$m nwéfMH$aVmV. ~hþéß`mMo b½ZmMo JrV Iyn à{gÕ Amho.

b½Zmbm Mbm Vwåhr b½Zmbm Mbm

b½ZmMr KmB©, dm§Jr Ambr bB©

\$moS>Urbm Vob Zmhr, H$er H$ê$ ~mB©....

H$mhr {R>H$mUr ZwgVo Z¥Ë` d A{^Z`mÀ`m Omoamda JmUo gmXa Ho$bo OmVo Va H$mhr {R>H$mUr JÚg§dmX ê$nmV g§nmXUr H$ê$Z gmXa Ho$bo OmVo. ~hþéß`mMm Ioi hm bmoH$na§naoVbm ZmQ>çmË_{dYr Amho.bm¡{H$H$ bmoH$ZmQ>çmVM Ë`mMm g_mdoe H$amdm bmJVmo.

B JOrZ¥Ë`

_hmamï´>mVrb YZJa g_mOmZo Onbobm hm AmJim doJim Z¥Ë`àH$ma Amho. AOyZhr J«m_rU ^mJmVgUm-g_ma§ mÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo, `mÌo-OÌoÀ`m doir YZJa nwéf _§S>ir JOZ¥Ë` gmXa H$aVmV. JOZ¥Ë`,JOrZ¥Ë`, JOrJmB© Agohr eãX AmhoV. JO åhUOo hÎmr, hÎmrgma»`m em§V, {eñV~Õ, hiwdma emar[aH$hmbMmbtda ho Z¥Ë` Adb§~yZ AgVo.

JwS>¿`mÀ`mda Zogbobo YmoVa, A§JmV H$monar, _ZJQ>mV H$S>o, Im§Úmda H$m§~io, S>moŠ`mbm Vm§~S>o_w§S>mgo, XmoÝhr hmVmV bmb a§JmMo ê$_mb YaVmV. X§S>mbm, JiçmV, H$_aobm Jm|S>o ~m§Ybobo AgVmV.nm`mV ~marH$ Kw§JamMo Mmi AgVmV. Agm YZJam§Mm doe AgVmo. EH$mdoir 5 OmoS>çm åhUOo 10 ì`ŠVrho Z¥Ë` gmXa H$aVmV.

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`m Z¥Ë`mV T>mob ho dmÚ AË §V _hÎdmMo AgVo. OmoS>rbm {X_S>r, Pm§O, H¡$Vmi, H$mR>rhr AgVo.

ho Z¥Ë` Mmby AgVmZm gVV Xodm§À`m ZmdmMm O`Kmof H$ê$Z H$nmimbm §S>mam bmdbm OmVmo.JOZ¥Ë`mV Km`m bmdë`m OmVmV, Ë`m_Ü o JmR>rMr, oQ>rMr, Z_ñH$mamMr B. _hÎdnyU© Km`m bmdë`mOmVmV. àË oH$ Km`rV 20-25 _mUgo gd© EH$gmaIo ZmMVmV, oQ>VmV, OmJoda Jmob {\$ê$Z CS>r_maÊ`mbm _hÎd AgVo. ho Z¥Ë` H$arV AgVmZm XmoÝhr hmV daVr Yabo OmVmV. EH$mÀ`m nmR>monmR> BVaJmVmV. Ë`m§À`m JmÊ`mVyZ Ë`m§Mo AmMma-{dMma, MmbrarVr, lÕmñWmZo, AnË`àmßVrMo g§X ©-g_OyZoVmV.

YZJam§Mm _w»` ì`dgm` _|T>rnmbZ Vgo ho ^Q>Ho$M bmoH$, {OWo {hadr amZo AmT>iVrb {VWoAmnë`m _|T>çm KoD$Z Om`Mo, VmËnwaVr dñVr H$ê$Z amhm`Mo AgmM Ë`m§Mm OrdZH«$_. Aem IS>VaOrdZH«$_mV Ë`m§Zr Amnbr hr Z¥Ë`H$bm Onbr Amho. _ëhmarZoM {Xbobo ho Q>Ho$OrdZ Ë`m§Zr H¥$VkVmnyd©H$ñdrH$mabobo Amho. dmer, H$S>mobr, AmaodmS>r, AmßnmMrdmS>r `m {R>H$mUr JOrZ¥Ë`mMo H$m ©H«$_ Ho$boOmVmV. JOrZ¥Ë` IoiUmè`m§Zm {OVHo$ AmZ§XXm`r dmQ>Vo {VVHo$M àojH$m§Zmhr AmZ§XXm`r dmQ>Vo.

6.4 g_mamon

AmÎmmn ªV AmnU _amR>r bmoH$H$bm, bmoH$a§J y_rMo {deof, bmoH$Z¥Ë` Am{U bmoH$ZmQ>ç `m§Mmg{dñVa {dMma Ho$bm. bmoH$na§naoMm g_¥Õ dmagm åhUyZ bmoH$H$bm§Mo H$Yr Ym{_©H$ {dYr åhUyZ Va H$YrbmoH$a§OZmÀ`m àYmZ hoVyZo gmXarH$aU Ho$bo OmVo. àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ _hmamï´>mV àM{bV Agboë`m `mbmoH$H$bm AË §V d¡{eï>çnyU© Am{U d¡{dÜ`nyU© AmhoV. Y_©{dYrg§~§YVm ho m bmoH$H$bm§Mo àYmZ d¡{eï>çAmho. dmgwXod, nmoVamO, wË o, OmoJVo, ñ_emZOmoJr mgma»`m bmoH$X¡dVm§Mo CnmgH$ m bmoH$a§J y_rdaMo_hÎdmMo H$bmH$ma AmhoV. VgoM Jm|Yir, XemdVmar, H$sV©ZH$ma, ~hþê$nr, {MÌH$Wr Aem H$bmH$mam§ZrbmoH$a§OZm~amo~aM bmoH$à~moYZmMo H$m_ gmVË`mZo Ho$bo Amho.

`m bmoH$a§J y_rÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ X¡dVmdVaUmMm {dYr Ho$bm OmVmo. Ë`mdoir {d{dY àH$maMr gm|JoZmMdbr OmVmV. Ë`mVyZ J«m_ì`dñWoMo Am{U J«m_X¡dVm§er g§~§Yr bmoH$lÕm§Mo Xe©Z KS>Vo.

`m bmoH$H$bm§À`m Am{dîH$mamV CËñ\y$V©Vm AgVo, bd{MH$nUm AgVmo. `m§Zr {d{eï> aMZm~§YñdrH$mabobm AgVmo. nU {b{IV g§{hVm ZgVo. gmXarH$aUmMr H$mb_`m©Xm à`moJgmnoj AgVo.bmoH$a§J y_rdarb ZmQ>çmË_ dmñVd ho bmoH$a§JH$_u Am{U àojH$ `m§À`m gh^mJmZo {gÕ hmoVo. nwamUo,Y_©J«§W, g§Vgm{hË` `mVrb Y_©, VÎdkmZ, AÜ`mË_ hm Ame` bmoH$^mfoVyZ bmoH$à{V_m§VyZ bmoH$m§n ªVnmoMdbm OmVmo. ZmQ>çmË_ Ym{_©H$ {dYtÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo bmoH$ EH${ÌV oVmV Am{U EH$m AWm©Zo g_mOmVrbEH${OZgrnUm gm§ mibm OmVmo.

H$mhr bmoH$H$bm§À`m aMZm~§YmV EH$ g_mZ gyÌ AmT>iVo. CXm. Jm|Yi, H$sV©Z, b{iVmV nyd©a§J

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Am{U CÎmaa§J AgVmo. CÎmaa§JmV Am»`mZ bmdbo OmVo. Ë`m Ë`m bmoH$H$bm{dîH$mamgmR>r {d{eï> doe yfm,dmÚg§JrVmMm dmna Ho$bm OmVmo. bmoH$H$bm§Zm aMZoMo gm¡§X © Am{U {Z`_hr AgVmV.

bmoH$H$boÀ`m gmXarH$aUmÀ`m doir {d{eï> a§J_§MmMr Amdí`H$Vm ZgVo. gm|JmMr gOmdQ>, _wIdQ>oV`ma H$aUo, nmofmI ~ZdUo, a§J yfm H$aUo `mgmR>r nma§n[aH$ _mÜ`_oM (eoV, bmHy$S>, H$moigm, ^mVmMmwñgm, hiX, Hw§$Hy$, Jwbmb) dmnabr OmVmV.

AbrH$S>À`m H$mimV _mÌ `m bmoH$H$bm§À`m gmXarH$aUmV \$aH$ nS>V Mmbbm Amho. nyduÀ`mH$mir `m bmoH$H$bm bmoH$a§nam, ê$T>r, lX²Ym, g_OyVr, bmoH$mMma `m§Zm AZwgê$Z gmXa Ho$ë`m OmVhmoË`m. Y_©lX²Yobm A{YH$m{YH$ àmYmÝ` hmoVo. nU OgOgm H$mi ~Xbbm Vg Vgo gmXarH$aUmMoñdê$nhr ~Xbbo. H$mhr {dYr Ym{_©H$ àoaUoVyZ Ho$bo OmV Agbo Var Ë`m_mJMr _Zmoa§OZmMràoaUmhr à~i hmoV Amho. Y_©lÕoVyZ gmH$ma hmoUmè`m {dYrZmQ>çm§Mo n[adV©Z nwT>o bmoH$ZmQ>çmV PmboAmho.AmYw{ZH$VoÀ`m aoQ>çm_wio bmoH$ZmQ>çm§V OmUdVrb BVHo$ ~Xb KSy>Z oV AmhoV. H$sV©Z, mê$S>mgmaIoH$mhr nma§n[aH$ ZmQ>çmË_ àH$ma _mÌ bmoH$a§OZm~amo~a bmoH${ejUmMo à^mdr _mÜ`_ R>aV AmhoV.

6.5 dñVw{Zð> àíZ

A) Jmiboë`m OmJm ^am.

1. Jm|S>, Am§Y `m O_mVtMo bmoH$ .............. `m bmoH$ZmQ>çmV gh^mJr hmoVmV.

2. _hmamï´>mV H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§À`m Ioimbm ............ åhUVmV.

3. ............. `m {dYrZmQ>çmV {d{dY XodVm§Mr, nwamU nwéfm§Mr gm|Jo gmXa hmoVmV.

4. .............. `m§Zm dmaH$ar H$sV©Z na§naoMo AmÚ àdV©H$ _mZbo OmVo.

5. nma§n[aH$ V_memV nm¡am{UH$, bmoH$H$WmË_H$ dJ AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm ............... Ago åhUVmV.

CÎmao : 1) X§S>ma, 2) `_nwar, 3) ~mohmS>m, 4) g§V Zm_Xod, 5) amOdmS>rdJ.

~) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1. bmoH$XodVm§À`m ^ŠVm§Zm bmoH$^mfoV H$m` åhUVmV ?

2. wË o H$moUmMo CnmgH$ AmhoV ?

3. _w»` Jm|Yiçmbm H$m` åhUVmV ?

4. _§JimJm¡arbm Ioibo OmUmao XmoZ Ioi gm§Jm.

5. ZmJ ho H$emMo àVrH$ _mZVmV ?

CÎmao : 1) ^JV, 2) VwiOm^dmZr, 3) ZmB©H$, 4) Jmo\$, KmJa, 5) gw\$brH$aU.

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H$) OmoS>çm Owidm.

A ~

1. dmgwXod 1) XemdVma

2. ñ_emZOmoJr 2) H¥$îU^ŠV

3. noQ>mao 3) H$dS>çmMr _mi

4. OmoJVr 4) naS>r

5. Jm|Yir 5) e§H$a CnmgH$.

CÎmao : 1) - 2, 2) - 5, 3) - 1, 4) - 4, 5) - 3.

S>) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. V_memVbm gdm©V ZmQ>çnyU© d bmoH${à` KQ>H$ H$moUVm ?(JU / dJ / bmdUr.)

2. nwamUmVbm CÎm_ H$sV©ZH$ma H$moUmbm _mZbm OmVo ?(gyV / em¡ZH$ / ZmaX)

3. Am§Y«mV H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§À`m Ioimbm H$m` åhUVmV ?(_mohrZr AQ²>Q>_ / Jm|~r AmQ²>Q>m / amdUN>m`)

4. ~mohmS>çmVbo _wIdQ>o H$emMo AgVmV ?(_oUmMo / bmH$S>mMo-eoUm_mVrMo / emSy>Mo)

5. _hmamï´>mV H$sV©Zna§nam H$moUË`m eVH$mnmgyZ bmoH${à` Agmdr ?(12-13 ì`m / 2-3 è`m / 8-10 ì`m)

CÎmao : 1) dJ, 2) ZmaX, 3) Jm|~r AmQ²>Q>m. 4) bmH$S>mMo-eoUm_mVrMo, 5) 12-13 ì`m.

B) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.

1. V_mem ho bmoH$a§J y_rdarb AË §V _hÎdmMo CnmgZmZmQ>ç Amho.

2. H$sV©ZmV dmÚg§JrVmda Iyn ^a AgVmo.

3. XemdVmamVbo gJio H$bmH$ma _wIdQ>o dmnaVmV.

4. Jm|YimÀ`m nyd©a§JmV {Zê$nU H$aVmV.

5. Z_ZmV JUnVrZ§Va "ZQ>ì`m'Mm àdoe hmoVmo.

CÎmao : 1) MyH$, 2) MyH$, 3) MyH$, 4) MyH$, 5) ~amo~a

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B XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. Z_Z-Ioio Mo gmXarH$aU H$go hmoVo Vo g{dñVa {bhm.

2. V_memVë`m dJmMr d¡{eï>çnyU©Vm {deX H$am.

B bKwÎmar àíZ

1. Hw$eb H$sV©ZH$mamMr bjUo WmoS>Š`mV gm§Jm.

2. X§S>mamÀ`m CÎmaa§JmV H$moUVo ZmQ>çàg§J gmXa Ho$bo OmVmV Vo WmoS>Š`mV {bhm.

B Q>rnm

1) {MÌH$Wr, 2) ~hþê$nr, 3) H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m§Mo Ioi, 4) boPr_.

6.6 CnH«$_

1. b½Z, _w§O, em§Vr Aem g_ma§ m§Zm CnpñWV amhÿZ Ë`mVbo "ZmQ>çmMo' VQ>ñWnUo {ZarjUH$am.

2. _§Jbàg§JmZ§Va Ho$ë`m OmUmè`m Hw$bmMma àg§Jr àË`j CnpñWV amhÿZ Jm|YimMm AZw d¿`m.

3. OÌm, `mÌoÀ`m àg§Jr hmoUmè`m {dYr ZmQ>çm§Mo {ZarjU H$am.

4. ~hþê$nr, {MÌH$Wr, ^wË`o, ñ_emZOmoJr, nmoVamO, Aem bmoH$a§J^y_rdaÀ`m H$bmH$mam§Mr_wbmIV ¿`m.

6.7 A{YH$ dmMZ

1. bmoH$a§J y_r : à^mH$a _m§S>o.

2. bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo CnmgH$ : am. qM. T>oao.

3. bmoH$ZmJa a§J y_r : Vmam ^mdmiH$a.

R R R

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7.1 C{Ôï>o

øm KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm ;

· bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {d{dY AÜ``Z nÕVtMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mMo AÜ``Z Am{U Ë`mMo {díbofU emór` Ñï>rZo H$go H$amdo, `mMo {ddoMZ H$aVm`oB©b.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AÜ``ZmÀ`m nmíMmË` XoemVrb emór` nÕVtMm Am{U Ñ{ï>H$moUm§Mm n[aM`H$ê$Z KoVm oB©b.

· bmoH$VÎdr` Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ Aä`mgmMo ñdê$n ñnï> H$aVm oB©b.

7.2 àmñVm{dH$

_mZdr OrdZmMm B{Vhmg Am{U àmMrZ g_mOOrdZ m§Mm Aä`mg bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgm{edm`nyU© hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Y_©, g§ñH¥$Vr, AmMma-{dMma, ê$T>r, àWm, na§nam, H$bm, dmL²>_` OmUyZKoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg _hÎdmMm R>aVmo. dV©_mZ g_mOOrdZmV ê$T> Agboë`m na§nam§Mm_mJmodm KoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mMr _XV KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mV Ë`m Ë`m XoemÀ`m,àXoemÀ`m bmoH$OrdZmMo Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo à{Vq~~ nS>bobo Agë`mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg{d{dY A§Jm§Zr H$aVm oVmo. bmoH$H$Wm§Mo CJ_ Am{U B{Vhmg `m§Mm emoY Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mgnÕVrÛmaoH$aVm `oVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {d{dY aMZm~§Ym§Zwgma Vm¡b{ZH$, g_mO emór`, _mZdd§eemór`aMZmZwgma BË`mXr Aä`mgnÕVr ApñVËdmV AmhoV. àñVwV àH$aUmV AmnU bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z nÕVrAm{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``Z nÕVr `m§Mm Aä`mg H$aUma AmhmoV.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMo AZoH$ {deof {b{IV gm{hË`mZo ñdrH$mabobo {XgVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb Am{X~§Y,H$ënZm~§Y `m§Mm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z gm{hË`{Z{_©Vr Ho$br OmVo. bmoH$JrVmVrb AZoH$ aMZm~§Y AmYw{ZH$H${dVoV A{^ì`ŠV Pmbobo {XgVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`mV H$WZna§nam Amho. hr na§nam AmYw{ZH$ H$WmË_H$gm{hË`mV Am{dîH¥$V Pmbr Amho. Am{dîH$ma, Ame`, {df`, aMZm `m§Mr XodmUKodmU Pmbobr AgVo.Ë`m_wio {b{IV gm{hË`mÀ`m AmH$bZmgmR>r bmoH$VÎdr` Aä`mgnÕVr _hÎdmMr R>aVo. VgoMbmoH$gm{hË`mMm Am{X~§YmË_H$ Aä`mghr _hÎdmMm Amho. \«o$Pa Am{U `w§J `m§À`m boIZmV `m

KQ>H$ : 7

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AÜ``ZnÕVr

B bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z nÕVr B Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``Z nÕVr

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g_rjmnÕVrMo _yi Amho. Am{X~§YmMm Am{dîH$ma àmŠH$Wm§VyZ, bmoH$H$Wm§VyZ Pmbm. VgoM Vmo {MÌ,{eën, gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZhr AmT>iVmo. {dYr, àmŠH$Wm, Am{X_mZdmMr à{VH$g¥ï>r, ñdßZo, H$ënZma§OZAm{U gO©Zerb H$bmH¥$Vr `mVyZ Am{X~§Y H$m ©aV Agë`mMo _mZgemókm§Mo _V Amho.

7.3 {df` {ddoMZ

`m KQ>H$mV AmnU bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m bmoH$VÎdr` Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ `m XmoZ AÜ``Z nÕVrOmUyZ KoUma AmhmoV. VgoM bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$moU-H$moUË`m Q>ß`mVyZ Pmbm, ho _m{hV H$ê$ZKoUma AmhmoV. bmoH$VÎdr` Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``Z nÕVr_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMm EH$Zdm Ñ{ï>H$moU àmá Pmbm Amho. `m gd© _wÚm§Mm AmnU g{dñVa nam_e© KoD$.

7.3.1 bmoH$gm{hË`mMo AÜ``Z : EH$ Ñ{ï>jon

^maVmV bmoH$gm{hË`mMr g_¥ÜX na§nam Amho.`m bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ Am{U g§nmXZ _moR>çmà_mUmda Pmbo Amho. ho g§H$bZ àm_w»`mZo VrZ nmViçm§da Pmbo.

1. hm¡er nmVirda

2. g§ñWmË_H$ nmVirda

3. Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$bobo.

na§Vw bmoH$gm{hË`mMm {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mg _mÌ \$magm Pmbobm Zmhr. {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mgmMr na§namnmpíM_mË` XoemV àma§ mnmgyZ hmoVr. Ë`m_wio nmíMmË` XoemV bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AÜ``ZmÀ`m Á`m emór`nÕVr, Ñï>rH$moU {dH${gV Pmbo; Ë`m AmYmao bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr {Xem {ZpíMV H$amdr bmJVo.bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMm àma§ gm§ñH¥${VH$ _mZdemómMm EH$ ^mJ åhUyZ Pmbobm hmoVm. Ë`mZ§Va_Zmo{dkmZ, mfmemó, gm{hË`, g_mOemó m {df`m§À`m Aä`mgmbm bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb gm_wJ«r Cn wŠVR>aVo; åhUyZ Aä`mg H$aÊ`mV oD$ bmJbm. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm ñdV§Ì Aä`mg wamonr` Xoem§V àW_ Pmbm.18 ì`m eVH$mV wamonmVrb nwamVÎddoË`m§Mo bj bmoH$gm{hË`mZo doYyZ KoVbo. Amnbr à^mdr amï´>r`^mdZm ì`ŠV H$aÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË` g§J«{hV H$aÊ`mg gwê$dmV Pmbr. B§½b§S>À`m {~en Wm°_g nguZonwamVZ dñVy§Mm g§J«h H$aÊ`mV {deof bj KmVbo. 1765 _Ü o "[ab°Šg Am°\$ E{e`Z B§p½be nmoEQ´>r' mZmdmZo Ë`mMm g§J«h àH$m{eV Ho$bm. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ H$aÊ`mMo lo O_©ZrVrb OoH$~ J«r_ (1785-1863), {dëho_ J«r_ (1786-1856) `m ~§Y§yH$S>o OmVo. O_©ZrÀ`m [aMS>© dm°JZa, \«$mÝgÀ`m E\$._m`Ho$b, BQ>mbrÀ`m {ZH$mobmo Vmo_{g`mo, {dë`_ Wm°_g `m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m gm_wJ«rH$S>o A{YH$ bj{Xbo. {dë`_ Wm°_g `mZo 1846 gmbr nwamdeofm§gmR>r B§J«Or_Ü o "\$moH$bmoa' g§km dmnabr. 1866gmbr B§½b§S>_Ü o "\$moH$bmoa' gmogm`Q>rMr ñWmnZm Pmbr. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m gm_J«rÀ`m Aä`mgmMo VoWoH|$Ð {Z_m©U Pmbo. `m Aä`mgmH$S>o OJ^amVrb {dX²dmZm§Mo bj Jobo. Ë`m§Zm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mgmMr

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H$ënZm gwMbr. n[aUm_r bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AZoH$ Aä`mgnÕVr {Z_m©U hmoD$ bmJë`m. B.g. 1870 Vo1910 hm H$mi nmíMmË` bmoH$gm{hË`{df`H$ Aä`mgmMm gwdU©H$mi _mZbm OmVmo. H$maU `m H$mimVB§½b§S>_Ü o bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg _moR>çm à_mUmV Pmbm.

nmpíM_mË` XoemVrb bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§À`m g§H$bZmVyZ Am{U Aä`mgmVyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mMoAZoH$ n¡by àH$memV oD$ bmJbo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m H$jm ê§$Xmdë`m. nmpíM_mË`bmoH$gm{hË` {demaXm§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmMo, {M{H$ËgoMo, {díbofUmMo H$m © H$ê$Z bmoH$gm{hË`mMoñdê$n, bmoH$gm{hË`mMr bjUo, bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr, Aä`mgmMo {d{dY Ñ{ï>H$moU {ZpíMV Ho$bo.bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo ho H$m © _hÎdmMo Amho.

àmMrZ H$mimnmgyZ ^maVmV bmoH$gm{hË`mMr na§nam ApñVËdmV hmoVr. doX, ~«m÷UJ«§W, Cn{ZfXo,am_m`U, _hm^maV `m J«§Wm_YyZ _m¡{IH$ na§naoZo MmbV Amboë`m AZoH$ H$WmJrVm§Mm g_mdoe Pmbobm{XgVmo. Ë`m H$mimVrb F${f_wZtZr `m _m¡{IH$ gm_J«rMm Cn`moJ _moR>çm à_mUmV Ho$ë`mMo OmUdVo. nU19 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZM bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmbm Iè`m AWm©Zo gwê$dmV Pmbr. B§J«Om§Mr gÎmm maVmVñWmnZ Pmë`mZ§Va ^maVr` g_mOì`dñWm g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r B§J«O bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmH$S>odibo. oWrb bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m Hw$VyhbmnmoQ>r Ë`m§Zr `m Aä`mgmbm àma§ Ho$bm. H$mhr B§J«O A{YH$marg§emoYH$d¥ÎmrMo hmoVo. Ë`m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmbm Am{U g§emoYZmbm àmoËgmhZ {Xbo. ^maVm_Ü oXmoZ nmViçm§da bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmMo H$m © Pmbo. B§J«O A{YH$mè`m§Zr Ho$bobo à`ËZ Am{U {¼ñVr{_eZè`m§Zr Y_©àgmamÀ`m hoVyZo VgoM kmZàmár, {Okmgmd¥ÎmrZo Ho$bobo à`ËZ _hÎdmMo R>abo.

amOñWmZMo VËH$m{bZ ao{gS>|Q> H$Z©b Q>mS> `m§Zr amOñWmZMm B{Vhmg, bmoH$m§Mo amhUr_mZ, nmofmI,na§nam g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ Ho$bo. 1866 _Ü o ga [aMS>© Q>|nb `m§Zr n§Om~rbmoH$gm{hË`{df`H$ boIm§Mm g§J«h àH$m{eV Ho$bm. `mMdfu {_g _oar {\«$`a `m§Zr 'Old Deccan

Day's' m ZmdmMm bmoH$H$Wm§Mm g§J«h àH$m{eV Ho$bm. Ë`mV X{jU maVmVrb bmoH$H$Wm g§H${bV Ho$ë`mAmhoV. 1871 gmbr Mmb©g B. J«moda `m§Zr "\$moH$ gm±½O Am°\$ gmD$WZ© B§{S>`m' `m ZmdmMm J«§W à{gÕHo$bm. `m J«§WmV H$ÞS>, Vm{_i, _ë`mir, VobJy `m ^mfoVrb bmoH$JrVm§Mm B§J«Or AZwdmX Amho. ~§JmbAm{U n§Om~ àXoemVhr bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Pmbobm {XgVmo. ~§Jmb_Ü o Or. EM. S>o_|Q>, lr_VrVmoê$ XÎm, bmb{~hmar S>o `m§Zr _hÎdmMo boIZ Ho$bo Amho. bmb{~hmar S>o `m§Mm bmoH$H$Wm§Mm g§J«h"\$moH$bmoa Am°\$ ~§Jmb' (1883) Am{U bmoH$OrdZmMm Aä`mg H$aUmam "~§Jmb nrP§Q> bmB©\$' hm J«§WàH$m{eV Pmbm Amho. n§Om~_Ü o [aMS>© Q>|nb Am{U lr_Vr ñQ>rb `m§Zr n§Om~r bmoH$H$Wm§Mo "dmB©ëS>AdoH$ ñQ>mo[aO' (1885) ho nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Ho$bo.

`m H$mimVrb bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ d¡{eï>çm§Mm emoYKoÊ`mÀ`m hoVyZo Pmbobm AmT>iVmo. dmL²>_`rZ Ñ{ï>H$moUmVyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg \$ma H$_r à_mUmVPmbm. nU bmoH$gm{hË`mMr {d{dY d¡{eï>ço bmoH$m§À`m ZOaoV ^ê$ bmJbobr hmoVr. Om°O© {J«Ag©Z

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gma»`m mfmemór` Aä`mgH$m§Zm bmoH$gm{hË`mMo mfmemór` _yë` Ü`mZmV Ambo hmoVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mAä`mgmVyZ VËH$mbrZ ^mfm, g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH$OrdZ, na§nam BË`mXr Jmoï>r bmoH$m§g_moa Amë`m.

_hmamï´>mVrb bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmMo Am{U Aä`mgmMo àma§ rMo à`ËZ \$maM OwO~r ñdê$nmMohmoVo. _oar {\«$`aÀ`m "AmoëS> S>oŠH$b S>oO' `m bmoH$H$Wm§À`m nwñVH$mV _hmamï´>mVrb bmoH$OrdZmVàM{bV Agboë`m bmoH$H$Wm§Mm g_mdoe Ho$bobm Amho. g. H$m. N>Ìo `m§Mo "Bgmn H$Wm§Mo ^mfm§Va',"amOmam_emór mJdV m§Mm "{d{dY kmZ {dñVma' _Yrb bmoH$JrVmdarb boI, {dîUyemór {MniyUH$a`m§Mo boI, _. _mo. Hw§$Q>o, H$m{eZmW dm_Z bobo, Zm. Jmo. Mm\o$H$a BË`mXr Aä`mgH$m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMog§H$bZ H$ê$Z àH$m{eV Ho$bo.

{dídZmW H$m{eZmW amOdmS>o `m§À`mnmgyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm Iè`m AWm©Zo gwê$dmVPmbr. amOdmS>o `m§Zr "gÁOZJS>mdaMr bmoH$JrVo' Am{U "Am{XË` amUw~mB©Mr H$hmUr' Ago XmoZ boI1925 gmbr à{gÕ Ho$bo. `m boIm§_YyZ àW_M amOdmS>çm§Zr "bmoH$JrV' Am{U "bmoH$H$Wm' ho eãXdmnabo. d¡{XH$ H$mimnmgyZ bmoH$H$Wm ApñVËdmV AmhoV. Agm _ybJm_r {dMmahr Ë`m§Zr Amnë`mboImVyZ _m§S>bm. Zm. Jmo. Mm\o$H$a `m§Zr amOdmS>o `m§Zr dmnaboë`m g§km ê$T> Ho$ë`m. _hmamï´> n{ÌHo$VyZË`m§Zr AZoH$ bmoH$H$Wm Am{U bmoH$JrVo àH$m{eV Ho$br. e§. Jmo. XmVo `m§Zr "bmoH$H$Wm' ho nwñVH$ 1930gmbr XmoZ ^mJmV àH$m{eV Ho$bo. dm_Zamd MmoaKS>o `m§Zr "gm{hË`mMo _ybYZ' ho nwñVH$ 1938 _Ü oàH$m{eV Ho$bo. Ë`m {ddoMZmV dmL²>_`rZ y{_Ho$VyZ gm{hË`mVrb gm_J«tMr {M{H$Ëgm Ho$bobr Amho. S>m°.H$_bm~mB© Xoenm§S>o `m§À`m 1944 _Ü`o à{gÕ Pmboë`m "Anm¡ê$fo` dmL²>_`' `m nwñVH$mZo _mÌbmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmV {deof ^a Q>mH$br. `m_Ü o Ë`m§Zr bmoH$JrVm§Mo dmL²>_`rZ {deof gm§{JVboAmhoV. VgoM bmoH$JrVm§À`m Aä`mgmMr {Xem gwM{dbr Amho. Zm. am. e|S>o `m§Zr {dX^m©Vrb, Xm. Jmo.~moago `m§Zr ImZXoemVrb Va Zm. Jmo. Zm§XmnyaH$a `m§Zr _amR>dmS>çmVrb bmoH$JrVm§Mo g§H$bZ Ho$bo.Ë`mM~amo~a `m gdmªMr bmoH$gm{hË`mMr VmpÎdH$ d {ddoMH$ _m§S>Ur _hÎdmMr Amho. S>m°. Zm. Jmo.Zm§XmnyaH$a `m§Zr "_amR>rMm _moha', "_mhoaMo _amR>r', "_amR>rMr _m`m' `m nwñVH$mVyZ bmoH$JrVo Am{UbmoH$JrVm§À`m YaVrda H${dVm àH$m{eV Ho$ë`m.

S>m°. gamo{OZr ~m~a m§Zr _hmamï> amÁ` bmoH$gm{hË` g{_VrÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ _hmamï>mVrb bmoH$JrVm§Mo,bmoH$H$Wm§Mo, CImUo, åhUr, VgoM {Za{Zamiçm OmVr O_mVrV àM{bV Agboë`m bmoH$dmL²>_`mMog§H$bZ H$ê$Z {díbofUhr Ho$bo Amho. "_amR>rVrb órYZ', "~miamOm', "Om _mÂ`m _mhoam', "EH$ hmoVmamOm', "OZbmoH$m§Mm gm_doX' hr Ë`m§Mr nwñVHo$ bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmV _hÎdnyU© AmhoV. "bmoH$gm{hË`^mfm Am{U g§ñH¥$Vr', "gmO{eUJma', "bmoH$gm{hË` eãXH$moe' hr ~m~a m§Mr g§nmXZo bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mAä`mgH$m§Zm Cn wŠV AmhoV. gmZo JwéOtMo "órOrdZ' (1940) ho nwñVH$ àH$m{eV Pmbo. Ë`m_Ü oórJrVm§Mo {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§Mo ho {ddoMZ órJrVm§Mr d¡{eï>ço {deX H$aÊ`mnojm Ë`m§Mm _moR>onUmqH$dm Jm¡ad gm§JÊ`mÀ`m ñdê$nmMo Amho.

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lr_Vr XwJm© ^mJdV `m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm emór` {Xem XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bm."bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ê$naofm' `m J«§WmV bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr g¡Õm§{VH$ _m§S>Ur Ë`m§Zr Ho$br Amho.OmJ{VH$ bmoH$gm{hË`mMm g§X © KoD$Z Ë`m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m A§Jmonm§Jm§Mm VmpËdH$ Am{U gImobnUonam_e© KoVbobm Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr ì`mßVr XmI{dbr Amho. S>m°. am. {M§. T>oao `m§Zrg§emoYH$m§À`m {M{H$ËgH$ ZOaoVyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Ho$bm. Ë`m§Mr "bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMr {j{VOo',_hmamï´>mMm Xoìhmam', "bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo CnmgH$', "bmoH$gm{hË` : emoY Am{U g_rjm', "g§V, bmoH$Am{U A{^OZ' hr J«§Wg§nXm Aä`mgH$m§Zm _mJ©Xe©H$ R>aUmar Amho.

S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg {dÚmnrR> nmVirda hmoÊ`mgmR>r Cn wŠV J«§W{Z{_©VrHo$br. VgoM bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ H$ê$Z _m¡{bH$ gm_wJ«r CnbãY H$ê$Z {Xbr Amho. S>m°. _m§S>o `m§Mo"bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n', "bmoH$gm{hË`mMo A§V: àdmh', "gm§Ho${VH$ mfm', "bmoH$a§J y_r' ho J«§W g§emoYH$d¥ÎmrZo {gÕ Pmbo AmhoV. Ë`m§À`m Aä`mgmbm joÌr` Aä`mgmMr OmoS> {_imbr Amho. Ë`m_wio hm Aä`mg_m¡{bH$ ñdê$nmMm Pmbm Amho. S>m°. _YwH$a dmH$moS>o, S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo, S>m°. Vmam ^dmiH$a `m§ZrhrAemàH$maMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho. S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§À`m "bmoH$YmQ>r : AdbmoH$Z d {dMma',"nma§n[aH$ _amR>r V_mem Am{U AmYw{ZH$ dJZmQ>ç', "em{har dmL²>_`mÀ`m Ymam' Am{U "bmoH$gm{hË`_r_m§gm ^mJ 1 Am{U 2' `m J«§WmVyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr ñdV§Ì Ñï>r ì`ŠV hmoVo. Zm. Ymo._hmZmoam§Zr "nigIoS>Mr JmUr' g§nm{XV H$ê$Z àñVmdZoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ AmñdmXH$ g_rjm Ho$br Amho._hmamï´>mV bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr Midi AmVm Mm§JbrM Omoa YaV Amho.

`m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmVyZ nwT>rb d¡{eï>ço {XgyZ oVmV.

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ àH$Q> hmoUmar g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U gm_m{OH$Vm `m§Mm Aä`mg hmoUo Amdí`H$Amho.

2. AmñdmXH$ nÕVrZo Aä`mg A{YH$ à_mUmV Pmbobm {XgVmo.

3. `m Aä`mgmV ^md{ZH$VoMo Xe©Z KS>Vo. H$mhr Aä`mgH$m§Zr lÕm_` d¥ÎmrZo Aä`mg Ho$bmAmho.

4. bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr, bmoH$OrdZ Am{U bmoH$_mZgmMo Xe©Z KS>Vo.

5. {d{eï> ^m¡Jmo{bH$ n[agamVrb {d{dY OmVr-O_mVtMo {MÌU {XgVo.

bmoH$gm{hË` ho An[ahm ©nUo bmoH$OrdZmMo A§J Agë`mZo Ë`m§Mm Aä`mg hm Am§Va{dÚmemIr`R>aVmo. g§ñH¥$Vr Am{U g_mO `m A§§Jm§Zr AOyZhr ZdZdrZ Aä`mgH$m§H$Sy>Z {ddoMZ hmoV Amho.bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr H$jm dmT>V Amho. doJdoJiçm àXoemVrb Zdo-OwZo Aä`mgH$ bmoH$gm{hË`mMmAä`mg H$arV AmhoV.

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7.3.2 bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {d{dY AÜ``ZnÕVr

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg åhUOo _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm Aä`mg hmo . bmoH$gm{hË`mV {d{dY {df`m§ZmCn`moJr nS>ob Aer gm_wJ«r AgVo. Y_©, VËdkmZ, _mZdd§eemó, {d{dY gm_m{OH$ emóo, gm{hË`,H$bm Aem {d{dY A§JmZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` AgVo. àË oH$ Aä`mgH$mMm Ñ{ï>H$moUdoJim AgVmo. ho Ñ{ï>H$moU åhUOo {d{dY AÜ``ZnÕVr hmoV. øm àË oH$ nÕVr_mJo Aä`mgmMo {ZpíMVà`moOZ Amho. `m Aä`mgnÕVr_Ü o Eo{Vhm{gH$, Vm¡b{ZH$, ñnï>rH$aUdmXr, g_mOemór`, aMZmZwgmar,H$m`m©Ýd`r, g§X^m©Ýd`r, Am§Va-gm§ñH¥${VH$, _mZdd§eemór`, _mZgemór` BË`mXr Aä`mgnÕVr.AmhoV.

bmoH$H$Wm§Mo CJ_ómoV emoYUo, X§VH$Wm, Am»`m{`H$m§_Ü`o ê$nH$mË_H$ ñdê$nmV XS>boë`mbmoHo${VhmgmMo A§Va§J CKS> H$aUo, na§nam d g§ñH$¥VrÀ`m {dH$mgmMo Xe©Z KS>{dUo ho Eo{Vhm{gH$Aä`mgnÕVrMo H$m`© AgVo. Va gd©Xya ngaboë`m X¡dVH$Wm§Vrb ~rOH$Wm§Mm VwbZmË_H$ Aä`mgH$ê$Z, Ë`mVrb m{fH$ ê$nm§Mr Vm¡b{ZH$ {M{H$Ëgm H$ê$Z, X¡dVH$Wm§_mJrb gË` Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mgnÕVrÛmaoemoYVm oVo. ñnï>rH$aUdmXr Aä`mgnÕVr_Ü o g¥ï>r_Ü o KS>Umè`m KQ>Zm§Mo ñnï>rH$aU XoUo, X¡dVH$Wm§MoAW© bmdUo, bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb JwT>m§Mo ñnï>rH$aU H$aUo, AmMmam§Mo-éT>tMo ñnï>rH$aU H$aUo ho Ü`o` AgVo.g_mOmMo ar{V[admO, ê$T>r-na§nam {dYr, gU-CËgd, ~maí`mnmgyZ lmÕmn ªVMo {dYr, B©ídar g§H$ënZm,nmofmI, H$_©H$m§S> BË`mXr dV©Zì`dhmamMo {Z`_ d g§Ho$V `m§Mm Aä`mg g_mOmVrb bmoH$ZrVrZwgma hmoVAgVmo. åhUyZ `m Aä`mgmbm g_mOemór` Aä`mgnÕVr åhUVmV. g_yhmV amhUmè`m ì`ŠVtÀ`m_ZmVrb g_mZ Om{Udm hm bmoH$_ZmMm _ybmYma AgVmo. ^mfm, ê$T>r, {_WHo$, Z¡{VH$ H$ënZm `m_wiobmoH$_ZmVrb øm Om{Udm§_Ü o gmaImM g§ñH$ma hmoVmo. bmoH$H$Wm§À`m d bmoH$KQ>H$m§À`m Aä`mgmVyZ hog_mZ YmJo emoYÊ`mgmR>r _mZgemór` nÕVr _hÎdmMr R>aVo. bmoH$_mZgmÀ`m AV¥ßV ^mdZm§Mo Ë`mVyZñnï>rH$aU H$aVm oVo. aMZmZwgma Aä`mgnÕVrV {^Þ ^mfm, àXoe, g§ñH¥$VrV dmdaUmè`m {d{dYbmoH$H$Wm§_Yrb g_mZ AmH¥${V~§Y emoYÊ`mMo H$m_ Ho$bo OmVo. ãbm°{S>_ra nm°n `m§Zr bmoH$H$WoVrb Aem31 H¥$VtVyZ OJ^amVrb bmoH$H$Wm§À`m aMZoVrb gmaIonUm XmIdyZ øm nÕVrMm nm`m aMbm.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr ñdm^m{dH$nUo hmoV Agbr Var Ë`m_mJo Am{dîH$mamMo H$m © Agy eH$Vo.bmoH$ê$T>rÀ`m gd© bmoH$m{dîH$mam§VyZ bmoH$_mZg EH$ àH$maMo H$m © gm{YV AgVo. `m H$m`m©_mJo H$moUVmVar hoVy AgVmo. ho H$m © bjmV KoD$Z Aä`mg H$aUmè`m nÕVrbm "H$m`m©Ýd`r Aä`mg nÕVr' AgoåhUVmV. Va bmoH$gm{hË` ho AZoH$ {df`m§er {ZJS>rV Amho. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aVmZmË`m-Ë`m {df`m§Mm g§X © Ü`mZmV ¿`mdm bmJVmo. Aem Aä`mgnÕVrbm "g§X^m©Ýd`r nÕVr' AgoåhUVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ JwU{deofm§Mm Aä`mg "Am§Va-gm§ñH¥${VH$ nÕVr' _Ü o H$aVm`oVmo. VgoM _mZdd§eemómV _mUgmÀ`m {d{dY d§emÀ`m CËnÎmr, Ë`m§Mm àgma Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$d¡{eï>çm§Mm Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. `m {d{dY Aä`mgnÕVr_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m H$jm ì`mnH$ Pmë`mAmhoV. darb Aä`mgnÕVtMm g{dñVa Aä`mg AmnU KQ>H$ H«$_m§H$ VrZ _Ü o Ho$bmM Amho. Ë`m_wioAmVm AmnU _hÎdmÀ`m XmoZ AÜ``ZnÕVtMm g{dñVa nam_e© KoD$.

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7.3.3 bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AmYw{ZH$ AÜ`ZnÕVr

{b{IV gm{hË` Am{U _m¡{IH$ gm{hË` m§Mo K{Zï> g§~§Y AmhoV. {b{IV gm{hË` bmoH$gm{hË`mVrbAZoH$ Jmoï>tMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z g_¥Õ Pmbobo AgVo. H$moUVmhr dmL²>_`{Z_m©Vm g_H$mbrZ gm_m{OH$Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daUmV OrdZ OJV AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr OS>U-KS>U bmoH$na§naoZoHo$bobr AgVo. Ë`m_wioM Ë`mÀ`m AZw d{dídmMm Am{dîH$ma hmoV AgVmZm bmoH$VÎdo àH$Q> hmoV AgVmV.g_mO_mZg gd©Ì gmaIoM AgVo. _Z:àd¥Îmr gd©Ì gmaIrM Am{U Vr emídV Am{U {Ma§VZ AgVo.åhUOoM Am{X~§Y gd©Ì gmaIoM AgVmV. ho Am{X~§Y emoYUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$VÎdr`AÜ``Z Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``Z nÕVrbm AZÝ`gmYmaU _hÎd Amho.

7.3.3.1 bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z

B§J«Or_Ü o bmoH$dmL²>_` Am{U ì`pŠV{Z{_©V dmL²>_` `m§À`m nañnag§~§YmÀ`m Aä`mgmbm ~è`mMdfm©nydu àma§^ Pmbm. 19 ì`m eVH$mÀ`m CÎmamYm©V dmL²>_`H¥$VrÀ`m AmH$bZ-AmñdmXmgmR>rbmoH$gm{hË`emómMr Cn wŠVVm _mÝ` H$aÊ`mV Ambr Amho. 'A dawn of Literature' m J«§WmZo dmL²>_`mÀ`mbmoH$gm{hË`emór` qH$dm bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Zmbm _hÎdnyU© {Xem àmá H$ê$Z {Xbr. Z§Va M°S>{dH$ ~§Yy`m§Zr The growth of Literature' Am{U 'Development of literature' `m _hÎdnyU© J«§Wm§_Ü`oì`pŠV{Z{_©V A{^OmV dmL²>_`H¥$Vr Am{U bmoH$gm{hË` `m§À`m VwbZmË_H$ emór` Aä`mgmMr na§namg_¥ÜX Ho$br. qhXr_Ü o dmL²>_`mÀ`m bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Zmbm àma§ Pmbm Amho. hm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m§_Ü on§. am_Zaoe {ÌnmR>r, Xod|Ð gË`mWu ho à_wI AmhoV. hOmaràgmX {ÛdoXr Am{U S>m°. dmgwXodeaU AJ«dmb`m§Mo H$m ©hr _hÎdnyU© Amho. `mdê$Z b{bV dmL²>_`mÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMo_hÎd qhXr g_rjH$m§Zm nQ>V Agë`mMo {XgyZ `oVo. B§J«Or, qhXr ~amo~aM AmVm _amR>rVrb Aä`mgH$hr`m bmoH$VÎdr` (Folk element) AÜ``ZmH$S>o diV AmhoV, Ago {XgVo.

àW_ bmoH$VÎd (Folk element) åhUOo H$m` ? ho g_OmdyZ KoD$. Ë`mgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mAä`mgH$m§À`m H$mhr ì`m»`m nmhÿ m.

S>m°. gË |X : ""bmoH$ _Zwî` g_mO H$m dh dJ© h¡, Omo A{^OmV g§ñH$ma, emór`Vm Am¡a nmpÊS>Ë`Ho$ AmH$ma go eyÝ` h¡ Am¡a Omo EH$ na§nam Ho$ àdmh _| Or{dV h¡Ÿ& Eogo bmoH$ H$s A{^ì`ŠVr _| Omo VÎd{_bVo h¡, do bmoH$VÎd H$hbmVo h¡Ÿ&'' (^maVoÝXw wJrZ ZmQ>çgm{hË` _| bmoH$VÎd, H¥$îU_mohZ gŠgoZm)

S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o : ""g_mOmVrb ì`ŠVtZm ñdV:Mo {ZamionU qH$dm ì`pŠV_Îd àmá Pmbo VarAm{X_ g_mOmMr H$mhr bjUo `mhr g_mOmV {XgVmV. åhUOoM ì`pŠVJV AZw d Am{U g_yh_ZmZoKoVbobo AZw d m Xmohm|Mohr ApñVËd Ë`m§À`m AZw dmV AgVo. åhUyZM Ë`m§À`m AZw dmÀ`m Am{dîH$mamVì`pŠV{Z{_©V AgmYmaUËd Ogo AgVo VgoM nma§n[aH$ bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m _ZmMm Am{dîH$mahr AgVmo.ì`pŠV{Z{_©V dmL²>_`H¥$VrV qH$dm H$bmH¥$VrV An[ahm`©nUo `oUmè`m `m bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m _mZgmÀ`m

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Am{dîH$mamgM bmoH$gm{hË`VÎd qH$dm bmoH$VÎd (Folk element) Ago åhUVmV.'' (bmoH$gm{hË`mMoñdê$n, n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ : 331)

S>m°. am. qM. T>oao : ""Omo gm{hpË`H$ bmoH$m{^_wI AgVmo Vmo bmoH$OrdZmVrb na§nam§Zr à^m{dVhmoVmo Am{U Ë`mZwgma Amnbo boIZ H$aVmo. Ë`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo ho bmoH$gm{hË` åhUOo g§OrdH$ gm_Ï © AgVo.Ë`m_wio g§nyU© bmoH$gm{hË`mbmM "bmoH$VÎd' åhUmdo.'' (g§Vgm{hË` Am{U bmoH$gm{hË` : H$mhr AZw~§Y,15)

darb ì`m»`m§dê$Z Amnë`m bjmV oVo H$s, emãX bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U ì`pŠV{Z{_©V b{bVdmL²>_` `m§Mm nañna g§~§Y AgVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb {Za{Zamiçm àH$mamVyZ A{^OmV dmL²>_`mMo{Z_m©Vo ~è`mM Jmoï>r ñdrH$maVmV. H$mbm§VamZo hr Jmoï> bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ ñdrH$mabr Amho ho bjmVhr oVZmhr. ì`pŠV{Z{_©V dmL²>_`mMo CJ_ñWmZ bmoH$dmL²>_`mVM AmT>iVo. bmoH$gm{hË` ho ì`pŠV{Z{_©Vgm{hË`mMo J^m©e`M AgVo. H${dVm, H$Wm, H$mX§~ar, ZmQ>H$, {Z~§Y øm dmL²>_`àH$mam§gmR>rbmoH$gm{hË`mVrb H$mhr A§em§Mm ñdrH$ma H$amdm bmJVmo. Ogo ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡YatÀ`m H${dVm§_Ü o bmoH$-_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma KS>Vmo. {dYrZmQ>ç, ZmQ>ç{dYr, ^«_, g_OyVr, åhUr, dmH²$àMma, bmoH$JrVo,bmoH$H$Wm, OmXyQ>moUm, V§Ì-_§Ì, bmoH$ê$T>r, CËgd, gUdma, {eënH$bm, Z¥Ë`H$bm, bmoH$ZmQ>ç `m§MoàË`j AàË`j C„oI {b{IV gm{hË`mV oV AgVmV. gm{hË` {Z{_©VrV bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb ~amMgm^mJ H$iV-ZH$iV àH$Q> hmoV AgVmo. `mMo _hÎdmMo H$maU åhUOo boIH$ qH$dm H$dr g_H$mbrZgm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daUmV OrdZ OJV AgVmo. Ë`mÀ`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr OS>UKS>U bmoH$na§naoZoHo$bobr AgVo. Ë`m_wioM Ë`m§À`m boIZmVyZ bmoH$VÎdo àH$Q> hmoV AgVmV. g_mOOrdZmVàM{bV Agbobr JrVo,H$Wm, H$ënZm~§Y Am{U aMZm~§Y `m§Mm ñdrH$ma boIH$, H$dr H$iV ZH$iVH$aV AgVmo.

7.3.3.2 b{bV dmL²>_`mV oUmar bmoH$VÎdr` gm_J«r

bmoH$H$Wm, H$WmJrVo, bmoH$H$WmJrVo Am{U bm¡{H$H$JrVo mVrb aMZm~§YmMm ñdrH$ma b{bV boIH$àË`j-AàË`j H$aV AgVmo. bmoH$H$Wm§V VgoM bmoH$H$WmJrVm§V XodXodVm, `j, J§Yd©, {H$Þa, ZmJ,BË`mXr A{V_mZdr `moZr g§Mma H$aVmV. {b{IV dmL²>_`mVgwÕm H$YrH$Yr `m A{V_mZdr `moZrVrbì`ŠVtMm g§Mma AmnUmg AmT>iVmo. bmoH$WoVrb H$mhr H$ënZm~§Y, n§{S>V H$dtÀ`m H${dVoV AmT>iVmV.H$dr Za|Ð `m§À`m "épŠ_Urñd §da' `m Am»`mZH$mì`mV {H$ÞamMo Cnm»`mZ Amho. Ë`mV emnmZo _mZdmMoàmÊ`mV ê$nm§Va Am{U C:emnmZo nwÝhm nyd©dV _mZdr ê$n àmá hmoVo ho H$ënZm~§Y Ambo AmhoV. hoH$ënZm~§Y bmoH$H$WoVrb AmhoV. H¥$îU hm Abm¡{H$H$ gm_Ï`m©Zo wŠV AgyZ bmoH$OrdZmer {OìhmiçmMoZmVo R>odUmam Xod Amho. åhUyZM Ë`mMr OrdZH$Wm bmoH$m§À`m JrVm§Mm Am{U H$Wm§Mm gVV {df` ~ZbobrAmho. bmoH$à{V oZo lrH¥$îUmMr OrdZ JmWm gVV Jm{`bobr Amho. H$Yr Vmo ~mbê$n KoVmo, Va H$Yr

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....12

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Jmont~amo~a amgbrbm IoiVmo; H$Yr a§Oë`m-Jm§Oboë`m§À`m ajUmgmR>r YmdVmo, Va H$Yr Xwï>XwO©Zm§MmH$mi ~ZVmo. ^moiçm-^m~S>çm ^ŠVm§Zmhr ^Jd§VmMo ho bmoH$g»` S>mdbVm Ambo Zmhr. H¥$îUM[aÌmÀ`m`m Abm¡{H$H$Voda a XoD$Z AZoH$ H$dtZr Ë`m§À`m H$mì`mMr aMZm Ho$br Amho. MH«$Ya{Zê${nV lrH¥$îUM[aÌho bmoH$VÎdmZo nwaonya ^abobo Amho. A{bH$S>o {edmOr gmd§V `m§Zr " wJ§Ya' hr H$mX§~ar lrH¥$îUM[aÌmda{b{hbr Amho. `m_Ü o H¥$îUmÀ`m Abm¡{H$H$Ëdmbm ~mYm oD$ {Xbr Zmhr.

_hmamï´>mVrb {H$Ë oH$ XodVm lÕoMm {df` ~Zë`m AmhoV. AZoH$ XodVm Abm¡{H$H$ Am{U bmoH$m{^_wIAmhoV. H$mhr XodVm§Zm bmoH$lÕm§ZrM OÝ_ {Xbobm AgVmo. `m bmoH$lÕoMr ì`mßVr Am{U ÑT>Vm bjmVKoD$Z g_mO XodVm§Mo CÞ`Z H$aÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$aVmo. bmoH$à{V oÀ`m g§nH$m©V Amboë`m, X¡dr _hmË_Vmàmá Pmboë`m {d yVrMo X¡dr H$dM JiyZ nS>Vo. Va H$Yr _mZdr nmVirda Agboë`m ì`ŠVrbm bmoH$à{V^mXodËd ~hmb H$ê$Z Q>mH$Vo. bmoH$_mZg Abm¡{H$H$mMr AmoT> ~miJUmao AgVo. dmñVdmbm AX² wVmMo ê$nXoÊ`mMr {H$_`m bmoH$à{V obm gmYbobr AgVo.

b{bV dmL²>_`mV AZoH$Xm bmoH$VÎdr` gm_J«r Ambobr AgVo. g_mOmVrb ê$T>r, {dYr,AmMma{dMma, ew^mew^mÀ`m H$ënZm, eHw$Z BË`mXr {H$VrVar bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb gm_J«r dmL²>_`mVAm{dîH¥$V hmoVo. `mXdH$mimVrb b½Z{dYrVrb àWm-na§nam, _hX§~oÀ`m "Ydiçm§'dê$Z H$iVmV.EH$ZmWm§À`m H$mimV Y|S>m ZmMdÊ`mMr na§nam Agë`mMo Ë`m§À`m "épŠ_Urñd`§dam'dê$Z H$iVo.VwH$mam_m§À`m A §JmVyZ Ioim§Mo àH$ma g_OVmV. H$Wm{ZdoXZ Am{U àg§J{MÌUmÀ`m AmoKmV VËH$m{bZbmoH$OrdZ dmL²>_`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoVo. Ë`mVyZ bmoH$_mZg à{Vq~~rV hmoVo. VgoM AmMma {dMma, {dYr,d«V, d¡H$ë`o, na§nam `m§Mo C„oIhr `oVmV. dmL²>_`mVrb eãXm_mJo Agboë`m bmoH$H$ënZm ñnï>Pmë`m{edm` Ë`m§Mo AW© H$iy eH$V ZmhrV. H$mhr dmŠàMmam§Mm AW© OmUÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$na§naoMm _mJmodm¿`mdm bmJVmo. åhUr~m~Vhr AgoM åhUmdo bmJob. mfm hr EH$ gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm Amho. mfoVrb ~mobrgm§ñH¥${VH$ dmaemZo g§Mm{bV AgVo. Á`m bmoH$g_yhmMr Vr ~mobr Agob Ë`m bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$na§nam§Mm Am{dîH$ma eãXm§VyZ ì`ŠV hmoV AgVmo. eãXg_yhmVyZ g§ñH¥$VrMo {ZamionU àH$Q> hmoVo. ho{ZamionU ^mfoÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ dmL²>_`mV AmnmoAmn àH$Q> hmoVo. dmL²>_`mV bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m OrdZmMoXe©Z KS>Vo, bmoH$_mZgmMo {ZamionU àH$Q> hmoVo. ho Ë`mV oUmè`m bmoH$VÎdr` gm_J«r_wio KS>Vo.

ì`ŠVr hr g_yhmV amhV Agbr Var g_yhmÀ`m ApñVËdm{edm` ì`ŠVrbm ñdV§Ì ApñVËd AgVo.ho ApñVËd ì`ŠVrZo Ho$boë`m ñdV§Ì H¥$Vr Am{U CŠVrVyZ àH$Q> hmoVo. Ë`mVyZ ì`ŠVrMo ñdV§Ì ì`pŠV_Îd{gÕ hmoVo. nU ì`ŠVrÀ`m H¥$Vr Am{U CŠVrVyZ EH$àH$mao bmoH$_mZgM ì`ŠV hmoVo. H$maU ì`ŠVrbmg_mOmZo KS>{dbobo AgVo. Ë`m_wio ì`pŠV{Z{_©V dmL²>_`mV bmoH$g_yhmMo _mZg Am{dîH¥$V hmoVo. `mAm{dîH$mambmM bmoH$gm{hË`VÎd qH$dm bmoH$VÎd (Folk element) Ago åhUVmV. ì`pŠV{Z{_©VdmL²>_`mVrb Am{dîH¥$V bmoH$VÎdmMo ñdê$n nm{hë`m{edm` dmL²>_`H¥$VrMo g§nyU© Am{U g_¥ÜX AmH$bZhmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. `mgmR>r dmL²>_`H¥$VrH$S>o bmoH$VÎdr` Ñï>rZo nmhUo Oê$arMo R>aVo.

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7.3.3.4 dmL²>_`mMo bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U b{bV gm{hË` `m§Mm nañnag§~§Y AgVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb {d{dY àH$mamVyZboIH$-H$dr H$mhr Jmoï>r ñdrH$maVmV. bmoH$dmL²>_` hoM ì`pŠV{Z{_©V dmL²>_`H$bm§Mo CJ_ñWmZ AgVo.bmoH$dmL²>_` hoM {Za{Zamiçm dmL²>_`ê$nm§Mm _ybómoV Amho, Ago _V à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr _m§S>bo Amho.{H$Ë`oH$ g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$H$mam§Zr Amnë`m ZmQ>H$mMr H$WmdñVy ~¥hËH$WoVyZ ñdrH$mabr Amho. Aem Jmoï>rVnmgÊ`mgmR>r dmL²>_`H¥$VrMm bmoH$VÎdr` Aä`mg hmoUo JaOoMo Amho.

_Ü` wJrZ H$mbI§S>mVrb g§VH$mì`mV bmoH$VÎdr` g§X © Ambo AmhoV. g§V kmZoídam§À`m H$mì`mV{H$VrVar H$ënZm~§Y, ê$T>rna§nam, bmoH${dídmg àH$Q> Pmbo AmhoV. "n¡b Vmo Jo H$mD$ H$moH$Vmho Ÿ& eHy$ZJo _m o gm§JVmhoŸ&' `m {damUrVyZ Xmamg_moa H$mdim AmoaS>bm H$s h_Img nmhþUo oVmV hm bmoH${dídmgàH$Q> hmoVmo. _wŠVm~mBªÀ`m Hy$Q> A §Jm_Ü ohr bmoH$g§Ho$V ì`ŠV Pmbo AmhoV.

_w§Jr CS>mbr AmH$merŸ& {VZo {J{ibo gy m©er

Wmoa Zdbmd PmbmŸ& dm§Po nwÌ àgdbm

qdMy nmVmimer Om`& eof _mWm d§Xr nm`

_mer ì`mbr Kma PmbrŸ& XoImoZ _wŠVmB© hmgbrŸ&

`m A §Jm_Ü o "eofmÀ`m _ñVH$mda n¥Ïdr Amho' hm bmoH${dídmg {XgyZ oVmo. Vmo _wŠVm~mBªZrMnIbnUo A §JmV ~g{dbm Amho. g§V VwH$mam_mMo A §J gm_m{OH$ Am{U AmÜ`mpË_H$ Ñï>çm _hÎdmMoAgbo Var Ë`mVyZhr bmoH$g§Ho$V Am{U bmoH$ê$T>r A{^ì`ŠV Pmë`m AmhoV. \w$JS>r hm EH$ bmoH$H$boMmàH$ma Amho. Va VwH$mam_m§Zr \w$JS>çm A §J {b{hbo AmhoV. EH$m A §JmV VwH$mam_ åhUVmV,

\w$JS>r \y$ \w$JS>r Km{bVm§ CKS>r amhoŸ&

bmO gm§S>mo{Z EH$ EH$s nmhoŸ&&

\w$JS>r Jo AdK| _moS>r JoŸ&

Va{M JmoS>r Jo g§gma VmoS>r JoŸ&&

(\w$JS>çm A §J - 150)

\w$JS>r `m bmoH$H$boMm VwH$mam_m§Zr CÎm_ Cn`moJ Ho$bm Amho.

bmoH$à{V^m H$Yr-H$Yr _mZdmbm XodËdhr ~hmb H$aVo. H$maU bmoH$_mZg Abm¡{H$H$mMr AmoT>~miJUmao AgVo. dmñVdmbm AX² yVmMo ê$n àmá hmoVo. "brim M[aÌm'Vrb H$mhr "brim§'Mm `m g§X^m©V{dMma H$aVm `oB©b.

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"_mJu XodVm AZwdO©Z : _hmXmBgm àH$meXe©Z' `m "brioV' XodVm§À`m na§namJV X¡dr {ZH$fm§À`mH$mhr YmaUm§Zm X¡dr _hmË_VoÀ`m H$mhr AQ>tZm bmoH$_mZg OmonmgVo. hm bmoH$VÎdr` ^md `m brioVAmbm Amho. Vmo nwT>rbà_mUo :

""Jmogmdr _hmXmB©gmVo åhUrVbo : "~mB© : Vwåhr nwT>o Mbm : _mJrb dmg nmhmo ZH$mo' : _hmXmBgo nwT>oMmbV Ago{V : Jmogmdr _mJm§ : _hmXmBgm åhUrVbo : "Jmogmdr _mVoH$m nm dm[abo ?' åhUm¡{Z _mJrbdmg nm{hbr : Jmogmdr`mM§ m _mJm§ hmoir EgUm JJZ Mw§~rVw àH$mew Xo{Ibm : _J Jmogmdr`mVo nw{gbo :Or : Or : Jmogmdr _mJrb dmg Z nmhmdr åhUrVbo : Vo _r`m _mJrb dmg nm{hbr : Vmo _r`m± hmoirEEgZm JJZMw§~rVw àH$mgw Xo{Ibm : hm§ Or : V[a Vo H$mB ? gd©ko åhUrVbo : ~mB© : VrE ñWmZrMr XodVm Ÿ&E{WMo AZwdO©Z H$arV EV hmoVr : Vwåhr _mKm¡Vo nm{hbo : Vo VoW{M am{hbo : Eèhdr ho ñWmZdoèh EVr :''

("brimM[aÌ' nydm©Y© : 586)

J«m_ qH$dm gai XodVm§Mm Ë`m Ë`m joÌmV g§Mma AgVmo. Ë`m§Zm Hw$Ur eãXmZ§ qH$dm g§e`mZo hQ>H$UoAdKS> Zmhr. `moJ ~bdÎma Agë`mgM Ë`m§Mo gmYH$m§Zm Xe©Z KS>Vo. g§H$Q>mV gmnS>boë`m {Zñgr_^ŠVJUmgmR>r Ë`m ñd § y ñWio gmoSy>Z {ZH$Q>ñWir dmñVì`mbm OmVmV. na§Vw g§e`mZo _mJo nm{hë`mgË`m Ë`mM {R>H$mUr Wm§~VmV qH$dm AX¥í` hmoVmV. Am{X_ H$mimnmgyZ MmbV Ambobr hr g_OyV AÚmnhrg_mOmV àM{bV Amho. "brio' Vrb ñWirE XodVm, lrMH«$Yam§À`m nmR>r_mJo AZwO©ZmÀ`m {Z{_ÎmmZo oVhmoVr. nU _hX§~oZo órgwb^ ñd^mdmZwgma _mJo nm{hë`mZo XodVm Wm§~br. _hmamï´>mV AZoH$ {R>H$mUrAem Wm§~boë`m ñWb XodVm§Mr _§{Xao AmT>iVmV. OoOwarÀ`m I§S>mo~mÀ`m {R>H$mUr AerM H$Wm gmnS>Vo.EH$ ^ŠV S>m|JamV Agboë`m I§S>mo~mMo Xe©Z KoÊ`mgmR>r Zoh_r OmB©. nU Vmo d`mod¥Õ Pmë`mZ§Va åhUVmo,AmVm _bm S>m|Ja MTy>Z oUo eŠ` Zmhr. Ë`mdoir I§S>mo~m Ë`mbm åhUVmo, ""_r VwÂ`m KarM oVmo. nUnmR>r_mJo diyZ ~KVm H$m_m Z o. Á`m {R>H$mUr diyZ ~Kerb Ë`mM {R>H$mUr _r Wm§~oZ.'' Xod Amnë`mKar oUma `m AmZ§XmZo d¥ÜX ^ŠV Mmby bmJbm. S>m|JamMr H$S>m g§nyZ CVma gwê$ hmoUma BVŠ`mV ^ŠVmbmXod IamoIa oVmo H$m ? ho nmhÊ`mMr BÀN>m {Z_m©U Pmbr. Vmo _mJo diyZ nmhVmo. Ë`mM {R>H$mUr I§S>mo~mpñWa hmoVmo. hr Am»`m{`H$m `m "brio'VrbM ^md ì`ŠV H$aVo. _hmamï´>mV AZoH$ {R>H$mUr Aem ñWbXodVm§Mr _§{Xao AmT>iVmV.

"brim M[aÌm'_Ü o Ago bmoH$VÎdr` n¡by AZoH$ {R>H$mUr {XgyZ oVmV. `m "brim§'Mm bmoH$VÎdr`Aä`mg H$aVm oB©b. S>m°. _YwH$a dmH$moS>o åhUVmV, ""brimM[aÌm'V Aem {H$VrVar "brim' AmhoVH$s, Á`mVrb YmaUm Am{X_ OrdZmer {ZJS>rV Agboë`m {XgVmV. AZoH$ "brim§'Mm _ybòmoV qH$dmMH«$Yam§Mm Ë`m_mJrb Ñ{ï>H$moU àmMrZ bmoH$Y_u` lÕm g§Ho$VmVyZ ~imdbobm {XgVmo `mMo H$maU _mZdrOrdZmVrb bmoH$VÎdo !'' (bmoH$YmQ>rÀ`m d{hdmQ>r,' S>m°. _YwH$a dmH$moS>o, n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ H«$_m§H$ : 21)

g§Vm§À`m "A §JdmUr'VyZhr bmoH$VËdr` Ñï>r {XgyZ oVo. g§V kmZoída, Zm_Xod, VwH$mam_, EH$ZmW`m§À`m aMZoVyZ bmoH$_mZg ì`ŠV hmoVo. B©ídam{df`r JyT>Ëd, g¥ï>r{df`r Hw$Vyhb, Am{XeŠVr, Am{X_m`m,

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yV-{nemÀM, J§Yd©, {H$Þa BË`mXr {df`rMo C„oI oVmV. g§V EH$ZmWm§À`m ^mê$S>mVyZ hr bmoH$VÎdoàH$fm©Zo OmUdVmV. g§V EH$ZmW ho bmoH${ejH$ hmoVo. _Zmoa§OZmVyZ kmZa§OZ KS>{dÊ`mMo H$m_ Ë`m§Zr"^mê$S>m§'À`m _mÜ`_mVyZ Ho$bo. CXmhaUmW©;

H$moëhmQ>rU (3752)

gJwU JwU_m`mŸ& Ambr H$moëhQ>rZ Ioim`mŸ&&Y¥Ÿ&

àn§MmMm amo{dbm ~oiwŸ& Mhÿ eyÝ`mMm _m§{S>bm Ioiy

~«÷m{dîUw O`mMo ~miwŸ& bmJVr nm`m Ÿ&& 1Ÿ&&

g§V EH$ZmWm§À`m ^mê$S>mVrb hr H$moëhmQ>rU åhUOo na_mË`m§Mr Am{XeŠVr Amho. gJwU JwU_m`mhmo . {hbmM _yi àH¥$Vr qH$dm Xodr àH¥$Vr Ago åhUVmV. {hZo {dídmMm H$gm Ioi _m§S>bm d {VÀ`mIoimg Z ybVm Ë`m gJwU na_mËå`m§Mr brbm nhmdr ho bmoH$VÎd `m ^méS>mVyZ gm§{JVbo Amho.

XmXbm (3742)

_moS>Ho$go Ka VwQ>Ho$go N>ßnaŸ& Xodmbm XodKa Zmhr

_bm XmXbm ZbJo ~mB© Ÿ&& Y¥Ÿ&&

\$mQ>Ho$M bwJS>o, VwQ>H$sgr Mmoir

{edm`m Xmoam Zmhr Ÿ&& 2Ÿ&& ......

A{ddoH$ XmXë`mMo Ka åhUOo nm{W©d Xoh Am{U Vohr Zm{ed§V _moS>H$m Am{U N>ßnahr VwQ>Ho$ Amho. Ë`mKaVm "^mdm' Mo XodKa Zmhr. «m§VrMo \$mQ>Ho$ bwJS>o _r A{dMmar Zdè`mÀ`m Kar ZogV hmoVo. Ë`m \$mQ>Š`mbwJS>çmg d VwQ>ë`m Mmoirg {edm`bm åhUOo ~§YZ Kmbm`bm `_{Z`_mMm Xmoam gwÕm Zmhr. Û¡VmZo^abobo H$moaS>o AÞ Amho. VoWo ñZohê$nr ào_mMr VmobmMr Yma Zmhr. na_mËå`mÀ`m gwImV Omo emídV agd AdrQ> AmZ§X Amho. Vmo `m A{ddoH$s Zdè`mÀ`m g§JVrV Zmhr. hm bmoH$VÎdr` Ñï>rH$moU oWo EH$ZmWì`ŠV H$aVmV. EH$ZmWm§À`m AZoH$ ^mê$S>mVyZ bmoH$VÎdr` ^md ì`ŠV hmoVmV.

am_, H¥$îU, {dîUy, bú_r, e§H$a, nmd©Vr, XÎmmÌo` `m§À`m Abm¡{H$H$ gm_Ï`m©Zo Ë`m§Mo ZmVobmoH$OrdZmer OmoS>bo Jobo Amho. Ë`m§À`m OrdZH$Wm, bmoH$H$Wm Am{U bmoH$JrVm§Mo {df` ~Zbo. {b{IVgm{hË`mVhr Ë`m§À`m M[aÌmVrb AZoH$ àg§J Ambo AmhoV. AZoH$ nwamUH$Wm§Mm AmYma KoD$Z gm{hË`H¥$Vr{Z_m©U Pmë`m AmhoV. n§{S>V H$dtZr nwamUH$mimVrb H$WmZH$mdaM Amnbr Am»`mZH$mì o aMbr AmhoV.em{har H$mì`mVrb e¥§Jma amYm-H¥$îU `m§À`m ^modVr A{YH$m{YH$ Jw§\$bm Jobm. B§Ðg oVrb Aßgam,D$d©er, _oZH$m, a§ m `m§À`m g§X^m©{edm` bmdÊ`m aMVm oD$ eH$V ZmhrV. V_memVrb JU, Jm¡iUAm{U dJZmQ>çmV bmoH$gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X © h_Img gmnS>VmV. dS>Jm§dH$am§Mo "JmT>dmM§ b½Z' ho dJZmQ>çEH$m emn C:emn H$Woda AmYmabobo Amho. Aem AZoH$ dJZmQ>çmV {dnwb à_mUmV bmoH$VÎdo AmT>iVmV.

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_amR>r dmL²>_`mV H$Wm dmL²>_` g_¥Õ Amho. AmOMr bKwH$Wm hr Am»`m{`H$m, H$hmUr Am{UH$WoMo gwYm[aV ê$n Amho. "H$WmH$WZ' hm àH$ma nyduÀ`m "Jmoï>r gm§JUo' dê$ZM ê$T> Pmbm Agmdm.AmÊUm^mD$ gmR>o, ì`§H$Q>oe _mS>JyiH$a, e§H$a nmQ>rb, MméVm gmJa, X. _m. {_amgXma, Or. E.Hw$bH$Uu BË`mXr H$WmH$mam§Zr bmoH$VÎdr` KQ>H$m§Mm gam©gnUo dmna H$ê$Z H$Wm {b{hë`m AmhoV. amjg,^yV, {nemÀM, hS>i, OmXyQ>moUm, ZmJ, JwßVYZ, eHy$Z, g§Ho$V, BË`mXr KQ>H$m§Mm Cn`moJ Ho$bobmAgVmo. Mmê$Vm gmJa `m§Mm "ZmJrU' hm H$Wmg§J«h `mÑï>rZo _hËdmMm Amho. ZmJ Sy>I YaVmo ømbmoH${dídmgmMm AmYma KoD$Z "ZmJrU' H$Wm {b{hbr Amho. Za Am{U _mXr ZmJm§Mo _rbZ hmoV AgVmZmH$Wm Zm`H$ Ë`mn¡H$s Zambm _maVmo Am{U _mXr niyZ OmVo. H$mbm§VamZo Vr _mXr Zm`H$mÀ`m ~m`H$mobm X§eH$aVo Am{U gyS> KoVo. ho H$WmZH$ bmoH$VÎdr` Ñï>rZoM g_yOZ KoVm oB©b. hm bmoH${dídmg e§H$a nmQ>bm§À`m" wO§J' H$WoVhr Ambm Amho. OZmB© `m H$WmZm{`Ho$À`m OrdZmV {VMm ImXmS> Am{U Iwim Zdam{Z`VrÀ`m ê$nmZo Ambm Amho. Ë`mVM dmS>dS>rbm§nmgyZ ^mdH$sÀ`m amZmV EH$ wO§J AgVmo. Vmo {Vbmdma§dma {XgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Vr Xoodmbm Zdg ~mobVo. eodQ>r Om|YiçmÀ`m amZmV wO§J AmS>dm oVmo. Ë`mbmVr YrQ>nUo Amnbr n[apñWVr gm§JVo. Amboë`m n[apñWVrMm YramoXmÎmnUo ñdrH$ma H$aVo. hr H$WmbmoH${dídmgmMoM àVrH$ Amho.

J«m_rU ^mJmV wVm-IoVmda {dídmg A{YH$ AgVmo. `mMm dmna H$ê$Z AmÊUm^mD$ gmR>o `m§Zr"VrZ ^mH$ar' hr H$Wm {b{hbr Amho. Va X. _m. {_amgXma `m§Zr " yVmMm OÝ_' hr H$Wm {b{hbr. EH$meoVH$è`mÀ`m eoVmVrb PmonS>rV EH$ \$H$sa Jm§Om AmoT>Vmo. Vmo ZeoV AgVmZm PmonS>r~amo~a Vmohr OiyZ_aVmo. Ë`m_wio JmdmV \${H$am EodOr eoVH$arM _aU nmdbm Ago g_Obo OmVo. Ooìhm Vmo eoVH$ar JmdmVoVmo, Voìhm Y_mbM CS>Vo. `m wVmÀ`m g§X^m©Zo H$WoV bmoH$VÎdr` KQ>H$m§Mm dmna hmoVmo.

Or. E. Hw$bH$Uu `m§À`m H$WoV {Z`VrdmX Am{U JyT>dmXmMo VÎd AgVo. "amYr' `m H$WoV "dmB©Q>ZOaoMr' _mUg§ AgVmV. hm bmoH${dídmg gm§{JVbm Amho. `m H$WoVrb H$mhr eãX bmoH$g§Ho$V ì`ŠVH$aUmao AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s gQ>dr, _§Ì, X¡Ë`^Q>, qnS>, OÌm, _whÿV©, OJX§~m, Y_©, dZdmg, H¥$îU,_hmXod, MoQ>H$sU, XÎm, H¡$Xm{eU, H$mdim, H$mio Hw$Ìo, qnni H$Å>m, _w§O, AjVm, A_mdñ`oMr amÌ,Hw§$Hy$, AmS>Xm§S> åhgmo~m, Xodr _gUmV, bú_r, Vwig, gmodio, BË`mXr eãX bmoH$VÎdr` Am{dîH$maì`ŠV H$aVmV. bmoH$VÎdr` KQ>H$m§À`m dmnam_wio H$Wm g_¥ÜX ~ZVo. hoM VÎd Or. E. Hw$bH$Uu, "~mYm'`m H$Wo_Ü ohr dmnaVmV. _mUgmbm H$gbr Var "~mYm' hmoVo, hm bmoH$g§Ho$V `m H$WoV dmnabm Amho.H$WoMr Zm{`H$m JmdmVrb EH$m nS>Š`m XodimV OmVo Am{U {Vbm ~mYm hmoVo. OrE§À`m dU©ZmVM bmoH$VÎdì`ŠV hmoVo. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo ""Ë`m JmdmV Hw$R>ohr ~mYm hmoD$ eH$br Agmdr, Aer OwZmQ> H$im Ë`mdahmoVr. yVH$mimMm qnOa {MH$Q>ë`m_wio gmao JmdM wVmà_mUo dmQ>o. JmdmÀ`m EH$m ~mOybm _moR>o nmonS>oCR>ë`mà_mUo S>m|Ja hmoVo d Ë`mda eoH$S>mo dfmªnyduMo EH$ XoD$i, {H$ëë`mMm nS>H$m VQ> Am{U EH$mdmS>çmMo Adeof hmoVo.'' `m dU©ZmV bmoH$_mZg Am{dîH¥$V hmoVo. OrE§À`m AZoH$ H$Wm§Mo bmoH$VÎdr`AÜ``Z `màH$mao H$aVm oB©b.

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H$mX§~ar `m dmL²>_` àH$mam_Ü`o nm¡am{UH$ H$mX§~arZo bmoH$VÎdr` Ñï>r A{YH$ Omonmgbr. "``m{V',"_¥Ë y§O`', " wJ§Ya', "Jm§Ymar' `m H$mX§~è`m§VyZ _hm^maV H$m{bZ {_WH$ Am{U bmoH$H$WoMm nm¡am{UH$Am{dîH$ma ì`ŠV Pmbm Amho. nwamUH$Wm§Mm _yi gm§JmS>m ñWybnUo ñdrH$mê$Z Ë`mda H$ënZoMr nwQ§>MT>dyZ H$mX§~ar {b{hbr OmVo. Eo{Vhm{gH$ H$mX§~ar_YyZhr VËH$m{bZ g_mOOrdZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo."lr_mZ `moJr' _YyZ Amnë`mnwT>o {edH$mb C^m amhVmo, Va "ñdm_r' _YyZ noedmB© C^r amhVo. aU{OVXogmB© `m§À`m `m XmoÝhrhr H$mX§~è`mVyZ VËH$m{bZ àWm, na§nam, ê$T>r, AmMma-{dMma, g_OwVr, g§Ho$VàH$Q> hmoVmV. AmÊUm^mD$ gmR>o `m§Mr "\${H$am' hr H$mX§~ar VËH$m{bZ g_mOmVrb àM{bV ê$T>r Am{Ugm_m{OH$ VmU-VUmdmda AmYm[aV Amho. Amnë`m JmdmV OÌm ZgÊ`mMo H$maU åhUOo Imo~è`mMrdmQ>r nidyZ AmUUmam dra nwéf Zmhr. ho d¡få` \${H$amÀ`m d{S>bm§Zm dmQ>Vo. Ë`mZ§Va Vmo Imo~è`mMrdmQ>r nidyZ AmUVmo. hr bmoH$ê$T>r `m H$mX§~arV ì`ŠV hmoVo. _m§J g_mOmVrb àWm, JmdmVrb ê$T>r hogd© g_OyZ KoVë`m{edm` "\${H$am'Mo AmH$bZ hmoD$ eH$V Zmhr. `mM nÕVrZo XodXmgr àWoM§ {MÌUAgUmè`m "Mm¢S>H$' d " §S>ma^moJ' `m amOZ Jdg `m§À`m H$mX§~è`mVyZ àWm, na§nam, ê$T>r Am{UbmoH$g§Ho$V Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmV. `mgma»`m AZoH$ àmXo{eH$ H$mX§~è`m§VyZ bmoH$VÎdr` KQ>H$m§Mm dmnahmoVmZm {XgVmo.

àma§^rMr ZmQ>Ho$, g§ñH¥$V ZmQ>H$m§À`m na§naoVyZ nwT>o Ambr. g§JrV ZmQ>H$m_Ü`o nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm§Mmdmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm. g§JrV gm¡ Ð, H$sMH$dY `m ZmQ>H$mVyZ bmoH$VÎdmMm dmna Pmbm Amho. gVreAmioH$am§Mo "_hm{Zdm©U' ho ZmQ>H$ _¥Vm§À`m {dYrda ~oVbobo Amho. `m ZmQ>H$mV EH$ gm_mÝ` _mUygAmnë`mM _¥Ë yMo Am»`mZ gm§JVmo Amho, Aer aMZm Amho. Ë`m`moJo _`VmMo {dYr, g§Ho$V, na§nam,g_OwVr ì`ŠV hmoV amhVmV. ZmQ>H$mV AZoH$ bmoH$JrVm§Mm MnIbnUo dmna H$aÊ`mV Ambm Amho. VgoMH$sV©Z na§naoMm ~mO H$m`_ R>odÊ`mV Ambm Amho. `m ZmQ>H$mV bmoH$VÎdr` KQ>H$m§Mm nwaonya dmna Ho$bmAmho.

H${dVm Am{U bmoH$JrV m§Mo ZmVo AVyQ> Amho. {H$Ë`oH$ H$dtZr bmoH$JrVmVrb aMZmàH$ma ñdrH$mê$ZAmnbo H$mì`boIZ Ho$bo Amho. ~{hUm~mB© Mm¡Yatgma»`m à{V oM§ X¡dr XoU§ bm^boë`m H$d{`ÌrZo H${dVoVyZbmoH$_mZgM ì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho. Amnë`m à{V oMo lo ~{hUm~mB© Xodmbm XoVmV. Ë`m åhUVmV,

""_mPr _m` gagmoVr, _mbo {eH$dVo ~mobr

boH$ "~{hZmÀ`m' _Zr {H$Vr Jw{nV§ noabr

_mÂ`mgmR>r nm§Sw>a§Jm, VwP§ JrVm-^mJdV

nmdgmV g_mdV§, _mQ>r_Yr CJdV§.''

gagmoVr, ~mobr, nm§Sw>a§J, JrVm, mJdV, _mQ>r m eãXm§_mJrb bmoH$gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X © g_OyZ KoVë`m{edm`

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~{hUm~mBªMr H${dVm g_Oy eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m§Zr Am{X_mVobm CX²XoeyZ " oS>r_m`' hr H${dVm {b{hbrAmho. `m H${dVoV Ë`m åhUVmV,

~a÷m BñZy éÐ ~mi

IoiB©bo dQ>r

H$moåhm`Vm \w$Q>o nmÝhm

JmZ§ Amb§ ìhmoQ>r

Aer H$er `oir dmo _m`o, Amer H$er `oir ?

Am{X_m oÀ`m brim `m H${dVoVyZ Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmV. `mgmR>r nm¡am{UH$ H$Wm g_OyZ KoUo _hÎdmMoR>aVo. "JmogmB©' `m H${dVoVrb bmoH$VÎdr` K{Q>Vo nmhÊ`mgmaIr AmhoV.

VR>o ~gbm JmogmB©

YwZr noQ>`r eoVmV

H$ao "~§ ~§ ~mobmZmW'

Yao {M_Q>m hmVmV.

-----

Q>mHo$ JmogmB© _§Va

^yV n`rgZr Job§

Vg§ dS>mÀ`m amonmM§

VR>r O¡èhr amon Pmb§

~{hUm~mBªZr bmoH$g_OwVr Am{U bmoH${dídmgmMm nwaonwa dmna H$ê$Z H$mì` aMZm Ho$br Amho. ~{hUm~mBªÀ`mgd©M H${dVm§Mm bmoH$VÎdr` Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmaIm Amho. H$dr {dÇ>b dmK `m§Mr "{V\$Z' hr H${dVmH¥$fr g§ñH¥$VrVrb KQ>H$m§Mm Am{dîH$ma Amho. Zm. Ym|. _hmZmoa `m§À`m H${dVobm Jo Vm Amho. _hmZmoam§ZmbmoH$JrVm§Mo g§{MV gmnS>bo Amho. nigIoS>Mr JmUr àH$m{eV H$ê$Z Ë`m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mdaMo ào_Mì`ŠV Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§À`m BVa H${dVm§_YyZ bmoH$gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§X © A{^ì`ŠV hmoVmZm {XgVmV.

B§Ð{OV mboamd m§À`m "nrH$nmUr', "Amåhr H$m~mS>mMo YZr', "Xya am{hbm Jmd', "Q>mhmo' mgma»`mH$mì`g§J«hmV H¥$frg§ñH¥$Vr ~amo~aM bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrMo {MÌU `oVo. dm_Z Am{U ~iramOm `m bmoH$H$WobmAZwgê$Z B§Ð{OV ^mboamd `m§Zr EH$ H${dVm {b{hbr Amho. Vr nwT>rbà_mUo ;

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H$mbÀ`m dm_ZmZo{Vgè`m nmdbmImbr KoD$Z

Vwbm nmVmimV JmS>b§Var Vy CgiyZ da Ambmg

wJmZw wJ§ `m YaVrbmgw\$brV H$arV am{hbmg.

AmOMo dm_Z hþema AmhoV.

Vy ñdV:M JmSy>Z Koerb

Aer ì`dñWm {Z_m©U H$aVmV.

nwÝhm CgiyZ da oUma Zmhrg

`mMr ImÌr H$ê$Z KoVmV.

Amnb§ Zmdhr nwT>§ oUma Zmhr.

`mMr nwaonya XjVm KoVmV. (Q>mhmo, n¥ð> H«$. 11)

àñVwV H${dVm ~iramOmMr H$Wm _mhrV Agë`m{edm` g_OUo eŠ` Zmhr.

`mà_mUo B§Ð{OV ^mboamd `m§Zr AZoH$ H${dVm§_Ü o bmoH$VÎmr` KQ>H$m§Mm dmna Ho$bm Amho.

J«m_rU Am{U X{bV gm{hË`mMm bmoH$gm{hË`mer K{Zð> g§~§Y Amho. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU gm{hË`mÀ`mAä`mgH$m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. J«m_rU OrdZmV ê$T>r, na§nam, g_OwVr,X¡ddmX `m§Mm à^md AgVmo. ho Am{dîH$ma bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo, bmoH$ZmQ>ço, åhUr,dmH²$àMma, bmoH$moŠVr BË`mXr_YyZ Pmbobo AgVmV. J«m_rU gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$gm{hË` `m§À`mVrbAZw~§Y emoYUo, Ü`mZmV KoUo JaOoMo R>aVo. Ë`m_wio J«m_rU gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg H$aUmè`m§Zm bmoH$gm{hË`mMmAä`mg CnH$maH$ R>ê$ eH$Vmo. bmoH$VÎdr` Ñï>rZo J«m_rU, àmXo{eH$ gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg _hÎdmMmR>aob, Ago _V S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§Zr _m§S>bo Amho. X{bV gm{hË`mÀ`m ~m~VrVhr AgoM åhUmdobmJob. X{bV gm{hË` ì`ŠVr{Z{_©V Agbo Var Ë`mVyZ gm_w{hH$ AZw d{díd àH$Q> hmoVo. "~bwV§',"AmR>dUtMo njr ', "Vami A§Vami', "Cnam', "CMë`m', "J~mi', H$moëhmQ>çmM§ nmoa' m AmË_H$WZm§Vg§~§{YV ì`ŠVrÀ`m OrdZmVrb KQ>Zm àg§JmBVHo$ _hÎd Ë`m Ë`m OmVtÀ`m g_mO OrdZmÀ`m {MÌUmbmhrAgVo. X{bV gm{hË`mV g_yh_ZmÀ`m {MÌUmbm _hÎd AgVo. ho m gm{hË`mMo d¡{eï>ç bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mgm_y{hH$ ^mdm{dîH$mamÀ`m d¡{eï>çmer {ZJ{S>V Amho, Ago S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§Zm dmQ>Vo. Vo `mo½`MAmho. H$maU bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgm{edm` X{bV gm{hË`mMo AmH$bZ hmoUo H$R>rU AgVo. X{bVgm{hË`mMo bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z Ho$ë`mg EH$ Zdr Ñï>r àmá hmoD$ eHo$b.

AemàH$mao dmL²>_`mÀ`m {d{dY àH$mam§Mo bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z H$aVm oVo. àñVwV KQ>H$mVrb CXmhaUo

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àm{V{Z{YH$ AmhoV. bmoH$VÎdm_wio ì`pŠV{Z{_©V dmL²>_` Am{U bmoH$gm{hË` `m§Mm nañnag§~§Y emoYVmoVmo. Ë`m_wio dmL²>_`mH$S>o nmhÊ`mMr EH$ Ñï>r àmá hmoVo. ho `m AÜ``Z nÕVrMo \${bV _mZVm oB©b.

7.3.3.5 bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``ZmMo _hÎd

1. dmL²>_`rZ H$bmH¥$VtMo `mo½` AmH$bZ hmoVoo.

2. g§Vgm{hË`, n§{S>Vr H$mì`, ~Iar Am{U em{har dmL²>_` m§Mm Am{U bmoH$gm{hË`mMm AZw~§YemoYyZ emóewÕ _m§S>Ur H$aVm oVo.

3. AmYw{ZH$ dmL²>_`mVrb bmoH$VÎdr` KQ>H$m§Mm emoY KoVm oVmo.

4. b{bV dmL²>_`mMm gwOmUnUo AmñdmX KoVm oVmo.

5. bmoH$g_yhmÀ`m OrdZmMo {ZamionU àH$Q> hmoVo.

6. bmoH$H$bm§Mm AÝd`mW© bmdVm oVmo.

7. boIH$mÀ`m AZw d{dídmMm Am{dîH$ma bmoH$VÎdmVyZ àH$Q> hmoVmo.

8. gm{hË`mMm Üd{ZV AW© g_OVmo.

9. Abm¡{H$H$ nwéfm§À`m H¥$VtMm AW© bmdVm oVmo.

10. bmoH$e¡brMm Am{dîH$ma Agboë`m _amR>r ZmQ>H$m§Mm Aä`mg bmoH$VÎdr` Ñï>rZo H$aVm oVmo.

11. J«m_rU gm{hË`mVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmè`m bmoH$VÎdm§Mm emoY KoVë`mZo J«m_rU gm{hË`mä`mgmbmEH$ Zdm Am`m_ àmßV hmoD$ eH$Vmo.

12. X{bV gm{hË`mVrb gm_y{hH$ Om{Udm§Mo AmH$bZ hmoVo.

13. bmoH$VÎdr` ÑîQ>rZo dmL²>_`mMo A{YH$ g_¥Õ, n[anyU© AmH$bZ hmoD$ eH$Vo.

14. gm{hË`mVrb aMZm~§Y emoYVm oVmV.

bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Zmbm _hÎd oVo ho gm{hË`mä`mgH$m§Zm CnH$maH$ R>aUmao Amho. nU Ago AgboVar H$mhr AndmX dJibo Va AOyZhr _amR>r g_rjH$m§Zm bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``ZmMo _hÎd dmQ>V Zmhr.IaoVa bmoH$VÎdr` Ñï>rZo dmL²>_`mMo A{YH$ g_¥Õ AmH$bZ hmoVo. àmMrZ _amR>r dmL²>_`, J«m_rU dX{bV gm{hË` VgoM AmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`mVrb H$mhr gm{hË`H¥$VtMo gd© g§X ©, ê$nm{dîH$ma g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>rbmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z hr JaO ~Zbr Amho.

7.3.4 Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``Z nÕVr

Zm°W©an \«$m` `m§À`m "A°ZmQ>m°_r Am°\$ {H«${Q>{gP_', "\o$~ëg Am°\$ Am`S>|{Q>Q>r' Am{U _m°S> ~m°S>{H$Z`m§À`m "Am{H©$Q>m`nb n°Q>Z©g² BZ nmoEQ´>r' `m J«§Wm§Zr "Am{X~§Y', "Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm' ho eãX ê$T>

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Ho$bo. hr g_rjm nÕVr d§e{MÝhmË_H$, {Xì`H$WmË_H$ Am{U {d{Y{dYmË_H$ `mhr Zmdm§Zr AmoiIbrOmVo. {dë~a ñH$m°Q> `m§À`m _Vo BVa g_rjm nÕ>Vrnojm hr nÕVr {Zamir Amho. ê$ndmXr g_rjmnÕVrà_mUo oWo gyú_ g§{hVm dmMZmMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. gm¢X`m©Ë_ AmZ§XmÀ`m A§Vb©jr _yë`mhÿZ`oWo gm§ñH¥${VH$ _yë`mbm A{YH$ _hÎd AgVo. H$bmH¥$VrÀ`m a{gH$bjr ^mJmMo Vr {díbofU H$aVo._yb yV gm§ñH¥${VH$ AmH¥${V~§Ym§Zm Vr _hÎd XoV Agë`mZo g_mOemór` dmQ>Vo. gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$yVH$mimÀ`m {díbofUmÀ`m g§X^m©V Vr Eo{Vhm{gH$ dmQ>Vo. na§Vw dmL²>_`rZ _yë`m§À`m g§X^m©V Vr B{Vhmg{Zð>

ZgVo. (g§km g§H$ënZm H$moe, g§nm : dg§V Am~mOr CÅ>mHo$ Am{U BVa, n¥ð> H«$. 105 Am{U 106)

`m g_rjm nÕVrMo _yi ómoV \«o$Pa Am{U w§J `m§À`m boIZmV Amho. ñH$m°{Q>e _mZdemók gaOoåg \«o$Pa `m§Mm "X JmoëS>Z ~mD$' hm J«§W 1890 Vo 1915 `m H$mimV ~mam I§S>mV à{gÕ Pmbm. `mJ«§WmV `mVw{dÚm Am{U Y_© `m§Mm Aä`mg AgyZ àmJ¡{Vhm{gH$ H$mimnmgyZÀ`m {Xì`H$Wm (àmH$H$Wm,{_WH$) EH$Ì Ho$ë`m AmhoV. H$mb© JwñVmd §wJ (1985-1961) m§À`m "gm_y{hH$ Ag§kVo'À`m (H$bopŠQ>ìhAZH$m°Ýeg) g§H$ënZoMm Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjoda à^md Amho. w§J `m§À`m _Vo "gm`H$s' åhUOo Ho$di"AmË_m' AWdm "_Z'M Zìho Va "g_J«, MoVZ Am{U {ZíMoVZ, _mZ{gH$ à{H«$`m; gm`H$sV MoVZ(H$m°ÝegZog) Am{U {ZíMoVZ (AZH$m°Ýer`g) `m XmoZ doJdoJiçm JwUY_m©À`m ñVamMm g_mdoe hmoVmo."Ah_²' Mm XmoÝhr ñVamda gh^mJ AgVmo. w§J `m§Zr `mIoarO MoVZmMo joÌ, d¡ pŠVH$ {ZíMoVZmMo joÌAm{U gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmMo joÌ Ago VrZ ñVa XmIdbo AmhoV. gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmVrb Ðì`m§Zm "Am{X~§Y'(Am{H©$Q>mBßg) Ago Zmd Amho. Am{X_ OZOmVtÀ`m JrVm§_Ü o Am{X~§Y AmT>iVmV. A~moY _ZmVrbAWdm {ZíMoVZmMo na§naoZo {d{Y{dYmZmV ê$nm§Va Pmbobo Amho. {Xì`H$Wm ({_W) Am{U n[aH$Wm§_Ü ohrAm{X~§YmMr A{^ì`ŠVr Pmbobr AgVo. Am{X~§Y hm A~moY _ZmVrb Ame` AgVmo. g~moY _ZmVoVmZm Ë`mV ~Xb Pmbobm AgVmo. Ë`mM~amo~a ì`ŠVrÀ`m MoVZmMo a§Jhr Ë`mV {_gibobo AgVmV. ga

Ooåg \«o$Pa `m§À`m _Vo OJmVrb {d{dY g§ñH¥$VrV nwZamd{V©V hmoUmè`m Y_©{dYr, bmoH$H$Wm, {_Ïg,`m§À`m _yb AmH¥$Vr~§YmMm emoY KoVbm Amho. \«o$Pa `m§Zr _mZdemómÀ`m Ñï>rZo Aä`mg H$ê$Z {gÕm§V_m§S>bm Amho. VgoM H$mb© JwñVmd w§J `m pñdg _mZgemókmÀ`m Zo{Udm{Zð> _mZgemómÀ`m (S>oßWgm`H$m°bm°Or) na§naoVyZ hm {gÕm§V Ambm Amho. _mZgemór` ÑîQ>çm "Am{H©$Q>mB©n' åhUOo _Zmod¥ÎmrMm_yi AmH¥${V~§Y. Am{H©$Q>mB©n' hm eãX w§J `mZo 1919 gmbr àW_ dmnabm. gmam§eénmZo Amnë`mbmAgo åhUVm `oB©b H$s, "Am{X~§YmMm {gÕm§V hm _mZdemó d _mZgemó `m XmoZ kmZemIm§VrbAmYw{ZH$ {dMmaàUmbrVyZ CJ_ nmdbm Amho.' (g_rjoMr Zdr ê$no: nmQ>rb J§JmYa / "gm{hË`JVAm{X~§Y' n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ : 68)

Am{X~§Y ho {Xì`H$Wm§VyZ {d{Y{dYm§VyZ Am{U n[aH$Wm§VyZ ì`ŠV Pmbobo AmT>iVmV. w§J `m§À`m_Vo {Xì`H$Wm ho _ybV: _mZ{gH$ K{Q>V AgVo. Ë`mVyZ nydu H$Yrhr Z nm{hbobo Am{U nmhÊ`mMr BÀN>mZgbobo. AmËå`mMo ñdê$n ì`ŠV hmoVo. Am{X_mZdmbm Oo àË`jmV {Xgbo Ë`mMo Ë`mbm ñnï>rH$aU ZH$mo

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hmoVo. Va Ë`mbm ~mø E|{Ð` AZw d Am{U AmVrb _mZ{gH$ K{Q>Vo `m§À`mVrb gyÌ emoYm`Mo hmoVo. gy ©CJdUo - _mdiUo, CÝhmim -nmdgmim, M§ÐmÀ`m H$bm, {Xdg-amÌ `m {Xì`H$WmË_H$ {ZgJ© à{H«$ oVyZnhm`À`m ZìhË`m, Va ho ~mø {ZarjU AmVbohr K{Q>V hmoÊ`mMr Anojm AgVo. _mUgm§À`m Om{UdoÀ`mH$joV {ZgJm©Vrb K{Q>V ê$no ì`ŠV Pmbr nm{hOoV. w§J `m§Zr Am{X~§Y ho {ÛY«wdmË_H$ AgVmV AgoXmI{dbo Amho. Ë`mbm EH$ H$mir ~mOy Amho. VerM Xwgar COi ~mOy AgVo. _mVoMm Am{X~§Y hmAg§»` énm§V AmT>iVmo, Ago w§J `m§Zr åhQ>bo Amho. AmB©, AmOr, gmdÌ AmB©, gmgy, n[aMm[aH$m,XodrXodVm `m§À`m ê$nmZo hm Am{X~§Y Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmo. _mVoMm Am{X~§Y hm _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrVrb EH$_hÎdmMm Am{X~§Y Amho. hm Am{X~§Y àmŠH$Wm§VyZ Am{U {d{dY bmoH$H$Wm, {MÌ, {eën Am{Ugm{hË`H¥$VrVyZ Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmo. (g§km g§H$ënZm H$moe: dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$ d BVa, n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ 109)

J§JmYa nmQ>rb `m§À`m _Vo "_mUyg Amnë`m g^modVmbÀ`m MamMa g¥îQ>rMo ào_, ÛofmXr _mZ{gH$AdñWm§Mo, {d{dY g§ñWm§Mo Ag§»` AZw d, wJm wJm§VyZ KoV Ambm Amho. Am{U Vo Amnë`m md{dídmVImob A§V^m©JmV gmR>drV Ambm Amho. AZw d^mfm, {_W, H$bm `m§À`m gma»`m àVrH$g¥>ï>rÛmao {nT>çmZ²{nT>çmVyZ g§H«${_V hmoV hmoV ì`ŠVrÀ`m d g_mOmÀ`m ^md{dídmV àdoe H$aVmV. d VoWo Vo AJXrImobda ê$OdVmV. AemàH$mao {nT>çm-{nT>çm§VyZ g§H«${_V hmoV Agboë`m EH$mM àH$maÀ`m Ag§»`AZw dm§Mo (g§ñH$ma ê$n) _mZ{gH$ Adeof qH$dm _yb AmH¥${V~§Y åhUOo Am{X~§Y hmoV Am{U `mAm{X~§YmZm _yV© ê$n H$aUmè`m à{V_m åhUOo "Am{X~§Y à{V_m' hmoV. qH$dm "Am{Xà{V_m' hmoV. ór-nwéf, _mVm-Am{X_mVm, Ka-Jwhm, d¥j-njr, Xod-X¡Ë` BË`mXrÀ`m Am{X~§Yê$n à{V_m, ñdßZo, {_Ï`,Ñï>m§V, gm{hË`mXr H$Wm `m§_YyZ àH$Q> Pmboë`m {XgyZ oVmV. AmnU Ooìhm `m Am{Xà{V_m§Mo gyú_{ZarjU H$ê$ bmJVmo. Voìhm Ë`m Amnë`m nyd©Om§À`m Ag§»` AZw dm§Zm EH$ {d{eï> ê$n XoV Amboë`mAmhoV Ago AmnUmg {XgyZ oVo Am{U åhUyZM `m Am{Xà{V_m EH$mM àH$maÀ`m Ag§»` AZw dm§Mo_mZ{gH$ Adeof åhUyZ dV©V AgVmV. Am{U Omo H$moUr (H$dr) `m Am{Xà{V_m§À`m ^mfoV ~mobVmo, VmoñdV:À`m ghóñdam§{Zer ~mobV AgVmo. (g_rjoMr Zdr ê$no : J§JmYa nmQ>rb / "gm{hË`JV Am{X~§Y',n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ 69) m {ddoMZmdê$Z Amnë`m Ago bjmV oVo H$s, boIH$ qH$dm H$dr Amnë`m gm{hË`H¥$VrVyZAm{Xà{V_mM ì`ŠV H$aV AgVmV.

Am{X~§YmVyZ {Z_m©U Pmboë`m AZoH$ à{V_m bmoH$ì`dhmamV Y_©lÕm, Zr{VlÕm, bmoH${dYr `m§VAmT>iyZ oVmV. à{V_m§_YyZ ^mdZm§Mm emoY, OrdZmÀ`m Am{X_ AmH$mam§Mm emoY KoUo ho Am{X~§YmMoH$m © Amho. Am{X~§Y ho ñWbH$mbmVrV d¡pídH$ AgVmV. H$ënZm~§Y _mÌ Ë`m Ë`m g_yhmÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$B{VhmgmZo a§Jbobo AgVmV. H$ënZm~§Ym_Ü o Am{X_ à{VHo$ AgVmV. `m à{VH$m§Zm AmnU "{_WH$'AgoåhUVmo. `m {_WH$m§Vrb ^m¡Jmo{bH$, H$m{bH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ {deof ~mOybm H$mT>bo H$s Cabobm emídVAm{U gmd©{ÌH$ Agm _yi mJ amhVmo. Vmo Am{X~§YmMm AgVmo. à^mH$a _m§S>o m§Zr Am{X~§Ymbm "H$Wm{deof'Ago åhQ>bo Amho. Am{U H$ënZm~§Ymbm "H$Wm~rO' Ago g§~moYbo Amho.

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{d{dY XoemÀ`m bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ H$mhr g_mZ d¡{eï>ço AmT>iVmV. Ë`mMo H$maU åhUOo Ë`mVrb_yi Am{X~§Y Am{U H$ënZm~§Y g_mZ AgVmV. gQ>dmB©Mr H$Wm Am{U B{S>ngMr H$Wm gmaIrM Amho.{d{dY XoemVrb bmoH$H$Wm§Mr OS>UKS>U H$mhr R>am{dH$ KQ>Zm§Zr Pmë`mMo {XgyZ oVo. {VÀ`mVrb _ybÐì ogmaIrM AgVmV. OJ~wS>rMr H$ënZm OJmVrb gd©M ^mfoV AmT>iyZ oVo. hr H$ënZm Am{X~§Y Amho.{d{dY Xoem§Vrb Ë`m g§~§YrMo H$WmZH$, àg§J, KQ>Zm Am{U dU©Zo doJdoJir AgVrb, nU OJ~wS>rAn[ahm © Amho, hr H$ënZm Amho. Aem H$ënZm§Zm Am{X~§Y Ago åhUVm oB©b. Aem Am{X~§YmË_H$AÜ``ZmMm Cn`moJ _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg g_OyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r hmoVmo. ho Am{X~§Y H$Wm qH$dm JrVmVXS>bobo AgVmV. Ë`mda H$ënZm~§YmMr nwQ>o MT>{dbobr AgVmV. g§V dmL²>_`mV ^ŠVrÀ`m gm_Ï`m©ZoB©ída àmßV H$ê$Z KoVm oVmo. hm ~§Y AZoH$ g§Vm§À`m A §JmVyZ Ambm Amho. g§H$Q>o Am{U gwQ>H$m hmH$Wm{deof OJmVrb gd©M ^mfoVrb bmoH$H$WoV AmT>iVmo. H¥$îUmZo Amnë`m H$a§Jirda JmodY©Znd©Vnobbm Am{U hZw_§VmZoo ÐmoU{Jar nd©V CMbyZ AmUbm. `m XmoÝhr H$WoVrb Am{X~§Y g_mZ AmhoV.AmYw{ZH$ dmL²>_`mMmhr Am{X~§YmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moZmVyZ Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo.

g_mO_mZg gd©Ì gmaIoM, _Z: àdÎmr gd©Ì gmaIrM Am{U Vr emídV, {Ma§VZ AgVo. Am{X~§YmMo_yi AZmH$bZr`, Aì`ŠV AgVo. Ë`m§Zm BVa H$moUË`m Zm H$moUË`m Var à{V_oMm AmYma ¿`mdm bmJVmo.Am{X~§Y gd©Ì gmaIoM, \$ŠV Am{dîH$mamV ñWb-H$mbmZwgma ~Xb hmoVmV. åhUOoM ^m¡Jmo{bH$,gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Ago ñWm{ZH$ g§X © ho Ë`m Am{dîH$mam§Zm àmá hmoVmV. `mbmM H$ënZm~§Y AgoåhUVm `oB©b. H$Wo_Ü`o qH$dm H$WmË_JrVm_Ü`o Oo H$ënZm~§Y `oVmV Vo H$Wm qH$dm JrVmV A{YH$AmH$f©H$ ìhmdo, gm¢X`m©Mo _yë` Ë`mbm àmá ìhmdo åhUyZ oVmV. H$ën~mZ§Y ho pñWa ZgVmV Va {\$aVAgVmV. _mÌ Ë`m§Mm _yi Jm^m H$m`_ AgVmo. hm _yi Jm^m åhUOoM Am{X~§Y hmo .

Am{X~§Y ho AÑí` ñdê$nmV AgVmV. H$WoMr OS>UKS>U hr {d{eï> Am{U R>am{dH$ KQ>ZoMrPmbobr AgVo. Ë`m H$WoVrb àg§JmMr A[U g§Ho$VmMr Or Mm¡H$Q> AgVo Ë`mVrb g_mZ H$Wm KQ>H$ åhUOoH$ënZm~§Y (_moQ>r\$) hmo .

Am{X~§YmMo d H$ënZm~§YmMo AÜ``Z gd©àW_ A_o[aHo$Vrb ãë y_{\$ëS> `m§Zr Ho$bo. AmÝQ>r AmZ}`m§À`m H$Wm{deofm§À`m dJuH$aUmÀ`m AmYmao pñQ>W Wm°ågZ `m§Zr OJmVrb gd© CnbãY bmoH$H$WmVAmT>iUmè`m H$ënZm~§Ym§Mr gyMr H$aÊ`mMo H$m © hmVr KoVbo. ^maVmV ga [aMS>© Q>|nb `m§Zr 1894gmbr {b{hboë`m Tale of Punjab m nwñVH$mV H$ënZm~§YmMm d Am{X~§YmMm {dMma {dñVmamZo _m§S>bmAmho.

7.3.4.1 bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb Am{X~§Y

A{bH$S>o bmoH$gm{hË`{df`r _mUgm§Zm AmñWm dmQ>V Amho. {dkmZ wJmVrb _mZd A{YH$ ~{h_w©IhmoV Mmbbm Amho. YmdnirÀ`m OrdZmV Ë`mZo ñdmñÏ` J_mdbo Amho. _mZdr OrdZ jU §Jya ~ZboAmho. Vmo Om{UdoÀ`m nmVirdê$Z A{YH$ OJV Amho. ^modVmbMo OJ Ë`mbm VwH$S>çm§À`m ñdê$nmV

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OmUdV Amho. Ë`mbm EH$mË_ H$aVm oV Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vmo Zoh_r AñdñW Amho. `m AñdñWVoM§ {MÌUAmYw{ZH$ gm{hË`mV nhmd`mg {_iVo. _mZdmÀ`m _Zmo{dH¥$Vrda Vm~m R>odUo ghO eŠ` ZgVo. hm Vm~mAmnU gm{hË`mÀ`m _mÜ`_mVyZ R>ody eH$Vmo. _mZdmbm _mZdr nmVirda AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ gm{hË` H$aVAgVo. _mZdmÀ`m VwH$S>çm-VwH$S>çmÀ`m OJÊ`mbm EH$mË_ ê$n {_idyZ XoÊ`mMo H$m_ bmoH$m{dîH$maA{YH$ à^mdrnUo H$aVo. ho Am{dîH$ma ghOàd¥{Îm_ybH$ AgVmV. ghO àd¥{Îm_ybH$ AZw d _mZdmÀ`mgm_y{hH$ AMoVZmer (H$bopŠQ>ìh AZ²H$m°Z²amger) {ZJS>rV AgVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`mVrb AmdmhZ gdmªn ªVnmohMVo. Ago AZw d Am{X_ H$mbmnmgyZ Am{dîH¥$V hmoV Ambobo AmhoV. Vo Á`m à{V_m-àVrH$m§VyZAm{dîH¥$V hmoVmV. Ë`m§Zm AmnU Am{X_ à{V_m åhUVmo. Ë`m à{V_m§Mm g§~§Y àmŠH$Wm§er AgVmo. àmŠH$WmåhUOo _mZdmMr Am{X_ AZw^dê$no hmoV. Aer ê$no bmoH$gm{hË`mV {dnwb à_mUmV AmT>iVmV.bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ bmoH$g_yhmMo _Z Am{dîH¥$V hmoVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb H$Wm qH$dm JrVo `m§Mm H$Vm© EImXrì`ŠVr ZgyZ g§nyU© g_mO AgVmo. Ë`m_wio EoH$Umè`mbm AmnboM _Z ì`ŠV hmoV Agë`mMm AZw doVmo. `m àmŠH$Wm {d{dY XoemV gma»`m ñdê$nmV AmT>iVmV. doJdoJiçm àXoemVrb H$Wm Am{U

JrVmVyZ EH$g§YnUm {XgyZ oVmo.

"Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm' `m J«§WmV _. gw. nmQ>rb `m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb H$mhr H$Wm Am{UJrVm§Mm Am{X~§Y CbJSy>Z XmI{dbm Amho. bmoH$H$WoVrb amOm§Zm AmdS>Vr Am{U ZmdS>Vr Aem XmoZ~m`H$m AgVmV. øm bmoH$H$WoVrb Am{X~§Y _. gw. nmQ>rb `m§Zr Vm{H©$H$nUo gm§{JVbm Amho. Ë`m§À`m_Vo, AmdS>Vr Am{U ZmdS>Vr amUrMr à{VH$mË_H$Vm bjmV KoVbr Va ào g² Am{U lo g² `m§À`mVrbg§Kf© {XgyZ oVmo. hm g§Kf© àË oH$mÀ`m _ZmV AgVmo. ì`dhmamV _mUyg ào gmMm nmR>bmJ H$arV OJVAgbm, Var Ë`mbm AmVyZ lo gmMr AmoT> AgVo. `m Xmohm|Mm g_Ýd` H$gm gmYmdm `m g§ «_mV Vmo OJVamhVmo. Á`m§Zm hm g_Ýd` gmYVm oVmo, Ë`m§Mo OrdZ g\$b hmoVo. Á`m§Zm Vmo gmYV Zmhr. Ë`m§Mo ì`pŠVËdI§{S>V hmoVo. bmoH$H$WoVrb AZoH$ amOo Aem I§{S>V ì`pŠV_ÎdmMo àVrH$ AmhoV. MoVZ _ZmÀ`m nmVirdaOJUmam amOm _wIdQ>o YmaU H$ê$Z OJVmo. Ë`m_wio Iè`m ê$nmbm naH$m hmoVmo. Ë`m§À`m AMoVZ _ZmMmg§~§Y VwQ>Vmo. AmdS>Vr amUr åhUOo MoVZ nmVir Am{U ZmdS>Vr amUr åhUOo AMoVZ nmVir ~ZVo.AmdS>VrÀ`m gm{ÞÜ`mV OJUo åhUOo MoVZ nmVirdaMo OJUo hmo . Ago {OUo AY©dQ> AgVo. Ë`m_Ü o{Z{_©Vrj_Vm ZgVo. {Z{_©VrMo ~rO AMoVZmÀ`m Hw$erV nSy>Z éOmdo bmJVo. nU `m amOm§Mm ZmdS>VreråhUOo AMoVZmer g§nH©$ VwQ>bobm Agë`m_wio AZoH$ amOo AnË`hrZ AgVmV. AnË`àmárgmR>r Ë`m§Zm`k`mJ qH$dm VníM`m© H$amdr bmJVo. Aem doir Ë`m§Mo _wIdQ>o JiyZ nS>bobo AgVmV. VníM }Mo \$iåhUyZ XmoÝhrhr amÊ`m§Mr J ©YmaUm hmoD$Z XmoKtZmhr _wbo hmoVmV. Ë`mVrb AmdS>VrMr _wbo ZmH$Vu{ZnOVmV. Ë`m§À`mV ehmUnUmMm A^md AgVmo. ZmdS>VrMr _wbo IS>VanUo _mVoÀ`m gm{ZÜ`mV dmT>VmV.Ë`m_wio CnOVM Vr ehmUr ~ZVmV. Ë`m _wbm§Mr MoVZ nmVirda oÊ`mMr YS>nS> AgVo Vr gmonr ZgVo.AMoVZmÀ`m A§Ymè`m àXoemVyZ Ë`m§Zm àdmg H$amdm bmJVmo. gmV AaÊ o qH$dm gmV g_wÐ VgoM qhóney, H«y$a amjg `m§À`mer gm_Zm H$amdm bmJVmo. `m eŠVr§er PJSy>Z Ë`m§À`mda ñdm{_Ëd {_idUo

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`mVM _mUgmbm _mZdËdmMm bm^ hmoVmo. Ë`m§Zm EImXm Jwê$ qH$dm njr _XV H$aVmo. _XV H$aUmè`m§MmEH$ AmH¥${V~§Y V`ma hmoVmo. Vo Am{X~§YmMo Am{dîH$maH$ AgVmV. `m IS>Va àdmgmV hr _wbo ehmUr,{ddoH$s Am{U àJë^ hmoVmV. Vr _J EImÚm em{nV amOH$Ý oer _wH$m~bm H$aVmV. amOH$Ý oMm emnJiyZ nS>Vmo. Z§Va amOH$Ý`m Ë`m§À`mer {ddmh H$aVo. `m amOH$Ý`m åhUOo gO©Zj_ `m¡dZg§nÞ órÀ`mAm{X~§YmMr ("A{Z_m Am{H©$Q>mB©n'Mr) Am{dîH$maH$ à{VHo$ hmoV. amOH$Ý`m§À`m g§nH$m©V `oVmMH$WmZm`H$m§À`m ì`pŠVÎdmbm nyU©Ëd bm^Vo. ho Zm`H$ Aem H$Wm§V draZm`H$mÀ`m àmŠH$WoÀ`m ("{hamo{_W') _werV AdVaVmV. hr àmŠH$Wm g§koÀ`m Am{X~§YmMr (Am{H©$Q>mB©n Am°\$ H$m°ZegZog') Am{dîH$maH$AgVo. amOH$Ý`m§Zm oQ>Umao ho amOnwÌ åhUOo órÀ`m Zo{UdoVrb `m¡dZg§nÞ gO©Zj_ Aem gZmVZnwéfmÀ`m Am{X~§YmMr ("A{Z_g'Mr) à{VHo$ hmoV.

_mVm hr _wbm§Zm OÝ_ XoVo åhUyZ OZZr Amho, Ë`mà_mUo Vr H$Yr H$Yr _wbmMr {à`mhr hmoVo. nU_wbo hr ~hþYm g§koÀ`m Am{X~§YmMr Am{dîH$maH$ AgVmV. Ë`m§Mm àdmg àH$memÀ`m {XeoZo MmbbobmAgVmo. Ë`mgmR>r Vr Amnë`m _mVoMm J ©H$moe gmoSy>Z Oer ~mhoa oVmV, Ë`mà_mUo Vr namH«$_mgmR>r~mhoahr nS>VmV. Ë`m§Zm _mVm H$Yr AOmUVonUr Amnë`mH$S>o AmoT>rV AgVo. _wbohr AOmUVonUr {VÀ`mH$S>oAmoT>br OmVmV Am{U {VÀ`m {à`H$amÀ`m y{_Ho$V AdVaVmV. B{S>ngMr àmŠH$Wm Am{U ~«÷m-gQ>drMrbmoH$H$Wm ho Ame`gyÌ {deX H$aVo.

~«÷m Am{U gQ>drÀ`m bmoH$H$WoMo {díboofU _. gw. nmQ>rb m§Zr CÎm_nUo Ho$bo Amho. Vo nwT>rbà_mUo-~«÷m Am{U gQ>dr Amnë`m _wbrbm Kar R>odyZ amoO amÌr Hw$UmMo Zm Hw$UmMo {d{Y{b{IV {b{hÊ`mgmR>r~mhoV OmV AgV. Amnbo AmB©dS>rb H$m` H$aVmV ho OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>r EH$ {Xdg Ë`m _wbrZohQ²>Q> Yabm. gQ>drZo amJmZo ahñ` àH$Q> Ho$bo Am{U Ë`m~amo~a _wbrbm emn {Xbm, H$s VwPo VwÂ`m_wbm~amo~a b½Z hmoB©b. `mZ§Va gQ>drMr _wbJr amZmdZmV ^Q>H$V amhmVo. EH$ nwéf OoWo bKwe§Ho$bm~gbm hmoVm Vr OmJm Vr Amob§Sy>Z OmVo. VodT>çm_wioM {Vbm J © amhVmo. Vr àgyV hmoD$Z {Vbm _wbJm hmoVmoVr Ë`mbm Amnë`m aoe_r gmS>rÀ`m nXamV Jw§S>miyZ amZmVM gmoSy>Z XoVo. Vo _yb Jwam»`m§Zm gmnS>Vo. VoAnË`hrZ amOmÀ`m ñdmYrZ H$aVmV. amOmamUr Ë`mMm gm§ mi H$aVmV, _wbJm _moR>m hmoVmo. Ë`mÀ`mgmR>rdYwg§emoYZ gwê$ hmoVo. Xaå`mZ gQ>drMr _wbJr EH$m åhmVmarÀ`m Aml`mbm amhV AgVo. Vr XodH$Ý`mAgë`mZo {MaVê$U AgVo. åhmVmarÀ`m AmJ«hm_wio Vr ZmIwfrZo b½Zmbm V`ma hmoVo. amOnwÌmer {VMob½Z hmoVo. nwT>o Vr J ©dVr hmoD$Z _wbmbm OÝ_ XoVo. _wbmbm nmiÊ`mV KmbVmZm eHw$ZmMo \$S>Ho$ åhUyZaoe_r dó R>odbo OmVo. Vo dó nmhÿZ gQ>drMr _wbJr MaH$Vo Am{U Ë`m \$S>Š`mg§~§Yr gmgyH$S>o Mm¡H$erH$aVo. gmar hH$sH$V EoH$VmM {Vbm Iar n[apñWVr CJ_Vo. Vr AmË_hË`m H$aVo Am{U Amnë`m {à`nËZrÀ`m {dahmZo amOnwÌhr _aU nmdVmo. _mVm Amnë`m gO©ZH$m`m©gmR>r Xwamdboë`m _wbmbm {à`H$amÀ`mê$nmV AOmUVm Amnë`mH$S>o IoMyZ KoVo ho Ame`gyÌ `m Jmoï>rVyZ A{^ì`ŠV hmoVo. hr ^maVr` bmoH$H$WmAm{U amOm B©{S>ngMr nmíMmË` XoemVrb àmŠH$Wm `m§Mm Am{X~§Y EH$gmaIm Amho, ho `m_YyZ {XgyZoVo.

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Am{X~§Y ho d¡{ídH$ AgVmV. OJ~wS>rMr H$ënZm hr OJmVrb gd©M ^mfoV AmT>iyZ oUmar g_mZJmoï> Amho. OJ~wS>rMr hr ^rVr AZoH$ XoemVrb bmoH$H$WoVyZ Ooìhm àH$Q> Pmbr Voìhm {VMm Am{dîH$madoJdoJim Agë`mMo {XgVo. g_wÐ IoiUo, dmXi, XodmMm H$mon hmoUo BË`mXr H$ënZm§Mm dmna OJ~wS>rgmR>rHo$bm Amho. "_Ëñ`mdVma' hm {dîUyMm EH$ AdVma OJ~wS>rVyZ Ambm Amho. eofZmJmÀ`m S>moŠ`mda n¥Ïdrnobbobr Amho. AZ² n¥Ïdrda nmnmMm ^ma dmTy>Z n¥Ïdr Zï> hmoB©b hr H$ënZmhr OJ~wS>rer gmYå ©amIUmar Amho. Aem H$Wm g§X ©, Vnerb, dU©Z ~XbyZ gd©M XoemV AmT>iVmV. Aem OJ~wS>rgma»`m_yi H$ënZm§Zm Am{X~§Y Ago åhUVmV. Am{X~§YmMm R>gm _mZdmÀ`m _Zmda H$m`_ AgVmo. gwï> Am{UXwï> àd¥ÎmrMo PJS>o, gwï>m§Mm O` (gË` _od O`Vo !), gm_mÝ` _mUgmbm lr_§V hmoÊ`mMr BÀN>m, _¥Ë yMo^`, _mZdr jU §JwaËd, namH«$_mMo AmH$f©U, ór nwéfm§Zm nañnamg§~§Yr AmH$f©U, _mZdr _ZmMm JyT>ì`mnma, _mUgmMm H$nQ>rnUm, _mUwgH$sMr Xw{_©i CXmhaUo hr OJmVrb gd© XoemVrb Am{U ^mfoVrbbmoH$dmL²>_`mMr _ybÐì o AmhoV. hr _ybÐì o åhUOoM Am{X~§Y AmhoV. nydu XiU-diUm§Mr H$moUVrhrgmYZo ZgVmZm ñWi-H$mimÀ`m _`m©Xm Amobm§Sy>Z ho Am{X~§Y emídV ñdê$nmV am{hbo ho {deof åhUmdobmJob.

grVobm YaUr _mVoZo nmoQ>mV KoVë`mMo C„oI AZoH$ Amoì`m§V oVmV. grVm Am wî`^amMr dUdUgmogyZ YaVr_mVoH$S>o {Ma{dlm§VrgmR>r OmVo, Ago {MÌU ór JrVmVyZ {XgyZ oVo.

bú_U Xram _bm ZoVmog Hw$Ý`m dZmbmbú_U Xra ~mobo ZoVmo VwÂ`m _mhoambm.

grVm {ZKmbr dZdmgm bú_U Xyadar_m oÀ`m _mhoar grVm {ZKmdo bdH$ar

grVm~mB© ~mobo YaUr _mPr Vy _mVm_r gÎderb Va _bm nmoQ>m_Yr Ko AmVm

("Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm', _. gw. nmQ>rb, n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ 129 dê$Z CX²Y¥V)

`m_Ü o dZmda _mhoaMm Amamon Ho$bobm Amho.YaVrV gmnS>bobr grVm åhUOo YaVrÀ`m Hw$erVyZ AmbobrVr Y[aÌrMr boH$ åhUOo {Z{_©Vrj_ AMoVZmMo AnË` hmo . {VMo dZmV OmUo åhUOo OUy nwÝhm AMoVZmÀ`màXoemV OmUo. grVogmaIr {ZgJ©H$Ý`m ZmJa g§ñH¥$Vr_Ü o OUy naH$s hmoVo. ZmJa g§ñH¥$Vr {Vbm Amnë`mVgm_mdyZ KoD$ eH$V Zmhr. Ë`m_wio Vr YaVrÀ`m Hw$erMm Aml` KoVo. VoWo dZ _mVoMo àVrH$ ~ZVo Am{UYaVr _hm_mVoÀ`m ê$nmV àH$Q>Vo. Ago {díbofU _. gw. nmQ>rb `m JrVm_Ü`o H$aVmV.

am_, H¥$îU, ^rî_, AOw©Z BË`mXr draZm`H$ ho g§koÀ`m Am{X~§YmMr àVrHo$ åhUyZ AdVaVmV.Ë`m§À`m OrdZmMo AmH¥${V~§Y ho ~aoMXm X¡dr OÝ_mnmgyZ gwê$ hmoD$Z X¡dVrH$aUmZo g§nVmV. draZm`H$m§À`mOÝ_KQ>Zm§Mm Am{dîH$ma gy m}X`mÀ`m à{V_mVyZ Ho$bm OmVmo. gy m}X`mÀ`m à{V_m àH$memer {ZJS>rV

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AgVmV. gy m©ñVmMm g§~§Y _¥Ë yer AgVmo. bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb Zm{`H$m øm Y[aÌrÀ`m nmoQ>mV, H$Yr Obme`mÀ`mVimer amhUmè`m AgVmV. Ë`m§Zm àH$memV AmUÊ`mMo H$m_ draZm`H$ H$aVmV. Zo{UdoÀ`m A§YmamVyZ~mhoa H$mT>Umao, Om{UdoMm àH$me XmIdUmao ho KZ:í`m_ {dîUy AgVmV, {J[aH$Ý`m nmd©VrMm e§H$aAgVmo. qH$dm y{_H$Ý`m grVoMm am_ AgVmo. ~hþVm§er Zm{`H$m øm ZmJH$Ý`m, _Ëñ`H$Ý`m AgVmV.Ë`mVyZ Ë`m§Mm O_rZ nmUr m§À`mer Agbobm Am{X_ g§~§Y gy{MV hmoVmo. O_rZ Am{U nmUr gO©Zj_VoMrà{VHo$ _mZbr OmVmV. Ë`m_wio Ë`m Zm{`H$mhr gO©Zj_ AgVmV.

H$mhr Amoì`mV _méVr hm Jmdm~mhoa, nmÊ`mÀ`m dmQ>oda AgUmam Xod AgVmo. nmUr ho gO©ZmMoàVrH$ Amho. Ë`mÀ`m Xe©Zmbm OmUmar ór Ë`mÀ`m gw\$brH$aUmMr j_Vm, AO_mdÊ`mMr eŠ`VmAgVo. {dÇ>bmH$S>o nhmÊ`mMm {ó`m§Mm Ñ{ï>H$moU g§{_l Amho. Vmo {Vbm _mhobm ZoUmam ~mn, kmZ XoUmamJwé, Yra XoUmam nwéf, g§H$Q>mVyZ dmMdUmam ~§Yy, OmË`mda _XV H$aUmar eoOmarU, nmUr AmUVmZmgmo~V H$aUmar _¡{ÌU Aem ê$nmV {dÇ>b gmnS>Vmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ Am{X_ à{V_màVrH$m§VyZ doJdoJiçmAm{X~§YmMm Am{dîH$ma AZoH$ àH$mam§Zr Pmbobm {XgVmo.

à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zr Am{X~§YmbmM _ybH$Wm qH$dm H$Wm{deof (Tale Type) Ago åhQ>bo Amho.H$WoMm EH$ _yi Jm^m AgVmo. Vmo Jm^m H$m`_ R>odyZ {d{dY XoemV Ë`m H$Wm àgm[aV Pmë`mZo Ë`mV H$mhr~Xb hmoVmV. ho ~Xb Xya H$aVmM _yi Jm^m {e„H$ amhVmo. hm Jm^m EH$M Agë`mZo AZoH$ H$WmV gmå`AmT>iVo. øm ~Xbm§Mm Aä`mg Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``Z nÕVrV hmoVmo. Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``ZmZo _mZdrg§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg g_OyZ KoVm oVmo. Am{X~§Y Ogo emídV AmhoV, Vgo _mZdr OrdZ emídV AmhoAgm `mMm ~moY hmoVmo.

7.4 g_mamon

^maVmV bmoH$gm{hË`mMr na§nam Amho. nU {M{H$ËgH$ Aä`mgmMr na§nam nmíMmË` XoemVyZ ñdrH$mabr.^maVmV 19 ì`m eVH$mnmgyZ bmoH$gm{hË` g§H$bZmbm gwê$dmV Pmbr. àma§ r AmñdmXH$ Am{U lÕm_`nÕVrZoM Aä`mg Pmbm. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {d{dY AÜ``Z nÕVr ApñVËdmV AmhoV. Ë`m_Ü o bmoH$VÎdr`Am{U Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``Z nÕVrbm {deof _hÎd Amho.

{b{IV gm{hË` Am{U _m¡{IH$ gm{hË` m§Mo K{Zð> g§~§Y AmhoV. {b{IV gm{hË` bmoH$gm{hË`mVrbAZoH$ Jmoï>tMm ñdrH$ma H$ê$Z g_¥Õ Pmbobo AgVo. H$moUVmhr dmL²>_`{Z_m©Vm g_H$mbrZ gm_m{OH$,gm§ñH¥${VH$ n`m©daUmV OJV AgVmo. Ë`m§À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmMr OS>UKS>U bmoH$na§naoZo Ho$bobr AgVo.Ë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m AZw {dídmMm Am{dîH$ma hmoV AgVmZm bmoH$VÎdo àH$Q> hmoVmV. b{bV boIH$ àË`j-AàË`j bmoH$gm{hË`mMm dmna H$aV AgVmo. bmoH$dmL²>_` hoM b{bV dmL²>_`mMo CJ_ñWmZ Amho.Ë`m_wio g§Vgm{hË`, n§{S>VrH$mì`, H$Wm, H${dVm, H$mX§~ar Am{U ZmQ>H$ `m§Mmhr bmoH$VÎdr` Aä`mgH$aVm oVmo. J«m_rU Am{U X{bV gm{hË`mÀ`m bmoH$VÎdr` Aä`mgmZo EH$ Zdm Am`m_ àmßV hmoD$ eH$Vmo.dmL²>_`mÀ`m g_¥ÜX, n[anyU© Am{U `mo½` AmH$bZmgmR>r bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``ZnÕVr _hÎdmMr Amho.

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....13

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ga Ooåg \«o$Pa Am{U H$mb© w§J `m§À`m boIZmV Am{X~§YmË_H$ boIZmMo _yi ómoV Amho. gm_y{hH${ZíMoVZmVrb Ðì`m§Zm "Am{X~§Y' (Am{H©$Q>mBßg) Ago Zmd Amho. {d{Y{dYmVyZ, {Xì`H$Wm ({_W)Am{U n[aH$Wm§_Ü o Am{X~§YmMr A{^ì`ŠVr Pmbobr AgVo. Am{X~§Y ho ñWbH$mbmVrV d¡pídH$ AgVmV.{d{dY XoemÀ`m bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ H$mhr g_mZ d¡{eï>ço AmT>iVmV. Ë`mMo H$maU åhUOo Ë`mVrb _yiAm{X~§Y Am{U H$ënZm~§Y g_mZ AgVmV. Am{X~§Y AX¥í` AgVmV. H$moUË`mhr H$WoVrb àg§JmMrAm{U g§Ho$VmMr EH$ Mm¡H$Q> AgVo. Ë`mVrb g_mZ H$Wm KQ>H$ åhUOo H$ënZm~§Y hmo . OJmVrb gd©XoemVrb Am{U ^mfoVrb bmoH$dmL²>_`mMr H$mhr g_mZ _ybÐì o AmhoV. hr _ybÐì o A{X~§Y AmhoV.bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ Am{X_ à{V_m à{VH$m§VyZ doJdoJiçm Am{X~§YmMm Am{dîH$ma Pmbobm AgVmo.Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``ZmZo _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm B{Vhmg g_OyZ KoVm oVmo.

7.5 eãXmW© d Q>rnm

AÜ``Z : Aä`mg, nR>U, {eH$Uo

bmoH$VÎd : bmoH$gm{hË`mMo JwUY_© YmaU H$aUmao KQ>H$. CXmhaUmW© - g_yh_ZmMmAm{dîH$ma, Am{X_Vm, lÕm^mdZm, na§namJVVm, _m¡{IH$Vm, {Z_m©Vm,AZm{_H$ AgUo, gwJ_Vm, BË`mXr.

{dYr : H¥$Ë`, {H«$`m, nÕV, Y_©{Z`_, ~«÷Xod, OZ{dídmgmZwgma H$amd`mMo H$_©,H¥$Vr, gwIg_¥ÕrgmR>r `k H$aUo, lÕoVyZ H$amd`mMo H$_© åhUOo "de',ømg "{dYr' åhUVmV.

{dYrZmQ>ç : Ym{_©H$ {dYr, ZmQ>çê$nmV Ho$bm OmVmo, Ë`mg {d{YZmQ>ç Ago åhUVmV."{dYr'VM ZmQ>ç AZwñ`yV AgVo. CXm : Zm_H$aU{dYr, {ddmh{dYr,A§Ë`{dYr, lmÕ{dYr BË`mXr.

g§ñH¥$Vr : OJÊ`m-dmJÊ`mMr bmoH$arV åhUOo g§ñH¥$Vr. bmoH$ g_wXm`m§À`m AWdmg_mOmÀ`m OrdZmMr nÕV AgVo. _Zwî`mMm g_J« gm_m{OH$ dmagm "g§ñH¥$Vr'`m g§koV A{^àoV Amho. g§ñWm ar{V[admO, H$bm Am{U gm{hË` {_iyZ"g§ñH¥$Vr' hr g§km n[a{MV Pmbr Amho.

^mê$S> : ~hþê$T> AgUmao ZmQ>çmË_, H$WmË_H$ bmoH$JrV, CX²~moYZmMr àoaUm.

Abm¡{H$H$ : M_ËH$m[aH$, bmoH$moÎma, Agm_mÝ`, Strange, Singular, Uncommon

A+bm¡{H$H$ < bmoH$-BH$ = bm¡{H$H$m§V Z AmT>iUmao.

E|{Ð` AZw d : B§{Ð`mg§~§Yr AZw d.

Am{X~§Y : AmH}$-Am{X - åhUOo àma§ rMo qH$dm _yb (_yi) Am{U ~§Y (Q>mB©n) åhUOo

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aMZm§Mo AmH$ma. Am{X~§Y åhUOo EImXm _yi AmH¥${V~§Y ! AWm©V hoAmH¥${V~§Y _mZ{gH$ Agë`mZo A_yV©M AgVmV. _mÌ Vo Am{X_ AZw dm§MoAmH$ma g_yh_ZmÀ`m Vimer AgVmV. `m AZw^dm§Mr {Z{_©Vr Am{X_AdñWoVrb _mZd-{ZgJ© g§~§YmVyZ Pmbr Amho. Am{X~§Y gd© àH$maÀ`m_mZdr g_yhmV gd©Ì AgVmV, gd©H$mi AgVmV. _mZdr g_yhmÀ`m ñdßZo,H$bm, àmŠH$Wm, Y_©{dYr `m gdmªÀ`mÛmao Am{X~§Y Am{dîH¥$V hmoVmV.

H$ënZm~§Y (Motif) : gm{hË` aMZoV dma§dma Amd¥Îm hmoUmao d gwñnï>nUo bjmV oUmao aMZmV§Ì,Šb¥ßVr-H$am_V, KQ>Zmàg§J, g§H$ënZm, AmH¥${V{deof `m§Zm "H$ënZm~§Y'åhQ>bo OmVo. H$Wm d JrVmVrb gdm©V bhmZ _ybKQ>H$ AWdm H$Wm~rOo`m§Zmhr "H$ënZm~§Y' åhUVmV. `m _ybKQ>H$mVyZ H$WmdñVy (Q>ob Q>mB©n)qH$dm g§{dYmZH$ (ßbm°Q>) AmH$ma KoV AgVo. bmoH$H$Wm øm H$ënZm~§YmVyZMAmH$ma KoV Agë`m_wio bmoH$H$Wm§Vrb dma§dma Amd¥Îm hmoUmao H$ënZm~§YbmoH$H$Wm§À`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr emoYyZ H$mT>bo AmhoV. H$ënZm~§Y H$Yr ñd §nyU©H$WoÀ`m ê$nmV Va H$Yr H$WoVrb EImÚm KQ>ZoÀ`m ê$nmV AmT>iVmV. nè`m,MoQ>{H$Ur, H«y$a gmdÌ AmB©, ~mobUmao njr, bmoH$H$Wm§V AmT>iVmV.naJ«hmdarb gOrd, amo~mo, CS>Ë`m V~H$S>çm `m§À`m ñdê$nmV H$mhrH$ënZm~§Y {dkmZH$WoV oVmV.

àmŠH$Wm : àmH²$-nydu, AJmoXa - àmŠH$Wm åhUOo _mZdmMr Am{X_ AZw dê$no hmoV.Ë`m§V AmnUmg Vm{H©$H$Vm AmT>iUma Zmhr. Ë`m§Mo ñdê$n VH©$nyd© AgVo.Aer ê$no bmoH$gm{hË`mV {dnwb à_mUmV AmT>iVmV.

{_WH$ (Myth) : nwamH$Wm, {_WH$Wm, {_W åhUOo Oo IamoIa ApñVËdmV ZìhVo qH$dm Á`mbmdñVw{Zð> Aem gË`mMm AmYma Zmhr Aem {Xì`H$Wm. `mVrb ì`ŠVrA{V_mZdr AgVmV. åhUyZ øm H$Wm§Zm "X¡dVH$Wm' Agohr åhUVmV.g¥îQ>moËnÎmrÀ`m H$Wm øm {_WH$Wm AgVmV. VgoM A{V_mZdr` g§X^©Agboë`m dram§À`m H$Wm, new-njm§gma»`m A_mZdr` ì`ŠVtÀ`m H$Wmøm {_WH$Wm hmoV.

H$mb© JwñVmìh w§J (1875-1961) : {díbofUmË_H$ _mZgemómMo nwañH$V} w§J `m§Mm OÝ_pñdËPbªS> _Yrb Ho$pñìhb m Jmdr Pmbm. d¡ÚH$emómMo nXdrYa AgUmè`mw§JZm Ordemó, àm{Uemó, Ordmí_emó, nwamVÎdemó m {df`m§Mo Mm§Jbo

kmZ hmoVo. bhmZnUmnmgyZ ñdßZmiy Agboë`m w§JZm _mZgemómV {deofJVr hmoVr. Ë`m§Zr eãXg§Jr (dS>© Agmo{gEeZ) `m g§H$ënZoda H$m_ gwê$

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Ho$bo. `mV {d{eï> eãX_m{bHo$da ê$½Um§Mr hmoUmar Z¡g{J©H$ à{V{H«$`m nmhÿZË`m§Mo ì`pŠV_Îd Am{U _Zmoì`mnmamVrb ÌwQ>rg§~§Yr AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm oVo,Ag§ §wJ `m§Zr XmIdyZ {Xb§.

`w§JZm nwamU d B{Vhmg `m§M§ gImob kmZ hmoV§. {edm` Ë`m§ZrA_o[aHo$Vrb Ý y _opŠgH$mo àm§VmV, Ho${Z`m d ^maVmV àdmg H$ê$Z OwÝ`mg§ñH¥$VtMmhr Aä`mg Ho$bm hmoVm. `m gJiçm§Mm Ë`m§Zm _mZdr _Zm{df`rkmZ {_idÊ`mV ^anya Cn`moJ Pmbm. EH$ _mZgmonMmaVÁk åhUyZ é½UmbmñdV:À`m ì`pŠV_ÎdmVrb C{Udm g_OÊ`mg _XV H$ê$Z, g_mOmnmgyZdoJiçm nS>boë`m ì`ŠVrbm g_mO _mZgmer naV OwidyZ XoÊ`mH$S>o w§J`m§Mm à`ËZ Ago. ì`ŠVr~ÔbÀ`m \«$m°BS>À`m {ZamemdmXr Ñ{ï>H$moZmbm w§J`m§Zr AmemdmXr n`m©` {Xbm. åhUyZ \«$m°BS>À`m g§emoYH$ dmagXmam§_Ü`ow§J `m§M§ Zmd gd©àW_ KoVb§ OmV§.

7.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

B dñVw{Zð> àíZ

A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. bmoH$JrV Am{U bmoH$H$Wm ho eãX àW_ H$moUr dmnabo ?(à^mH$a _m§S>o / {d. H$m. amOdmS>o / XwJm© ^mJdV)

2. "X JmoëS>Z ~mD$' hm J«§W H$moUmMm ?

(H$mb© `w§J / {_g _oar {\«$`a / ga Ooåg \«o$Pa)

3. gm_y{hH$ {ZíMoVZmVrb Ðì`m§Zm H$m` åhUVmV ?

(Am{X~§Y / H$ënZm~§Y / bmoH$VÎd)

4. H$moUË`m KQ>H$m§À`m dmnam_wio H$Wm g_¥ÜX ~ZVo ?

(Agm_mÝ` / bmoH$_mZg / bmoH$VÎdr`)

5. "_hm{Zdm©U' ho ZmQ>H$ H$moUË`m {dYrda ~oVbo Amho. ?

(b½Z / _w§O / _¥VmÀ`m)

CÎma : 1) {d.H$m. amOdmS>o, 2) ga Ooåg \«o$Pa, 3) Am{X~§Y, 4) bmoH$VÎdr`, 5) _¥VmÀ`m.

~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.

1. Am{X~§YmMm Am{dîH$ma àmŠH$Wm d bmoH$H$WmVyZ Pmbm.

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2. bmoH$_mZg Abm¡{H$H$mMr AmoT> ~miJUmao ZgVo.

3. {d{dY XoemÀ`m bmoH$gm{hË`mVyZ H$mhr g_mZ d¡{eï>ço AmT>iVmV.

4. Mmê$Vm gmJa `m§Zr "ZmJrU' H$Wm bmoH${dídmgmMm AmYma KoD$Z {b{hbr Amho.

5. bmoH$dmL²>_` ho b{bV dmL²>_`mMo _ybómoV ZgVo.

CÎma : 1) ~amo~a, 2) MyH$, 3) ~amo~a, 4) ~amo~a, 5) MyH$.

H$) Jmiboë`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

1. EH$ZmWm§À`m ^mê$S>mVrb ............ åhUOo na_mËå`mMr Am{XeŠVr Amho.

2. H$ënZm~§YmVrb Am{X_ à{V_m§Zm .............. Ago åhUVmV.

3. Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm nÕVrMo _yi ómoV ............. Am{U ........... `m§À`m boIZmVAmho.

4. S>m°. H$_bm~mB© Xoenm§S>o `m§Zr ............. hm J§«W {b{hbm.

5. Am{X~§Y ho .............. AgVmV.

CÎma : 1) H$moëhmQ>rU, 2) {_WH$, 3) Ooåg \«o$Pa Am{U H$mb© w§J, 4) Anm¡éfo dmL²>_`, 5) d¡pídH$.

S>) `mo½` OmoS>çm Owidm.

A ~

1. gmZo JwéOr A) bmoH$gm{hË` _r_m§gm

2. S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o ~) Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm

3. S>m°. {dídmW qeXo H$) gÁOZJS>mdaMr bmoH$JrVo

4. _. gw. nmQ>rb S>) ór OrdZ

5. {d. H$m. amOdmS>o B) bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ñdê$n.

B©) gmO{eUJma.

CÎma : 1) - S>, 2) - B, 3) - A), 4) - ~, 5) - H$.

B) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao {bhm.

1. _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm emór` {Xem XoÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$moUr Ho$bm?

2. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg {dÚmnrR> nmVirda hmoÊ`mgmR>r _hmamï´>mV H$moUr Cn wŠV J«§W{Z{_©VrHo$br ?

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3. B§½b§S>À`m {~en Wm°_g nguZo H$moUË`m Jmoï>rV {deof bj KmVbo ?

4. ZmQ>H$mV bmoH$VÎdmMm gdmª{YH$ dmna H$moUr Ho$bm ?

5. gQ>drMr bmoH$H$Wm H$moUË`m Jmoï>rer gm_Ï © gmYVo ?

CÎma :

1. lr_Vr XwJm© ^mJdV.

2. S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o

3. nwamVZ dñVy§Mm g§J«h

4. {Jare H$Zm©S>

5. amOm B{S>ng

B XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``ZmMo ñdê$n gm§JyZ b{bV dmL²>_`mMo bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z H$go H$amdo Vogm§Jm.

2. bmoH$VÎd åhUOo H$m` ? Vo gm§JyZ b{bV gm{hË`mV bmoH$VÎdr` gm_J«r H$er oVo ? Vo gm§Jm.

3. Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm åhUOo H$m` ? Vo gm§JyZ bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Am{X~§YmË_H$ Aä`mgH$gm H$amdm ? Vo {bhm.

4. Am{X~§Y åhUOo H$m` ? Vo gm§JyZ Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjo{df`r {d{dY _Vo gm§Jm.

B bKwÎmar àíZ.

1. bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z nÕVrMo _hÎd gm§Jm.

2. bmoH$VËdmÀ`m {d{dY ì`m»`m gm§Jm.

3. H$ënZm~§Y åhUOo H$m` ?

4. Am{X~§Ym{df`r J§JmYa nmQ>rb `m§Mo _V g§Jm.

B Q>rnm {bhm.

1. H${dVoMo bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z.

2. J«m_rU Am{U X{bV gm{hË`mMo bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``Z.

3. Am{X~§Ym{df`r _. gw. nmQ>rb `m§Mo _V.

4. bmoH$H$WoVrb Am{X~§Y.

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7.7 CnH«$_

1. "Omo{V~m-`_mB©' bmoH$H$WoVrb Am{X~§Y emoYm.

2. åhUr, CImUo d dmH²$àMma `mVrb bmoH$VÎdo emoYm.

7.8 A{YH$ dmMZ :

1. g§V, bmoH$ Am{U A{^OZ : am. {M§. T>oao

2. Am{X~§YmË_H$ g_rjm : _. gw. nmQ>rb

3. ^maVr` a§J y_rÀ`m emoYmV : am. qM. T>oao

4. g§km g§H$ënZm H$moe : g§nm. dg§V Am~mOr S>hmHo$ Am{U BVa.

R R R

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8.1 C{Ôï>o

øm KQ>H$mÀ`m Aä`mgmZ§Va Amnë`mbm ;

· g§emoYZ åhUOo H$m`, g§emoYZ H$go H$amdo, `mMr _m{hVr {_iob.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZmMo doJionU bjmV oB©b.

· bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmgmR>r gd}jU H$go H$amdo, ho gm§JVm oB©b.

· joÌr` Am{U ñVar` g§emoYZmMo ñdê$n g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

· g§emoYZmMr nyd©V`mar, g§emoYH$mMo H$m © g_OyZ KoVm oB©b.

8.2 àmñVm{dH$

g§+emoYZ åhUOo emoY KoUo, Mm¡H$er H$aUo, H$miOrnyd©H$ V`ma H$ê$Z gË` g§emoYZmMm emór`

à`ËZ H$aUo hmo . ho g§emoYZ Á`m emór` nÕVtZr Ho$bo OmVo. Ë`m emñÌmbm g§emoYZ emó qH$dm

emoY{dÚmemó Ago åhQ>bo OmVo. {ZîH$f©, {ZU© Am{U g§Ho$V `m§Mr nwZV©nmgUr Am{U Aä`mgnyd©

{M{H$ËgH$ Ñï>r g§emoYH$mOdi Agbr nm{hOo. _mUyg emoY H$m KoVmo ? Ë`m emoYm_mJrb à_wI àoaUm

H$moUË`m? _mUgmÀ`m {R>H$mUr ~wÕr, _Z Am{U mdZm AgVmV. VgoM à~i {Okmgm Am{U g¥OZmË_H$Vmhr

AgVo. _mUyg Am{U A§V~m©ø{díd `m§À`m g§~§Ym{df`rMr {OkmgoVyZ nS>Umè`m àíZmVyZ emoY KoÊ`mMmÜ`mg gwê$ hmoVmo. Ë`mVyZ g§emoYZmÀ`m A{^{H«$ obm gwê$dmV hmoVo. OrdZ Am{U {dídahñ`mMo JyT>

CH$bÊ`mÀ`m B©î`}VyZ g§emoYZmbm gwê$dmV hmoVo. g§emoYZmVyZ kmZn«mßVr, ì`dhmamon`moJrnUm Am{U

g¥OZmMm AmZ§X {_iVmo. _J Vmo AmZ§X ~m¡{ÕH$ qH$dm _mZ{gH$ ñdê$nmMmhr Agy eHo$b. OJmVrb gd©

emoYZmnmR>r_mJo _mZdr OrdZ g_¥Õ Am{U g§nÞ H$aUo, hm CÔoe AgVmo. _mZdr OrdZmMr gd© joÌo

g§emoYZmZo ì`mnbr AmhoV. d¡km{ZH$ g§emoYZmMm {df` "dñVy' AgVmo. gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmMm {df`

"_mUyg' AgVmo. Va gm{hË` g§emoYZmMm {df` "gm{hË`' hm AgVmo. ho gm{hË` {b{IV AWdm _m¡{IH$Agy eH$Vo. `m {VÝhr g§emoYZmV emoYnÕVr g_mZ AmhoV. e§H$m CnpñWV hmoUo, {VMo ñdê$n Ý`mhmiUo,

g_ñ`m gmoS>dUwH$sMm A§XmO ~m§YUo, J¥{hVHo$ {ZpíMV H$aUo, _yi Jmä`mn ªV nmohmoMUo Am{U {ZîH$f©

H$mT>Uo `m à{H«$`m {VÝhr g§emoYZmV g_mZ AgVmV. na§Vw gm{hË` g§emoYZmV _mZd{Z{_©V "gm{hË`' hm

KQ>H$ : 8

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZ nÕVr

B joÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVr B ñVar` g§emoYZ nÕVr

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XñVEodO à_o {gÕm§V AgVmo. Ë`m_wio d¡km{ZH$, gm_m{OH$ g§emoYZmnojm gm{hË` g§emoYZmMo à`moOZ,Ü o Am{U C{Ôï>ço ñdV§Ì R>aVmV.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr \$ma _moR>r Agë`mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§emoYZ hr Jw§VmJw§VrMr ~m~ Amho.bmoH$gm{hË`mMo ~hþVm§er g§emoYZ joÌr` Aä`mgmda AmYmabobo Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§emoYZ joÌr`Am{U ñVar` nÕVrZo hmoVo. VgoM {b{IV Am{U _m¡{IH$ gm{hË`mMm nañna g§~§Y bjmV KoD$Z g§emoYZH$amdo bmJVo. àñVwV KQ>H$mV bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZ nÕVrMm nam_e© AmnU KoUma AmhmoV. Ë`mM~amo~ag§emoYH$mbm oUmè`m AS>MUr, _`m©Xm Am{U nyd©V`mar `m§Mm {dMma H$aUma AmhmoV.

8.3 {df` {ddoMZ

_mUgm_Ü o BVa àmÊ`m§nojm ñ_aUeŠVr, VH©$ewÕ {dMma Am{U gm¢X © mdZm `m Jmoï>r A{YH$AmhoV. _mZdmZo Amnë`m _yi àoaUm, ñWbH$mb g§X^m©V g§ñH$ma H$ê$Z Ë`m CÞV Ho$ë`m. Ë`mVyZ Ë`mZoAmnbr g§ñH¥$Vr, OrdZnÕVr ~Z{dbr. Amnë`m X¡Z§{XZ OrdZmVrb {ZarjUo Am{U AZw dmÀ`m AmYmamdag§emoYZ Ho$bo. {dkmZ-V§ÌkmZm_wio b{bVH$bm, {MÌo, {eëno `m§Mo _hÎd H$_r hmoUma Ago H$mhrOUm§ZmdmQ>V hmoVo. nU H$bm§Mo _hÎd dmT>VM Jobo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZmMr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©UPmbr. `m g§emoYZm{df`r AmVm AmnU g{dñVa _m{hVr KoD$`m.

8.4 bmoH$gm{hË` g§emoYZ

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZmV _hÎdmMr ~m~ åhUOo g§emoYZmbm bmJUmar gmYZgm_J«r. Vr àË`jjoÌr` {ZarjUo, Zm|Xr, dñVy, _wbmIV, MMm© AmXtVyZ OmUrdnyd©H$ Am{U H$miOrnyd©H$ Jmoim H$amdrbmJVo. nU _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg _w{ÐV gmYZm§Zm PwH$Vo _mn XoD$Z hmoV Amho. hr g§emoYZmbm_maH$ ~m~ Amho. àma§ rÀ`m bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZmV ^mfmemókm§Mm à^md hmoVm. ho AmnU _mJrbKQ>H$mV nm{hbo AmhoM. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZm~m~V S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo `m§À`m _Vo B§J«Or 'Folklore'

`m eãXmbm _amR>r "bmoH${dÚm' hm n`m© r eãX gwM{dbm, Vmo ê$T> Pmbm. Ë`mVrb "gm{hË`' (^mfm /_m¡{IH$ / {b{IV) hm eãX g§{hVm `m AWm©Zo dmnabm OmD$ bmJbm. 'Lore' `m AWm©Mr g§H$ënZm ñnï>H$aUmam eãX _amR>rV Ambm Zmhr. Ë`m_wio _amR>rV bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg ^mfm{Y{ð>V g§{hVoV hmoVZmhr. bmoH$ Am{dîH$ma d A{^ì`ŠVr ho bmoH$gm{hË`mMo _hÎdmMo A§J "gm{hË`' `m àH$mamV g_m{dï>hmoV Zmhr. bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$H$bm Aä`mgmMr gd©gmYmaUnUo gmYZgm_J«r gmaIrM Agbr VarXmohm|Mo àH$Q>rH$aU hoVy {^Þ Agë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgH$m§Zr S>m°. _moaOo `m§À`m _VmMr Zm|XKoUo Amdí`H$ R>aVo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§emoYZ H$aVmZm g§emoYZ-{df`, g§emoYZ-hoVy gmYZgm_J«rMr{ZdS> `m~m~V {ZpíMV ñdê$n R>adyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. AmVm bmoH$gm{hË`mMm joÌr` Vnerbdma{ZarjUmVyZ g§{hVm, g§X ©, gmXarH$aUmgh Aä`mg hmoUo Amdí`H$ R>aV Amho. `mgmR>r Zdr g§emoYZÑï>r, joÌr` Aä`mg, Ë`m§Mo Cn`moOZ `m Jmoï>r OmUrdnyd©H$ bjmV ¿`m`bm hì`mV.

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S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo `m§Zr bmoH$gm{hË` g§emoYZmMr AmOMr g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n nwT>rbà_mUo{dfX Ho$bo Amho.

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg{df` Amho; Vmo _mZdr ñd^mdmÀ`m VÎdkmZmMmAä`mg hmoVmo.

2. bmoH$gm{hË` hr gmè`m _mZdOmVrMr _mb_Îmm Amho.

3. bmoH$gm{hË` Aä`mgmV _mUgmVrb pñWa ñd^md d¡{eï>ço H$moUVr Am{U ~XbVr ê$no H$moUVrVr g_OyZ KoVm oVmV.

4. EH$mM g§ñH¥$Vr na§naoV dmdê$Z bmoH$gm{hË`mVrb H$m`_ ñdê$nr H$m` Am{U ~XbVo H$m` Vog_OV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r EH$m bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrZo Xwgar bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr g_OyZ KoVbr nm{hOo.

6. Aem Aä`mgm_wio _mZdr ñd^mdmMr AmoiI hmoVo; gm§ñH¥${VH$ ~iH$Q>r oVo. (bmoH$gm{hË` :~XbVo g§X^© - ~XbVr ê$no, S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo, n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ 15)

darb g§H$ënZm bjmV KoD$Z bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§emoYZ Jm§ r`m©Zo hmoUo JaOoMo Amho. Ë`mgmR>rg§emoYH$ `mo½` nmÌVoMm Agmdm bmJVmo. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZmMo VrZ àH$ma S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o `m§Zrgm§{JVbo AmhoV Vo nwT>rbà_mUo;

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmMr AmdS> AgUmao - bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ H$aUo hm Á`mMm N>§XAmho Aem ì`ŠVr.

2. g§emoYZ nXdrgmR>r g§emoYZ H$aUmao qH$dm ñdV:À`m emoYH$m`m©gmR>r g§H$bZ H$aUmao.

3. g§ñWm§À`mdVrZo Ogo {dÚmnrR>, g§emoYZ-g§ñWm `m§À`m dVrZo g§H$bZmMo H$m`© H$aUmè`mì`ŠVr.

`màH$mao g§emoYH$m§Mr JUZm hmoVo. nU àË oH$ g§emoYH$mMm hoVy hm bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg hmMAgVmo. ^maVmV bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm \$maM C{eam gwê$dmV Pmbr. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`mg§emoYZmgmR>r Amdí`H$ AgUmar g§emoYZnÕVr {gÕ Pmbobr Zmhr. AOyZhr hm Aä`mg g§H$bZmÀ`mMnmVirda a|JmiV Amho. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmV bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZ, {díbofUmÀ`mAä`mgmbm \$ma _hÎd Amho. g§emoYZ g_ñ`m {ZpíMV Ho$ë`mZ§Va g§emoYZmbm àma§ hmoVmo. H$moUË`mg§emoYZ nÕVr dmnaë`m Va g_ñ`oMr CH$b H$aVm `oB©b, Ë`mg§~§Yr _ZmV {dMma Ho$bm nm{hOo._mJ©Xe©H$m§Mo _mJ©Xe©Z KoVbo nm{hOo. g_ñ`m {dYmZmMo nÕVera {díbofU Ho$bo, Va H$moUË`m {XeoZoOm`Mo, H$moUË`m nÕVr dmnamd`mÀ`m `m {df`rMo {MÌ S>moiçmg_moa C^o amhVo. boH$gm{hË`mÀ`mg§emoYZmV joÌr` Am{U ñVar` nÕVrbm _hÎd Amho. `m XmoZ nÕVtMm AmnU g{dñVa nam_e© KoD$.

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6.4.1 joÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVr

B§J«Or ^mfoV Á`mbm 'Field work' Ago g§~moYbo OmVo, Ë`mbm _amR>rV "joÌr` Aä`mg' AgoåhUVmV. g§emoYH$mZo {ZdS>boë`m {df`mda AmYm[aV AgUmè`m Aä`mg gm_J«rMo g§H$bZ H$aÊ`mgmR>rIoS>çmnmS>çmV, dmS>çmdñVrda Omdo bmJVo. VoWrb bmoH$m§Zm oQy>Z, _wbmIVr, MMm© d _m{hVr ¿`mdrbmJVo. Am{Xdmgr qH$dm bmoH$H$bmd§Vm§Zm oQy>Z Ë`m§À`mH$S>o AgUmar bmoH$JrVo, bmoH$H$Wm, åhUr,dmH²$àMma, H$moS>r, bmoH$ZmQ>çmÀ`m g§{hVm àmá H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. bmoH$H$bm§Mo Üd{Z_wÐU qH$dm{MÌrH$aU H$ê$Z _m{hVr g§H$bZ H$amdo bmJVo. àg§Jr Ë`m{R>H$mUr {Q>nUo H$mT>mdr bmJVmV. AemàH$maÀ`m Aä`mgmbm joÌr` Aä`mg Ago åhUVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmMohr emó Agë`mMopñQ>W Wm°_gZ `m§Zr 'Four Simposia' `m J«§WmVrb Ë`m§À`m boImV gm§{JVbo Amho. JmëQ>ñQ>rZ Ho$ZoW`m§Zr 'A guide for field workers in Folklore' `m J«§WmV g§H$bZmg§~§YrÀ`m g_ñ`m, g§H$bZmMrV`mar, g§H$bH$mZo joÌr` H$m © H$aVmZm ¿`md`mMr H$miOr `mg§~§Yr {dñV¥V {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. Jm°_`m§À`m 'The Handbook of Folklore' `m J«§WmV g§H$bZmÀ`m nÕVrg§~§Yr {ddoMZ Ho$bo Amho. Ë`m§ZrË`mV EH$ àíZmdbr {Xbr Amho. S>m°. gË |Ð `m§À`m "bmoH$gm{hË` {dkmZ' `m qhXr J«§WmV `mg§~§Yr EH$àH$aU {Xbo Amho. S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo `m§Zr "bmoH$gm{hË` : joÌr` Aä`mg' ZmdmMm ñdV§Ì J«§W {b{hbmAmho. AmVm AmnU joÌr` Aä`mgmMr nyd©V`mar H$er H$amdr ? Vo _m{hV H$ê$Z KoD$`m.

8.4.2 joÌr` Aä`mgmMr nyd©V`mar

1. g§emoYH$mZo joÌr` Aä`mg H$moUË`m joÌm{df`r H$amdm Vo {dMmanyd©H$ R>admdo.

2. nma§n[aH$ bmoH$H$bm àH$mam§À`m Aä`mgmgmR>r ^m¡{VH$ gw{dYm Agboë`m joÌmV Omdo H$sOmD$ Z o Vo Aä`mgH$mZo R>admdo.

3. joÌr` H$m_mgmR>r {H$Vr H$mbmdYr bmJob, `mMo {Z`moOZ H$amdo.

4. Amnë`m hmoUmè`m Am{W©H$ IMm©Mo {Z`moOZ H$amdo. Amnë`mbm H$mhr g§ñWm qH$dm ì`ŠVtH$Sy>ZAW©ghmæ` {_iob H$m` ? `mMr Mm¡H$er H$amdr.

5. `mnydu àH$m{eV Pmbobo bmoH$gm{hË`, g§J«h, {Z`VH$m{bHo$, boIg§J«h `m§Mm Aä`mg H$amdm.bmoH$gm{hË`m{df`r {ZJS>rV BVa {df`m§Mohr dmMZ H$amdo. CXm. B{Vhmg, gm{hË`, _mZdemó,^mfmemó, g_mOemó, _mZgemó AmXr {df`m§darb J«§W d gmYZo, bmoH$gm{hË`mMrg§H$ënZm A{YH$ ñnï> H$aÊ`mgmR>r dmMUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

6. g§ñH¥$VrMr g§H$ënZm ñnï> H$ê$Z ¿`mdr.

7. g§~§YrV joÌmVrb gm_m{OH$ g§ñWm§Mr _m{hVr H$ê$Z ¿`mdr.

8. Ë`m joÌmVrb àH$m{eV nm¡am{UH$, Ym{_©H$, H$bm {df`H$ _m{hVr g§J«{hV H$amdr.

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9. Ë`m àXoemMm n«dmg, {Zdmg, añVo, hm°Q>ob dJ¡ao _m{hVr H$éZ ¿`mdr.

10. Ë`m àXoemVrb Amamo½` ì`dñWm, bmoH$g§»`m, gmjaVm à_mU, dm{f©H$ CËnÞmMo VŠVo,{ejU g§ñWm§Mr _m{hVr, gaH$mar d AÝ` nÌHo$, Ahdmb dJ¡ao g§J«{hV H$amdoV.

11. ñWm{ZH$ B{Vhmg g_OyZ ¿`mdm.

12. ñWm{ZH$ bmoH${à` X¡{ZHo$, _m{gH$ d {Z`VH$m{bHo$ dmMmdrV.

13. Ë`m n[agamV dmnabr OmUmar, ~mobr, J«m§{WH$ ^mfm, ^mfm§Mo H$moe CnbãY AgVrb VaOdi R>odmdoV.

14. nydu Á`m g§J«hH$mZo Ë`m joÌmV Aem ñdê$nmMo H$m_ Ho$bobo Agob, Aem g§J«mhH$mer g§nH©$gmYyZ _m{hVr ¿`mdr. Ë`m joÌmVrb bmoH$ dmJm`bm - ~mobm`bm H$go AmhoV? Ë`m joÌmVH$moUË`m Aä`mgnÕVr dmnaUo gmo rMo R>aob ? Ë`m bmoH$m§V H$moUË`m Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$~m~r dÁ © _mZVmV ? BË`mXr _m{hVr {_iy eHo$b. AWm©V AmYrMm g§J«mhH$ {VVH$m _moR>çm_ZmMm Aä`mgH$ AgUo JaOoMo Amho.

15. A{bH$S>o XyaXe©Z, AmH$medmUr, _m{hVrnQ> BË`mXr Ûmam Ë`m Ë`m ñWim§Mr Ym{_©H$, gm_m{OH$,gm§ñH¥${VH$, Eo{Vhm{gH$ _m{hVr {Xbr OmVo. g§J«mhH$mZo Aem gmYZmÛmam AmnUmbm Ano{jV_m{hVr {_idmdr.

16. Zm|Xdhr, N>moQ>çm S>m`è`m, nw{Ç>H$m, noZ, nopÝgb `m Jmoï>r ~amo~a ¿`mì`mV. `m gm_J«r~amo~agmo~V H°$_oam ¿`mdm. bmoH$H$bmd§Vm§Mo N>m`m{MÌ H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r VgoM Ë`m§À`m H$boMo à`moJgwê$ AgVmZm N>m`m{MÌo ¿`mdrV. EH$ _hÎdmMm nwamdm Amnë`mOdi amhVmo.

17. H°$_oè`m~amo~a Q>onaoH$m°S>©aMrhr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Q>onaoH$m°S>©aÀ`m ghmæ`mZo JrVm§Mo, H$bm§MoÜd{Z_wÐU H$aVm `oVo.

18. hmXJm, ZmJn§M_r, Jm¡ar mdoir åhQ>ë`m OmUmè`m órJrVm§Mo g§H$bZ H$aÊ`mgmR>r Aä`mgH$mZoAMyH$ doi gmYyZ Ë`m {R>H$mUr Omdo.

19. Á`m joÌmV AmnU OmUma AmhmoV; VoWrb à{V{ð>V bmoH$, A{YH$mar, AmñWm XmI{dUmè`mZmJ[aH$m§er g§nH©$ gmYmdm. hm g§nH©$ n[a{MVmH$Sy>Z, AmoiIr Am{U gbJrVyZ {Z_m©U hmoB©b.

20. Ë`m-Ë`m n[agambm emo ob Agm nmoemI H$amdm. Ë`m_wio Ë`m§À`mV {_giUo, g§dmX gmYUogmono OmB©b.

21. Á`m ì`ŠVtZm AmnU oQ>Uma AmhmoV. Ë`m§À`mer AmYr g§nH©$ gmYUo, nÌì`dhma H$aUo,_hÎdmMo Amho. Ë`m§Zm oQ>rMr H$ënZm Úmdr, VmarI, doi {ZpíMV H$amdr. H$mhr doimg§emoYH$mbm g§~§YrV ì`ŠVr oQ>Uma ZmhrV. Ë`m_wio ZmamO Z hmoVm {MH$mQ>r R>odmdr.

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22. eharH$aUmZo bmoH$na§naoVrb AZoH$ JmooQ>r Zï> hmoV AmhoV. na§nam gm§ miÊ`mgmR>r bmoH$H$bmg§{jßVnUo gmXa Ho$ë`m OmVmV. Ë`m_wio Aä`mgH$mZo hr ~m~ Ü`mZmV R>odbr nm{hOo. AÝ`Wmg§jonrH$aU hoM H$boMo Iao ñdê$n Agm J¡ag_O hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

`m nÕVrZo joÌr` g§emoYZmMr nyd©V`mar H$amdr. àg§JnaËdo V`mar_Ü o ~Xb hmoD$ eH$Vmo, hobjmV ¿`mdo. darbà_mUo g§H$bZ Pmë`mZ§Va g§H$bZnÌ V`ma H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. CXmhaUmW©bmoH$JrVm§Mo g§H$bZ Agob Va g§H$bZnÌmV bmoH$JrV H$moUmH$Sy>Z CnbãY Pmbo, Ë`m ì`ŠVrMo Zmd,{R>H$mU, bmoH$JrVmMo erf©H$, JrVmMr n{hbr Amoi, JrVH$mamMo Zmd, Jmd, nÎmm, VmarI, bmoH$JrVmMoH$bmË_H$, VmpÎdH$ _hÎd B. dJ©dma Zm|Xr H$amì`mV. Ho$boë`m joÌr` Aä`mgmMo emór` nÕVrZo{díbofU H$aUo _hÎdmMo AgVo.

8.4.3 g§emoYH$mMo H$m ©

àË`j joÌmda g§emoYH$mZo H$go H$m_ H$amdo ?

1. g§emoYH$mÀ`m Aä`mgmà_mUo gmXa hmoUmè`m bmoH$H$bm àH$mamV BVa bmoH$H$bmH$mam§à_mUoH$m ©H«$_mV gh^mJr hmoUo Am{U H$bmàH$ma g_OmdyZ KoUo. CXm. n§T>anyaÀ`m `mÌoV dmaH$aråhUyZ dmarVyZ OmUo, gm¢XÎmrÀ`m `mÌoV ^ŠV åhUyZ gh^mJr hmoUo.

2. àË`j joÌmVrb Ano{jV Jmoï>tMo {ZarjU H$aUo, Ë`m§À`m ì`dpñWV Zm|Xr H$aUo, Pmboë`mH$m_mMm Ahdmb V`ma H$aUo, bmoH$g_yhmV àË`jmV H$m`©aV AgVmZmMo gm_m{OH$,gm§ñH¥${VH$, Ym{_©H$ g§X^© Zm|X H$aUo.

3. bmoH$H$bm§Mo à`moJ hmoV AgVmZm gyú_ {ZarjU H$aUo. åhUOo bmoH$gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`mOmUyZ KoVm oB©b. Ë`mÀ`m~amo~a bmoH$ gm{hË`mMr ghO hmoUmar AmdV©Zo, Zm|XÊ`mMr Ñï>r,Pmboë`m Om{Udm Zm|XUo _hÎdmMo Amho.

4. ñdm^m{dH$ qH$dm A{V{ZH$Q>À`m g§X^m©À`m Odi OmUo.

5. ^m¡{VH$ g§X © (CXm. Ka, gOmdQ>, gmYZo B.) bjmV ¿`mdoV.

6. gyÌYma qH$dm Zm`H$ H$m ©H«$_mMo gyÌg§MmbZ H$go H$aVmo, nmÌm§Mo, g§dmXmMo ñdê$n, gmXarH$aUe¡br, {d^«_, Q>miçm dmO{dUo, S>moio {\$adUo, _m¡Z, àoojH$m§Mm gh^mJ B. gh^mJmMoñdê$n bjmV KoUo.

7. H$m ©H«$_ gmXarH$aUmg {H$Vr doi bmJbm ? gmXarH$aUmVrb KQ>H$m§Mm, AZwH«$_ _Ü §VamgmR>r{H$Vr doi Jobm ? KQ>H$mZwgma H$m ©H«$_mMo dU©Z, Amboë`m AS>MUr, Ë`m§Mo {ZamH$aU H$goHo$bo ? ho {Q>nyZ KoUo.

8. àojH$m§Mr à{V{H«$`m, H$m`©H«$_mVrb gm¢X`©{df`H$ OmUrdm, JwUdÎmog§~§Yr ~mobUo, àH$Q>^md^mdZm `m{df` _Vo OmUyZ KoUo.

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9. g§J«mhH$mbm bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mamMr _m¡{IH$ qH$dm Aja g§{hVm {OWë`m{VWo {bhÿZ H$mT>UoH$R>rU AgVo. nU Hy$Q>àíZ, |S>çm, MwQ>Ho$ dJ¡ao bhmZ AmH$mamMo gm{hË` àH$ma {bhÿZ KoUoeŠ` AgVo. {ZdoXZmbm XrK© Agboë`m _m¡{IH$ g§{hVm _m{hVr XoUmè`mH$Sy>Z qH$dmH$m ©H«$_mÀ`m doir bmoH$m§H$Sy>Z {_i{dUo gmo rMo R>aVo.

10. {ejUmMr Zm|X hmoVmZm g§J«mhH$mZo, dñVw{Zð> y{_Ho$VyZ Á`m AdñWoV Ogo KS>bo Ë`mMo dU©Z¿`md`mMo AgVo. {ZarjH$mZo nm{hbobo gd© H$mhr Zm|X{dUo ho Ë`mÀ`m AmdmŠ`mVrb ZgVo.nU Ë`mÀ`m Zm|Xr øm g§nyU© H$m`H©«$_mÀ`m g§X^m©Vrb {ZdS> AgVo. Aer {ZdS> H$ê$Z Zm|XrKoUo åhUOo, Ë`m H$m ©H«$_mMm Vmo AÝd`mW© AgVmo.

11. Á`m I~è`mH$Sy>Z _m{hVr {_idbr Agob Ë`mÀ`mer gVVMm g§nH©$ amIyZ, Ano{jV ÌwQ>r^ê$Z H$mT>Ê`mgmR>r _wbmIVrÛmam Ë`mMm nmR>nwamdm H$arV am{hë`mg MwH$m XwéñV H$ê$Z¿`mì`mV.

12. Ë`mM àH$maMm à`moJ nmhÿZ Xwgè`m {ZarjH$m§Zr {ZarjUo Zm|Xdbr AgVrb Va Ë`m {ZarjUmerAmnbr {ZarjUo nS>VmiyZ nhmdrV. Amnë`m {ZarjUmVrb A{YH$-CUonUm gwYmê$Z ¿`mdm.

13. bmoH$gm{hË` Aä`mgmÀ`m Ñï>rZo {MÌ\$sV (pìhS>rAmo ewQ>tJ) Ano{jV hoVy gmYÊ`mgmR>rCn`moJr gmYZ Amho. Ë`mÀ`m ghmæ`mZo Oo Jw§VmJw§VrMo, EH$_oH$m§V {_gibobo g§X © dñVw{Zð>nUo{MÌU H$ê$Z Zm|Xr H$aVm `oVrb.

14. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZm_Ü o JrV qH$dm H$Wm `mà_mUo _§Ì, åhUr BË`mXr {bhÿZ KoVmV._yi CÀMma H$m`_ R>odÊ`mMm à`ËZ H$amdm bmJVmo. H$mhr doim eãXmMm AW© H$iV ZmhrVmon ªV eãXmMo _yi ê$n H$m`_ R>odmdo bmJVo. eãXH$moemV Z AmT>iUmao AZoH$ eãX JrVmVoVmV. Ë`m§Mo AW© JrV gm§JUmè`mbm {dMmê$Z KoUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. Ë`mMr _m{hVr Zgob

Varhr Vmo eãX _wim~mahþHy$_ {bhÿZ KoUo Oê$a AgVo.

15. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ qH$dm Aä`mg H$aÊ`mgmR>r g§~§{YV àXoemÀ`m gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{Ugm_m{OH$ OrdZmMr nmhUr H$aUo Amdí`H$ AgVo. åhUyZ Oo gd}jU H$amdo bmJVo Ë`mgmR>rEH$ {dñV¥V àíZmdbr V`ma H$amdr. Ë`m AmYmao gd}jU H$ê$Z _m{hVr {_idmdr.

B _wbmIV

_wbmIV hm bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$H$bm g§H$bZmVrb Am{U g§emoYZmVrb _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho.J«m_rU Am{U Am{Xdmgr n[agamV amhUmè`m ór-nwéf d bmoH$H$bmd§VmMr _wbmIV ¿`mdr bmJVo._wbmIVrMm H$ÀMm AmamIS>m åhUOo H$moUVo àíZ {dMmamdoV Vo {ZpíMV H$amdoV. _wbmIVrMo ñdê$nì`pŠVnaÎdo ~Xby eH$Vo. nU nwT>rbà_mUo _wÔo _wbmIVrV AgmdoV.

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1. ì`ŠVrMo Zmd, Jmd, OÝ_ñWi, OmV, {ejU.

2. _wbmIVrMo {R>H$mU.

3. Hw$Qw>§~mVrb ì`ŠVr

4. Hw$Qw>§~mMm Am{U KamÊ`mMm B{Vhmg.

5. àmXo{eH$ na§nam.

6. àmßV Pmbobo _mZgÝ_mZ d nm[aVmo{fHo$

7. AmdS>Vo N>§X, H$bm, H$m¡eë o B.

8. gm{hpË`H$, gm_m{OH$ MidirVrb gh^mJ.

9. OrdZmVrb Anojm, Ü oæ` BË`mXr.

10. g§H$brV gm_J«rMo erf©H$, ~maH$mdo, ñdê$n.

11. gmXarH$aUmMm àH$ma, AmYrMo ê$n Am{U H$mbnaËdo hmoV Jobobo ~Xb.

12. H$boÀ`m gmXarH$aUmMr gmYZo.

13. H$boMr {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m, g§{hVm.

14. àojH$m§À`m à{V{H«$`m.

15. A{dñ_aUr` àg§J.

16. AÝ` _m{hVr.

darbà_mUo _m{hVr {dMmê$Z _wbmIV XoUmè`mMm H$b, ñd^md{deof nmhÿZ àíZ {dMmamdoV.bmoH$H$bmd§Vm§Mr AmoiI nQ>{dUmao dU©Z AmnU {bhÿZ R>odmdo qH$dm N>m`m{MÌ ¿`mdo. _wbmIV KoVmZmñdV: H$_r Am{U Amdí`H$ VodT>o ~mobmdo. _wbmIV XoUmè`mbm A{YH$ ~mobVo H$amdo. eŠ` {VVH$s_m{hVr H$mT>mdr. Amnë`mbm hì`m Agboë`m {ZîH$fm©n ªV OmD$Z _m{hVr nwar H$amdr.

8.4.5 bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ H$aVmZm oUmè`m AS>MUr

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo g§H$bZ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Agbo Var ho H$m © gmono Zmhr. Ë`mV AZoH$AS>MUr {Z_m©U hmoVmV. `m g§H$bZmMo _hÎd g§H$bH$mÀ`m Ñï>rZo Agbo Var gm_J«r XoUmè`m§À`m Ñï>rZoZgVo. g§H$bH$mÀ`m à`ËZm{df`r Ë`m§À`m _ZmV g§e` {Z_m©U hmoVmo. g§H$bH$ hm JwßV nmobrg Agob,{ZéÚmoJr ì`ŠVr Agob qH$dm ZmpñVH$ Agob Ago g_OyZ ghH$m © {_iV Zmhr. Ë`mgmR>r n[a{MVì`ŠVr gmo~V AgUo Amdí`H$ Amho.

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g§H$bZmgmR>r OoWo Om`Mo Amho Vmo ^mJ AZoH$ Ñï>rZo {^Þ ñdê$nmMm AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.amhUr_mZ, ~mobUo-MmbUo, ar{V[admO `m_Ü o \$aH$ AgÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. `mÌm, OÌm, gU,CËgd Á`m H$mbmdYrV AgVmV; Ë`mM H$mbmdYrV g§H$bH$mZo Omdo. Á`mdoir g§J«mhH$ Á`m {R>H$mUrOmB©b, Ë`mdoir bmoH$JrVo JmUmao qH$dm bmoH$H$Wm gm§JUmao emar[aH$ qH$dm _mZ{gH$ X¥ï>rZo gm§JÊ`mÀ`m_Z:pñWVrV AgVrbM Ago Zmhr. Aem doir nwZ: nwÝhm Omdo bmJVo. H$mhr doim lmoVo Agë`m{edm`Jmoï> gm§JVm oV Zmhr. OmË`mda ~gë`m{edm` Amodr gwMV Zmhr. _`V Pmë`m{edm` Hw§$^mam§À`m"S>hmH$m' åhQ>ë`m OmV ZmhrV. H$mhr JmUr {d{eï> {dYr{edm` åhUy Z oV Agm g§Ho$V AgVmo. g§H$bH$mZoAem pñWVrV àË`j JmÊ`m§Mo gmXarH$aU Mmby AgVmZm qH$dm {dYr Mmby AgVmZm OmUo Amdí`H$AgVo. H$mhr XodñWmZmÀ`m {R>H$mUr qH$dm {dYràg§Jr N>m`m{MÌo KoD$ XoV ZmhrV. bmoH$JrVmgmR>r {ó`m§MoghH$m © {_iV Zmhr. Ë`m§Zm nVr qH$dm KamVrb _§S>itMr nadmZJrMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. H$mhrdoimJrVmgmR>r H$moagMr Amdí`H$Vm AgVo. Aem AZoH$ AS>MUr ì`ŠVr, ñWi, H$mb, àg§J naËdo {Z_m©UhmoD$ eH$VmV. Ago Agbo Var g§emoYH$mZo {Zame Z hmoVm {MH$mQ>r R>odmdr. VaM g§emoYZ H$m © nyU© hmoD$eHo$b.

8.4.6 joÌr` gd}jU Z_wZm

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmbm joÌr` g§H$bZ H$aVmZm AdVr^dVrÀ`m nyaH$ g§X^mªMr Zm|X ¿`mdrbmJVo. gd}jU H$aVmZm bmoH$mMmamMm d bmoH$ê$T>tMm Vnerb ~maH$mB©Zo Zm|Xdmdm bmJVmo. Ë`mVyZgm_m{OH$ ñVa oXhr bjmV ¿`mdo bmJVmV. {d{dY Aä`mgàH$mamgmR>r Ago gd}jU _hÎdmMo R>aVo.

A) bmoH$H$bm àH$mam§Mo gd}jU

bmoH$H$bm àH$mamMo Zmd : OmJaU, nmodmS>m, ~hþê$nr BË`mXr {ZdS>boë`m àH$mamMo Zmd

bmoH$bmd§VmMr gh^mJr hmoÊ`mMr nÕV : ñd`§ñ\y$V© H$s ê$T>r-na§naoZo, KamÊ`mVrb arVr-[admOmZwgma ZdgmMm ^mJ åhUyZ Xodmbm dm{hbobm / dm{hbobr åhUyZ, ì`dgm`mMm ^mJ åhUyZ qH$dmAÝ` H$maUmZo gh^mJ KoVbm ? nyU© doi H$s àmg§{JH$, OmV, qbJ H$moUË`m OmVr-Y_m©Mm BË`mXr Zm|XrH$aUo.

nmofmI : nmofmI H$moUË`m nÕVrMm hmoVm ? gmYr dóo H$s ^aOar, gbdma-Hw$S>Vm, YmoVa-gmodio, qMÜ`m, {ngm§Mo dó, {eanoM - _moa{ngmMm H$s Mm§Xr - gmoÝ`mMm, S>moŠ`mda nJS>r - Q>monrCnaUo H$s ~moS>Ho$M. Ho$g dmT>dbobo H$s _w§S>U Ho$bobo BË`mXr Zm|Xr H$aUo. dómMo a§J H$moUVo `m~m~VVnerb.

dmÚo Am{U gmYZo : T>mob-Vmem, Q>mi-_¥Xw§J, Pm§Om, {Mnir, V~bm-noQ>r, {Q>nar, nw§Jr,T>mobH$s, Kw_Ho$, hbJr, bo{P_ BË`mXr.

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`....14

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gmXarH$aUmMo ñWi-H$mi : bmoH$H$bm àH$ma Ho$ìhm gmXa H$aVmV ? Hw$imMmamZwgma,F$Vw_mZmZwgma, eoVr - {eH$marÀ`m H¥$Vr-H$_m©Zwgma, ~mago-_{V©H$mXr {dYrÀ`m doir, {Xdgm H$s amÌr,H$moUË`m {Xder, {VWrbm, gU CËgdmbm, A_mdñ`m H$m nm¡{U©_m BË`mXr Zm|Xr.

lmoVo : lmoË`m§Mo d§e, OmV, qbJmZwgma Vnerb. H$moUË`mhr OmVr-O_mVr, EH$mM JmdMo H$s BVaJmdmVrb bmoH$ gh^mJr hmoVmV BË`mXr Vnerb.

XoUJr, X{jUm B. : bmoH$H$bmd§Vm§Zm XoUJr, {~XmJr, X{jUm, amoI, YmÝ`mÀ`m ê$nmV, dñVyqH$dm àmÊ`m§À`m ê$nmZo {Xbr OmVo Ë`mMm Vnerb.

ImÚnXmW© : àgmX qH$dm ^moOZmMm àH$ma, emH$mhmar-_m§gmhmar, VrW©àgmXmMo ñdê$n-Xhr,bmøm, ZmaimMo nmUr qH$dm Imo~ao; gmIa BË`mXr Z¡doÚmMo nXmW© H$moUVo BË`mXr Vnerb.

`m Zm|Xrdê$Z bmoH$H$bm§Mm gm_m{OH$ Am{U gm§ñH¥${VH$ Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo. VgoM bmoH$H$bm§Moñdê$n g_OyZ KoVm oVo.

Am) ñWmZ _mhmËå`

VrW©joÌ, XodñWmZ, CËgmh BË`mXr {R>H$mUm§Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ d ^m¡Jmo{bH$ _hÎd OmUyZ KoÊ`mgmR>rnwT>rb _wÚmZwgma Zm|Xr H$amì`mV.

1. J«m_Zm_

2. bmoH$g§»`m.

3. ñWm{ZH$ OmVr-O_mVr, Ë`m§Mr bmoH$g§»`m.

4. J«m_Zm_mMr d ñWmZ_hmËå`mMr CËnÎmrH$Wm.

5. ñWm{ZH$ {H$„o, JT>çm, ~wê$O, w mao, Q>oH$S>çm, S>m|Ja, ZXr, Vbmd, dmS>o-dñË`m, Xodmb o,_R>, _erX, nra, AmoT>o, S>moh, Pao `m§Mr Zmdo, Ë`m{df`rÀ`m CËnÎmr H$Wm, X§VH$Wm,Am»`m{`H$m, bmoH$g_OwVr BË`mXr.

6. ñWm{ZH$ `mÌm, CËgd, ~mOma, _oio, Cê$g, gmYw-g§V, draJi, qXS>çm, dmè`m, Hw$ñË`m,e ©Vr `m§Mm Vnerb.

7. draJi, gmYy-nwéf `m§À`m M[aÌ H$Wm, Am»`m{`H$m.

8. J«m_XodVm§{df`rÀ`m lÕm-g_OwVr, Zdg, emn-C:emnmÀ`m H$Wm, BË`mXr.

B) ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$g_OwVr, lÕm g§Ho$Vm§Mo gd}jU :

1. ñWm{ZH$ bmoH$moËgd, OÌm, gU-g_ma§ mV H$bm§Mo gmXarH$aU H$aUmar KamUr, Ë`m§Mr gm_m{OH$nmíd© y_r, Ë`m§À`m gh^mJmMr àoaUm, na§nam ê$T>r `m§Mo Vnerb, Ë`m§Zm {_iUmar {~XmJr,

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X{jUm, XoUJr Ë`m§Mr gmYZgm_J«r, Vr {_i{dÊ`mMm Vnerb d Ë`mVrb BVaoOZm§Mm gh^mJË`m§À`m Zm|Xr, gh^mJr hmoUmè`m H$bmd§Vm§Zr nmimd`mMr d«Vo, Cnmg-Vmnmg, b½Z H$aUoBË`mXr Vnerb.

2. M§Ð, gy ©, Vmao, ZÚm, g_wÐ, new, njr, dZñnVr BË`mXr{df`rÀ`m bmoH$g_OwVr. eHw$Z,AneHw$Z, lÕm, A§Y:lÕm BË`mXrMo Vnerb.

3. ñWm{ZH$ XodVm§À`m nyOoV gh^mJr hmoUmè`m OmVr-Y_m©Vrb bmoH$m§Mr Zm|X.

4. hdm_mZ, F$Vy, {ZgJ©, nya, XwîH$mi, BË`mXr ~m~VMo A§XmO.

5. gU-CËgdm§À`m H$mi-doim, gh^mJr ì`ŠVr, {dYr `m§Mo ñdê$n, Ë`mVrb ^ŠV, nwOmar,Jm`H$ `m§Mo ñWmZ.

6. ñWm{ZH$ OmVr - O_mVr, AmS>Zmdo `m§À`m ñnï>rH$aU H$Wm, VgoM Ë`m§Mo hŠH$, _mZ-gÝ_mZ, AJ«nyOoMo _mZ, BË`mXr Zm|Xr.

7. J ©YmaUm, J ©g§ñH$ma, OÝ_moËgd, ~mago, b½Z, _{V©H$mXr {dYtMo Vnerb.

8. AmË_m, na_mË_m, yVo, nwZO©Ý_, ajm, VmB©V, Xmoao, J§S>o, ZmUr `m{df`rÀ`m bmoH$g_OwVr.

9. a§J, A§JH$mR>r, nmofmI, BË`mXr {df`rÀ`m g_OwVr.

10. åhUr, CImUo, H$moS>r, àho{bH$m, BË`mXr Zm|Xr.

B©) {ZgJ©{df`H$ bmoH$g_OwVr

1. Jm`, åh¡g, ~¡b, KmoS>m, JmT>d, Hw$Ìm, ~moH$S>, ~H$ar, _m§Oa, qgh, dmK, hobm, hÎmr, C§Xra,Ima, H$moëhm, bm§S>Jm, {M_Ur, H$mdim, Kw~S>, _mgm, H$mgd, nmb, gmn, BË`mXr new-njr, àmUr m§À`m{df`r bmoH$g_OwVr, eHw$Z-AneHw$ZmMo g§Ho$V. àmUr-njr m§À`m ZrVrna~moYH$Wm, nyOm{dYtMo Vnerb àmÊ`m§À`m Zmdmdê$Z nS>boë`m åhUr - dmH²$àMma BË`mXrVnerb _Zwî` Am{U àm{UOJV `m§À`mVrb ghg§~§Y, (_¡Ìr d d¡a^md) Ag§~§YrÀ`m H$Wm,Am»`m{`H$m.

2. nmD$g nS>mdm åhUyZ Ho$bo OmUmao {dYr (~moS>H$sMo b½Z) Ë`mdoir åhUmd`mMr JrVo, BË`mXr.

3. yH§$n, _hmnya, XwîH$mi, PS>rMm nmD$g, àb`, dmXio, BË`mXr Z¡g{J©H$ AmnÎmt{df`rÀ`mAm»`m{`H$m, X§VH$Wm, åhUr, dmŠ`à`moJ, g_O-J¡ag_O, BË`mXr.

4. PmS>o-\w$bo, \$io, nmZo BË`mXr{df`rÀ`m bmoH$g_OwVr, lÕm, {dídmg, nyOm{df`, X¡dVê$no`m§Mm Vnerb, åhUr-dmŠ`à`moJ BË`mXr.

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5. gy m}X`, gy m©ñV, nm¡{U©_m, A_mdñ`m, MVwWu, Aï>_r, J«hUo, Yw_Ho$Vy, Vmao, {Xem, doi`m{df`rÀ`m bmoH$g_OwVr, lÕm, åhUr, dmŠ`à`moJ nyOm{dYtMo Vnerb, lmdU _{hÝ`mVrbdmam§Mo _hÎd BË`mXr.

6. Zm§JaUr, noaUr, H$mnUr, _iUr, BË`mXr eoVr{df`r bmoH$g_OwVr, ê$T>r, lÕm, JrVo,{dYr, åhUr, dmŠ`à`moJ, BË`mXr.

darbà_mUo joÌr` g§emoYZ H$aVm oVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmV joÌr` Aä`mg _hÎdmMmAmho. H$maU bmoH$gm{hË`{df`H$ gm_J«r IoS>çmnmS>çmV bmoH$m§H$S>o _m¡{IH$ ñdê$nmV AgVo. Vr gm_J«råhUOo g§emoYZmMr àmW{_H$ _yb yV gm_J«r hmo . Mma q^VtÀ`m AmV ~gyZ Ho$di nwñVH$mÀ`m gmhmæ`mZobmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§emoYZ hmoB©bM Ago Zmhr. Ë`m_wio joÌr` g§H$bZ _hÎdmMo AgVo.

8.5 ñVar` g§emoYZ nÕVr

ñVar` nÕVrV EH$mM bmoH$gm{hË`àH$mamMo g_mOmÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm WamV AmT>iUmè`m n`m© m§Mog§H$bZ Ho$bo OmVo. EH$M JrV qH$dm {dYr g_mOmÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm ñVamV H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV àM{bVAmho ho nm{hbo OmVo. {ddmh{dYrg§~§Yr _m{hVr O_m H$amd`mMr Agë`mg {Za{Zamiçm O_mVrVrb_m{hVr g§H${bV Ho$br OmVo. Zm. Jmo. MmnoH$a `m§Zr ~XbmnwamVrb gd© O_mVtMm Aä`mg Ho$bm Amho.{Za{Zamiçm OmVrO_mVt_Ü o AmT>iUmè`m bmoH$H$Wm§Mo, bmoH$JrVm§Mo VgoM {dYr{dídmgm§Mo g§H$bZH$arV AgVm Ë`m§À`m OrdZ{deofm§g§~§Yr _m{hVr O_m Ho$br, {Za{Zamiçm ~mobtMo ñdê$n OmUyZ KoVbo.EH$mM g_mOmÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm ñVam§V H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV àM{bV Amho, ho Aä`mgZr` Amho. CXm.YZJar JrVm§Mm ñVar` Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo. am_, H¥$îU, lmdU ~mi `m§À`m H$Wm YZJar JrVmVyZAm{dîH¥$V Pmë`m AmhoV. Ë`m§Mm Am{dîH$ma àË oH$ àXoemZwgma doJdoJim Agy eH$Vmo. _amR>r ^mfm~mobUmè`m _amR>dmS>m, {dX ©, H$moH$U, npíM_ _hmamï´> Aem àXoemV EH$m H$WmJrVmMm Am{dîH$ma H$gmAmho ? ho ñVar` nÕVrZo Aä`mgVm oVo. Ë`mVrb _m{hVr CX²~moYH$ Am{U _Zmoa§OH$ AgVo. Ë`mVyZgm_m{OH$, _mZgemór`, gm§ñH¥${VH$, dmL²>_`rZ {deofm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo. {Za{ZamiçmbmoH$g_yhm§Mo, OmVr-O_mVtMo doJionU H$iy eH$Vo. `m {ZamionUmMo ahñ` H$emV Amho, `mMm emoYKoVm oVmo.

joÌr` Aä`mgmVrb g§H$bZ nÕVrMmM Adb§~ ñVar` Aä`mgmV H$aÊ`mg haH$V Zmhr. {ddmhm-gma»`m _mZdr OrdZmVrb _hÎdmMm {dYr Oar AmnU Z_wÝ`mXmIb KoVbm, Var AZoH$ àH$maMr_m{hVr Amnë`m g_moa oB©b. {ddmhmMo {dYr àË oH$ g_mOmV, OmVr O_mVr_Ü o H$gm Ho$bm OmVmo? hþ§S>mqH$dm dñVy XodKodrMr nÕV H$m` Amho? àWm-na§nam H$em AmhoV. nmoemI H$gm KmVbm OmVmo? bmoH$JrVoH$moUVr Am{U H$er åhQ>br OmVmV? OodUmMo ñdê$n H$m` ? XodH$m ©, hiXr g_ma§ , AjVm, _§Jbmï>Ho$,hmo_ {dYr, damV, CImUo, BË`mXr H$m ©H«$_ b½Z g_ma§ mV nma nmS>bo OmVmV. Vo {dYr {d{dY ñVamVH$go nma nS>VmV, m~m~VÀ`m Zm|Xr g§H$bH$mZo H$aUo _hÎdmMo Amho. AemàH$mao OmË`mdaMr JrVo, A§JmB©

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JrVo, lmdU _{hÝ`mVrb H$Wm, Jm¡arMr àWm Am{U JrVo, ZmJn§M_rMr, noaUr, ^m§JbU, gwJr `mdoiråhQ>br OmUmar JrVo `m§Mmhr ñVar` Aä`mg H$aVm `oVmo.

8.6 bmoH$gm{hË`mMo {díbofU

bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ Pmë`mZ§Va Ë`mMo emór` nÕVrZo {díbofU H$aUo _hÎdmMo AgVo. Ë`mgmR>rImbrb Q>ßno A§V y©V AgVmV.

1. Or g§emoYZ g_ñ`m gmoS>dm`Mr Amho Vr _m§S>Uo.

2. g_ñ oer {ZJS>rV gmYZ-gm_J«r Jmoim H$aÊ`mgmR>r `mo½` Aä`mgnÕVr emoYUo.

3. gmYZgm_J«r Jmoim H$aUo.

4. g§emoYZm§Vr hmVr Ambobo {ZîH$f© _m§S>Uo.

5. gmYZm§À`m Ho$boë`m n¥WŠH$aUmÛmao, bmdboë`m AÝd`mWm©Zwgma {gÕ H$amd`mMo à_o _m§S>Uo.

(bmoH$gm{hË` : joÌr` Aä`mg, S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo, n¥ð> H«$_m§H$ 28 d 29)

S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo `m§À`m _VmZwgma g§H${bV Ho$boë`m gm_J«rMm AÝd`mW© bmdUo _hÎdmMo Amho.Ë`mgmR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {díbofU H$aÊ`mÀ`m {d{dY nÕVtMm AmYma ¿`mdm. Ë`mgmR>r dU©ZmË_H$,Eo{Vhm{gH$, VwbZmË_H$ Am{U g§aMZmË_H$ øm à_wI nÕVr AmhoV. AWm©V H$moUË`m {díbofU nÕVrMmAdb§~ H$amdm, ho Ë`m Aä`mgmÀ`m Ñ{ï>H$moUmdê$Z Adb§~yZ AgVo.

dU©ZmË_H$ nÕVr_Ü o bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ H$aUo, g§H$bZmgmR>r àíZmdbr, _wbmIV, oQ>rXoUo, bmoH$H$bm§Mo à`moJ nmhUo, à`moJmÀ`m Vnerbm§Mr Zm|X KoUo, à`moJmVrb g§JrV, Z¥Ë`, A{^Z`,doe yfm, dmÚo, àojH$m§Mm à{VgmX BË`mXr Jmoï>tMr _m{hVr g§H${bV H$aUo, g§H${bV gm_wJ«rMo {díboofUH$aUo BË`mXr Jmoï>tMm g_mdoe dU©ZmË_H$ nÕVr_Ü o AgVmo.

Eo{Vhm{gH$ Aä`mgnÕVr_Ü o g§H${bV gm{hË`mVrb Jmoï>t_mJrb B{Vhmg emoYÊ`mMm à`ËZ Ho$bmOmVmo. VËH$mbrZ H$mimV EImXo bmoH$JrV qH$dm bmoH$H$Wm H$Yr {Z_m©U Pmbr Agmdr, {VMm H$mi{ZpíMV H$aUo A{^àoV AgVo. bmoH$H$WoVrb eãXm§Mr ê$no, {H«$`mnXo, ^mfm BË`mXrZwgma Ë`m gm{hË`mMmH$mi R>a{dVm oVmo. doJdoJiçm H$mimZwgma gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ Am{U amOH$s` Ñï>çm g_mO ~XbVAgVmo. _amR>r ^mfoMo `mXdH$mi, {edH$mi, ~hm_Zr H$mi, noedoH$mi Am{U Aìdb B§J«Or H$mbI§S>Ago Q>ßno _mZbo OmVmV. `m gd© d¡{eï>çm§Mm n[aUm_ bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m ê$nmda hmoV AgVmo. hrM ~m~H$mbI§S> R>a{dÊ`mgmR>r Cn`moJr R>aVo. Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ñï>rZo bmoH$gm{hË`mMo {díboofU H$aVmZm øm ~m~rbjmV ¿`mì`m bmJVmV.

bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mghr _hÎdmMm Amho. ^maVmVrb gd© ^mfm§_Ü o bmoH$gm{hË`CnbãY Amho. Vm¡b{ZH$ gm{hË`m_wio {d{dY àXoemVrb bmoH$gm{hË`mMm n[aM` hmoD$ eH$Vmo. _hmamï´>mÀ`m

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eoOmar H$Zm©Q>H$, Vm{_iZmSy>, _Ü`àXoe, JwOamV hr amÁ o AmhoV. Ë`m amÁ`mVrb Am{U _hmamï´>mVrbbmoH$gm{hË`mMm Vm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mg H$aUo eŠ` Amho. bmoH$H$Wm§_Ü o XodXodVm, newnjr, OmXyJma, nar,MoQ>H$sU, gmdÌ AmB©, amOm-amUr, na§nam, g_mOOrdZ `m§Mmhr Am{dîH$ma Pmbobm AgVmo. `mH$[aVmVm¡b{ZH$ Aä`mgmbm _hÎd àmá Pmbo Amho.

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§aMZmË_H$ Aä`mgmV bmoH$H$Wm, bmoH$JrVo, à`moJê$n bmoH$H$bmàH$ma `m§MmaMZoÀ`m Ñï>rZo Aä`mg Ho$bm OmVmo. bmoH$H$Wm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVmZm bmoH$H$WoMm {dH$mg H$gm Pmbm,{df` H$moUVo, H$WmZH$-Cn-H$WmZH$m§Mr moOZm H$moUË`m nÕVrMr m§Mo {díbofU Ho$bo OmVo. bmoH$H$Wo_Ü oAm{X~§Y, H$ënZm~§Y Am{U bmoH$VÎdr` aMZm AgVo. bmoH$H$Wm§À`m ê$nm§Mm Aä`mg H$aVm oVmo.bmoH$H$Wm§À`m ê$nm§Mo {díbofU H$aUo åhUOo {VÀ`mV oUmao KQ>H$ doJdoJio H$aUo. Ë`m§À`mVrb nañnag§~§Y emoYUo hm g§aMZmË_H$ Aä`mgmMm EH$ ^mJ AgVmo.

bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYH$mZo darb Aä`mgnÕVtMm Adb§~ H$aUo Amdí`H$ Amho. g§emoYH$mZoAmnë`m {df`mÀ`m Ñï>rZo H$moUVr Aä`mg nÕVr {ZdS>mdr Vo R>a{dbo nm{hOo. EH$m doiobm AZoH$Aä`mg nÕVtMm Adb§~ H$amdm bmJob, ho Ü`mZmV ¿`mdo. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AZoH$ Aä`mgH$m§ZrbmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZm~m~V Amnbr _Vo ñnï>nUo _m§S>br AmhoV. Ë`mn¡H$s S>m°. à^mH$a _m§S>o, S>m°._YwH$a dmH$moS>o, S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo Am{U S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§À`m J«§Wm§Mm Aä`mg Oê$a H$amdm.bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m joÌmV Zì`mZo g§emoYZ H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m ì`ŠVtZr {deofV: S>m°. {dídZmW qeXo `m§Mm"bmoH$gm{hË`_r_m§gm ^mJ Xwgam' hm J«§W Adí` Aä`mgmdm. `m J«§WmVyZ g§emoYH$m§Zm EH$ Zdr {XemàmßV hmoB©b.

""bmoH$gm{hË`mMo AÜ``Z Ho$di g§H$bZ, g§nmXZ d Ame`{ddaUmnwaVo _`m©{XV Z ahmVm ZdZdrZdmL²>_`rZ g_rjm nÕVtZwgma Ë`m _m¡{IH$ na§naoMm gd©Jm_r emoY KoUo hr H$mimMr JaO Amho; d VgoPmbo Va `m AÜ``Zm_wio {b{IV dmL²>_`rZ ê$nm§À`m g_rjobmhr Zdo én àmá hmoD$ eHo$b Agm{dídmg dmQ>Vmo'' (a. Zm. daIoS>o, bmoH$gm{hË` d bmoH$na§nam. g§nm. S>m°.a. Zm. daIoS>o H$m. g. dmUr_amR>r àJV AÜ``Z g§ñWm, Ywio. n¥. 168) ho {dYmZ g§emoYZ joÌmV H$m © H$ê$ BpÀN>Umè`m Aä`mgH$m§ZrbjmV R>odmdo. Ë`m_wio bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZ joÌmbm Mm§Jbo {Xdg oVrb ho {ZpíMV !

8.4 g_mamon

g§emoYZmVyZ kmZàmár Am{U g¥OZmMm AmZ§X {_iVmo. _mZdr OrdZmMr gd© joÌo g§emoYmZmZo ì`mnbrAmhoV. {dkmZ wJmVhr H$bm§Mo _hÎd dmT>ë`mZo bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m Aä`mgmMr Amdí`H$Vm {Z_m©UPmbr. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§emoYZ H$aVmZm g§emoYZ {df`, hoVy, gmYZgm_J«rMr {ZdS> `m~m~V {ZpíMVñdê$n R>adyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg hm _mZdr g§ñH¥$VrMm, ñd^mdmMm Am{UVÎdkmZmMm Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmMohr emó Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm emóewÕ Aä`mg H$ê$Z

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{ZîH$fm©n ªV nmohmoMÊ`mÀ`m {H«$ obm g§emoYZ åhUVmV. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§emoYZ joÌr` Am{U ñVar`nÕVrZo hmoVo. joÌr` Aä`mgmV ñWm{ZH$ B{Vhmg g_OyZ ¿`mdm bmJVmo. bmoH$H$bm§Mo g§jonrH$aU hoMH$boMo Iao ñdê$n Agm J¡ag_O hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo. bmoH$H$bm§Mo à`moJ hmoV AgVmZm gyú_{ZarjU H$aUo, bmoH$gm{hË`mMr {Z{_©Vr à{H«$`m Am{U {d{dY AmdV©Zo g_OyZ KoUo _hÎdmMo AgVo.AMyH$ gd}jUmgmR>r àíZmdbr V`ma H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo. _wbmIV hm bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$H$bmg§H$bZmVrb _hÎdmMm ^mJ Amho. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ H$aVmZm g§emoYH$mbm AZoH$ AS>MUr oVmV.nU Ë`mZo {Zame Z hmoVm {MH$mQ>r R>odmdr bmJVo. bmoH$H$bm§Mo gd}jU H$aVmZm nmoemI, dmÚo, gmYZo,ñWi-H$mi, lmoË`m§Mm ñVa, bmoH$g_OwVr, lÕm, g§Ho$V, VgoM VrW©joÌm§Mo Eo{Vhm{gH$ d ^m¡Jmo{bH$_hÎd OmUyZ ¿`mdo bmJVo. bmoH$gm{hË`{df`H$ gm_J«r IoS>çmnmS>çmV bmoH$m§H$S>o _m¡{IH$ ñdê$nmVAgVo. Vr gm_J«r åhUOo g§emoYZmMr _yb yV gm_J«r hmo . Ë`m_wio g§emoYZmV joÌr` g§H$bZ _hÎdmMoAgVo.

ñVar` nÕVrV EH$mM bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mamMo g_mOmÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm Wam§V AmT>iUmè`m n`m© m§Mog§H$bZ Ho$bo OmVo. EH$M bmoH$JrV H$moUË`m ñdê$nmV àM{bV Amho, `mMm Aä`mg `m nÕVrV AgVmo.Ë`m_wio {d{dY bmoH$g_yhm§Mo doJionU H$iy eH$Vo. `m nÕVr_wio gm_m{OH$, Ym{_©H$, _mZdemór`,gm§ñH¥${VH$, dmL²>_`rZ {deofm§Mm Aä`mg H$aUo gwb^ hmoVo. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo {díbofU dU©ZmË_H$,Eo{Vhm{gH$, Vm¡b{ZH$, g§aMZmË_H$ nÕVrZo H$aVm `oVo.

8.8 eãXmW© d Q>rnm

g§emoYZ nÕVr : Zì`m Jmoï>r emoYyZ H$mT>Ê`mMr arV.

g§emoYH$ : emoY bmdUmam, ZdrZ dñVy hþS>Hy$Z H$mT>Umam, XwéñË`m gwM{dUmam(A Researcher)

g§H$bZ : EH$Ì H$aUo, g§M` H$aUo.

joÌ : eoV, ñWmZ, Xoh, CËn{ÎmñWmZ, nwÊ` y_r

joÌr` : {d{eï> ñWimg§~§Yr.

AÝd`mW© : gmW©, `mo½` AW©

n¥WŠH$aU : {Za{Zamio H$aUo.

g§{hVm (Text) : EImÚm ^m{fH$ Am{dîH$mamMr g§nyU© Zm|X. eãX dmŠ o, dmŠ`_mbm, Y«wdnX,H$S>dr, n[aÀN>oX `m§À`m gmVË`nyU© à{H«$ oVyZ ì`ŠV hmoUmam _OHy$a åhUOog§{hVm. hr g§{hVm H$Yr Ho$di _m¡{IH$ AgVo Va H$Yr {bnr~Õ. Ë`mZwgmag§{hVoMo "_m¡{IH$ g§{hVm' d "{b{IV g§{hVm' Ago oX AgVmV.

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na§nam : _mZdr OrdZmÀ`m {d{eï> Aem EH$mË_ joÌmVrb yVH$mbrZ KQ>H$m§Zr {Z_m©UHo$bobr _yë`J © d J{Verb M¡VÝ`mdñWm åhUOo na§nam. JVH$mbrZ g§{MVdV©_mZmV ApñVËdmV R>odyZ {Od§V amhÊ`mÀ`m à{H«$ obm na§nam Ago g§~moYboOmVo.

d§e : _mUgmbm OJmV `oVmZmM àmá hmoUmam KQ>H$ åhUOo d§e. AmZwdm§{eH$JwUY_m©Mm, ñd^md, Y_m©Mm g_mdoe "d§e' _Ü o hmoVmo.

8.6 gamdmgmR>r àíZ

1) dñVw{Zð> àíZ

A) `mo½` n`m© {ZdS>m.

1. bmoH$gm{hË` hr gmè`m _mZdOmVrMr H$m` Amho ?

(gw~Îmm / _mb_Îmm / g§emoYZ)

2. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg _mZdr ñd^mdmÀ`m H$moUË`m Jmoï>tMm Aä`mg Amho ?

(g§ñH¥$VrMm / VÎdkmZmMm / _ZmMm)

3. bmoH$JrVm§À`m g§H$bZmgmR>r H$m` gmYmdo bmJVo ?

(AMyH$ doi / gd}jU / _wbmIV)

4. gd}jUmgmR>r H$m` V`ma H$aUo JaOoMo AgVo ?

(g§{hVm / _mZ{gH$Vm / àíZmdbr)

5. joÌr` Aä`mgmV H$m` g_OyZ ¿`mdo bmJVo ?

(ñWm{ZH$ B{Vhmg / g_mOemó / VÎdkmZ)

CÎma : 1) _mb_Îmm, 2) VÎdkmZmMm, 3) AMyH$ doi, 4) àíZmdbr, 5) ñWm{ZH$ B{Vhmg.

~) MyH$ H$s ~amo~a Vo {bhm.

1. {dkmZ wJm_wio b{bV H$bm§Mo _hÎd H$_r Pmbo.

2. _amR>rV bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg ^mfm{Y{ð>V g§{hVoV hmoV Zmhr.

3. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg AOyZhr g§H$bZmÀ`m nmVirda a|JmiV Amho.

4. bmoH$gm{hË`m{df`r {ZJ{S>V BVa {df`m§Mo dmMZ H$amdo.

5. g§H$bH$mbm Zoh_rM ghH$m © {_iVo.

CÎmao : 1) MyH$, 2) ~amo~a, 3) ~amo~a, 4) ~amo~a, 5) MyH$.

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H$) Jmiboë`m OmJr `mo½` eãX {bhm.

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§H$bZmMohr emó Agë`mMo ................. `m§Zr gm§{JVbo Amho.

2. bmoH$H$bm§Mo ................. hoM H$boMo Iao ñdê$n Agm J¡ag_O hmoÊ`mMr eŠ`Vm AgVo.

3. g§J«hH$mbm bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mamMr ............... {bhÿZ H$mT>Uo H$R>rU AgVo.

4. _wbmIVrMo ñdê$n ................. ~Xby eH$Vo.

5. g§emoYZmVyZ H$mhr _yb yV ................ _m§S>bo OmVmV.

CÎma : 1) pñQ>W Wm°_gZ, 2) g§jonrH$aU, 3) Aja g§{hVm, 4) ì`pŠVnaËdo, 5) {gÕm§V.

S>) `mo½` OmoS>çm Owidm.

A ~

1. S>m°. gË |Ð joÌr` Aä`mg.

2. S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo {MH$mQ>r

3. {\$ëS> dH©$ bmoH$gm{hË` : joÌr` Aä`mg.

4. emóewÕ Aä`mg bmoH$gm{hË` {dkmZ.

5. g§emoYZ g§emoYZ

bmoH$H$bm

CÎmao : 1) bmoH$gm{hË` {dkmZ, 2) bmoH$gm{hË` : joÌr` Aä`mg, 3) joÌr` Aä`mg,4) g§emoYZ, 5) {MH$mQ>r.

B) EH$m dmŠ`mV CÎmao Úm.

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§emoYZ {H$Vr nÕVrZo hmoVo ?

2. ñVar` nÕVr åhUOo H$m` ?

3. joÌr` Aä`mg H$embm åhUVmV ?

4. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYH$m§Mo {H$Vr àH$ma AmhoV ?

5. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZmV _hÎdmMr ~m~ H$moUVr ?

CÎmao : 1) XmoZ

2) EH$mM bmoH$gm{hË` àH$mamMo g_mOmÀ`m {Za{Zamiçm WamV AmT>iUmè`m n`m© m§Mo g§H$bZÁ`m nÕVrZo H$obo OmVo Ë`m nÕVrbm ñVar` nÕVr Ago åhUVmV.

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3. {d{eîQ> {R>H$mUr OmD$Z bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ H$aUo, åhUOo joÌr` Aä`mg.

4. VrZ

5. gmYZgm_J«r.

B XrKm}Îmar àíZ

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm joÌr` Aä`mg H$gm H$amdm ? Vo {bhm.

2. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§emoYZ H$go H$amdo ? ho gm§JyZ joÌr` g§emoYZmMr nyd©V`mar Am{U g§emoYH$mMoH$m © gm§Jm.

B bKwÎmar àíZ :

1. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo g§H$bZ H$aVmZm oUmè`m AS>MUr {bhm.

2. bmoH$H$bmàH$mam§Mo gd}jU H$go H$amdo ? Vo {bhm.

B Q>rnm {bhm.

1. _wbmIVrMo _wÔo. 2. ñWmZ _hmËå`mMo gd}jU.

3. bmoH$gm{hË`mMo {díbofU 4. g§emoYH$mMo JwU.

5. ñVar` g§emoYZ nÕVr.

8.10 CnH«$_

1. Jm¡ar-JUnVrÀ`m JrVm§Mo g§H$bZ H$am.

2. Omo{V~m Am{U {eIa qeJUmnya VrW©joÌm§Mm joÌr` Aä`mg H$am.

3. OmË`mdaÀ`m JrVm§Mm ñVar` Aä`mg H$am.

4. Amnë`m n[agamVrb bmoH$H$Wm§Mo {díbofU H$am.

8.11 A{YH$ dmMZ

1. bmoH$gm{hË` : ~XbVo g§X ©, ~XbVr éno : S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo.

2. bmoH$gm{hË` : joÌr` Aä`mg : S>m°. J§JmYa _moaOo.R R R

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E_.E. ^mJ 1 : _amR>r

Aä`mgn{ÌH$m H«$_m§H$ : 4(H$)

bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`

C{Ôï>ço

1. bmoH$gm{hË` hm bmoH$_mZgmMm Am{dîH$ma Agë`m_wio Ë`mÀ`m gdmªJrU Aä`mgmMr JaOg_OyZ KoUo.

2. bmoH$gm{hË`mMm ñdV§Ì Aä`mgemIm åhUyZ Aä`mg H$aV AgVmZmM g_pÝdV Aä`mgemImåhUyZ _m{hVr KoUo.

3. "bmoH$gm{hË`' hr g§H$ënZm d ñdê$n OmUyZ KoD$Z CJ_ Am{U ì`mßVr~Ôb _m{hVr KoUo.

4. _amR>r bmoH$gm{hË`mMm n[aM` Am{U _amR>r g§ñH¥$Vr d na§nam§Mr AmoiI H$ê$Z KoUo.

5. bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m {d{dY Aä`mgnÕVr, AÜ``ZnÕVr Am{U g§emoYZnÕVr~Ôb _m{hVrKoUo.

KQ>H$ : 1 bmoH$gm{hË` : g§H$ënZm Am{U ñdê$n

B bmoH$gm{hË` : g§km d AW©

B bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m nmíMmË` d ^maVr` Aä`mgH$m§Zr Ho$boë`m ì`m»`m.

B bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$g§ñH¥$Vr

B bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U bmoH$_mZg

B bmoH$gm{hË`mMr bjUo

KQ>H$ 2 : bmoH$gm{hË` : CËnÎmr ì`mßVr Am{U BVa Aä`mg{df`

B bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m CËnÎmrg§X^m©Vrb {d{dY CnnÎmr : g_yhdmX, O_mVtH$Sy>Z CËnÎmr, {~enngu `m§Mr CnnÎmr, nyboJob `m§Mr CnnÎmr, MmB©ëS> `m§Mo à{VnmXZ, H¥$îUXod CnmÜ`m`m§Mmg_Ýd`dmX, gm§{KH$ nwZ{Z©{_©Vr.

B bmoH$gm{hË`mMr ì`mßVr : _m¡{IH$ Am{dîH$ma åhUOo emãX bmoH$gm{hË` (åhUr, dmH²$àMma,CImUo, H$moS>r), ^m¡{VH$ g§ñH¥$Vr, à`moJ{gÕ bmoH$H$bm, bmoH$VÎdo.

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B bmoH$gm{hË` Am{U BVa Aä`mg{df` (gm_m{OH$ emóm§À`m A§JmZo) : _mZdd§eemó,g_mOemóo, _mZgemó, ^mfmemó, B{Vhmg Am{U nwamVÎdemó, Y_© Am{U bmoH$gm{hË`.

KQ>H$ 3 : bmoH$gm{hË`mMm Aä`mg : g§àXm` d nÕVr

B X¡dVH$Wmemór` g§àXm`, {ZgJ©ê$nH$dmXr g§àXm`, «m§VH$ënZmdmXr g§àXm`, hoVyH$WmdmXrg§àXm`, AdeofdmXr g§àXm`, Eo{Vhm{gH$-^m¡Jmo{bH$ g§àXm`, H$m`m©Ýd`r Aä`mgnÕVr,g§X^m©Ýd`r Aä`mgnÕVr, aMZmZwgmar Aä`mgnÕVr.

KQ>H$ 4 : _amR>r bmoH$JrVo

B bmoH$JrVm§Mr ñdê$n bjUo d bmoH$JrVm§_mJrb àoaUm, dJuH$aU.

B Amodr, H$WmJrVo, \o$amdaMr JmUr, ZmJn§M_rMr JrVo, ^m|S>bm- wbm~mB©, {d{YJrVo, eoVH$arJrVo, YZJar JrVo, Hw§$^mamÀ`m S>hmH$m.

B Jm|Yir, dmgwXod, nm§Jwi, ZmWOmoJr, nmoVamO `m bmoH$g§ñH¥$VrÀ`m CnmgH$m§Mr JrVo.

B S>ŠH$bdma, ZmJ_§Í`mMr ^OZo, o{XH$, em{har (bmdUr, nmodmS>m)

KQ>H$ 5 : _amR>r bmoH$H$Wm

B bmoH$H$Wm§Mr {Z{_©Vr

B bmoH$H$Wm§Mr maVr` na§nam : J«§W{Z{dï> H$Wm : ~¥hËH$Wm, n§MV§Ì, {hVmonXoe, doVmin§M{der,qghmgZ~Îmrer, ewH$~hmÎmar, OmVH$H$Wm, O¡ZMyUu H$Wm, H$hmÊ`m, d«VH$Wm.

B bmoH$H$Wm§Mo dJuH$aU : _m¡{IH$ H$Wm, X¡dVH$Wm, narH$Wm, àm{UH$Wm, CËn{ÎmH$Wm, X§VH$Wm,amjgH$Wm, nwamUH$Wm, ñnï>rH$aUH$Wm.

B bmoH$H$WoVrb _ybKQ>H$, H$ënZm~§Y, aMZm~§Y

B _amR>r bmoH$H$WoMo ñdê$n d {deof.

KQ>H$ 6 : _amR>r bmoH$H$bm

B bmoH$a§J y_rMo {deof

B bmoH$Z¥Ë o - {d{YZmQ>ç, A{^Mma ZmQ>ç, H«$sS>mZ¥Ë`, ŠVmMo Z¥Ë` (Jm|Yi, mê$S>, XemdVma,H$sV©Z, Z_Z, wË o, _§JimJm¡a, ZmJn§M_r, {På_m \o$a, boPr_, JOrZ¥Ë`)

B bmoH$ZmQ>ço : ZmQ>çmË_{dYr, Ym{_©H$ ZmQ>ç dm CnmgZm ZmQ>ç, a§OZZmQ>ç (_w§O, b½Z,H$mH$S>AmaVr, b{bV, OmoJdm, ^wË`o, H$sV©Z, ~mohmS>m, V_mem, {MÌH$Wr, dJ, X§S>ma,H$igyÌr ~mhþë`m, ~hþê$nr)

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KQ>H$ 7 : bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m AÜ``ZnÕVr

B bmoH$VÎdr` AÜ``ZnÕVr

B Am{X~§YmË_H$ AÜ``ZnÕVr

KQ>H$ 8 : bmoH$gm{hË`mÀ`m g§emoYZ nÕVr

B joÌr` g§emoYZ nÕVr

B ñVar` g§emoYZ nÕVrR R R