m final report - world bank · of maharashtra (gom) and indian railways with financial assistance...

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL-I MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR TRANSIT

RESETTLEMENT SITES ATMANKHURD, TURBHE MANDALE

-' - - )AND WADALA

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m - ^ - | Final Report

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APRIL, 2002

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Executive Summary ...................................... i-iu

Chapter 1 Introduction

1.1 Background ........................................... 11.2 Objectives ........................................... 3

1.3 Study Approach ........................................... 31.3.1 Approach for Developing the CEMP ............................................ 31.3.2 Approach for Environmental Restoration Plan .............................. 4

1.4 Restoration Structure ................................. 5

Chapter 2 Land Use and Environmental Setting

2.1 Introductiono6

2.2 Site 1 - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site .................................. 62.2.1 Location and Access .......................................... 62.2.2 Topography and Natural Features .......................................... 72.2.3 Land Use within 500m Radius of the Site ..................................... 72.2.4 Environmental Impacts due to neighboring Land Use ..................... 7

2.3 Site II - Turbhe Mandale 82.3.1 Location and Access 82.3.2 Topography and Natural Features .82.3.3 Land Use within 500m Radius of the Site .92.3.4 Environmental Impacts due to neighboring Land Use . 9

2.4 Site III - Wadala 92.4.1 Location and Access 92.4.2 Topography and Natural Features .102.4.3 Land Use within 500m Radius of the Site .102.4.4 Critical Concerns due to Locational Aspects .10

Chapter 3 Assessment of Environmental Impacts

3.1 Introduction 11

3.2 Site I - Mankhurd 123.2.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site .123.2.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions within the Site .143.2.3 Impacts on surrounding Environment due to Transit Site .263.2.4 CEMP Recommnendations for Mankhurd Transit .27

Resettlement Site3.3 Site II - Turbhe Mandale Site 273.3.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site .273.3.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions Within the Site .28

3.3.3 Impact on Surrounding Environment Due to the .39Transit Site

3.3.4 CEMP Recommendations for Turbhe Mandale .39Transit Resettlement Site

3.4 Site III - W adala ................... 403.4.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site ............................. 403.4.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions within the Site ................... 403.4.3 Impacts on surrounding Environment due to Transit Site ........... 513.4.4 CEMP Recommendations for Mankhurd Transit ...................... 52

Resettlement Site

Chapter IV Community Environmental Management Plan

4.0 Introduction ............................ 604.1 Site - M ankhurd ............................ 60

4.1.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site ................. 604.1.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions .................. 61

Within the site4.1.3 Budgetary Estimates ..................................... 644.1.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule ... 6..... (4

4.2 Site II - Turbhe Mandale ........................... ..... 674.2.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site ............. ... 674.2.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions .............. ... 67

Within the site4.2.3 Budgetary Estimates .................................. .... 704.2.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule ................... 70

4.3 Site III - W adala ............................ 734.3.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site .............. .. 734.3.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions .......... ........ 73

Within the site4.3.3 Budgetary Estimates ..................................... 764.3.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule ......... ......... 774.4 Institutional Arrangements .................. 80

Chapter V Restoration Plan for Transit Resettlement Sites

5.1 Introduction ......................... 865.2 Restoration Plan for CRZ areas .................................... 865.2.1 Observations at the Transit Sites .................................... 875.2.2 Status of Mangroves in the Region of Study ........................ 885.2.3 Steps for Preparing the Transit Sites for Restoration ................ 895.2.4 Conversion of Identified Areas of Transit Sites ...................... 905.2.5 Types of Species to be Planted in Intertidal region .................. 925.2.6 Cost of Restoration of CRZ Areas ......................... 94

5.3 Restoration Plan for Non-CRZ areas ......................... 945.4 Institutional Arrangement ......................... 955.5 Implementation Schedule ......................... 95

Annexure I FHWA Noise ModelAnnexure II Epidemiological SurveyAnnexure III Minutes of Public Consultation MeetingsAnnexure IV Cost of Implementing CEMIPAnnexure V Legal And Policy Framework for Development of MUTP

Executive Summary

The implementation of the MUTP project necessitated displacement of a largenumber of people. About 20,000 households required alternate shelter. MumbaiMetropolitan Regional Development Board (MMRDA), a Project ManagementUnit for MUTP, undertook the task of resettling and rehabilitating the ProjectAffected Households (PAHs) with the help of motivated NGO groups

Expeditious implementation of basic safety measures along the railway tracksnecessitated that the households located along the railway tracks be resettled at ashort notice. Adequate numbers of permanent dwelling units for housing thedisplaced were not available. A large number of PAHs, therefore, had to beshifted to temporary resettlement sites. Due to time constraint, the normal siteselection and project implementation process could not be followed for thesesites. As a result, while resettling the PAHs in the transit accommodation,adequate environmental safeguards could not be provided to the residents

With the objective to assess the environmental conditions at the site and suggestmeasures for their improvement, this study evaluates the existing environmentalconditions at the transit resettlement sites of Mankhurd, Turbhe-Mandale andWadala and after due analyses, feedback and consultations, develops theCommunity Environmental Management Plans (CEMP) for each site

The study reveales that location of the transit site at Mankhurd isenvironmentally most critical as a result of proximity to a major arterial road anddisposal of hazardous waste in the vicinity. Turbhe-Mandale transit site is closeto wetlands. Inadequate evacuation of wastewater and poor collection of solidwaste gives rise to unsanitary conditions at the site. Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandale sites also partially fall upon the area earmarked as the CoastalRegulation Zone (CRZ). The Wadala transit site is environmentally better locatedbut is poorly connected with the city

The study evaluates the sites for site-specific environmental factors, provision ofenvironmental infrastructure and state of their operation. The findings indicatethat within the transit sites, poor collection of solid waste, inadequatemaintenance of drains and shortage of water in some pockets due to inequitabledistribution are the major factors that affect the environmental conditions. Someof the sites are also deficient in open spaces. The sites also lack provision of shopsfor meeting the daily requirements of the residents

Based on analyses of site conditions and consultations with the PAHs, MMRDAand the NGO providing managerial support for environmental services, thestudy develops a comprehensive CEMP for each site. The CEMP details themeasures to overcome the shortfall in services, improve their efficiency andprotect the environment at the sites. CEMP also recommends institutionalarrangements for providing effective services through participation of the PAHsin safeguarding their environment

Restoration of CRZ area affected by the transit sites at Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandale is another important aspect of the CEMP. Development of such a planfor these sites included assessment of the existing conditions of affected CRZ andadjoining areas with respect to the land use, the ecological status of mangroves,sea water inundation characteristics of the area and the anthropogenic factors.Based on assessment, the viability of restoration of vacated transit site withinCRZ was evaluated and restoration plan developed. The plan also lists theconditions of naturally occurring, relatively undisturbed vegetation in thevicinity, which can serve as a model for restoration of CRZ areas

The findings of the study indicate that it will be possible to bring up to 50 per cent ofthe CRZ area under the mangrove plantation. A detailed restoration plan to reinstatethe conditions that will allow regeneration of mangroves and establish ecologicaland environmental conditions for their growth has been provided

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Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

In order to improve the traffic and transportation situation in Mumbai, Governmentof Maharashtra (GoM) and Indian Railways with financial assistance from the WorldBank has undertaken Mumbai Urban Transport Project (MUTP). The primary focusof MUTP is to improve the rail based mass transit system in Mumbai withsupporting improvements in road network. The MUTP includes a package ofprojects covering:

* Increase in capacity of rail corridors by way of laying of additional tracks,* Passenger capacity enhancement by using longer (12 rake) EMUs,* Improvement of railway stations,* Improvement of service by removal of level crossings, and* Creation of safety zones along rail corridors

The implementation of the MUTP project necessitated displacement of large numberpeople (19228 Project Affected Households). In order to deal with resettlement andrehabilitation of PAPs related to MUTP, Mumbai Metropolitan Region DevelopmentAuthority (MMRDA), a Project Management Unit for MUTP, has initiatedResettlement and Rehabilitation (R&R) for Project Affected Households (PAHs). Tosupport this initiative, GoM in 1997, notified the policy for resettlement andrehabilitation of persons affected by the sub-projects under MUTP. MMRDAappointed SPARC, a Mumbai based NGO working on slum rehabilitation, fordevelopment of Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) and their implementation. TheRAPs have been prepared in accordance with R&R policy of the GoM

Due to the requirement of expeditious implementation of basic safety measures, asignificant number of the households located along the railway tracks had to beresettled at a short notice. Adequate numbers of permanent dwelling units for thedisplaced households were not available and therefore the Resettlement Action Plan(RAP) for the project envisaged two modes of implementation. The first mode ofresettlement comprised relocating the PAHs to available permanent dwellings in thenearby areas. The second mode of resettlement involved shifting of remaining PAHsfrom areas entailing expeditious evacuation to transit accommodation, first, andsubsequently to permanent dwellings. The resettlement schedule envisages that thePAHs from transit accommodation will be shifted to permanent dwellings within aperiod of three years from the date of initial evacuation

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Over fifty per cent of the PAHs have been resettled by June 2001 in permanent andtransit accommodations. The break-up of PAHs shifted to transit accommodation,four in number, is presented in Table 1. In all, 6164 PAHs, residing in transitaccommodations are awaiting allotment at permanent resettlement colonies

Table 1: Distribution of PAHs at Four Transit Sites under MUTP

S. No Transit Camps Project Affected Households(PAHs)

1 Mankhurd 16772 Turbhe Mandala 896

3 Wadala 3488

4 Kanjur Marg 900Total 6951

SPARC and its associates have developed the transit resettlement sites. The sites areprovided with basic amenities and infrastructure services like water, sanitation,internal roads and street lighting. After the PAHs are shifted to permanentaccommodation, the transit accommodation shall be dismantled and the site shall berestored to environmentally and socially appropriate land use

Although SPARC has structured the Community Environmental Management Plans(CEMP) for the permanent resettlement sites, the CEMPs for transit resettlementsites were not prepared while planning and developing the facilities'. Consideringthe make-shift nature of the transit accommodation and a high population density, itis even more important to develop and implement such a plan for the transit sites toensure that a basic level of hygiene and quality of life is ensured for all inhabitants.The CEMP is also expected to take into consideration the environmental impact oninhabitants due to surrounding land as well as the impacts of the transit sites on theneighboring environment and recommend appropriate mitigation measures. Thisstudy aims at preparing CEMPs for the transit resettlement sites at Mankhurd,Turbhe Mandala and Wadala, after taking stock of functional aspects and existingliving conditions at the transit accommodation

Also, a World Bank study on the assessment of the compliance with CoastalRegulation Zone (CRZ) indicated that the transit sites at Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala have encroached upon the CRZ areas. MMRDA has proposed to restorethese sites on termination of transit accommodation as per of the designated landuse in Development Plan (DP). Preparation of Environmental Restoration Plan(ERP) for the transit sites impacting the CRZ, is also a part of this study

1 SPARC, the NGO responsible for implementation support for the Resettlement ImplementationPlan for the permanent resettlement sites is also providing basic magerial support with the helpof societies of residents representing various clusters of dwellings. The intervention, however, islimited to collection of fee for basic sanitary services provided by SPARC and due to the want ofa systematic approach, awareness focus and participation from PAHs is of limited effectiveness

2

MMRDA has appointed Ecosmart India Limited to assist them in preparing CEMPsfor three transit resettlement sites mentioned above and to prepare restoration plansfor the sites as well as the CRZ areas affected due to the construction of transitaccommodation

1.2 OBJECTIVES

The principal objective of the study is to identify and recommend measures toimprove the environmental conditions, wherever necessary, at the transitresettlement sites considering the operational as well as post-operational period.This leads to the following primary tasks

(i) To identify the basic environmental needs at the transit resettlement sitesfor access, community living, water supply, sewage disposal, solid wastemanagement and suggest areas for improvement after evaluating thelevel and operation of service

(ii) To identify the environmental and health impacts on the community dueto adjoining land use as well as the sanitary conditions within the sites

(iii) To improve project affected persons' knowledge on environmental issuesand enhance their ability to participate directly by identifying, evaluatingand receiving the benefits among themselves

(iv) To prepare the Community Environmental Management Plans (CEMPs)and post-closure restoration plans including restoration of CRZ areas inMankhurd and Turbhe Mandala sites, affected due to construction oftransit tenements

1.3 STUDY APPROACH

1.3.1 Approach for Developing the CEMP

This part of the study primarily addresses the impacts of the transit resettlement siteon the neighboring environment and evaluates the adequacy and upkeep ofamenities provided at the transit accommodation to minimize negativeenvironmental, and health impact on the residing communities. As a first step,previous project outputs related to permanent as well transit resettlement sites andthe regulations and guidelines for slum rehabilitation were reviewed. In order todevelop site-specific understanding of the relevant issues, detailed surveys of thesites were conducted. The survey team comprised environment, social and wetlandspecialists and landscape and civil architects. The survey documented the amenitiesprovided, the level of services, and any visuals deficiency. The observations andfindings of the survey were discussed with the SPARC as well as with the residentcommunity to seek their perception on adequacy of amenities and need forcorrective/improvement measures. This interaction was carried out in the form offocused group discussions and consultations with the SPARC field staff and residingcommunity

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In order to understand the interrelations of the transit sites with the neighboringenvironment, detailed land use survey of area within 500m from the transitresettlement sites was carried out. Based on the findings of present conditionscommunity feed back and team's own assessment of environmental impacts due toland use conflict, the mitigation measures and corrective actions for effectiveimplementation have been suggested

1.3.2 Approach for Environmental Restoration Plan

The scope of site restoration under the study falls under two distinct categories, thenon-CRZ and CRZ areas. In case of non-CRZ areas the restoration plan is focusedon dismantling the transit dwellings, infrastructure, and ensuring that the site is freefrom debris. For developing the restoration plan for the CRZ area, however, thesuitability of existing environmental conditions for restoration of CRZ area tonatural environmental conditions, identification of necessary interventions and theirfeasibility needs to be looked into. The success of such restoration will primarilydepend up on the extent of control that can be exercised on anthropogenic activitiesthat interfere with natural environmental processes in the region. The restorationprocess will essentially be slow and may not fit within a definitive time frame.Accordingly, a separate approach has been adopted for developing the restorationplan for sites falling within CRZ and those outside CRZ

The restoration plan for CRZ area included assessment of the existing conditions ofCRZ area and its adjoining area with respect to the land use, ecological status interms of presence of mangroves, their growth and health status, inundation of areaunder tidal forcing and anthropogenic factors. Based on the assessment, the viabilityof restoration of vacated transit site areas falling within CRZ has been evaluated andrestoration plan provided. The restoration plan looks into the measures like clearingthe drainage channels to facilitate inundation of CRZ areas by sea water andplantation of coastal vegetation in nearby CRZ area. The plan also lists theconditions of naturally occurring, relatively undisturbed vegetation in the vicinity,which can serve as a model for restoration of CRZ affected lands

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1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE

The report structure follows the sequence of steps to undertake the assignmentsdescribed above. The report consists of five chapters:

Chapter I - An introductory chapter providing the background of creation of transitresettlement sites, objectives of the study and the work methodology used to preparethe CEMP and the site restoration plans

Chapter II - The focus of this chapter is to describe the transit resettlement sites andtheir surrounding land use and other location aspects such as access andconnectivity with the city. This chapter also identifies the relevant environmentaland social issues for respective sites and screens them for their relative importanceconsidering the natural features of the sites. The chapter thus sets forth the tone forChapter III that presents detailed analysis of identified significant issues

Chapter III - Chapter III assesses the negative impacts on the transit sites due to thesurrounding land use. It also examines the living conditions at the dwellings,adequacy of amenities and level of services and relates them to environmentalconditions prevailing at the transit sites. Based on these analyses, the chapteridentifies the suitable remedial actions, presents the findings of the stakeholderfeedback and lists the outcome of analysis in the form of recommendations forCEMP

Chapter IV - This chapter provides the conceptual details of the CEMP measures,time schedule and cost of implementation. The responsible entity forimplementation is also recommended based on the level of effort needed andcapacity of existing community setup for effective participation

Chapter V - This chapter is the concluding part of the report. It providesrecommendations for post-closure restoration of the transit sites. The CRZ and non-CRZ sites are treated separately. Costs and timeframe for restoration activities arealso provided

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Chapter II

LANDUSE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SETTINGS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the landuse and environmental settings in transit resettlementsites and adjoining locations. Delineation of landuse and environmental settingfacilitates identification of environmental issues that relate to location of the sitesand their operations. The baseline landuse and environment settings for each transitsite has been ascertained through land use surveys, field observations, review ofDevelopment Plans prepared by MCGM, and informal interviews

It is noticed that under a court directive Government of Maharashtra (GoM) wasobligated to resettle the PAHs occupying the right of way of railway tracks along theCentral Railways. Due to time constraint the normal site selection process could notbe followed for the temporary resettlement sites

As a result, the transit resettlement sites are subjected to negative environmentalimpacts due to the prevailing surrounding land uses. This chapter identifies andevaluates such environmnental impacts by taking stock of baseline environmentalconditions in the area

While describing the baseline, the geographical location, accessibility, topography,and natural features, landuse with 500 m radius were examined

2.2 SITE 1- MANKHURD TRANSIT RESETTLEMENT SITE

2.2.1 Location and Access

Mankhurd transit resettlement site is located on the Mankhurd-Ghatkopar link roadwhich connects the Eastern Express Highway and the Sion-Panvel highway. Thesite is about 4.7 ha in area and falls in N and M wards of MCGM. Site is about 1.5km from Mankhurd Railway Station on the harbour line. The site location and thesurroundings within 500m radius is presented in Map 2.1

Transit resettlement site on its south abuts the Mankhurd-Ghatkopar link roads andon other three sides is surrounded by narrow creek arms that drain into the Thanecreek. The site itself is divided by a creek arm and does not have any connectivitybetween the two portions. Due to this physical separation, the transit site is treatedas two independent sites designated a site 1-A and 1-B (see Map 2.1). Both the sitesare directly accessible from the highway. The site has been inhabited since May 2000

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2.2.2 Topography and Natural Features

The site is located on reclaimed land and is flat, generally sloping towards the creekarms that provide natural drainage to the site. The reclaimed site is adequatelyraised by fillings, has adequate natural drainage through creek arms surroundingthe sites and is free from flooding. The natural features around the site include:

(i) Sparsely distributed degraded mangroves along the creek arms and(ii) A small low lying open area at the northern end of site 1A that receives

tidal water only during spring tide for about three to four days in a month

The area adjacent to the creeklets admeasuring about 1.1 ha falls into coastalregulation zone area. A part of this area is covered by the tenements on bothportions of the transit site

2.2.3 Land Use Within 500m Radius of the Site

Narrow creek arms of Thane creek crisscross the site and adjoining areas. The areaoriginally seems to have rich mangrove forests. Over the time, these forests havebeen encroached upon and existing land use has been carved out. Presently, theareas adjoining to the site are divided into two major parts by Ghatkopar-Mankhurdlink road. The region south of the road comprises area encroached by slums, theMHADA resettlement housing complex and open spaces. The region to north ofGhatkopar-Mankhurd link road comprises of the site itself and an industrial area tothe west with some open buffer spaces of about 200m. The area across the creekarms on the North belongs to Devnar solid waste disposal site and has been filledwith garbage. Part of this area is unutilized and exhibits sparse coastal vegetation

Slums occupy the areas adjacent to the transit sites on its east and north. The largescrap yard abuts the transit site 1B immediately on its North. The complete detailsof the site are presented in Map No.2.1

2.2.4 Environmental Impacts due to Neighboring Land Use

Due to the prevailing land use in immediate vicinity of the transit resettlement site atMankhurd, its inhabitants are likely to face the following negative environmentalimpacts:

(i) Air quality and noise impacts, and accident hazard due to the movementof heavy vehicles on Ghatkopar-Mankhurd link road

(ii) Hazard of exposure to spent toxic wastes disposed into environment dueto scrap yard activity

(iii) Health related impacts due to allocation of transit site close to solid wastedisposal area

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In addition, due to large presence of slums the creeklets are used to dispose sewageand solid waste generated within the slums. The area is also used for opendefecation that may have bearing on health of inhabitants of the transit resettlementsites

2.3 SITE II - TURBHE MANDALE


Turbhe-Mandale transit resettlement site is located in Mankhurd(E), on relativelyundeveloped eastern side of the harbour railway line corridor, which runs parallel toSion-Panvel Highway. The site is at a distance of about 50m from the harbourrailway line tracks. The total area of the transit site is about 4.4ha. A MHADAhousing development project, which is under construction, is located adjacent to thissite on its south. The presence of railway track has posed a severance problem. Thesite at present is not properly connected by road, as the nearest subway under theharbour line is about two kilometres away from the site, towards Vashi. The accessto site is through non-metallic road parallel to the railway tracks., The site issurrounded by 'No Development Zone' on northern and eastern side. The site is alsotraversed by a creeklet and the area adjoining creeklet falls under CRZ

Mankhurd railway station at a distance of approximately 1.0 Km is the nearestrailway station to the site. A subway proposed for access to MHADA and adjoiningarea is under construction

The site location and surroundings within 500m radius of the site is presented inMap No.2.2. The site has been inhabited since November 2000


The site is located on reclaimed land and is flat, generally sloping towards thenatural drains or the creeklet passing through south-east corner of the transit site.The location of the transit tenements is free from flooding and water logging. About1.7ha of area at the south-eastem comer of the site falls under coastal regulationzone'. The natural features around the site includes:

(i) the degraded mangroves along the creeklet with patches of dense mangrovesstrewn in between

(ii) tidally influenced mud flats

(iii) salt pans

1 In case of this creek, the CRZ is demarcated as width of the creek from HTL

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2.3.3 Land Uses with 500m Radius of the Site

The land uses within 500m radius of the site as presented in Map 2.2 include majorrail and road corridors to the north of the site and planned permanent resettlementresidential area to the west of the site, in the adjacent plot. This residential area isunder construction and the pre-fabrication construction yard is located to the south -west of the site. The majority of remaining area especially east and south-eastarn ofthe site is classified as "No development zone". A part of this area is under salt pans.The 500 m radial area also shows presence of sparse as well as dense mangrove.Mandala village, located adjacent to the creeklet, is situated to the south of the site

2.3.4 Environmental Impact due to Neighbouring Land Use

Due to the prevailing land use in immediate vicinity of the transit resettlement site atTurbe-Mandala, its inhabitants are likely to face the following negativeenvironmental impacts:

(i) Use of mucky path strewn with garbage and sewage for approachingMankhurd station due to absence of subway

(ii) Circuitous access for vehicles and dust problem due to unpaved access roadto the transit resettlement site

(iii) Mosquito breeding and associated health hazards due to waterlogged area onsouth-east corner of the plot

(iv) The heavy vehicular movement on Sion-Panvel highway and local trainmovements on harbour line which in turn would cause noise pollution

2.4 SITE III - WADALA


Wadala transit-resettlement site is in the F/North ward of MCGM., located behindthe truck terminal and R.T.O. office in Wadala (East). The area of the site is about10.9ha. It is the most recent one amongst the three sites, being occupied only 8-9months back. The site is not properly connected to the rest of the city, as theapproach road is not linked properly to the main roads. The only approach to thesite is through the truck terminal area. Approach to the nearest Guru Tej Bahadurrailway station on the harbour line, is through slums, and not properly connected.The site location and the land uses surrounding the site is presented in Map No 2.3.The site has been inhabited since June 2001

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The transit resettlement at this site is reclaimed by filling part of a shallow pond.The site is flat and generally sloping towards the natural Nala at the periphery of thesite. The site is free from waterlogging and flooding. The natural features aroundthe site includes parts of the unfilled shallow pond and open marshy lands adjacentto the site and a small hillock on the western side, approximately at a distance of250m

2.4.3 Land uses within 500m Radius of the Site

The landuse within 500 m radius of the transit site is presented in Map 2.3. The siteis demarcated from the slum settlements all along the western and northernboundary by the natural drain abutting the transit site. The eastern and southeastern part is predominantly occupied by the pond and marshy land with exceptionof truck terminal. The residential transit resettlements constructed by MCGM acrossthe slum settlement and MHADA housing are located to the north of the site at adistance of about 150m. While permanent resettlement site for PAHs affected byMUTP is located across the road to the south of the site.

2.4.4 Environmental Impact due to Neighbouring Land Use

Due to the prevailing land use in immediate visiting of the transit resettlement site atWadala, its inhabitants are likely to face the following negative environmentalimpacts:

(i) Choked natural nala at the southern periphery of the site and waterloggedarea located on the south-eastern side of the site which leads to mosquitobreeding and unsanitary conditions

(ii) Lack of access to transportation corridors

(iii) Unsanitary conditions due to surrounding land uses and dumping of solidwaste in the locality

The important environmental aspects identified in sections above are evaluated inthe following chapter

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Chapter III

ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The environmental assessment of the transit resettlement sites has been carried outbased on the study of existing land use within 500 m of the sites, observations onenvironmental conditions within the sites and the surrounding areas andinteractions with the PAHs residing at the transit resettlement sites. The inhabitants'feedback was obtained by one to one interactions at household level, focus groupdiscussions at cluster level and by Public Information and Consultations (PICs) at theoverall site level. The interactions were held with the help of SPARK, the NGO whoplanned and developed the transit resettlement sites and worked closely in therelocation of PAHs

The environmental assessment focussed on two specific interrelations of the transitsites with its environment The first interrelation comprised analyses of impact ofneighbouring land use that may significantly affect the living conditions of residentsof transit sites. Treatment of this interrelation included identification of the land useattributes that may cause the impact, analyses of impact by way of qualitativeanalyses of the extent and magnitude of its effect, understanding peoples perceptionwith respect to the gravity of the impact and identifying mitigation measures. Themitigation measures were identified considering the scientific requirements,compatibility with the transitory nature of the site as well as the expectation of theresident population

The second interrelation comprised assessment of impact of on-site activities on theresidents by way of their impact on the environmental conditions at the site itself.The impact of site operations on the neighbouring environment was also considered.These aspects of the study included (i) assessment of level of basic infrastructure andservices at the sites and their effectiveness in maintaining environmentally safeliving conditions and (ii) assessment of effectiveness of waste collection and disposalmechanisms that may negatively impact the neighbouring environment. Possibleremedial measures for overcoming the deficiencies were identified. The mitigationmeasures are recommendation based on the scientific analyses of the impact,feasibility of their implementation and importance of the impact in the perception ofthe resident population

The following sections present the findings of the environmental assessment andrecommended mitigation measures for each of the three transit resettlement sites

3.2 SITE I - MANKHURD

3.2.1 Impact of Surrounding Land Use on the Site

Impacts Due to the Scrap Yard Behind the Site

The scrap yard behind site 1-B of ,----- -

Mankhurd site handles spent oil, % ''r

grease and hazardous chemical -' k a ..

containers. As part of the scrap yard 24 ji

operations, the hazardous wasteremaining in the containers is either Iwashed into the creeklets withoutany treatment or land disposedaround the site without any -precaution. This at times may lead .__=to formation of obnoxious andharmful gases and conditions that are detrimental to the health of the residentpopulation. The toxic discharges may also be detrimental to aquatic flora and fauna inthe receiving environment, especially under low tide conditions

Due the unregulated handling and disposal of hazardous chemicals in the vicinity ofthe site, the transit resettlement site at Mankhurd is unsafe for its habitants. Theinmates of the site have reported a number of incidences in the past that causedbreathing difficulty and forced them to run away from the site. Even during the sitevisit, obnoxious odorous conditions were observed at the site

The observations at the site and inquiries with the old inhabitants in surroundingarea, reveal that handling of hazardous waste at the site was prevalent even beforethe transit site was planned. The selection of the site for housing the resettlementsite, therefore, was environmentally inappropriate. Considering that the resettlementsite has already been about one and half years old and the impacts with respect tohandling of hazardous waste can not be mitigated unless the operations are ceased,the practical and rational measure to mitigate the adverse impact is to assign thehighest priority on shifting the transit site PAHs to permanent resettlement site,adequately away from the scrap yard'

In the larger context, the handling and disposal, of hazardous wastes observed nearthe site is in violation of the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules,1989 and therefore is liable for punishment under the law. Although such an actionmay be initiated by MMRDA through.regulatory agencies, the permanent solutionto the problem lies in development of hazardous waste treatment, storage anddisposal facility that can be availed by the generators of hazardous waste in Mumbai

' To assess the potential impact of scrap yard activities on residents of transit accommodation at Mankhurd,MMRDA with the help of National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) carried out onsite monitoring. The monitoring report states, "Although the scrap yard soil samples indicate higher degreeof contamination, impact on the residents is not feasible."

12

Impact Due to the Solid Waste Disposal Site

It is observed that the transit site at Mankhurd is within about 250 m from the edgeof the Dewnar solid waste disposal site. The active portion of the disposal sitehowever is about 750 m away from the transit site. Although, the inhabitants oftransit site have not reported any nuisance due to the waste disposal activities,location of transit site so close to the solid waste disposal site is inappropriate. Thesite conditions can be adversely affected due to burning of garbage during adversemeteorological conditions. Shifting the inhabitants from the site to permanentresettlement site on priority basis is the only possible remedial action

Impacts Due to the Major Transportation Corridor

A four-lane link road connecting Eastern Express Way and Sion-Panvel highwayabuts the transit site. This road is mainly used by Sion-Panvel bound heavycommercial vehicles that are diverted from Chembur section of the Sion-Panvelhighway. These vehicles join the highway at Mankhurd after detour through ShivajiNagar using the link road. The traffic on this road is observed to be high duringevening and early morning hours. The heavy vehicular movement results in (i) noiseand air pollution, specially for the first row of tenements located at a distance of 20mand 10m in sitel-A and site 1-B respectively from the edge of the road(ii) accidenthazard for the inmates who have to depend on shops, schools, vegetable vendorsacross the road for their daily needs.

In the absence of actual traffic volume data at this place, the commercial trafficvolumes monitored at Thane creek bridge during 1997 on Sion-Panvel highway hasbeen considered to estimate the traffic noise pollution at the resettlement site. Thedaily traffic volumes observed are presented below:

Daily Traffic Volumes-1997 at Thane Creek Brid ge on Sion-Panvel Highway'Vehicular Car/Taxi Two Three Buses Mini- LCVs HCV MAMode wheelers wheelers Buses VVolume 23,968 9,206 1,143 12,373 2,305 11,042 20,525 932

The noise levels are estimated using Highway Noise Model developed based on theguidelines suggested by Federal Highway Administration (FHWA). The model details arepresented in Annexure I. From the modelling results, it is observed that the noise levels atthe first row of houses in site 1-A and 1-B are 79 and 82 dB(A) respectively. Thesenoise levels are however common in residential areas adjacent to arterial roads inMumbai as Municipal corporation by-laws allow residential buildings along thearterial roads with a setback distance of 6m. In addition, the PAHs during thefocused group discussions have not expressed any concern about high noise levels,inspite of highlighting the issue

The heavy commercial traffic on the link road also heightened the accident risk dueto lack of a well-defined entrance to the site and aligned location for pedestriancrossing. The adverse impact of the highway, especially in terms of accident hazard

'Trasport Planning Department, MMRDA

13

figures prominently in feedback from the PAHs. The site survey has also revealedthat the PAHs frequently cross the road to access the grocery shops, vegetablevendors and schools located across the road. According to the concerned policestation during the year 2001, forty four (44) accidents have been reported on theMankhurd-Ghatkopar link road of which fifteen (15) were fetal

A plausible mitigation measure for the above impacts could be to repair the existingbarbed wire fence and provide a well defined access between the road and thetransit site. The fence will be planted with creepers along the side which whengrown will provide protection against dust pollution and also channelise thecrossings from a single place along the road. At the point of crossing, provision ofzebra crossing with speed breaker will be necessary to reduce the risk of accidents.

3.2.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions within the Site

The environmental conditions within the site have been evaluated for their impacton the inhabitants under three categories, namely: (i) adequacy of dwellings (ii) levelof services and (iii) provision of amenities. Comparing the existing conditions withminimum provisions, observations on the functional aspects of the services, technicalobservations coupled with discussions with the inhabitants have been used toidentify areas for intervention. Once a deficiency and its cause are identified, allpossible measures for corrective action are listed. The recommended measure isshort listed based on feasibility of implementation, stakeholder preference andtechnical necessity for corrective action

Site Layout

Mankhurd site is planned on grid pattern, with roads and pathways in right anglesand the dwelling units along them. All the services are provided along the straightpathways or roads. The site is on reclaimed land and is flat, generally slopingtowards the natural drains or the creek arms passing through and surrounding thesite. One of these creek arms divides the site into two parts and takes the major loadof drainage of the site. There is no internal connectivity between the two parts of thesite, hence they have to be treated as two different sites. The site statistics arepresented below:

Plot Area 47,171.61 sqmNumber of TenementSite 1-A 875 TenementsSite 1-B 802 TenementsAverage Density 5 persons per tenementTotal Population 8020 PersonsNumber of W.C. Provided 133 NosTotal Built Up Area 19984.80 SqmArea Under Roads 3851.78 SqmArea Under CRZ-I 11155.72 SqmNos. of Tenements Coming In CRZ-ISite 1-A 156Site 1-B 155

14

Layout and Design of Dwelling Units

(a) TENEMENTS

Existing situation

Tenements are temporary sheds with AC sheet roofing, half brick thick walls,plastered only up to 1.0 m from the ground level from both the sides. Thecarpet area of each tenement is 11.71 sqm (126 sft), it includes the cookingarea and bathing (without tap) which is drained in to the open drains outside.The provision of W.C. and water point is common. The only windowprovided is of 12 sft area with metal shutters. The rows of houses along thecreek fall under CRZ and these houses have developed major cracks. The firstrow in Site 1-A and 1-B opens in to the narrow open space separating it fromthe highway link road, a major traffic corridor

Analysis

Dwelling units, being unplastered and unpainted, are dark and dingy inside.Window opening, which should be 1/6th of the carpet area as perDevelopment Control Regulations for Greater Bombay Rule No. 42,, issmaller than required hence sufficient daylight and ventilation is notavailable in the rooms

Inadequate ventilation can give rise to poor indoor air quality in case uncleanfuel such as wood and coal is used for cooking. However, it is observed thatall tenements have access to clean fuel and appropriate stoves. 90% of thePAHs use kerosene and the rest use LPG. Therefore the indoor air qualityimpacts due to poor ventilation are not significant. Further interviews withthe PAHs revealed that they keep the doors open which overcomes thedeficiency in ventilation due to less than normal window space

Some of the tenements in the site are developing major cracks due to thesettlement of the soil, as the site is located on a filled area and also the waterlevel rises in the creek arms every fortnight and loosens the soil along theperiphery of the site. This may lead to collapse of the houses3

Plausible Remedies

* White wash with lime the interior walls and ceiling of tenements. This willmake the dwellings more lit and hygienic

* Provide A.C. vent cowls at the roof near the ridge, to increase the crossventilation. To be effective, two vent pieces will be required for everytenement

3 After submission of the initial draft, MMRDA has undertaken site inspection and have identified tentenements as highly risk prone. These tenements have been dismantled and occupants have been shifted toother dwellings. The remaining tenements that have developed minor cracks have been repaired

15

* Replace a small part (1.0 m x 0.5 m) of A.C. sheet roofing with translucentfibre sheets, to improve the day light inside the room

* Dismantle the tenements falling under CRZ (251 m number) to rrurnmizethe risk due to house collapse and use the vacated area to providelandscaped green pockets and other utilities as necessary

(b) ROADS

Existinig sitation1

Access: The access to boththe part of the site is directlyfrom the Highway link road.Each part is connected to the,.highway link road by a 9 m .wide internal road. These sroads act as the only E

approach to the sites.Internal circulation Isplanned with interflal roads -and pathways

Internal Roads: The internal roads are 6 m wide and made up of W.B.M.Open drains are provided on one side of internal roads. The road surface isuneven and not properly sloped

Pathways: The space in- /

between the row of houses l

act as the pathways and are , I tlined with open drains on - kone side. The pathwavs are2.5 m wide and are paved -

with rough Shahabad stonie.In many places, it was foundthat the drains crossing thepathways were left open

An1alysis

Entry points to both parts of the site are not noticeable properly, which makesit difficult to be identified from the highway link road. Hence, entry pointshave become accident-prone areas due to high-speed vehicles on the linkroad, as there are no pedestrian crossings adjacent to the resettlement site

Internal roads are in bad condition due to improper slope towards the drains,making it liable to water clogging in the rains that is further detrimental to itscondition. Movement on such roads would be difficult in rains

There is no provision for greenery along the road, which could provide shadeand could have been a visual relief for the users. There is no open space (setback) provided between the house and the road

The open drains across the pathways make it difficult for movement, as aresult people have made temporary arrangements by keeping stone slabs tocover them

No street light points are provided, though roads and pathways are the onlyoutdoor places for residents

Plausible Remedies

. Highlight the entry points to the transit site by means of landscapeelements like archway at entrance of the compound wall, mounds, changein vegetation using green belt elements, lighting, etc

* Rectify the transverse slope of internal roads and provide camber to haveslopes on both sides leading rainwater to nearby storm water drains. Theslope of camber shall be 1:36

* Cover the open drains across the roads and pathways while maintaininguniforrnity with pathway/road level for ease of movement

* Provide adequate street lighting along the internal roads and pathwayswith a maximum spacing of 15m to have an illumination intensity of 50lux at night time

(c) DRAINAGE

Existing situlation

The site is provided with a network of open drain system sloping towards thecreek arms. These creek arms serve as the main drain for the site. The internalopen drains carry the surface water and sullage from the dwellings.Household solid waste is also thrown in the drains causing stagnation ofwater and unhygienic conditions. The drains are not cleaned regularly andare filled with muck and solid waste

The ends of internal drains arenot properly taken to the creekarms and are left on the

_ ~~~~~~~~~~~adjoining slopes of thereclaimed land. This has led tostagnation of water and

~~ a breeding of mosquitoes

Analysis

It is observed that the drains are

17

are clogged with solid waste and as a result the sullage disposed into thedrains remains stagnant and creating breeding conditions for mosquitoes andother insects. This situation is mainly due to lack of awareness amongst PAHsfor proper disposal of solid waste. The mechanism for sold waste collectionand disposal also needs to be improved

The end portions of the open drains that evacuate wastewater from the siteare not designed to carry the water/sullage to the creek arms. The drainstypically end before creek-arm. As a resuft the water spreads and stagnates inthe form of cesspools around the creek, giving rise to unhygienic andmalodorous conditions

Plausible Remedies

• Undertake awareness programme among the PAHs for proper disposal ofsolid waste from the site and support it by proper solid waste collectionmechanism at transit site

* Provide for weekly cleaning of the drains with provision for appropriatedisposal of muck

. Provided smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on thebottom of the drains to rectify the slope and finishing of the drains

* Improve the drain portions leading to the creek arms to ensure adequatedrainage

. Remove solid waste from the creek arm and its sides and develop abarrier by way of hedge of shrubs along the length of the creek arm todiscourage inhabitants direcfly disposing the solid waste into the creekarms.

Services - Provision and Functioning

(a) WATER SUPPLY

Existing situation

Water taps are provided at one end of every row of houses, every householdhas to collect water from such points nearest to them

The water supply is intermittent and the pressure is very low and as a result,the farthest water points remain dry. Even the sintex tanks, which are kept ata height of 0.5 m, cannot be filled. Currently small sumps are made belowtaps, wherever possible to collect water. In many places vessels have to bekept in the open drains to collect water from the water lines running along theground

It has become necessary for all the tenements to store water, which they doindividually in drums kept in the pathways outside their houses

The quantity of water collected is not sufficient to fulfil the daily needs andpeople purchase water from outside at a premium. The current situation hasresulted in resentment to pay the water charges

Analysis

Water one of the basic necessities, is also one of the most important need to beprovided for the families residing at this transit resettlement site. Deficiencyof water is due to the low water pressure and lack of proper storage facility atcommunity level

Numbers of taps provided are also inadequate and residents have to stand inqueue for a long' period. Also, the provision of gathering space near the waterpoints is not adequate

There is no water storage facility near the common toilet blocks. Storage ofwater at community level needs to be provided at least for the sanitationpurpose

Plansible Remedies

* Increase water pressure and the duration of supply from source* Provide overhead storage tanks at the toilet blocks and introduce booster

pumps to fill water in the tanks, if required* Additional taps should be provided to achieve the ratio of one tap for ten

tenements. These water points can be provided in the open spacesbetween the rows of houses, which can act as gathering spaces also

(b) SANITATION- (TOILETS)

Existintg situation

The W.C. facility is common, there are six types of_ - .toilet blocks depending on the number of seats

provided within. There is provision of one seat forv R every 12 tenements. There is lack of adequate water

- supply and its storage for toilets. Platforms to placestorage tanks are there, but tanks are now removed,as water does not fill in due to low pressure

The cleaning of the toilets appears to be regularlydone through the NGO intervention. PAFs makeregular payment for cleaning the toilets

Open defecation is evident around the transit resettlement site

19

Septic tanks are provided below each toilet block. Overflow from the septictanks is connected to the creek arms using hume pipes. The PAHs reportedthat MCGM cleans the septic tanks when those start overflowing

Analysis

Considering the norms currently being followed in "slum sanitationprogramme" under Bombay Sewage Disposal Project (BSDP), there should beone toilet seat for every 50 adults. Based on family composition at the transitsite, the provision of one toilet seat per 12 tenements appears to satisfy theabove norm. Also, the PAHs during the focus group discussions have notstated inadequacies in the number of toilet seats although there werereferences to inadequate operational conditions due to lack of water. . Lack ofwater leads to unhealthy toilet habits that may have health impacts due torisk of direct contamination

Plausible Rem11edies

* To provide overhead water tank at the toilet blocks with adequate watersupply pressure to ensure that water gets filled in the tanks

* Educate, the PAHs about the importance of sanitation such that opendeification is eliminated

(c) SOLID WASTE

Existing situation

During the site visits, it was reported that an NGO collects the garbage onceeveryday from each tenement on payment of Rs. 15/- per month. Thecollected garbage is transferred to the municipal bins located away from thesite. This arrangement however does not seem to be effective as the garbagewas found strewn all around the site- in open spaces, within and along thecreeklets

An1alysis

The arrangement of solidwaste collection is observedto be irregular andinefficient. Ungainly andunhygienic conditions

_- - prevailing near the disposalbins, also discourages

r - > . people from properlydisposing the waste intobins. This further aggravates

-_ ~ T ~ d the problem and leads to-- 4t.'-''i- ,!:'. . . direct disposal of solid

waste into the drains and creek arms

20

It is observed that community bins are not provided at cluster levelnecessitating traversal of significant distance to approach the main disposalbin. This acts as a deterrent for proper disposal of solid waste and encouragesdisposal into the drains aggravating the drainage problem

The above is further compounded due to lack of awareness among the PAHsof need for adequate disposal of solid waste and likely negative healthimpacts of their negligence

Plausible Remedies

* Provide waste collection bins at the cluster level and integrate off-take ofsolid waste from the site with MCGB solid waste collection service withdaily collection of solid waste

. After providing adequate facilities, conduct awareness programme toenhance understanding for proper solid waste disposal among theresidents

. Introduce a incentive mechanism to encourage sanitary habits byproviding benefit in terms of more frequent cleaning or insecticide sprayor reduced collection charges to clusters that keep their premises clean

(d) ELECTRICITY

Existing situation

Within tenement: Electricity is provided in each tenement for which theyhave to pay Rs. 75 per point per month. On an average, each tenement hasabout two points. This arrangement is found satisfactory

Street Lighting : Currently there is no provision for street lighting andlighting at the community spaces

Analysis

Internal roads have no provision of street lighting and not even the light fromtenements falls on streets as the rows of houses face the pathways not theinternal roads

Reaching utility area in the nighttime when it is dark is very difficult, aspeople have to depend on the light coming from the tenements or their ownmeans. There is no outdoor lighting for such purposes

Water points where people have to gather from early morning, there is noprovision for illuminating that area when it is dark

21

Plausible Remedies

* Provide adequate street lighting along the internal roads and pathwayswith the minimum spacing of 15m to have an illumination intensity of 50lux at nighttimes

* Provide lighting at the gathering spaces (open spaces between theclusters), paths leading to water points and the toilets; and the waterpoints and toilets

Amenities

(a) SHOPS

Existing situation

There is provision for only one ration shop, the space for which is allocated toone of the Project Affected Person (PAP). The PAP was in the same businessprior to shifting to the site

Few vendors sell vegetables on a makeshift arrangement at the entrance of thesite

Both parts of the resettlement site have a doctor's clinic each which opens forfour hours in a day. The immediate medical needs of the PAHs, therefore, isadequately addressed

Analysis

Lack of convenience shopping facility to meet the requirement of daily needson the site is one of the major deficiencies. Currently most of the PAHs to goto Mankhurd market for groceries and vegetables. Petty shopkeepers,however, are seen selling the eatables at the site which considering theunsanitary conditions at the site is a certain heath risk. There is, therefore,urgent need to improve sanitary conditions at the site

Plausible Remedies

* Convert a few tenements towards highway link road to shops to providefor essential daily needs of the residents such as grocery, fruits andvegetables, medical facility, PCO, etc.

* Regularise the place for hawkers and Inhabitants interested in suchcommercial activities at cluster level and provide special attention tomaintain clean and hygienic conditions around the vendingplatforms/ shops

22

(b) SCHOOL

Existing situation

The only education facilities existing on the transit site are in the form ofbalwadies. Children studying in pre-primary and levels above need to go toplaces that are away from the site

Ananysis

Although there should be pre-primary school at the resettlement site housingabout 1600 fainilies, there is .no space for such a facility at the site. Thechildren from the transit site therefore have to cross the highway to reach tothe schools at neighbouring permanent resettlement site

Plausible Remedies

* Provision of safer pedestrian crossing will help the residents in accessingthe school across the road and reduce accident hazard

(c) OPEN SPACES

Recreational Open Spaces:

Existing sihtation

A 2.5m wide pathway between the two rows oftenements serves as the only open space, which

i., l ,,,, is used for washing, water storage and otherrecreational activity by the inhabitants.

Z~i , IPMR;-Fs-L- Q5

There are only two pockets of open spaces of 70 Sqmts each inside the clustersof Site 1-A. The tenements around mostly use these, except duringcomrnunity activities like Ganesh Festival other functions

23

Ou the rear side of Pocket'1-A' there is an openspace, which the children -iuse as play ground. This .:area is low-lying and not . -,reclaimed. This area fallsunder CRZ and gets *

flooded 3 to 4 days in a

zIte 1-i6 is aevoia or anv open or recreationai soace

Pockets of rectaneular open spaces Provided in Site 1-A are verv small in sizeand are inadeauate tor recreational ourposes

No proper approach and entrv points are made for these open spaces, and areonlv used bv the Deov1e stavine around them

Approach to the rear open space is through the dead end of the pathwaysover the dump ot earbaee.

Paiusible Remedies

* Improve the use of available recreational open spaces by improving theaccess and keeping them a good condlitions

* Use the other neighbouring open spaces to provide relief to the residents

Other Open Spaces:

Fxisting sitmation

Along the highway 4 to 5 m wide open space is present in Site 1-A. A smallstretch of about 6 m is used for experimental growing of trees and shrubs by

NGO, which appeared tobe successful.

The open space at the rearside of Site 1-B is beingused for constructingadditional transitaccommodation by

- . A {, v : - MCGM2 . This open spaceis the only buffer between

-;-6-'~>4~^ '-i^--- - the transit site and the

2Construction oflhc sestttlcmcnts havc bcrn comipleted during finialisation ofthis repot Thet enemcnnts const.uded in 11h11 ,. - ^.xalso occupied 24

hazardous activity area and should not be used to house any more families

Small pockets of openspaces are left towards

- the end of each row ofhouses, which atpresent have becomeplace for garbagedumping.

Analysis

Both the sites in Site 1-A and 1-B are deficient in terms of provision of openspaces as per DCR norms

The successful plantations in the open space in front of Site 1-A along thehighway link road is good indicator for plantations along the transit camp

The buffer space between Site 1-A and scrap yard handling the hazardouswvaste is inadequate and is leading to unhealthy living condition. Furtherdevelopment of transit tenements by MCGM will cause serious cnskconditions for exposure for residents to the hazardous chemicals. This areashould be developed as a buffer space, and be brought be under green belt tocontrol physical access to the residents

Small pockets at the end of pathways, which can be potential spots fordeveloping greenery on the site and can be functional also, are leftunattended hence become places for garbage dumping.

Phaaisible Remedies

* Open space along the highway should be used for creating green belt.Though these spaces may not immediately act as green belt protecting thetenements, the plantations will be useful part of restoring the site by wayof landscaping

* At least buffer plantation of 6m width should be done along withconstruction of 1.8m high compound wall or fence along the scrap yard.This will prevent further encroachment and to improve the environmentalconditions on the siteSmall pockets aLt the end of the pathways and the area under the CRZ(along the creek arm) should be designed to form the barrier from creekarm. Such a measure will form functional spaces such as sitting areas,recreational space etc. This area can also be planted with shrubs and treeswhich in the long run can be integrated with the landscape plan duringpost-closure of the site

25

3.2.3 Impacts on Surrounding Environment Due to the Transit Camp

The transit sites are located within areas that have sparse coastal vegetationincluding mangrove. A possible impact of habitation on natural environment in thisarea could be impact on vegetation for need of fuel. However, it is observed that alltenements have either kerosene stoves (90%) or gas stove (10%). Also the ration shopdispensing the kerosene is within the site and inhabitants have regular supply ofclean fuel and therefore cutting down of mangroves by the inhabitants is notobserved.

Another possible impact on the coastal ecology could be due to the discharge ofwastewater from the transit site to the creeklets. As the slums, solid waste disposalsite and a scrap yard surround this site, the discharges from the transit site areinsignificant incomparision to overall waste load carried by the creek. Although, theecological status of the coastal areas due to anthropogenic pressure, is undersignificant stress, the impacts due to the transit site operations as such is insignificantObservations further indicate that due to dumping of hazardous waste generatedfrom the adjacent scrap yard in the creek is leading to severe stress on coastalecology

The transit resettlement site however gives rise to impacts due to (i) indiscriminatedumping of solid waste in the open areas near the creeklets and the surroundingareas (ii) land discharge of sullage generated from the tenements

As observed in the environmental conditions of the site, the service in respect oforganised solid waste collection is absent in the site. This results in strewning ofsolid waste in around the creeklets adjacent to the site. Thus causing unhygienicenvirons leading to: (i) odour problems (iu) straying of animals (iii) mosquito andinsect breeding. The overall impact of such situation reflects on the health aspects inthe area. The impacts in this respect can be minimised by implementing theremedial measures recommended to improve the services within the site. However,such measures will be ineffective unless the off-take of waste from the site by MCGMis effective. Therefore, it is important that the transit site is officially identified as oneof the neighbourhood collection points of MCGM solid waste collection network

The sullage generated from the kitchen and bathroom waste is currently collectedthrough open drains and is discharged in to the creek arm. As these creeks also drainsignificant slum areas located upstream, the additional impact of the transitresettlement site on the creek water quality is negligible. The impact of solid wastedisposal in the creek, however, could lead to an adverse impact on drainage capacityof the creek. The plastic when it reaches to the main creek through tidal action, isdetrimental to the creek ecosystem

26

3.2.4 CEMP Recommendations for Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site

CEMP recommendations for the site are based on integration of plausible remedialmeasures for individual impacts/environmental deficiencies on the level of the siteas the whole. In additional to technical requirement, while finalising the CEMPrecommendations, feasibility of implementation within short life span of the site,people's preference and findings of epidemiological survey (Annexure II) and itscompatibility with the post-closure restoration plan have been kept in mind. Table3.1 presents the CEMP recommendation for the site

3.3 SITE II - TURBHE-MANDALA SITE


Impacts due to Rail and Road Corridors

There are three types of transportation corridors adjacent to the site. These being: (i)a 7m WBM road abutting the site (ii) The Harbour line of Central Railway and (iii)the Sion-Panvel Highway. These three corridors run parallel

The vehicular movement on WBM road is moderate but causes dust pollution to thetenements adjacent to the road. The noise pollution due traffic movements on thisroad is insignificant

The railway traffic on Harbour line causes noise pollution as the site is about 40mfrom the tracks. Though the noise pollution is significant at the tenements closer tothe rail corridor, it is intermittent as the rail traffic is about eight local trains per hour.A possible mitigation measure for the above impacts is to construct a boundary wallbetween the WBM approach road and the tenements. However, such measure maynot be of importance given the temporary nature of the settlements. Also, the PAHsduring the focused group discussions have not expressed any concern about highnoise levels inpite of highlighting the issue as they are used to reside along the tracksprior to shifting to transit resettlement site

The noise impacts due to vehicular movements on Sion-Panvel Highway aremarginal as the site is about 150m from highway. In addition, the existing electricalsubstation with 2.5m high compound wall, located in between the site and thehighway provides attenuation of noise

The proximity of railway line does not pose any accident risk to the inmates of thetransit resettlement site as the tracks are on embankment. In addition, the existingcompound wall between railway tracks and the highway prevents crossings

27

Table 3.1

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR MANKHURD TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. Issue I Feasible Remedial Measures Remarks

Measures to Eliminate/Minimise Imp cts Due to the Surrounding Land Uses1 Chemical pollution due to the Regulate scarp yard activities through MCGM and MPCB in the scrap This is the most severe impact due to the

scrap yard operations behind yard to minimnize potential of accidental release of toxic gases and neighboring land use on the site and can notSite 1-'B' of the site increase the distance between hazardous operations and the transit site be elimninated with out closing down the

Accord highest priority to shift the PAHs residing at the transit scrap yard operations The issue also figuresresettlement site at Mankhurd to a permanent resettlement site most prominently among the PAHs

concerns with the living conditions at thesite

2 Accident risk due to fast Repair 1.5m tall barbed wire fence on the side facing the road at both 1-A The PAPs during interactions havemoving traffic on link road and 1-B of the site and highlight the entry points to the site with indicated very high concern about the risk

landscape elements of accident while crossing the roadConstruct speed breakers and zebra crossing at the entry points on both The measure proposed is obligatory fromsides of the link road and widen the median at zebra crossing the safety point of view

Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site'1 Poor ventlation and day light Whitewashing of interior wails and ceiling of tenements with lime after During the interactions, the PAPs have not

within the tenements ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs brought out lack of ventilation or day lightas an issue. Partially, they have overcomethe problem by keeping their doors open.Considering the transitory nature of the site,the implementation of measures discussedunder section 3.2.3 may not be necessaryHowever, in such future construction,MMRDA should ensure that dwelling aredesigned is accordance with the ventilationnorms

These measures will also minimize the impacts of the site on the surrounding environment

28

2 Settlement of parts of transit Examine viability of repairs of the affected tenements This measure should be implementedresettlement site leading to Dismantle non-viable and accident-prone tenements immediatelymajor cracks in some tenements Relocate the affected PAHs to vacant dwelling within the site or at other

sites.If shifted to other sites, the PAHs should retain their priority for shiftingin to the permanent tenementsUse the vacated are to augment toilet facility (refer S N 6)

3 Inadequate solid waste Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site The PAPs at the site have expressed seriouscollection and disposal at the Provide garbage disposal bins at the site and integrate the site with concern about the lack of proper garbagesite MCGM solid waste collection network disposal facilities. They are also concernedRevive the existing collection system which is currently being operated about the piling up garbage and resultingby the NGO and strengthen it with the help of community societies bad odour and mosquito breeding. PAPsformed by the NGO mentioned that in the event of excessiveUndertake awareness programme to develop understanding of accumulation of garbage, they requestimportance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among the MCGM to clear the dumps, which isPAHs generally done after prolonged pursuatione

4 Dilapidated drains leading to Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with debris, Dilapidated drainage network and theinsanitary conditions Channelize and cement the ends portions of the drains leading up to the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the

creek arm drains is currently causing seriousOrganize the existing societies to take charge for up keep and cleanliness insanitary conditions. The solid waste andof the drainage network on regular basis drainage improvement measures thereforeProvide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near are obligatory and should be implementedgarbage disposal area immediately

5 Inadequate water supply Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be People reported that the toilets are notincreased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage provided with water and have to be carriedtanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point. from home. People stand in long queues toRestore defunct storage tanks and taps fetch water. Lack of water for sanitation is

also a cause for open defecation observedaround the site

6 Inadequate Water supply in -Restore overhead water tanks and ensure provision of water at toilets Highly unhygienic conditions are observedtoilets After providing adequate water supply in toilets, educate PAHs for in and around the site due t opendiscontinuing the habit of open defecation defecation. PAHs have reported difficulty in

using the existing facilities that encouragesthe unsanitary practice

Lack of lighting in the open Provide street lighting that ensures adequate illumination specially at thespaces water gathering site and toilets

29

Mosquito breeding Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at the The mosquito problem would be solved tosite large extent on efficient implementation ofProvide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals solid waste disposal and maintenance of

drains9. Provision of shops Provide a few shops within the site to meet the daily needs of grocery These measures will reduce across the road

and vegetables of the inhabitants movement and risk of contamination ofRegularize the informal vending places and create sanitary conditions eatables soldaround them

10 Green spaces and open areas Landscape the open areas after clearing the garbage and improving the The landscaping suggestions are compatiblesite with restoration plan

30

Impacts Due to Water Logged Area

The eastern corner of the plot and the area beyond the plot has sparse mangroves.The surrounding areas around the mangroves are waterlogged and are prone tomosquito breeding. This may cause health impacts in the transit resettlement siteThe impacts in this regard can be minimised by periodic fumigation at the site

3.3.2 Impact of Environmental Conditions Within the Site

The environmental conditions have been evaluated for their impact on theinhabitants under three categories, namely: (i) adequacy of dwellings (ii) level ofservices and (iii) provision of amenities. Comparing the existing conditions withminimum provisions, observations on the functional aspects of the services, technicalobservations coupled with discussions with the inhabitants have been used toidentify areas for intervention. Once a deficiency and its cause are identified, allplausible measures for corrective action are listed. The recommended measure areshort listed based on feasibility of implementation, stakeholder preference andtechnical necessity for corrective action

Site Layout

Turbhe-Mandala site is also planned on grid pattern, with roads and pathways inright angles. The internal roads form seven clusters of dwelling units. The site is onreclaimed land and is flat, generally sloping towards the creek arms passing from thesouth-east corner of the site. The creek arm and CRZ cover almost half of the land,the other half is left for development The site statistics are presented below:

Plot Area 44,522.00 SqmNos. of Tenement 896Average Population ( 5 Ppt) 4480 On Full OccupancyNos. of W.C. Provided 96 SeatsNos. of Tenements ComingIn CRZ NilTotal Built Up Area 10,492.16 SqmArea Under Roads 4,184.37 SqmRecreational Open Area 1,092.00 SqmArea Of Creek Arms 6,546.00 SqmArea Under CRZ 17,075.35 Sqm


(a) TENEMENTS

Existing situation

Tenements are temporary sheds with AC sheet roofing, half brick thick walls,plastered only up to 1.0 m from the ground level from both the sides. The

31

carpet area of each tenement is 11.71 sqm (126 sft), it includes the cooking andbathing area (without tap) which is drained in to the open drains outside. Theprovision of W.C. and water point is common. The only window provided isof 12 sft area with metal shutters. The site is enclosed with compound wall of1.8m height on three sides. The fourth side, which is facing the road, is notprovided with a compound wall

On the north-east cornerthere are about 200tenements' made up of G.I.Sheets, which are rejected

.-- ---. - . W sample tenements, stillexisting, and occupied bydisplaced slum dwellers.

-~ <zx, > ~s'2 ;t'-sw ' s/~' These tenements come;~ > *+ >. *under CRZ, and their

- condition is uninhabitable

Analysis

Rows of houses close to the WBM approach road are prone to dust pollution.

Dwelling units, being unplastered and unpainted, are dark and dingy inside.Window opening, which should be 1/6th of the carpet area as perDevelopment Control Regulations for Greater Bombay Rule No. 42,, issmaller than required hence sufficient daylight and ventilation is notavailable in the rooms

Inadequate ventilation can give rise to poor indoor air quality in case uncleanfuel such as wood and coal is used for cooking. However, it is observed thatall tenements have access to clean fuel and appropriate stoves. 90% of thePAHs use kerosene and the rest use LPG. Therefore the indoor air qualityimpacts due to poor ventilation are not significant. Further interviews withthe PAHs revealed that they keep the doors open which overcomes thedeficiency in ventilation due to less than normal window space

The rejected sample tenements, which are uninhabitable yet occupied, do nothave proper drains, pathways and other services. Due to which stagnantwater, causes nuisance and breeding conditions for mosquitoes and otherinsects, is seen all around.

32

'The tenements were rejected by MMRDA due to sub-standard construction

Plaiusible Remedies

* Provision of a chain link fence along the WBM approach road side alongwith plantation of creepers will help in reducing the dust pollution.

* White wash with lime the interior walls and ceiling of tenements. This willmake the dwellings more lit and hygienic

* Provide A.C. vent cowls at the roof near the ridge, to increase the crossventilation. To be effective, two vent pieces will be required for everytenement


(b) ROADS

Existinig situaotio

Access: The site is across*the railway line, making 'the approach difficult byroad. The access to the i

site is from the service Aroad parallel to therailway tracks, This -

service road joins theSion-Panvel highway through a rail under-pass, 2.0 Km away, towards Vashifrom the site. Presently this acts as the only approach to the site. An under-pass towards Mankhurd railway station is under construction, which wouldmake the approach easier when, completed.

-- _ Internal Roads: Theinternal roads are 9.Om and

i _-~6.0 m wide and are madeup of W.B.M., with open

lo^ ' . c - , wdrains on both the sides.

r . - a ~ ~1 13 The surface of the roads ist -~ tl uneven and not properly

sloped and thereby causingflooding during rainyseason

Pathways: The space in-between the row of houses act as the Pathways and are lined with opendrains on one side only. The pathways are 2.5 m wide and connected to theinternal road. The pathways are paved with rough shahabad stone

33

Analysis

Entry to the site is not defined as compound wall is mnissing in the front sideand all the pathways open on to the approach road and are used as per theconvenience, creating lots of disturbance for the inhabitants

The roads are not properly sloped towards the drains and are liable to bewater clogged in rains. This is further detrimental to its condition and wouldmake it difficult to use in rains

There is no provision for roadside plantation and the street lighting along theinternal roads

The drains have been left open wherever they cross the pathways, peoplehave kept stone slabs to span them. This causes hindrance in the movement

Plausible Renmedies

* Provide a chain link fence separating the transit site from the road paralla]to the railway tracks and make provision for plantation of people alongthe fence

* Rectify the transverse slope of internal roads and provide camber to haveslopes on both sides leading rainwater to nearby storm water drains. Theslope of camber shall be 1:36.

* Cover the open drains across the roads and pathways while maintaininguniformity with pathway/road level for ease of movementProvide adequate street lighting along the internal roads and pathwayswith a maximum spacing of 15m to have an illumination intensity of 50lux at nighttime.

(c) DRAINAGE

Existinig situatilo

The creek arm serves as the main drain for the e i

site, taking all the wastewater in it. It alsocarries the solid waste dumped along its sides. M

The site is provided with a network of opendrain system sloping towards the naturaldrain (Creek arm). These open drains carrythe surface water and wastewater along withkitchen waste and solid waste. The drains areclogged and the water stagnant.

Condition of drains here is poor compared toother two transit sites. The drains are water

34

clogged and dirty, it appears that it has not been cleaned for a long time andalso the ends of these drains are left on the sloping soil of the reclaimed earth.This leads to breeding of mosquitoes and unhygienic conditions.

Analysis

It is observed that the drains are clogged with solid waste and as a result thesullage disposed into the drains remains stagnant and creating breedingconditions for mosquitoes and other insects. This situation is mainly due tolack of awareness amongst PAHs for proper disposal of solid waste. Themechanism for sold waste collection and disposal is also needs to beimproved

The ends of open drains are not designed to carry water/sludge up to thecreek arm. The water hence spreads on to the open space along the creek armand remains stagnant, creating breeding conditions for mosquitoes and otherinsects

Plausible Remedies

* Undertake awareness programme among the PAHs for proper disposal ofsolid waste from the site and support it by proper solid waste collectionmechanism at transit site

* Provide for weekly cleaning of the drains with provision for appropriatedisposal of muck

. Provided smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on thebottom of the drains to rectify the slope and finishing of the drains

* Improve the drain portions leading to the creek arm to ensure adequatedrainage

* Remove solid waste from the creek arm and its sides and, develop abarrier by way of hedge of shrubs along the length of the creek arm todiscourage inhabitants directly disposing the solid waste into the creekarm

Services

(a) WATER SUPPLY

Existing situation

Water is supplied from the municipal mains, Water supply is continuous butthe pressure is low. There is no provision for water storage.

Water taps are provided in the open spaces between the row of houses or atthe end of every row of houses. Every household has to collect water fromthese points nearest to them

35

Analysis

Inadequacy of water is due to the low water pressure and lack of properstorage facility on community level.

Numbers of taps provided are also inadequate, as people have to stand inqueue for a long period. Gathering space is not provided near water pointswhere people can stand properly

No adequate gathering space is provided near the water points.

There is no water storage facility near the common toilet blocks. Storage ofwater on community level needs to be provided at least for sanitationpurpose.

Plausible Remedies

* Increase water pressure and the duration of supply from source.* Provide overhead storage tanks at the toilet blocks and introduce pressure

pumps to fill water in the tanks* Additional taps should be provided to achieve the ratio of one tap for ten

tenements. These water points can be provided in the open spacesbetween the rows of houses, which can act as gathering spaces also.


Existing situation

W.C. facility is common and is provided in blocks. There is a provision of oneseat for every 9 tenements. Water storage facility is not near toilet blocks.

The cleaning of the toilets appears to be irregular as it is done once a week bythe persons appointed through NGO

Open defecation is prevalent at the site

Analysis

Considering the norms currently being followed in "slum sanitationprogramme" under Bombay Sewage Disposal Project (BSDP), there should beone toilet seat for every 50 adults. Though there are necessry number oftoilets, open defecation is observed to be prevalent. The site interviewsrevealed that this is due to lack of adequate water to clean the toilets.Considering the undesirability of open defecation, it is necessary thatadequate water is provided at the toilets. Lack of water also leads tounhealthy toilet habits that may have health impacts due to risk of directcontamination

36

Plausible Remedies

. Provide overhead water tank at the toilet blocks with adequate watersupply pressure to ensure that water gets filled in the tanks

. Educate the PAHs about the importance of sanitation such that opendeification is eliminated

(c) SOLID WASTE

Existing situation

No garbage bins or allocation of area for garbage dumping within the sitewas seen. Provision for daily collection of garbage to transfer it to nearestmunicipal garbage bin is also not there. Hence, site is littered with solidwaste all over and outside the site along the road.

Analysis

The arrangement of solid waste collection is observed to be completelyabsent. Ungainly and unhygienic conditions prevail in the open spaceswithin the site. The site is not connected to solid waste collection network ofMCGM. Therefore, the waste is piling from almost for an year in the site andsurroundingsDirect disposal of solid waste into the drains and creek arms is also observed

It is observed that community bins are also absent at cluster level. This acts asa deterrent for proper disposal of solid waste and encourages disposal intothe drains aggravating the drainage problem

The above is further compounded due to lack of awareness among the PAHsof need for adequate disposal of solid waste and likely negative healthimpacts of their negligence Solid waste disposal is a major problem, itsimproper disposal is leading to choking of drains, unclean surroundings andunhygienic conditions

Plausible Remedies

* Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site* Provide garbage disposal bins at the site* Establish collection system within the site, which is currently absent. This

can be implemented on similar set up with NGO as followed inMankhurd site by involving the societies formed by the NGO

* Construct a compost pit at the site and employ a person to segregate therecyclables and dispose the biodegradable waste in the compost pit

. Undertake awareness programme to develop understanding ofimportance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among the PAHs

37

* Introduce a incentive mechanism to encourage sanitary habits byproviding benefit in terms of more frequent cleaning or insecticide sprayor reduced collection charges to clusters that keep their premises clean

(d) ELECTRICITY

Existing situation

Within Tenement Electricity is provided in each tenement for which theyhave to pay Rs. 75/- per point per month. On an average, each tenement hasabout two points. This arrangement is found satisfactory

Street Lighting: Currently there is no provision for street lighting and lightingat the community spaces

Analysis

Internal roads have no provision of street lighting and not even the light fromtenements falls on streets as the rows of houses face the pathways not theinternal roads

Reaching utility area in the nighttime when it is dark is very difficult, aspeople have to depend on the light coming from the tenements or their ownmeans. There is no outdoor lighting for such purposes

Water points where people have to gather from early morning, there is noprovision for illuminating that area when it is dark

Remedies

* Provide adequate street lighting along the internal roads and pathwayswith the minimum spacing of 15m to have an illumination intensity of 50lux at nighttimes

* Provide lighting at the gathering spaces (open spaces between theclusters), paths leading to water points and the toilets; and the waterpoints and toilets

Amenities

(a) SHOPS

Existing situation

No adequate amenities are present at site. There is only one rationing shopand a consulting doctor, which is hardly open. For the smallest thingtenements have to go near Mankhurd station, which is at least 1 km fromthere

38

Analysis

Lack of convenience shopping facility near the site is one of the majorproblems there. To fulfil their needs people have to go to Mankhurd market,as there is no nearby shopping area. Petty shopkeepers, however, are seenselling the eatables at the site which considering the unsanitary conditions atthe site is a certain heath risk. There is, therefore, urgent need to improvesanitary conditions at the site

There is no adequate medical and first aid facility provided on the site.

For day to day needs people have to go the shops near Mankhurd station(approximately 1 km from the site) as no vendors come to the site at presentbecause the site is not connected to the main road at present.

Plausible Remedies

• Convert a few tenements towards highway link road to shops to providefor essential daily needs of the residents such as grocery, fruits andvegetables, medical facility, PCO, etc.

. Regularise the place for hawkers and inhabitants interested in suchcommercial activities at cluster level and provide special attention tomaintain clean and hygienic conditions around the vendingplatforms/shops

(b) SCHOOL

Existing situation

There are no proper education facilities apart from balwadies. The childrenhave to go far of places for basic primary education.

Analysis

There is no pre primary or primary school near the site, forcing the people totravel large distances

Remedies

Explore Possibilities of using the nearby school at Mandala village

39

(c) OPEN SPACES


Existing situation

The 2.5 m wide pathwaybetween the two rows oftenerments serves as the mostuseful open space, which is usedfor washing, water storage andother small recreationalactivities.

These open spaces also serve asconnection and approach to therecreation areas. Water points

- ___2, -- are provided in these spaces,- -- hence act as gathering spaces as

well.

There are seven small openrectangular pocket s provided asrecreahonal areas. These spaces

are paved with shahbad stone and are surrounded by the rows of housesand are further cut short by planting bed along the pathways in theseareas. Attempt to grow vegetation does not seem successful.

Analysis

For every cluster there is one pocket of recreational area. Each pocket ofrectangular open spaces measuring nearly 6m x 10m, are very small insize and are inadequate for the community recreational purposes.However, compared to Mankhurd site, the open spaces provided areconsiderably high

Remedies

* Improve the use of available recreational open spaces by improvingthe access and keeping them a good conditions

* Level the building debris in the south-eastern corner and use this placefor developing compost pit, constructing toilet blocks and developinggreen space

40

Other Open Spaces:

Existing situation

There is a stretch of open space along the creek arm on the South-eastcorner of the site. This space is dumped with construction debris andgarbage

-~~~~~~~~~

Small pockets of open spaces are left towards the end of few rows ofhouses, which at present have not been used for any other purpose thandumping of solid waste.

AnalysisOpen space along the main road is at present used for movement, as thereis no compound wall to keep it segregated from the road

There is no buffer space left on the west side and south side of thesettlement. A drain keeps away houses from the compound wall

Small pockets at the end of pathways, which can be potential spots fordeveloping greenery on the site and can be functional also, are leftunattended hence become places for garbage dumping

Open space along the creek arm is used for solid waste disposal and hencebecome the area with stagnant water causing unhealthy situations

Remedies

* Create green spaces along the creek arm to form a barrier to preventsolid waste dumping

* Create recreational areas in open pockets at the corner of thetenements to form functional as well as aesthetically appealing spacessuch as children play area, sitting areas etc

41

3.3.3 Impacts on Surrounding Environment Due to the Transit Resettlement Site

The transit sites are located within areas that have sparse as well as dense coastalvegetation including mangrove. The tenements however, have adequate supply ofclean domestic fuels and therefore use of wood is not observed to meet the fuelrequirements. Also, the transit site have provision of latrines with septic tanks andthe direct wastewater discharges to the mangroves areas do not cause a significantnegative impact Also, it;is observed that the salt pans areas are away from thetransit site and do not have any interrelation with its operations

The transit resettlement site however gives rise to impacts due to: (i) indiscriminatedumping of solid waste in the open area near the creek arm and the surroundingareas (ii) land discharge of sullage generated from the tenements

As observed in the environmental conditions of the site, the service in respect oforganised solid waste collection is absent in the site. This results in strewing of solidwaste at south-eastem comer, in and around the creek arm or along the railwaytracks. The transit resettlement site thus causes unhygienic environs leading to: (i)odour problems (ii) straying of animals' (iii) mosquito and insect breeding. Theimpacts in this respect can be minimised by implementing the remedial measuresrecommended to improve the services within the site. Such measures will beineffective unless the off-take of waste from the site by MCGM and this site is notcovered under MCGM network due to access problems. Therefore, it is desirablethat Turbhe-Mandala site is made self-sufficient by providing a compost pit at thesite

The sullage generated from the kitchen and bathroom waste is currently collectedthrough open drains and is discharged near the creek arm on the south-easterncorner of the site. The end section of the drainage is dilapidated and as a result, thesullage is discharged on land prior to reaching creek arm. In addition, the creek armis shallow and water flow is marginal. Also, the gradient difference between thecreek arm and the site is hardly 50cm. This causes water logging, which in turnleads to unsanitary conditions around the site. The possible solution could be torenovate the drainage network as part of site improvements

3.3.4 CEMP Recommendations for Turbhe-Mandala Transit Resettlement Site

CEMP recommendations for the site are based on integration of plausible remedialmeasures for individual impacts/environmental deficiencies on the level of the siteas the whole. In additional to technical requirement, while finalising the CEMPrecommendations, feasibility of implementation within short life span of the site,people's preference and findings of epidemiological survey (Annexure II) and itscompatibility with the post-closure restoration plan have been kept in mind. Table3.2 presents the CEMP recommendation for the site

42

Table 3.2

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR TURBHE MANDALE TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. |Issue I Feasible Remedial Measures |RemarksMeasures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site'

Poor ventilation and day light Whitewashing of interior walls and ceiling of tenements with lime after During the interactions, the PAPs have notwithin the tenements ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs brought out lack of ventilation or day lightas an issue. Partially, they have overcomethe problem by keeping their doors open.Considering the transitory nature of the site,the implementation of measures discussedunder section 3.3.2 may not be necessaryHowever, in such future construction,MMRDA should ensure that dwelling aredesigned is accordance with the ventilationnorms

2 Inadequate solid waste Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site The PAPs at the site have expressed seriouscollection and disposal at the Provide garbage disposal bins at the site concern about the lack of proper garbagesite Establish collection system within the site, which is currently absent. disposal facilities. They are also concerned

This can be implemented on similar set up with NGO as followed in about the piling up garbage and resultingMankhurd site by involving the societies formed by the NGO bad odour and mosquito breeding. PAPsConstruct a compost pit of 35mX18mXlm size on the southern end of the mentioned that till date MCGM has notsite and employ a person to segregate the recyclables and dispose the cleared the garbage even once since thebiodegradable waste in the compost pit inception of the siteUndertake awareness programme to develop understanding ofimportance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among thePAHs

3 Dilapidated drains leading to Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with debris, Dilapidated drainage network and theinsanitary conditions Channelize and cement the ends portions of the drains leading up to the indiscriminate disposal of solid waste in the

creek arm drains is currently causing seriousOrganize the existing societies to take charge for up keep and cleanliness insanitary conditions. The solid waste andof the drainage network on regular basis drainage improvement measures thereforeProvide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near are obligatory and should be implemented-garbage disposal area immediately

These measures will also miuniuse the impacts of the site on the surroundmg environment

43

4 0 Inadequate water supply Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be People reported that the toilets are notincreased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage provided with water and have to be carriedtanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point. from home. People stand in long queues toRestore defunct storage tanks and taps fetch water. Lack of water for sanitation is

also a cause for open defecation observedaround the site

5 Lack of lighting in the open Provide street lighting that ensures adequate illumination specially at thespaces water gathering site and toilets

6 Mosquito breeding Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at the The mosquito problem would be solved tosite large extent on efficient implementation ofProvide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals solid waste disposal and maintenance of

drains7 Provision of shops Provide a few shops within the site to meet the daily needs of grocery These measures will reduce risk of

and vegetables of the inhabitants contamination of eatable sold

8 Green spaces and open areas Landscape the open areas after clearing the garbage The landscaping suggestions are compatiblewith restoration plan

44



Impacts Due to the Waterlogged Area to the South-Eastern Side of the Site

The waterlogged area in the south-eastern corner of the site is one of the major areas formosquito and insect breeding and unsanitary conditions. Such a land use near the sitewould cause health problems. The impacts due to the waterlogged site should beminimised by providing proper drainage to the site. In addition, periodic fumigation ofinsecticide should be done in the area

Impacts Due to Lack of Access to Public Transport

Though the site is connected to the city, the route is circuitous. Also nearest publictransportation node, i.e. GTB railway station, Anik Bus Depot or Truck terminal bus stopis atleast 3km. As a result the project affected people have to walk atleast 20minutes toreach nearest available public transport. The impacts in this respect can be minimised byextending the BEST bus services to the transit site

3.4.2 Environmental Conditions Within the Site

The environmental conditions have been evaluated for their impact on theinhabitants under three categories, namely: (i) adequacy of dwellings (ii) level ofservices and (iii) provision of amenities. Comparing the existing conditions withminimum provisions, observations on the functional aspects of the services,technical observations coupled with discussions with the inhabitants have been usedto identify areas for intervention. Once a deficiency and its cause are identified, allplausible measures for corrective action are listed. The recommended measures areshort listed based on feasibility of implementation, stakeholder preference andtechnical necessity for corrective action

Site Layout

Wadala site is also planned on grid pattern, with roads and pathways in right anglesaround the dwelling units. The site is on reclaimed land and is flat

One of its sides touches the approach road and other two sides are adjacent tohutments. On one side it is touching an open space along the pond

The site is surrounded on all four sides by nala/drain, which acts as the main drain.One more drain runs in the centre along the 9m wide main approach road. Thisdivides the site into two parts, which are connected at some places by bridging thedrain hume pipes and a culvert. The site statistics are presented below:

45

Plot Area 1,09,844.45 SqmNos. of Tenement 3600 NosAverage Population (5 Ppt) 18000 On Full OccupancyNos. of W.C. Provided (Seats) 840 NosTotal Built Up Area 43,747.82 SqmArea Under Roads/Pathways 8,805.84 SqmRecreational Open Area 3,100.00 Sqm


(a) TENEMENTS

Existing situation

Tenements are constructed of prefabricated concrete panels with AC sheetroofing. The only window provided is of 12 sft area with metal shutters. Thecarpet area of each tenement is 11.71 sqm (126 sft), it includes the cooking andbathing area (without tap) which is drained in to the open drains outside. Theprovision of W.C. and water point is part of the community facilities

Analysis

Dwelling units, being unplastered and unpainted, are dark and dingy inside.Window opening, which should be 1/6th of the carpet area as perDevelopment Control Regulations for Greater Bombay Rule No. 42, is smallerthan required hence sufficient daylight and ventilation is not available in therooms

Inadequate ventilation can give rise to poor indoor air quality in case uncleanfuel such as wood and coal is used for cooking. However, it is observed thatall tenements have access to clean fuel and appropriate stoves. 90% of thePAHs use kerosene and the rest use LPG. Therefore, the indoor air qualityimpacts due to poor ventilation are not significant. Further interviews withthe PAHs revealed that most of the time they keep the doors open whichovercomes the deficiency in ventilation due to less than normal windowspace

Currently there is no boundary wall and as a result there are multiple entrypoints through internal roads in between the rows of houses. This causesnuisance to the tenements adjacent to the approach road to the site

46

Plausible Remedies

* Construct Chain link fence with proper setbacks and clearly demarcatedentry points

* White wash with lime the interior walls and ceiling of tenements. This.will make the dwellings more lit and hygienic

* Provide A.C. vent cowls at the roof near the ridge, to increase the crossventilation. To be effectve, two vent pieces will be required for everytenement


(b) ROADS

Existing situationAccess:

There are two access points to the whole site. The approach to these

accesses is by aconnecting roadfrom truck terminalroad. The access toone ,.of the mainentry to the site isfrom a culvert overthe nala. Accessfrom this culvertmafter a turn joins to9m wide centralmain road. Theaccess to another entry is partly blocked as manholes of septic tank oftoilets on the roadside are higher than the road level. Hence this secondaccess is not treated as a main entry

47

The main roads are 9m wide and finished with WBM, with open drainson both the sides. Along these drains are 1.5 m wide pathways fromwhich tenements are approached

The roads have uneven surface causing difficulty while moving on them.Provision of streetlights is there along the 9m wide internal road

The secondary internal roads are 3m wide with shahabad stone pavingand open drain on one side

Pathways: The 2.5 m wide space paved with shahabad stone, in-betweenthe row of houses act as Pathways and are lined with open drains of halfround GSW pipes on both sides.

Analysis

The second entry, which acts as the main entry, to the site over a culvertis around 4mt wide, which is little shifted from the alignment of thecentral 9.0 m wide road. Around this area there is lot of solid wastedumped in to the nala, creating nuisance and unpleasant conditions

The first entry is through a partly barricaded 9m wide road, which isused only by the pedestrians and the two wheelers

The 9.0 m wide main road on which the access lies are connected to eachother at two places through small culverts spanning the central nala

The roads are not properly sloped towards the drains and are liable to bewater clogged in rains. This is further detrimental to its condition andwould make it difficult to use in rains

There is no provision for roadside plantation and the street lighting alongthe secondary internal roads other than main roads

The drains have been left open wherever they cross the pathways and atjunctions of pathways & roads, people have kept stone slabs to spanthem. This causes hindrance in the movement

Plausible Remedies

* Bridge Nala on front side in alignment with the main road to create aproper entry point

* Highlight the entry to second to the second part with the help oflandscape elements and raise level of roads in place where manholesare there

48

o Rectify transverse slope of the roads with the provision of camber toslope both sides towards open drains. The slope of camber shall be1:36

* Provide greenery along the central nala* Provide road side plantations along high tension line area* Cover the open drains across the roads and pathways to the same

level of the pathway or road for having ease of movement

(c) DRAIlNAGE

Existinag sitlation

The central nala and theperipheral nala serve as themain drains for the site,taking all the wastewater aalong with solid waste awayfrom the site. The sides of - .nala/drain are retained withthe help of plastic cement. .:

bags filled with gravel

The site. is provided with anetwork of open drain system

_ftrM.- sloping towards the three maindrains which runs on both endsand at the centre of the site. Theseopen drains carry the surface water1-, :& . and wastewater along with kitchenwaste and solid waste. The drainsare clogged and the water stagnant

- Section of drain along thepathways is of half round GSW

* ,.qb4 pipe of 6 inches diameter, fromwhich the water is transferred tobigger drain

;- -< > , v2 'X The cleaning of the drains is notproper and needs to be morefrequent. The ends of these drainsare left on the sloping soil of thereclaimed earth of the main drain.This further deteriorates the

condition of main drain

49

It also leads to stagnation of water and breeding of mosquitoes

Analysis

The drains are not designed to carry any solid waste, hence are cloggedand the water remains stagnant throughout. Further people are not awareas to not to throw solid waste into the drains, which creates obstruction inthe flow of sludge

As the lengths of the drains are bigger, the 6 inches diameter half roundGSW pipe are insufficient to carry the load of sludge discharge from thehouses along it

The ends of open drains are not designed to carry water/sludge up to themain drain. The water hence spreads on to the open space along the maindrain and remains stagnant, creating breeding conditions for mosquitoesand other insects

The sides and bottom of main drains are not properly constructed tofacilitate smooth flow of sludge

Plausible Remedies

* Undertake awareness programme among the PAHs for properdisposal of solid waste from the site and support it by proper solidwaste collection mechanism at transit site

* Provide for weekly cleaning of the drains with provision forappropriate disposal of muck

* Provided smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on thebottom of the drains to rectify the slope and finishing of the drains

* Improve the drain portions leading to the creek arms to ensureadequate drainage

* Remove solid waste from the creek arm and its sides and develop abarrier by way of hedge of shrubs along the length of the creek arm todiscourage inhabitants directly disposing the solid waste into thecreek arms.

50

Services-Provision and Functioning

(a) WATER SUPPLY

Existing situation

The water supply is intermittent and the pressure very low. Water pointsare provided in the temporary AC sheet roofing sheds. In one part of thesite, these water sheds are at the end of the rows of tenements towardsmain road. For rest of the site water sheds are provided in the recreationalopen spaces

Provision of water for toilets are through sintex tanks, which are kept at aheight of 0.5 m, cannot be filled due to low water pressure

Analysis

Inadequacy of water is due to the low water pressure and lack of properstorage facility on community level

Plausible Remedies

* Increase water pressure and the duration of supply from source.* Provide overhead storage tanks at the toilet blocks and introduce

pressure pumps to fill water in the tanks* Additional taps should be provided to achieve the ratio of one tap for

ten tenements. These water points can be provided in the open spacesbetween the rows of houses, which can act as gathering spaces also


Existing situation

The W.C. facility is common, and there is a provision of average one seatfor every 5 tenements. Lack of adequate water supply and its storageleads to unhealthy conditions of toilets. The cleaning of the toilets appearsto be done by the persons through the NGO

Analysis

As per the norms number of toilets is sufficient, still people are founddefecating in open. This could be due to lack of adequate water in thetoilets and their untrained habits

51

Plausible Remedies

* Provide overhead water tank at the toilet blocks with adequate watersupply pressure to ensure that water gets filled in the tanks

* Educate the PAHs about the importance of sanitation such that opendeification is elinmnated

(c) SOLID WASTE

Existing situiation

Garbage is found to be A_

strewn all around thesite. in open spaces, f2.)Jwithin & along the nalla.Recently garbage -.disposal bins have been .

constructed at various Eplaces within the siteHowever, these bins are not being used by the inmates

Currentlycommunities haveimposed announced a

fine . of Rs. 500/- if any_ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~cluster of houses

dispose the garbageopenly. The results ofsuch measure is yet to

be seen

Analysis

Till the time of survey, there was no clear evidence of inmates using thegarbage bins. However, the NGO is positive about improvements

Design of the garbage bins is not proper for evacuating it by mechanisedmunicipal trucks or by hands

52

Plausible Remedies

* Provide garbage collection at community level from where disposalcould be done to the allocated garbage bins. Further it can bearranged to be carried away by the municipality

* Redesign the garbage bins to have opening on the roadside for ease ofevacuation

* Conduct awareness programme to enhance understanding for propersolid waste disposal among the residents

* Introduce a incentive mechanism to encourage sanitary habits byproviding benefit in terms of more frequent cleaning or insecticidespray or reduced collection charges to clusters that keep theirpremises clean

(d) ELECTRICITY

Existing situation

Electricity is provided in each tenement for which they have to pay Rs.75/- per point. Provision for street lighting is there, along with outdoorcommon lighting facility

For pathways lighting is done with the help of tube lights

Analysis

Outdoor and indoor lighting facility provided seems adequate

Amenities

(a) SHOPS, SCHOOL & PUBLIC TRANSPORT

Existing situation

No facility for convenience shopping provided. There is no ration shop andfew vendors along the main lanes of the site. For the smallest needinhabitants have to go to Guru Teg Bahadur Nagar as that is the nearest placeto get everything

There are two primary schools running on the site till seventh standard.There is no separate building for that but is running in the tenements only.Other than this two balwadies are there for small kids

The nearest public transport facility available is at a distance of 3km

53

Analysis

Provision of commercial area for convenience shopping has not been made atthe site. As per the additional guidelines for implementation of slumredevelopment schemes under regulation No. 33 (10) of the DevelopmentControl Regulations of Greater Bombay, convenience shopping area shouldbe 2 per cent of the site area. The lack of shops to provide the goods for dailycauses inconvenience to the residents. Also, there are no medical and first aidfacility provided on the site

Lack of availability of public transport near the site is a major grievance of thePAHs. Currently people walk about 20 minutes to reach nearest railwaystation or bus stop

Plausible Remedies

* Convert tenements facing the internal road into the shops for daily needssuch as grocery, fruits and vegetables, medical facility, PCO, etc. andprovide the PAHs with alternative accommodation within the site

* Support and encourage Inhabitants interested in such comnmercialactivities

* Provide A cluster of vacant houses for additional pre-primary school orfor the purpose of extension to the existing school.

* Provide public transport. Extend Services of BEST buses coming up totruck terminus to the site

(b) OPEN SPACES


Existing situation

Three major recreational spaces are provided for community activities. Thesesites are full of solid waste and surface is undulating and in bad condition asrocks and boulders is seen on the surface

The 2.5 m wide pathway between the two rows of tenements serves as theonly functional open space, which is used for washing, water storage andother activities like sitting etc

Analysis

Poor maintenance of planned recreation areas has made them non-functionalspaces inspite of being big in size

54

Improper location for garbage bins and absence of those have made therecreational areas littered all around with solid waste

Pllausible Remedies

* Landscape design including hard and soft landscape the area in order tomake the RGs more functional

* Design appropriate access and connectivity to the other areas as it worksas gathering space near water points

Open Spaces:

Existiug situation

Along the approach road, strip of 4 to 5 m width of open space is present. Asmall stretch bout 15 m width is there at the rear side which is unused.Similarly the road near the high tension line, 1.2 - 1.5 m wide open space isavailable through out the stretch

Small pockets of open spaces are left towards the end of each row of houses,which at present have become place for garbage dumping

. -! - -- 4 -I.,

On the pond side, approximately 4-6 m wide space is there between nala andtenements. This space can be used for developing landscape plans

55

Analysis

There is no compound wall or fencing hence the strip of open space hasbecome more of a circulation space to enter the site from all the openings

All other spaces are left untreated and unplanned, which at present havebecome places for solid waste disposal.and sites for open defecation

Open space on the rear side has potential to be developed as area for activeand passive recreation

Plausible Remedies

* Barricade the front with the green stretch of plantation* Other pockets created at the ends of the roads, between the road and the

rows of houses, and along the nalas to be designed to provide functionalvalue and maximum greenery on the site

. Design rear open space as a landscaped garden to barricade it fromsurrounding hutment and create a breathing space for the tenants

3.4.3 Impacts on Surrounding Environment Due to the Transit Camp

The impacts on surrounding environment due to the transit camp is mainly due to(i) indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in the open areas near the creek arms andthe surrounding areas (ii) land discharge of sullage generated from the tenements

As observed in the environmental conditions of the site, the service in respect oforganised solid waste collection is absent in the site. This results in strewning ofsolid waste in around the site and thus causing unhygienic environs leading to: (i)odour problems (ii) straying of animals (iii) mosquito and insect breeding. Theoverall impact of such situation reflects on the health aspects in the area. The

56

impacts in this respect can be minimised by implementing the remedial measuresrecommended to improve the services within the site. However, such measures willbe ineffective unless the off-take of waste from the site by MCGM is effective.Therefore, it is important that the transit site is officially identified as one of theneighborhood collection points of MCGM solid waste collection network

The sullage generated from the kitchen and bathroom waste is currently collectedthrough open drains and is discharged in to the nalla draining at the periphery ofthe site. As this nalla also drain significant slum areas located upstream, theadditional impact of the transit resettlement site is observed to be significant.Added to this, the culvert draining the nalla in front of the site is not adequatelydesigned to drain the discharges. Also the nalla is clogged with solid waste. Thepossible solution could be to dredge the nalla and provide appropriate culvert todrain the water efficiently

3.4.4 CEMP Recommendations for Wadala Transit Resettlement Site

CEMP recommendations for the site are based on integration of plausible remedialmeasures for individual impacts/environmental deficiencies on the level of the siteas the whole. In additional to technical requirement, while finalising the CEMPrecommendations, feasibility of implementation within short life span of the site,people's preference and findings of epidemiological survey (Annexure II) and itscompatibility with the post-closure plan have been kept in mind. Table 3.3 presentsthe CEMP recommendation for the site

57

Chapter IV

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This section provides the conceptual details of the CEMP measures identified inSection III of the report, time schedule for implementation and cost ofimplementation. The proposed recommendations are identified with reference tothe site in the form of a zoning map prepared for each site. Wherever relevant,conceptual sketches are provided to illustrate the proposed measures. The CEMPalso identifies responsible entities for implementation based on the level of effortneeded and capacity of the existing community set up. These CEMPrecommendations include the public perception and feedback on variousenvironmental issues discussed in this report. These observations are presented inAnnexure - III as minutes of consultation meetings with PAHs

4.1 SITE - MANKHURD

The measures requiring physical interventions for mitigating the adverse impactsand improving environmental conditions prevalent at Mankhurd transit site arepresented in Map 4.1. These interventions are grouped in to different zones. Thedetails of mitigation measures for relevant impacts with reference to applicable zoneis presented below

4.1.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site

Measures to Minimise Accident Risks

The accident risks due to the fast moving traffic adjacent to the site are proposed tobe minimised by providing speed brakers on both sides of the highway and zebracrossing at the entry points. The road median at zebra crossing should be widenedsuch that the pedestrians can wait to watch speeding vehicles or in case if there iscontinuous traffic on one side of the road. The crossings from the site should bechannelised to a single entry point by repairing the existing barbed wire fence alongthe boundary of the site. The entry point should be highlighted with light poles oneither side of the entry and landscaped pocket

While implementing this measure, care should be taken to construct the speedbrakers as per IRC norms

The responsible entity for implementation of this measure will be MMRDA. Whilethe construction of entry point and associated landscaping should be done byMMRDA, the construction of speed brakers and laying the zebra crossing should be

60

OPEN LAND ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~NOTESPLOT AREA = 47,171 61 SOMBUILTUP AREA = 19,12966 SOkIAREA UNDER ROADS = 3,851.78 SOMRECREATIONAL AREA = 5,70e 25 SGUf,REA UNDER CRZ = 11.155 72 SO't

As Si _ rrT rrT |~I'm I rwI 1 \

LEGEND

TNE C 8 § § § 0 } § § 1 Xl | @''1' r -III / RG-I ZR = RECREATION AREA

I-$ I_1_1_-SI 9 = TOILET BLOCKS= TENEMENTS BLOCKS

[i 1111Bi'ii = VIATER POiNTS

ZOWING PLANFOIR

ZONE - E P l l w / S t / / RECOMMENDATION

OPEN ~ ~ ~~ OE LAND

NORTH

TiTLE VF .3 :4-EXISTING LAYOUTSCAL-E - 1 1

\ "s \7/ .. - '8' /HUTMENT

SITE

TRANSIT CAMP - SITE 1AT .T.S. NO. 138, MANKhURn IAUMBAI

_ ________________

implemented through MCGM as the works related to roads within the corporation isimplemented by MCGM in co-ordination with traffic police

Measure to Minimise Pollution from Scrap Yard

The impacts arising due to the handling of hazardous chemicals at the site should beminimised by regulation of hazard causing activities. In this respect, MMRDAshould take initiative to highlight the problems to MCGM and Maharastra StatePollution Control Board in the interest of safeguarding the PAHs at the transit campsite

In addition, MMRDA should construct a chain link fence behind Site 1-B of todiscourage the children entering the open space between the tenements and scrapyard where hazardous waste is disposed on land. Also an additional landscapingmeasure by providing two layers of trees with under story plantations and creatinga green space will be effective in controlling crossing over towards the scrap yard.These proposed measures should be implemented in Zone D of the recommendationplan

4.1.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site

Improvement to tenements

The inside walls and roof of the tenements should be white washed with lime. Thiswill make the room more lit and hygienic. This measure should be implementedafter ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs

The viability of repairs to the tenements that developed major cracks in the siteshould be evaluated thoroughly. Based on such evaluation the non-viable andaccident-prone tenements shall dismantled. People from dismantled tenementsshould be shifted to vacant houses within the site or to other sites. These PAHsshould also be considered for priority shifting in to permanent tenements. Theviability of the tenements should reviewed on quarterly bais

The open area created after . ..dismantling of dilapidating _______

structures (if there are any) T-should be retained as open __---| ______

spaces. Any vacant area - -

created in the CRZ area -- : -should form part of CRZrestoration. This area isshown as Zone - B in - -PC- I - - -' C[?,CL Th

recommendation plan. Thisarea should be protected 5ECTION

61

from indiscriminate solid waste dumping by providing a green barrier of large andmedium height shrubs. The species to be used for green barrier can be Thevetiaperviflora ( kaner), Hamelia patens, bougainvillea species, lowsonia indica (mehndi),Tabernae montana coronaria, Acalypha species, Duranta speciosa etc

While the responsible entity for effecting the above mentioned measures will beMMRDA, the maintenance of the creek front areas should be entrusted to the localcommunity under the guidance and super vision of the NGO working at the site

Improvement of solid Waste Management

The solid waste management within transit site shall be improved in a systematicway such that a permanent solution will be established. Also it is important that thesolid waste management is implemented as an integral part of transit campsanitation which includes improvement to drainage and toilet facilities. This willensure improvement of health and hygiene aspects at the site. For this purpose thefollowing measures should be implemented by MMRDA:

(i) Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around with the help ofNGO who is currently collecting the waste and MCGM

(ii) Organise the societies already existing in the site through involvement of theNGO who is currently working with the communities

(iii) Conduct an awareness programme about the importance of good sanitaryconditions, of which efficient solid waste management, good drainage andhygienic toilet habits are essential components. The awareness programmeshould emphasise the need to improve the current situation. The citizensshould also be told as to how the current solid waste disposal practices at thesite are affecting the drainage system which in tum causes mosquito breedingand associated health problems. The awareness should emphasise the needto prevent open defecation

(iv) Provide garbage bins at select places such that people do not through thewaste around

(v) Co-ordinate with MCGM to include the site in regular solid waste collectionnetwork of MCGM

Improvement of Drains

The improvement of drains should be integrated with the implementation ofmeasures for improving the solid waste management In this respect MMRDAshould:

(i) Clean all the drains, which are damaged or filled up with debris and shouldbe repaired to ensure a design period of at least three years

(ii) Smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on the bottom shouldrectify the slope and the finishing of the drains

62

(iii) The ends of the drains should be extended up to the creek arms and properlycemented ensuring the sullage is drained in to the creek arms and notdischarged on land

(iv) The existing societies should be re-organised to take charge for up keepingthe drainage network on regular basis. This shall be implemented under theguidance and supervision of NGO working at the site

Improvement of Toilet Facilities

As stated in the earlier sections, the improvements to toilet facilities should beintegrated with improvement of sanitary conditions at the site. The toilet facilities atthe site should be improved by MMRDA by:

(i) Optimising the use of existing toilet blocks by providing water tanks at theexisting and new toilet blocks and ensuring improved water supply

(ii) Involving the NGO working at the site to emphasise the need to stop opendefecation

Improvement of Water Supply

To improve the water supply at the site, MMRDA should:

(i) Co-ordinate with MCGM to increase the pressure in the water supplies sothat there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage tanks. For thispurpose, pressure pumps may be introduced in the water supply line

(ii) The taps at water points and overhead tanks at the toilet blocks should bereinstalled

(iii) Each society should be entrusted with the responsibility to safeguard the tapsand tanks installed in their respective clusters

Improvement of Open and Green Spaces

As stated in the earlier section, the area available in Zone-D, behind Site 1-B shouldbe covered with a chain link fence and and two layers of trees with under storeyplantations should be done. The rest of the area available should be landscaped forrecreational purposes

The open area under Zone - B, behind Site 1-A of the site should be left as it is without any intervention

The triangular open spaces available between site boundary on western side and therow of houses in Zone - E should be cleared of solid waste dumps. This open space

63

should be landscaped with one layer of tree plantation with in between shrubplantations along the site boundary. Plant species such as pongamia glabra, acacias,cassias, lantana, etc. can be used for this purpose

Control of Mosquito Breeding

The mosquito problem would be solved to large extent on efficient implementationof measures to improve solid waste disposal, renovation of drains and propermaintenance of the same, and provision of adequate toilet facilities

However, periodical fumigation once before change of season in the drains, creekfront and other open spaces within the site will eliminate reduce mosquito breeding.Such a measure should be implemented at overall site level and should be co-ordinated by the NGO at the site. The cost for this purpose should be recoveredfrom all the societies in the transit site

In addition, the NGO should regularly survey site to check for any cesspools orwater stagnant areas and take necessary action to prevent mosquito breeding

Provision of Clean Spacefor Infornal Shopping

The informal vending spaces currently used within the site should be improved byconstructing a platform with shelter such that vending spaces will be clean. Themaintenance of this space should be entrusted to the vendors under the guidanceand supervision of EMCs

4.1.3 Budgetary Estimates

The budget for implementation of the proposed improvements has been estimatedand the capital cost and recurring cost for maintenance works out to Rs. 1,051,573/-and Rs. 143,623/- respectively. The details of cost estimates is presented inAnnexure IV

4.1.4 Implementation Responsibility and Time Schedule

The mitigation measures and the responsible entities for implementation of the plan,block cost estimates are presented in Table 4.1

Since all the proposed improvements are of immediate importance, theimplementation should be carried out within three months

64

Table 4.1

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR MANKHURD TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. Issue Remedial Measures | Responsible Agency CapitallI I _ . | for Implementation Cost (Rs/-)

Measures to Eliminate/Minimise Imp acts Due to the Surrounding Land UsesChemical pollution due to the- i. Regulate scarp yard activities through MCGM and MPCB mininiize MMRDA through Nil.(Administscrap yard behind Site 1-B of potential of accidental release of toxic gases MPCB rativethe site ii. Construct chain link behind site 1-B and provide landscaping with MMRDA through Measure)

two layers of trees MCGMiii. Accord highest priority to shift the PAHs residing at the transit MMRDA 50,000

resettlement site at Mankhurd to a permanent resettlement site.___________________________________________ MMRDA

2 Accident risk due to fast i. Repair the existing barbed wire fence on the side facing the road at MMRDA 29,000moving traffic on link road both Site 1-A' and 1-B and highlight the entry points to the site with

landscape elements and lightingii. Construct speed breakers and zebra crossing at the entry points on 50,000

both sides of the link road and widen the median at zebra crossing MMRDA throughiii. Landscaping to highlight the entrance MCGM and Traffic 18,000

PoliceMeasures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site

Poor ventilation and day light i. Whitewashing of interior walls and ceiling of tenements with lime MMRDA 285,200within the tenements after ascertaining the willingness of the PAPsSettlement of parts of transit i. Examine viability of repairs and dismantle non-viable tenements MMRDA Engineerresettlement site leading to ii. Relocate the affected PAHs to vacant dwelling within the site or atmajor cracks in some tenements other sites (If shifted to other sites, the PAHs should retain their MMRDA

priority for shifting in to the permanent tenements) .

l Refer Annexure - IV for detailed cost breakup

65

3 Inadequate solid waste i. Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site MMRDA through NGO 20,000collection and disposal at the ii. Provide garbage disposal bins at the site IMMRDA 28,000site iii. Integrate the site with MCGM solid waste collection network MMRDA through MCGM NIL

iv. Revive the existing collection system which is currently being MMRDA and NGO in co- NILoperated by the NGO and strengthen it with the help of community ordination with EMCssocieties formed by the NGO

v. Undertake awareness programme to develop understanding of MMRDA through NGO 25,000importance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among thePAHs

4 Dilapidated drains leading to i. Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with MMRDA 20,000insanitary conditions debris,

ii. Channelize and cement the ends portions of the drains leading up to MMIRDA 24,000the creek arm

iii. Organize the existing societies to take charge for up keep and MMRDA through NGO NILcleanliness of the drainage network on regular basis

iv. Provide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near EMC Covered ingarbage disposal area Sr.No. 8

5 Inadequate water supply i. Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be MMRDA through NILincreased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storage MCGMtanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point.

ii. Restore defunct storage tanks and taps MMRDA 50,0006 Inadequate Toilets i. Provide water tanks to ensure adequate water supply at the toilet MMRDA 40,000

blocksAfter providing adequate water at the toilets, educate PAHs for NILdiscontinuing the habit of open defecation NGO and EMCs

7 Lack of lighting in the open i. Provide street lighting that ensures adequate illumination specially at MMRDA 50,000spaces the water gathering site and toilets

8 Mosquito breeding i. Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at MMRDA through NGO NILthe site and EMCs

ii. Provide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals EMCs 5,0009. Provision of shops MMRDA 100,000

Provide clean open platforms for informal vending

NIMRDA10 Green spaces and open areas i. Landscape the open areas along the creek and area created after MMRDA 114,750

clearing the garbage and improving the site

66

4.2 SITE II - TURBHE MANDALE

The measures requiring physical interventions for mitigating the adverse impactsand improving environmental conditions prevalent at Turbhe Mandale transit siteare presented in Map 4.2. These interventions are grouped in to different zones. Thedetails of mitigation measures for relevant impacts with reference to applicable zoneis presented below

4.2.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the site

Measures to Minimise Impacts due to Waterlogged Area

The implementation of the proposed measures to improve the conditions within thesite, as discussed in the subsequent sections will mitigate the impacts due to waterlogging

4.2.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site

Improvemnent to tenements

The inside walls and roof of the tenements should be white washed with lime. Thiswill make the room more lit and hygienic. This measure will be implemented byMMRDA after ascertaining the willingness of PAPs

Provision offence and proper Access

A chain link fence along the site shall be provide by MMRDA to prevent access in tothe site through pathways between tenements. The entrance to the site shall behighlighted with two light poles and lined with shrubs. The fence shall be linedwith one row of trees and understory shrubs. The trees and shrubs should be of fastgrowing type with thick foliage. Also the saplings selected should be atleast two tothree years old. The tree species can be cassia siamia, acacia auriculiformis, pongamiaglabra, peltophorum ferruginium,, etc. For under storey plantations, tabernae montanacoronaria, hamelia patens, hibiscus, bougainvellia etc. can be used.

While the construction of the fence and tree plantation will be implemented byMMRDA, the tree plantations shall be handed over to the society adjacent to roadfor maintenance purpose. The maintenance of the plantations shall be overseen bythe NGO who is currently working at the site


The solid waste management within transit site shall be improved in a systematicway such that a permanent solution will be established. Unlike other sites, theTurbhe Mandale site is away from the MCGB solid waste network. In addition it

67

NOTES

PLCT AREA = 4 4 5 2 CJ SOMRAILWAY LINE SUILTUP AREA 10751 92 SCe

AREA UNDER ROADS = 4184 37 SOMRECREATIONAL AREA = 1092.00 SOM

=~~~~-e -

R 0 A D LEGEND

ENTRANCE TO SETrLEMENT

_.____ i -, F ;rm ->>t ezoIX_ = [ RG-I | = RECREATIOnl AREATOILET =TOUET BLOCKS

SANPLP iR.Gm U ; ifD= TENEMENTS BLOCKSR.G7 lgS 2| TENEMENTS | * = WATER POINTS

OPEN LND ZON I NG PL ANFORRECOMMENDATION

_ r/3lIMF L NE ------:D IIII.IIIE E/HOL- ----- ,,-

NORTH

OPEN LAND

TITLE f cW o. 4- 9,ZONE-C OPEN LAND EXISI G LAYOUT

SCALE - 1 -1 50

SITE

TRANSIT CAMP - SITE 2AT D.T.S. NO. 6/1 (PT). TURBHE*MANDA'E.MANKHURD, MUMBAI

also may not be possible to immediately include the site in MCGB network as theaccess to the site is circuitous. Therefore, the proposed measures are recommendedin such a way that the site will be self sufficient in handling the solid waste

In addition, it is felt important that the solid waste management is implemented asan integral part of transit camp sanitation, which includes improvement to drainageand toilet facilities. This will ensure improvement of health and hygiene aspects atthe site

The specific steps to be implemented by MMRDA in this respect include:

(i) Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around with the help ofNGO who is currently collecting the waste. A one time help shall be takenfrom MCGB to clear the site

(ii) Construct a compost pit in an area of about 625sqmts with a pit depth of lm(which will meet the requirements of disposal for one year). The pit shouldbe constructed at the southern (Zone-D) end of the site in modular form withabout 52 modules of 12sqmt. each. The lm pit depth should be achieved byexcavating 0.5m below ground level and constructing 0.5m wall above. Thecompost pit should be cordoned from all sides

(iii) The composting activities should be handed over to the NGO operating at thesite who in turn will appoint a person to segregate the recyclables anddispose the biodegradable waste in the compost pit

(iv) Provide garbage disposal bins at the site and establish collection systemwithin the site, which is currently absent. This can be implemented onsimilar set up with NGO as followed in Mankhurd site by involving thesocieties formed by the NGO

(v) Erect a green barrier along the CRZ line (Zone-D) by planting medium heightshrubs. Such a measure will curtail disposal of garbage and open defecation

(vi) Organise the societies already existing in the site through involvement of theNGO who is currently working with the communities

(vii) Conduct an awareness programme about the importance of good sanitaryconditions, of which efficient solid waste management, good drainage andhygienic toilet habits are essential components. The awareness programmeshould emphasise the need to improve the current situation. The citizensshould also be told as to how the current solid waste disposal practices at thesite are affecting the drainage system which in turn causes mosquito breedingand associated health problems. The awareness should emphasise the needto prevent open defecation

The compost generated from the pit should be used for developing the green spaceswithin the site during operation period of the tenements. During post-closureperiod, the compost should be used for developing the coastal vegetation in CRZareas which will not come under inundation. The proposed coastal vegetationdevelopment is discussed in Chapter V under restoration of Mandale site

68


The improvement of drains should be integrated with the implementation ofmeasures for improving the solid waste management. In this respect MMRDAshould:


(ii) Smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on the bottom shouldrectify the slope and the finishing of the drains

(iii) The ends of the drains should be extended up to the creeklet and properlycemented ensuring the sullage is drained in to the creeklet and notdischarged on land

(iv) The existing societies should be re-organised to take charge for up keepingthe drainage network on regular basis. This shall be implemented under theguidance and supervision of NGO working at the site


As stated in the earlier sections, the improvements to toilet facilities should beintegrated with improvement of sanitary conditions at the site. The toilet facilities atthe site should be improved by MMRDA by:

(i) Optimising the use of existing toilet blocks by providing water tanks at thetoilet blocks and ensuring improved water supply

(ii) Involving the NGO working at the site to emphasise the need to stop opendefecation






Provision of Street Lighting

Wall mount light fixtures at 15m interval along the roads, open areas and pathwaysshould be provided to light all the useable spaces at night time

69


Triangular and irregular shaped open spacescreated by road and the rows of houses, as -ENEMFN1ES -

shown in Zone-C of the recommendationplan should be developed as landscapedpockets for each wing/ row/ society forrecreational purposes. Landscaping could becreation of sitting space, children's play area,etc. These pockets should also accommodateroadside tree plantation wherever possible


The mosquito breeding at the site will be substantially reduced on efficientimplementation of measures to improve solid waste disposal, renovation of drainsand proper maintenance of the same, and provision of adequate toilet facilities

However, periodical fumigation (once before change of season) of pesticides in thedrains, creek front, and other open spaces within the site will eliminate mosquitobreeding. Such a measure should be implemented at site level and should be co-ordinated by the NGO operating at the site. The cost for this purpose should berecovered from all the societies in the transit site


Provision of Clean Spacefor Informal Shopping



The budget for implementation of the proposed improvements has been estimatedand the capital and recurring cost of maintenance of the same works out toRs.896,363/-.and Rs.147,063/- respectively. The details of cost estimates arepresented in Annexure IV


The mitigation measures and the responsible entities for implementation of the plan,block cost estimates are presented in Table 4.2

70

Table 4.2

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR TURBHE MANDALE TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. Issue Remedial Measures Responsible Agency for Capital'Implementation Cost (Rs/-)

Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site1 Poor ventilation and day light Whitewashing of interior walls and ceiling of tenements with lime after MMRDA

within the tenements ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs2 Inadequate solid waste i. Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site MMRDA through NGO 15,000

collection and disposal at the ii. Provide garbage disposal bins at the site MMRDA 17,500site iii. Establish collection system within the site, which is currently absent. MMRDA and NGO in co- NIL

This can be implemented on similar set up with NGO as followed in ordination with EMCsMankhurd site by involving the societies formed by the NGO

iv. Construct a compost pit of 35mX18mXlm size on the southern end of MMRDA through NGO 437,500the site and employ a person to segregate the recyclables and disposethe biodegradable waste in the compost pit

v. Undertake awareness programme to develop understanding of MMRDA through NGO 25,000importance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among thePAHs

3 Dilapidated drains leading to i. Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with MM44RDA 10,750insanitary conditions debris,

ii. Channelize and cement the ends portions of the drains leading up to MMvRDA 12,000the creek arm

iii. Organize the existing societies to for EMCs and take charge for up MMRDA through NGO NILkeep and cleanliness of the drainage network on regular basis

iv. Provide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near EMCs 5,000garbage disposal area

4 Inadequate water supply i. Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be MMRDA through MCGM NILincreased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storagetanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point

ii. Restore defunct storage tanks and taps MMRDA 25,0005 Inadequacies in Toilet blocks i. Provide water supply at toilets MMRDA Nil

ii. After providing adequate water suplly at toilets, educate PAHs fordiscontinuing the habit of open defecation NGO and EMCs

6 Lack of lighting in the open i. Provide street lighting that ensures adequate illumination specially at MMRDA 35,000spaces the water gathering site and toilets

I Refer Annexure IV for detailed costs

71

7 Multiple access in to the site i. Construction of chain link fence along the boundary of the site MMRDA 27,500through pathwasys

_ Mosquito breeding ii. Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at MMRDA through NGO Cost is coveredthe site and EMCs ab ove

iii. Provide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals EMCs_ Provision of shops Provide clean open platforms within the site to meet the daily needs of MMRDA 100,000

grocery and vegetables of the inhabitants and EMC

= Green spaces and open areas i. Landscape the open areas after clearing the garbage MMRDA 100,000

72



The measures requiring physical interventions for mitigating the adverse impactsand improving environmental conditions prevalent at Wadala transit site arepresented in Map 4.3. These interventions are grouped in to different zones. Thedetails of mitigation measures for relevant impacts with reference to applicable zoneis presented below

4.2.1 Measures to Minimise Land Use Impacts on the Site

Measures to Minimise Impact Due to Waterlogged Area

The mosquito breeding and, associated health impacts due to the waterlogged area tothe south -eastern corner of the site should be minimsed by periodical fumigation ofpesticides, once before change of season

Measures to Improve Site Connectivity

The site connectivity with the rest of the city by public transport should be improvedby extending the BEST bus services which are currently operating up to Wadalatruck terminal. MMRDA should co-ordinate with BEST to implement this measure

4.2.2 Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions within the Site

Improvement to tenents

The inside walls and roof of the tenements should be white washed with lime. Thiswill make the room more lit and hygienic. This measure will be implemented byMMRDA after ascertaining the willingness of PAPs

In addition, provide a chain link fence of 1.5m height along the side facing the accessroad with entry points clearly demarcated. This measure will prevent multiple entrypoints through pathways between houses.

Implement tree plantations of single layer and under storey plantation alongthefence. The species to be used for this purpose include: Pongamia glabra,peltophorum ferruginium, cassia siamia, acacia auriculiformis, and Thevetia perviflora (kaner), Hamelia patens, bougainvillea species, lowsonia indica (mehndi), Tabernae montanacoronaria, Acalypha species, Duranta speciosa etc.

These measures fall under Zone-A of the recommendation plan. The measuresshould be implemented by MMRDA

73

HUTMIENTNOE

PLOT AReA = 1.09,84445 SOM/ ke3a_ * < ZONE-C BUILTUP AREA = 43,747.62 SOMO PEN AREA AREA UNDER ROADS = 19,34595 SOM6294-37 SOFil F/ 7. r______A____C___ REcREATIONAL AREA - 9,619.20 SOIA

i | r /|12ffi3 0;0 -A LEGEND:

~~~]j F ..& WP ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-WATER POINTS________________________________ T| 1|-9 = TOILET BLOCKS TYPE!AE AFF [|A - W TENEMENTS BLOCKS! . JLL.j A ri A F e GARBAGE BINS

O M |WIDE 1IERNALROAD| ZOWNG PLANfjJ IIU U ~~~I~3~~0J-JI F lIA FOR

aE1 W ,SE M 1 W g 1 R7ECOMMENDATION

HUTMENT _ f POND

F -A AE3!1;t0 t 1!H,ST1 ]NORTHZONE- B

F-A EA EE

A ~~~AFHUTMENT A TITLc Fi .wo.4-3i t\\\ WhJ rip | tS1 123 C3 1 E H l \ E X IS T I G LA Y O U T

SCAL-9 - 1 1 50 0

iia1 [ll AE 3 El ~1- ||SITE

.|| ZO4E-A-TRANSIT CAMP - SITE 3ZONE-A ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EAT C.S. NO. 6, WADALA. NUMBAI


The solid waste management within transit site shall be improved in a systematicway such that a permanent solution will be established. In addition, it is importantthat the solid waste management is implemented as an integral part of transit campsanitation, which includes improvement to drainage and toilet facilities. This willensure improvement of health and hygiene aspects at the site. For this purpose thefollowing measures should be implemented by MMRDA:

(i) Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around with the help ofNGO who is currently collecting the waste and MCGM

(ii) Organise the societies already existing in the site through involvement of theNGO who is currently working with the communities

(iii) Conduct an awareness programme about the importance of good sanitaryconditions, of which efficient solid waste management, good drainage andhygienic toilet habits are essential components. The awareness programmeshould emphasise the need to improve the current situation. The citizensshould also be told as to how the current solid waste disposal practices at thesite are affecting the drainage system which in turn causes mosquito breedingand associated health problems. The awareness should also highlight theneed to avoid open defecation

(iv) Improve the design features of the garbage bins such that the evacuation ofwaste out of the site will be easier

(v) Co-ordinate with MCGM to include the site in regular solid waste collectionnetwork of MCGM


The improvement of drains should be integrated with the implementation ofmeasures for improving the solid waste management In this respect MMRDAshould:


(ii) Provide smooth cement plaster on the sides and haunching on the bottomshould rectify the slope and the finishing of the internal drains

(iii) The central main drain bifurcating the site should be cleaned and pitching &pointing done on the sides (as shown in the sketch) to retain the earth

(iv) Redesign the dilapidated culvert in front of the site ensuing : (a) smoothevacuation of drain water from the site (b) proper connectivity of the site tothe access road

74

-t -> LNrP 5PRuB5 TENSMENT. - . Es -2 NTE-RNAL.a

... 5L..S £ IO N :(v) The existing societies should be re-organised to take charge for up keeping

the drainage network on regular basis. This shall be implemented under theguidance and supervision of NGO working at the site







As stated in the earlier sections, the improvements to toilet facilities should beintegrated with improvement of sanitary conditions at the site

The toilet facilities at the site are expected to improve once the water supplysituation is improved. In addition, involving the NGO working at the site toemphasise the need to stop open defecation will improve the situation


The areas identified demarcated, as Zone-C should be developed as open/greenspaces. The improvements in this respect should cover:

75

(i) Clearing of garbage and boulders etc. from the spaces marked for recreationaluse. These sites should be leveled and landscaped to make it more useable atcommunity leve

(ii) Open spaces along the nala should be lined up by medium height shrubplantation to create a green visual as well as physical barrier along it

(iii) Small irregular shape pockets created at the ends of the rows of houses at thewest side should be landscaped (as shown in the sketch). These can bemaintained by the individual societies


The mosquito breeding at the site will be substantially reduced on efficientimplementation of measures to improve solid waste disposal, renovation of drainsand proper maintenance of the same, and provision of adequate toilet facilities

However, periodical fumigation (once before change of season) of pesticides in thedrains, creek front, and other open spaces within the site will eliminate mosquitobreeding. Such a measure should be implemented at site level and should be co-ordinated by the NGO operating at the site. The cost for this purpose should berecovered from all the societies in the transit site


Provision of Clean Space for Infornal Shopping


76


The budget for implementation of the proposed improvements has been estimatedand the capital and recurring cost of maintenance of the same works out to Rs.3,377,413/-.and Rs. 400,021/- respectively. The details of cost estimates arepresented in Annexure IV


The mitigation measures, the responsible entities for implementation of the CEMPand the block cost estimates are presented in Table 4.3


77

Table 4.3

COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES FOR WADALA TRANSIT CAMP SITE

S.N. Issue Remedial Measures Responsible Agency for Capital1

I Implementation Cost (Rsf-)Measures to Eliminate/Minimise Imp cts Due to the Surrounding Land Uses

1 Mosquito breeding due to i. Periodic spraying of insecticide MMRDA through MCGM Not part ofwaterlogged area in the south- CEMP costseast corner of the site

2. Lack of public transportation i. Extend the BEST bus service operating to Wadala truck terminal to the MMRDA through BEST NIL (Adrmn.corridor transit site Measure)

Measures to Improve Environmental Conditions Within the Site1 Poor ventilation and day light ii. Whitewashing of interior walls and ceiling of tenements with lime MMvIRDA 720,000

within the tenements after ascertaining the willingness of the PAPs2 Inadequate solid waste i. Clean the entire site to clear the waste strewn all around the site MMRDA through NGO 30,000

collection and disposal at the ii. Provide garbage disposal bins at the site and integrate the site with MMIRDA 20,000site MCGM solid waste collection network

iii. Revive the existing collection system which is currently being MMRDA and NGO in co- NILoperated by the NGO and strengthen it with the help of comnunity ordination with EMCssocieties formed by the NGO

iv. Undertake awareness programmne to develop understanding of MMRDA through NGO 25,000importance of proper solid waste collection and disposal among thePAHs

3 Dilapidated drains leading to i. Clean and repair, the drains, which are damaged or filled up with MMRDA 43,750insanitary conditions debris,

ii. Pitching of main drains MMRDA 148,500iii. Organize the existing societies to take charge for up keep and MMRDA through NGO NIL

cleanliness of the drainage network on regular basisiv. Provide for periodical spray of insecticides in the drains and near EMC Refer Sr.No.8

garbage disposal area

I Refer Annexure IV for detailed costs

78

4 Inadequate water supply i. Water pressure from the source (MCGM water supply line) should be MMRDA through MCGM NILincreased so that there is enough pressure in the line to fill the storagetanks near the toilets and reach the farthest water point.

ii. Restore defunct taps MMRDA 10,0005 Mosquito breeding i. Implement mechanism indicated above to improve the cleanliness at MMRDA through NGOs NIL

the siteii. Provide for spray of insecticide at regular intervals EMCs 5,000

6. Provision of shops MMRDA 100,000Provide clean platforms for informal vendorswith good and createsanitary conditions around them

EMCs7 Multiple access causing i. Construction of chain link fence along the boundary of the site MMRDA 41,250____ through pathways in to site8 Green spaces and open areas ii. Landscape the open areas after clearing the garbage and improving MMRDA 1,530,000

the site

79

4.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS

The proposed institutional set up for implementation of CEMP consists of threemajor components. These being: (i) effective implementation of CEMP measures;(ii) involvement of PAHs in the form of Environmental Management Committees(EMCs) operation and monitoring of CEMP; and (iii) Independent MonitoringConsultant (IMC). The proposed institutional arrangement for monitoring isdepicted below:

MMRDA

Quarteri Re ort

Independent ReviewConsultant

SPARC

EnvironmentaIManagement committee

The success of the plan will depend upon effective participation of all fourstakeholders. The institutional arrangement envisages that services of SPARC, anNGO who has implemented the resettlement schemes for the PAHs at the transitsites and is currently providing basic infrastructure services will be continued by theMMRDA. SPARC will seek formal participation of residents by formingEnvironmental Management Committees (EMC) at each transit site (similar inconcept to EMCs for the permanent resettlement sites). EMC for a site will compriseof one representative each from the resident's societies at the transit sites. Withdisseminate the Dos and Don'ts for achieving healthy living conditions, encouragePAHs to contribute to upkeep of services by regular payment of service charges andprovide them opportunity to express their dissatisfaction with the service and makesuggestions for improvement

80

While the capital cost for implementation of CEMP shall be provided by MMRDA, theoperational costs for maintaining the services shall be collected by SPARC fromdifferent societies through the EMC

For its effective functioning the EMC at each transit site

* Shall be formally constituted by the Joint Director (Env.), MMRDA who willexplain the efforts by the MMRDA for implementing the CEMP and theirexpectations from the EMC for its effective implementation

* Shall comprise of members representing different societies, currently existing atthe respective resettlement sites. These members could be either secretary of eachsociety or member nominated by each of the society

* Will elect one of the members as chairperson* shall consist of one member each representing SPARC and the independent review

consultant* shall constantly work for awareness generation at the site through meetings,

informal discussions and circulation of Dos and Don'ts in vernacular language.(The List of typical Dos and Don'ts which shall be updated regularly is presentedin Table 4.4)

* Will meet formally every month* shall regularly monitor the CEMP implementation and operation of basic services

and amenities at the site in close co-ordination with SPARC* along with SPARC During operational phase of CEMP shall take charge of liaison

with the various agencies involved like MCGB, MMRDA, BSES, etc. for smoothfunctioning of the services within the resettlement site

The Independent Monitoring Consultant (IMC) Shall be appointed by MMRDA,who will:* independently carryout monthly monitoring of implementation and operation of

CEMP* participate with SPARC and EMC for awareness generation* provide quarterly reports to MMRDA on effectiveness of CEMP and also provide

intermittent feedback if necessary* provide need based technical expertise to EMC as well as MMRDA

The CEMP implementation and operation monitoring requirements and responsibleagencies for monitoring are presented in Table 4.5. The Table 4.6 presents thequarterly monitoring reporting formats to be used by the IMC for reporting theprogress to MMRDA

81

Table 4.4: Typical List of Dos and Don't to be Circulated Amongst Inhabitants

1. Store the garbage at residence in a separate bin and dispose at convenience inthe earmarked bins or hand over to the collecting agency

2. Do not throw Garbage in the drains, open spaces and water bodies3. Do not allow stray animals near the garbage bins4. Discourage rag pickers. This may lead to strewing of waste around5. Report the irregularities in solid waste collection to the EMC members6. Keep the water collection post and the surroundings clean7. Ensure proper drainage around the water post and bring to the notice of EMC

in case of inadequacies8. Report any signs of leakage to EMC members9. Keep check on vandalists to prevent damage to the water taps10. In case of low pressure, contamination, etc. report to the EMC members11. Toilets should be kept clean and maintained properly and should not be used

to dispose any waste like paper, cotton, etc.12. Water seal in the toilet should be maintained and any deficiencies should be

brought to the notice of EMC members13. Each of the habitants should check on vandalism to prevent damage of

overhead tanks on the toilets14. Overflowing septic tanks, consistently unclean toilets should be brought to the

notice of EMC for remedial action15. Street lights should be protected from vandalism and unauthorised

uses/ illegal connections16. Landscaped area should be kept clean with out littering and should be

protected from encroachment

82

Table 4.5: MONITORING REQUIREMENT FOR TRANSIT RESETTLEMENT SITES

S.N. Issue Monitoring Aspect Responsible Agency Frequency of Remedial Action Monitoring/Repofor Monitoring Monitoring in case of poor rting Cost

service1 Solid Waste Disposal Condition of bins and EMC members Regular on Household Level Part of IMC

surroundings need base with respective societies budget forScavengers, stray cattle EMC Members formal to interact with providing servicesand dogs at the bins monthly households forGarbage in the open Respective societies inspection improvementsspaces at different and EMC Members Quarterlysocieties Reporting by Cluster LevelGarbage in the drains Respective societies EMC to EMC to interact

and EMC Members MMRDA with NGO forCollection of solid waste NGO in co-ordination through IMC improvementby MCGM with EMC members

Site Level: EMC tointeract with

._______________ MCGM ward officeFunctioning of compost EMC and IMC Monthly plus IMC as technical Part of IMC budgetpit in Turbhe Mandala need based advisors, will for providingsite interact with NGO services

for propermaintenance andupkeeping of thecompost pit

2 Storm Water Drains Physical condition of IMC Half yearly MMRDA to take Part of IMC budgetdrains including drain during the necessary corrective for providingoutlets months of May action in case of services

and November physical damagesPrevention of garbage in EMC Regular on need IMC & NGO to Part of NGO andthe drains base conduct awareness IMC budget

programie

83

3 Water supply Ensuring of taps in EMC Regular on need Corrective actionoperational condition base with necessary

measures put in._ __ .place

Water Potability EMC through local Once quarteily Arrest leakages in Rs 20,000/-assessment laboratory (10 samples) case of poor water

.__________________ qualityDetection of Leakages EMC Regular on need Co-ordinate with

base MCGM to arrestleakage

Adequacy of water NGO and EMC in co- Regular on need Co-ordinate withpressure ordination with ward base MCGM to improve

office pressureToilets Facilities Availability of water in Respective society and Regular on need

overhead tanks EMC members baseCleardiness Respective society and Regular on need Convene respective

EMC members base society and NGOmeetings in case oflack of poorsanitary conditions

Condition of septic tanks IMC Half yearly once EMC will arrange IMC Budgetand as the need to clean septic tanksarises with the help of

MCGB BoozerLighting -streets and open Tampering and Respective society Take necessaryspaces vandalism action with fines

predetermined byEMC members

Replacement of fused Respective society Replacement ofbulbs bulbs by respective

societiesRegular operation Respective society Highlight in EMC

_______________8meetings

84

6 Mosquito breeding Prevention of cess pools EMC Regular on need Identification ofand stagnated drains base cause and

rectificationUnattended solid waste EMC Regular on need Co-ordinate with

base NGO and/orMCGM

Regular Fumigation EMC Regular on needbase

7 Green spaces and open Regular Watering, de- EMC Regular on needareas weeding and protection base

Survival rate of saplings EMC and IMC Monthly In case of drop of IMC Budgetsurvival, EMC shallcheck for thereasons and replant

Solid waste in the open Respective society and Regular on need Necessary action tospaces EMC base be taken by

respective societies .-

Table 4.6: QUARTERLY REPORTING TABLE

SI.No Enviromnental Observations on Action proposed in previous Action taken during reporting Actions proposed for nextservice effectiveness quarter (if applicable) quarter(if applicable) quarter

85

Chapter V

RESTORATION PLAN FOR TRANSINT RESETTLEMENT SITES

5.1 INTRODUCTION

The transit resettlement sites for the PAHs of MUTP were planned and developedunder time constraints arising from urgent need to resettle the encroachers whosecontinued presence along the railway tracks posed hazard to safe operations ofsuburban railway. Due to paucity of open spaces near the affected areas, the transitsites were built by reclaiming the low lying lands within a reasonable distance frompoint of dislocation over which the PAHs could commute so that they could retaintheir means of livelihood. Two transit resettlement sites at Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala in part also extended over the CRZ areas

The scope of site restoration under the study, therefore, fell under two distinctcategories. The first category constituted the areas that fell under the CRZ. Therestoration plan for the CRZ areas needed to restore the CRZ areas to the naturalconditions that existed during the pre-transit site construction period. In view of thealtered environmental conditions at the site and adjoining areas, however, it wasnecessary to establish the feasibility of such restoration. Development of restorationplan for the CRZ areas, therefore, included such investigations

The restoration plan for CRZ area included assessment of the existing conditions ofCRZ area and its adjoining area with respect to the land use, ecological status interms of presence of mangroves, their growth and health status, inundation of areaand anthropogenic factors. Based on assessment, the viability of restoration ofvacated transit site within CRZ has been evaluated and restoration plan provided.The restoration plan also looks into the measures like clearing or constructing thedrainage channels to facilitate inundation of CRZ areas. The plan also lists theconditions of naturally occurring, relatively undisturbed vegetation in the vicinity,which can serve as a model for restoration of CRZ areas

In case of non-CRZ areas the restoration plan is focused on dismantling the transitdwellings, infrastructure, and ensuring that the site is free from debris

5.2 RESTORATION PLAN FOR CRZ AREAS

The methodology followed for preparing the restoration plan for CRZ areas affecteddue to the construction of transit sites at Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala includedthe following steps:

86

(i) Identification and evaluation of existing condition of affected CRZ areas basedon the field observations

(ii) Establish the environmental conditions of the naturally occurring mangrovesin the surroundings area (500 m radius) to which the existing transit site can berestored after dismantling the transit accomnmodations in desired areas

(iii) Suggest measures and methodology for undertaking restoration effort in thecoastal region (with respect to CRZ guidelines provided for the transit sites).

5.2.1 Observations at the Transit Sites

As part of this assignment, mangrove vegetation was studied for floral elements andtheir distribution along the coastal areas of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala regions.A survey of 500 m belt beyond both the transit site regions was also conducted tounderstand the status of coastal habitats

Since water situation and tidal forces operate at different intensities in different partsof an intertidal zone, the species of mangroves prospering in these areas also aredifferent. Considering Thane creek region as one contiguous habitat, which extendsupto Mankhurd, starting from creek side, the following sequence of mangrovespecies have been observed while progressing towards land: Avicennia - Sonneratia -Aegiceras - Acanthus - Aeluropus

The mangrove vegetation in the transit site Areas of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala is a mixture of Avicennia marina, Acanthus ilicifolius, Excoecaria agallocha,Sesuvium portulacastrum, and Aeluropus lagopoides. Table 5.1 provides distribution ofthese species in project area

Table 5.1: Distribution and current status of mangrove and their associatesat Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandale regions

Name Of Mangrove Species Family Location

Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. Acanthaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe-Mandale

Aeluropus lagopoides (L.) Trin. Poaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe-Mandale

Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Myrsinaceae MandaleBlanco

Avicenma marina (Forsck.) Avicenniaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe-Vierh. Mandale

Avicennia officrnalis Linn. Avicenniaceae Turbhe-Mandale

Bruguiera cylindrica (L.) Blum. Rhizophoraceae Turbhe-Mandale

87

Name Of Mangrove Species Family Location

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Verbenaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe-Gaertn. Mandale

Excoecaria agallocha L. Euphorbiaceae Mankhurd, Turbhe-Mandale

Salvadora persica L. Salvadoraceae Mankhurd, Turbhe-Mandale

Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Ficoideae Mankhurd, Turbhe-Mandale

5.2.2 Status of mangroves in the region of study

Current status (with respect to height of species and percentage plant cover) ofmangrove and their associates at Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala transit sites ishighlighted in Table 5.2

Table 5.2: Current status of mangrove and their associates at Mankhurd andTurbhe-Mandala Transit Sites.

Name Of Mangrove Species Mankhurd Turbhe-Mandala

Height (m) & plant cover Height (m) & plant cover

Acanthus ilicifolius Linn. 1-1.5 m, sparse About 1 m, sparse

Aeluropus lagopordes (L.) Trin. A grass A grass

Aegiceras corniculatum (L.) Absent About 1 mBlanco

Avicennia marina (Forsck.) 2-3 m, a thin but dense 1-2 m, sparseVierh. stretch

Clerodendrum inerme (L.) About 1 m, sparse About 1 m, sparseGaertn.

Excoecaria agallocha L. 1-2 m, sparse 1-1.5 m, sparse

Salvadora persica L. < 1 m, sparse < 1 m, sparse

Sesuvium portulacastrum L. Ground cover Ground cover

Dense: plant cover 100 %; sparse: plant cover 40-60 %

It is common to come across situations where the zonation pattern of plants ofmangrove habitats is disturbed due to different operative factors such as tidal forces,land features, human activities and differential sensitivities/tolerances of species topollutants

88

Based on the field surveys, appropriate locations for restoration of developed(reclaimed) zones within the transit sites of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala regionswere identified. A plan of conducting plantations in the identified areas was alsoprepared

5.2.3 Steps for Preparing the Transit Sites for Restoration to their Original (NearNatural) Status:

Successful restoration of coastal mangrove habitats requires knowledge of theprocesses essential to developing and supporting the productivity of the system as awhole, rather than its parts. Restoration activities within the identified areas oftransit sites (as shown in Figure 5.1 and 5.2) in Mankhurd as well as Turbhe-Mandala region are be aimed at:

) Altering Site conditions (facilitation of tidal inundation, drainage, etc.);> Introducing suitable species of plants (in this case mangrove species) and

faunal species (which would come in the advent of plantation efforts); and> Providing protection (reducing environmental and other anthropogenic

pressures) to the site thereby encouraging natural regeneration.

Figure 5.1 CRZ Areas to be Restored by Plantation of Mangroves atMankhurd

t ~- R-1

__s . j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8

Figure 5..2: CRZ Areas to be Restored by Plantation of Mangroves atTurbhe-Mandala

L .;

I~- .

* ~ ~ ~~. ~ R-4 -

5.2.4 Conversion of Identified areas of Transit Sites (R 1, R-2 R-3 & R-4) into anIntertidal Zone (Region)

Mangrove ecosystems are places where tides and coastal currents bring constantvariation and where plants and animals have to adapt to changing chemical,physical and biological characteristics. In recent years, there have been detailedstudies on coastal biodiversity, ecology, hydrology, physiology and productivity ofmany different mangrove ecosystems of the World; however, the discrete nature ofthese data makes the principal factors controlling overall productivity very difficultto identify. This situation is perhaps not surprising given the tremendous amount ofdiversity and heterogeneity of mangrove ecosystems and the lack of'single modelthat could describe the way they function.

As it is observed from Figure 5.3, mangroves prefer specific (exclusive) habitatswithin the intertidal zone (as a natural selection). Therefore, artificial regeneration ofmangroves in a modified/ altered habitat condition would require a scientificapproach.

Conversion of the identified locations highlighted as R-1, R-2, R-3 and R-4 in Figures5.1 and 5.2 , which are just within or well above the upper intertidal regions ofcoastal habitats into intertidal zone, is a pre-requisite. For this purpose, a detailedplan of restoration has been prepared which would ensure as given below,establishment of ecological and environmental parameters essential for re-development of mangrove habitats, gradually

90

-oN3dcinao 3NID89a4VH BstL"Ot-OtH

MOatei 1VaI±d3l±l NV So NOILB3S 5 : eAe.d

WN3a3ana4o ivanl.LvIAt Ya tv)

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Table 5.3: Parameters required for restoration of landward regions into coastalmangrove habitats

PARAMETER DESCRIPTION

Lower intertidal A gentle gradient of land, with less wave action andregion currents (the level of which will be below Mean

High Water Line (MHWL) extending upto the MeanLow Water Line

Substratum type Generally silty, clayey (of the type which iscondusive for mangrove growth)

Water requirement Daily tidal inundation and exposure to air (about 24tides per fortnight can inundate such regions, ifdeveloped based on the guidelines given forsubstratum type)

Two treatments have been worked out for the restoration of the identified areaswithin the transit sites. They are:1. Restoration of reclaimed lands adjoining the tidal channels located within or

around the transit sites, and

2. Restoration of upper intertidal regions (which are untouched in the existing setup of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala regions despite establishment of thetransit sites)

Figure 5.4 provides an approach to create conditions within intertidal regions alongthe creek arms, which are reclaimed for transit sites. The tidal channel is extended byreplacing the filled material by soil and provide slopes above MSL that will facilitatethe process of artificial mangrove regeneration. Here, creation of slopes within thenewly created substratum and its defined angle will ensure tidal inundation and inturn help survival of a few forms of mangrove specie

Figure 5.5 is a typical cross section of a single tidal channel which will be createdwithin the upper intertidal regions that are untouched in the existing set up ofMankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala regions. The width (both at the top and bottom) ofsuch channel will ensure frequent inundation of tidal water within the upperintertidal regions of transit sites. The distance between two channels (within thenetwork of such channels in the region) will provide the space for adequate spreadof the upcoming plantlets of mangroves which will eventually cover the entireregion (without any traces of openness/ barrenness). Areas earmarked formangrove restoration if filled will be excavated to mean hightide level

91

The coastal habitats within the 500 m radius of both, Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala sites have been during the last decade, subjected to reclamation for variouspurposes such as (a) using them as dumping grounds of solid waste generatedwithin the City of Mumbai, and (b) reclamation for other infrastructure developmentactivities (housing, construction of roads, etc.). Due to these anthropogenicpressures, the mangrove habitats in these regions can not be considered as a pristineor an untouched ecosystem. The average height of mangrove plants in these areasdoes not exceed 2.5-3.0 m (which is far less than the one observed within some of theadjoining areas of Ghatkopar-Vikhroli (in case of transit site of Mankhurd) andChembur (in case of Turbhe-Mandala transit site)

Therefore, the restoration effort at the Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandale Transit Sites,will be undertaken with a sole objective of converting these areas into a dense patchof mangroves species

5.2.5 Types of species to be planted in the intertidal regions of Mankhurd andTurbhe-Mandala Transit Sites:

Mangroves grow in relatively shallow water as seedlings cannot becomeanchored in deep water. The physical size of mangroves and their requirementof having a great proportion of their body above the water but at the same timebeing anchored in the soil make occupancy of deep water impossible. Chapman(1975) maintained that the shallower the water and the more extensive theshallow, the greater is the extent of mangrove development; on steeply shelvingshores, where the zone of shallow water is narrow, only fringe communitiesdevelop

Although detailed information on the prerequisites for all the individualmangrove species is lacking, it can be stated that if certain conditions prevail,such as protected shoreline with suitable climate, muddy substrata and suitabletidal regime, a mangrove community is likely to develop, provided of course,there is a proximal source of propagules. Furthermore, this mangrovecommunity will consist of some combination characteristic of plant species. Thiscombination of species for different types of areas proposed for restoration isprovided in Table 5.4. The actual layout of mangrove restoration area andcoastal plantation is provided for Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandale sites inFigures 5.6 and 5.7, respectively

92

ASVPE D.P ~tORT

NORTH

RESTORATION PLANCONQEPlUA LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENTSCALE - 1 1500

/ SSr' /F .,,._,idX vl/~~UMNT SIT

TRANSIT CAMP -SITE 1AT C.T.S. NO. 138, MANKHURD, MUMBAI

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -97sE +23

. DaroUd vAW~~~~~~~~~l' ed EXSLeinUS

z

FIGURE PROPOSED) PESTORActION PLAN

(TURpBiE~ -MANDALIE) , 8ASED ON~

J1DaIOHJ NYsYAHyNlid IJiyjHS AIRS EXISTING LAN.D-USE

Table 5.4: Species of plnats of mangrove habitats identified for for restoration of

identified regions of Mankhurd and Turbhe-Mandala transit sites.

Location Name of Mangrove Distance betweenSpecies to be planted two individuals (m)

Upper Intertidal Region Rhizophora mucronata, 1.5m(open spaces within the Rhizophora apiculata,transit sites where artificial Avicennia marinachannels will be created)

Newly created intertidal a: within the first 10 feet 1.0 m betweenregion/s adjoining the from the water front: individuals and 1.5 malready existing tidal Rhizophora mucronata, between the rowschannel (Mankhurd Site) Rhizophora apiculata,

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza,Sonneratia alba

b: within 10 feet and 20 0.5 m betweenfeet strip from the water individuals; 1 mfront: Avicennia marina, between the rowsAvicennia officinalis,Bruguiera cylindrica,Ceriops tagal, Ceriopsdecandra, Aegicerascorniculatum

c: within 20 feet and 30 0.5 m betweenfeet strip from the water individuals; 1 mfront: Excoecaria between the rowsagallocha, Ceriops tagal,Salvadora persica,Clerodendrum inerme

CRZ region (as shown in d: a strip beyond 30 feet 3 m betweenthe map) from the water front individuals, 2 m

(where mangroves are between the rowsplanted), on thelandward side till theCRZboundaryParkinsoniaspecies, Tamarix gallica,Pongamia pinnata,Thespesia populneoides,

93

5.2.6 Cost of Restoration of CRZ areas

The cost of plantation per ha in the proposed areas of Mankhurd and TurbheMandala is provided in Table 5.6.

Table 5.5: Cost estimates for restoration of Mankhurd and Turbhe-MandalaTransit Camp Sites into mangrove habitats

ACTIVIT'Y C OST (Indian Rs.)

Mangrove Restoration

Restoration of the existing relatively untouched coastal Rs. 20000/-natural areas in Turbhe-Mandale and Mankhurd (lha 0 Rs20000/- ha)

Manipulation (digging channels for facilitating the tidal Rs 100000/-water in the areas of manipulation - which are in theupper intertidal region) of Mankhurd Site (2.5ha@ Rs40000/- ha)

Collection and transport of planting stock from coastal Rs. 17500/-habitats of Maharashtra (3.5ha 0 Rs 5000/- ha)

Plantation cost, protection, and aftercare (monitoring for Rs 87500/-one year) (3.5ha 0 Rs 25000/- ha)

Development of Coastal Vegetation

Plantation of species in the landward region (beyond 30 Rs 700000/-feet area from the water front - a strip of 30 m) includingsoil, manure and irrigation expenses for one year (Rs 50/sq m for 6000 Sq m in Mankhurd and 8000 sq m inMandale)

Total Rs 925000/-

5.3 RESTORATION PLAN FOR NON-CRZ AREA

After the resident population is shifted to permanent sites, the transit site will berestored by dismantling the transit dwellings, infrastructure, and ensuring that thesites are free from debris. As part of site restoration, the debris at all the three sitesshall be cleared and the site shall be leveled without leaving any undulations,channels, pits, open septic tanks etc.. It is envisaged that the amount recovered fromthe salvaged materials shall compensate the cost of demolition and removal ofdebris to the dumping site. The cost for clearing the site for restoration is henceassumed to be nil. After restoration, the sites will be handed over to the respectiveagencies owning the land for future developments

94

5.4 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

The proposed post-closure restoration plans for all the transit sites should beimplemented by MMRDA through bidding process. A special restoration committeecreated by MMRDA should oversee the bidding process and implementation as wellas supervision. The composition of the Restoration Committee will consist of thefollowing:

* Planner (MMRDA representative)

* Ecologist (a Mangrove Expert) - External

* Hydrologist (External)

* Civil Engineer (Extemal/ MMRDA representative)

* Environment Expert (MMRDA representative)

* Enviromnental Engineer (External)

* Biologist (a Horticulturist) - External.

The executing agency will ensure that the restoration work will be done incoordination with and to the satisfaction of the Restoration Committee

5.5 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

The implementation of restoration plan for each transit site will commenceimmediately after the relocation of its inhabitants to permanent sites and will becompleted within one year duration as per the time schedule presented in Table 5.6

Table 5.6: Time Schedule for Implementation of Site Restoration Plan

Sr. No. Restoration Milestone Duration and Date ofCompletion

1 Dismantling of dwellings and leveling 3 months, End of 3rd monthof the site

2 Invitation and evaluation of proposal 2 months, End of 5th monthfor restoration of CRZ and RG

3 Award of restoration work 1 month, End of 6th month4 Implementation of restoration work 6 month, End of 12th month5 Award of maintenance contract 1 month, End of 12th month

95

Annexure I

Details of Noise Model

The Sound Pressure Level (SPL) generated by noise sources decreases with increasingdistance from the source due to wave divergence. An additional decrease in SPL withdistance from the source is expected due to atmospheric effect or its interaction withobjects in the transmission path

Estimating highway noise impact involves a complex process, which will require a largecomputer analysis to model in detail. However, the methodology presented below is ageneral highway noise model that predicts the equivalent noise level (Leq) and isadequate for most noise assessment requirements. The advantage of the model, whichpredicts L,q is that Leq, is the "Energy Average" noise level and as such is not dependent onthe statistics of the traffic flow

The Highway Noise Model presented below is based upon calculating the hourly Leq forall category-wise vehicles separately and then adding these logarithmically to obtain theoverall hourly Lq as follows:

Leq (hi) = Loe, + lOlog N, + lOlog 15 I+a _ 13 + c5S,T D

Where,

Leq(hi) = Equivalent noise level at the hour (h) for vehicle type (I)Loei = Reference mean energy level for (ith) vehlcle typeNi = Number of vehicles of (ith) class passing in time(T) one Hour (1 hr)Si- Average Speed of vehicles of (ith) class (kmph)T = Time duration corresponding to Ni, one hourD = Perpendicular distance in (m) from centerline of the traffic

Lane to observera = Factor relating to absorption characteristics of the ground cover

between roadway and observer (to be conservative, this is taken asO in actual modeling, but considered qualitatively in the finalanalysis)

6s- Shielding factor for barrier (to be conservative, this is taken as 0 inactual modeling, but considered qualitatively in the final analysis)

The combined effect of all the vehicle categories can be determined at the receptor byadding the individual values using the following equation

Leq(h,total) lolog E 10 Leq(h/lO)

h=i

The above highway noise model is used in this study. In order to compare the resultswith the Indian standards, the equivalent day time noise levels, Lday (period 0600 hoursthrough 2100 hours) and equivalent night time noise levels. Lnight (period 2100 hoursthrough 0600 hours) are estimated

Input to the Model

i) Reference Noise Levels

The vehicular noise emission levels significantly vary with vehicle speed. It istherefore necessary that speed dependency of noise emissions for variouscategories of vehicles is taken into account while using the model for noiseprediction due to the roadway. In this work the speed-noise relations presentedby National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) in theirreport on Environmental and Social Assessment Delhi - Noida Bridge Projecthave been adopted (Table 5.10)

Table - 5.10 Reference Noise Levels Variation with Vehicle Speed and Category(Noise Levels in dB(A) at 15 meter)

Speed(kmph) Cars Trucks & Buses 2/3 Wheelers30 56.0 73.0 58.040 59.0 76.0 61.050 63.0 80.0 66.060 68.0 81.0 68.070 68.0 81.5 70.080 70.0 82.0 72.090 72.0 83.0 74.0100 74.0 83.5 76.0

Note: Minimum noise level at 30 kmph are taken even if the vehicle speed decreasesbelow 30 kmph

Annexure II

Epidemiological Survey - Findings and Recommendations

An epidemiological surveillance to ascertain the impact of environmental factorson the health of the conmmunity based at the three resettlement sites (i)Mankhurd, (ii) Turbhe-Mandala and (iii) Wadala

The natural history of the diseases considered, Vector borne and Water and Foodborne suggested that stress may be laid on environmental factors responsible forthe two groups of diseases: (i) Vector borne (mosquito borne e.g. Malaria andFilarial etc), (ii) Faeco-oral infections e.g ; typhoid, cholera and other suchdiarrhoeal diseases

The seasonal variations which are noticed in the natural history of the diseasecycle suggest that the period of atleast a year prior to the survey time beconsidered for assessing the impact of these environmental factors responsiblefor the prevalence of the above mentioned diseases

It is not merely the physical examination, which is an important tool for assessingthe prevalence of the aforementioned group of diseases but the eliciting of thehistory of associated symptomatology suggestive of similar diseases because ofthese environmental factors:

(a) Water logging giving rise to mosquito breeding which is the majorvector

(b) Water contamination leading to various diarrhoeal diseases of whichtyphoid and cholera form the major entity besides various otherbacteriological and viral infections

In order to study the impact of these environmental factors, one is required toseparate the persons suffering with common seasonal/climatic variationsresulting in various constitutional signs and symptoms from those who have hadtypical symptomatology similar to the group of diseases with the above referredetiology

The findings of this study point towards the presence of the diseases due to theaforementioned environmental factors in the community surveyed during theperiod as being endemic; in other words the diseases are present in thecommunity throughout the year

The number of places seen at the various sites and the situation in these sites haspresented us with an interesting finding; the presence of the cases is associatedwith the wet areas. In other words, presence of water logging or water-stagnation has a direct effect on the prevalence of these vector-borne or faeco-oraldiseases

The Mankhurd site is bisected by the creeklet besides having drain on the easternboundary, and the presence of cases is seen on the areas adjoining the creekletand the drain, whereas the areas which are away from these wetlands arepresenting with zero or negligible cases, as can be seen from the data attached

The situation at Mandala is a repeat of that which is seen at Makhurd - the dryareas (areas where there is little and no water logging) presenting with no casesas compared with the wet areas (with lot of water logging or water-stagnation)

This fact is quite marked at the Wadala site where keeping in mind the totalpopulation the prevalence should have been high. Instead, the figure of personsaffected could work out to less than 1 in 4000. This could be corroborated withlesser wet areas in the community and the surroundings

Keeping in view the above findings, it is possible that the number of the personsaffected by this vector borne and faeco-oral diseases can be brought down byimproving drainage of wastewater from the area

Health Observations at Transit Resettlement Sites

Sr Date & Month Name and Age Type of Disease AddressNo of Illness

Part A - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site1 September 2001 Mrs Anantha B Mahtre Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/1 24

(25 yrs)

2 August-Sep 2001 Ms Savitri Chandran Naidu (30 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/125

3 December 2001 Mast Rajagopal (5 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/132

4 January 17'n 2002 Mst Amol Balaram (7 yrs) Rodare Malaria(MP+ve) F 8/209Typhoid (Widal +ve)

5 January 12, 2002 Mrs Savitri Yadav (35 yrs) Malaria (MP +ve E 80Splen +ve)

6 January 29, 2002 Mr Subhash Anil Salve (10 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) E/82Hospitalised

Part B - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site1 January 2002 Baby Aarti M Kamble (2 yrs) Diarrhoeal Disease H/8 12 January 29, 2002 Baby Maya Rajesh Ghangude (4.5 Malaria (MP +ve) H/78

yrs)3 January 29, 2002 Rajesh Bhagwat Ghangude (35 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) H/78

4 January 2002 Shalan Dauli Madi (40 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) H 755 January 2002 Zubeda Malaria (MP+ve) H 114

6 January 2002 Ranjama Prakash Kamble (10 yrs) Diarrhoeal Disease H 437 January 29, 2002 Vijayamani (42 yrs) Eosinophilia I 448 October 05, 01 Sharma Banu (50 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) 1 1619 October 26, 01 Maimumira (55 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) 1 149Turbhe-Mandala Transit Resettlement Site1 NA Mahesh Kumar Gupta (17 yrs) MP Suspect E/148

2 NA Harshada Ganve (13 yrs) Eosinophilia +ve3 NA Sachin Ganve (11 yrs) Eosinophilia Suspect4 NA Ganesh Prabhakar Nirbhone (10 Malaria (+ve)

yrs)5 NA Don John D'lima (29 yrs) Typhoid )+ve) A/1996 NA Mahesh Bhimji Mewada (17 yrs) Typhoid/Malaria

suspect7 NA Kishore Patthe (17 yrs) Typhoid +ve8 NA Lata Madhukar Panchal Typhoid +ve E/192

9 NA Amrita Satish More (16 yrs) Diarrhea

10 NA Jyoti Rajan Khaire (10 yrs) Loose motion,I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ v o m itin g

Wadala Transit Resettlement Site1 NA Nitin Prabhakar Adawade (7 yrs) Malaria +ve A4/4

2 NA Ruksana Bibi (10 yrs) Malaria +ve F4/1 1

3 NA Dharmenda Ratan Sodhe (21 yrs) Malaria suspect B4/15

4 NA Moinuddin Shaikh (30 yrs) Typhoid +ve A42/15

5 NA Mohammad Raffiq (19 yrs) Malaria suspect A42/16

Health Observations at Transit Resettlement Sites

Sr Date & Month Name and Age Type of Disease AddressNo of Illness

Part A - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site1 September 2001 Mrs Anantha B Mahtre Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/1 24

(25 yrs)2 August-Sep 2001 Ms Savitri Chandran Naidu (30 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/1253 December 2001 Mast Rajagopal (5 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) F 5/1324 January 1 7th 2002 Mst Amol Balaram (7 yrs) Rodare Malaria(MP+ve) F 8/209

Typhoid (Widal +ve)5 January 12, 2002 Mrs Savitri Yadav (35 yrs) Malaria (MP +ve E 80

Splen +ve)6 January 29, 2002 Mr Subhash Anil Salve (10 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) E/82

I___ HospitalisedPart B - Mankhurd Transit Resettlement Site1 January 2002 Baby Aarti M Kamble (2 yrs) Diarrhoeal Disease H/812 January 29, 2002 Baby Maya Rajesh Ghangude (4.5 Malaria (MP +ve) 1/78

yrs)3 January 29, 2002 Rajesh Bhagwat Ghangude (35 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) H/784 January 2002 Shalan Dauli Madi (40 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) H 755 January 2002 Zubeda Malaria (MP+ve) H 1146 January 2002 Ranjama Prakash Kamble (10 yrs) Diarrhoeal Disease H 437 January 29, 2002 Vijayamani (42 yrs) Eosinophilia I 448 October 05, 01 Sharma Banu (50 yrs) Malaria (MP+ve) 1 1619 October 26, 01 Maimumira (55 yrs) Typhoid (Widal +ve) 1 149Turbhe-Mandala Transit Resettlement Site1 NA Mahesh Kumar Gupta (17 yrs) MP Suspect E/1482 NA Harshada Ganve (13 yrs) Eosinophilia +ve3 NA Sachin Ganve (11 yrs) Eosinophilia Suspect4 NA Ganesh Prabhakar Nirbhone (10 Malaria (+ve)

yrs)5 NA Don John D'lima (29 yrs) Typhoid )+ve) A/1996 NA Mahesh Bhimji Mewada (17 yrs) Typhoid/Malaria

suspect___ ___

7 NA Kishore Patthe (17 yrs) Typhoid +ve8 NA Lata Madhukar Panchal Typhoid +ve E/1929 NA Amrita Satish More (16 yrs) Diarrhea10 NA Jyoti Rajan Khaire (10 yrs) Loose motion,

I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ v o m itin gWadala Transit Resettlement Site1 NA Nitin Prabhakar Adawade (7 yrs) Malaria +ve A4/42. NA Ruksana Bibi (10 yrs) Malaria +ve F4/1 13 NA Dharmenda Ratan Sodhe (21 yrs) Malaria suspect B4/154 NA Moinuddin Shaikh (30 yrs) Typhoid +ve A42/155 NA Mohammad Raffiq (19 yrs) Malaria suspect A42/ 16

Annexure -III

Minutes of Public Consultation Meetings

Mankhurd Site

Date of Meeting- 20 December 2001Venue- SPARC Office Hall in Part A Transit Site (Towards Mankhurd)

Solid WasteSolid waste is collected door to door. In absence of municipal disposal bin, thesolid waste collected is disposed in adjoining creek. Also, waste from thescrap yard is disposed in the creek-let that has reduced its width that createsto water stagnation. In the absence of proper collection, the solid waste isburned at the location

The residents opined that due to presence of industrial waste along withtrapping of solid waste and the stagnation of water, a gas is generated, whichon release cause nuisance. In one event, the intensity of odour was so intensethat the residents have to run out of the colony. The residents claim that thishas caused lots of respiratory problems in the colony and should be resolved.In this regard, the people residing in the colony had filed complaint to civicauthorities. After no response from civic authorities the resident tookinitiative and cleaned the creek-let once. However, they feel that since thegarbage also comes through the creek from the upstream areas, it needsfrequent cleaning

Flooding- Residents informed that the site does not get flooded. The internaldrains provided for drainage are maintained properly and adequately byundertaking regular cleaning activity through the societies. All residentscontribute Rs 15 per tenements for cleaning of gutter

Mosquito Nuisance- Residents feel that the stagnation of wastewater due tochoking of Nala is the reason for mosquito breeding. The fumigation formosquito control is not regular. Civic authorities undertake fumigation onlyon deposition of money by societies and residents feel that it is not adequateand effective

Ration Shop and Other Grocery Shops- The site has one ration shop, whichprovides all item under rationing list except kerosene. Since the kerosene isnot available in the ration shop located in the transit site, people has nottransferred the rationing cards. As a result, PAHs are still using their oldration shops and for this they have to travel all the way to Mahim and otherfar of places. There are other 2-3 grocery shops being operated by PAHs fromtenements, which cater to the needs of the transit site residents.

Medical Facility- The transit site has a private consulting doctor, available inthe evening. In addition, Church missionary from Santacruz provides freemedical consulting on every Saturday

Schools- The Part B of transit site (towards Ghatkopar side) has one Balwadi.SPARC has been approached by some organization to open a balwadi in thePart A (towards Mankhurd) and proposal is under consideration. Howeverresidents feel that there should be school for children. Since the nearestMunicipal school is at Tata colony and is quite far off for primary schoolchildren

Commutation - The nearest railway stations is Mankhurd. The BEST busesalso ply on the Mankhurd-Ghatkopar link road and therefore site is wellconnected. However, residents feel that the high speed traffic on the road hasbecome a serious accident risk for crossing the road. Residents also reportedabout 3-4 accidents with 1 death casualty till date and feel strong need forspeed breakers /traffic signal with pedestrian crossing

Security- The site being not fenced and open pose security problems. Peoplefeels that some security provision should be made to prevent burglaries.Nearest police station is Mandala chowky

Infrastructure and Sanitation Services- Total 13 nos of societies areoperational in the Transit Camp Part A. Resident have informed that thewater supply is adequate. Each PAH contributes about Rs 75 for watersupply, Rs 35 electricity and Rs 15 for gutter and toilet cleaning. Totalelectricity bill amount to 2.5 lacs while collection is only upto 1 lac. Thoughthere is no provision made for playground, the space in the front along themain road and the mudflat along the nala on the backside of the site is usedfor playing. 4 toilets blocks are provided for about 802 PAHs and residentsfeel that the numbers of toilets provided are adequate. The transit camp alsohas adequate communication facility. Three zip phones are in operationpresently

With respect greening of the transit camp site, people enthusiasticallyreported that they would be ready to participate in such activity. PAHssuggested that sapling should be provided for plantation along the innerroads and every PAH will water and nurture the sapling in front of his house

Turbhe MandaleDate of Meeting- 20 December 2001Venue- SPARC Office Hall in at Transit Site

Solid WasteSolid waste is collected on alternate days from door to door by people employedby SPARC. In absence of municipal disposal bin, the solid waste collected isdisposed of in the nearby creek. People throw the garbage along the creek asthere is no provision of garbage on the site.

Mosquito Nuisance- Residents feel that the stagnation of wastewater due tochoking of drains is the reason for mosquito breeding. The fumigation formosquito control is not done. The fumigation is carried out by civic authoritiesonly on deposition of money by societies and residents feel that it is not effective

Ration Shop and Other Grocery Shops-The site has one ration shop, which still is not operational. Hence people have notyet transferred their rationing cards. As a result, PAHs are still using their oldration shops and for this they have to travel all the way to Mahim and other far ofplaces. There are other 1-2 grocery shops being operated by PAHs fromtenements, which cater to the needs of the transit site residents. But for most ofthe things people go to Mankhurd station market, which is nearly 1 km from thesite.

Medical Facility- The transit site has a private consulting doctor arranged bySPARC, available once a day. People informed that they have to go to Mankhurdor Chembur for medical facility.

Schools- The transit site has 2-3 Balwadi, being managed with help of SPARC andMahila Samiti. There is one school up to third standard. However resident feelthat there should be proper school for children. Since the nearest Municipalschool is at Tata colony and its quite far off for primary school children to go.Higher class students go to their previous schools at their original places.

Commutation - The nearest railway stations is Mankhurd which is around 1 kmfrom the site. The site is not connected through road transport people have towalk to the other side of the railway station to catch the bus as subway is underconstruction. It is informed by the residents that it is difficult to walk theapproach road as it is in very bad condition. In rainy season this road getsflooded with water.

No public transport vehicle comes on this road. It was reported that people aretaken on haathgadi to the hospital in any emergency, which many times causesdelay to reach the hospital on time. The residents feel that proper road facilitywith appropriate lighting arrangement should be given priority.

It was also informed that incidents of looting and snatching occur on this road asstreet lights are not provided

Infrastructure and Sanitation Services-

Here people have informed that water is major problem. Water pressure is verylow from the source though SPARC has arranged for the pipeline from the sourcearea. Water quality is also very bad (yellowish in colour) and it was reported bythe residents that because of dirty water every household is having stomachproblems. The water pressure is so inadequate that the tenements towards creekside do not receive any water. The PAHs also reported that they have to bringwater from the adjacent MHADA colony, which is under construction. Thesecurity staff at the MHADA colony does not allow withdrawing of water

Each PAH contribute about Rs 20 for water supply and for gutter and toiletcleaning, Rs 75 for electricity.

Though there is no provision made for playground, the small space in the centerof each cluster and roads are used for playing.

8 toilets blocks are provided for about 896 PAHs and residents feel that thenumbers of toilets provided are adequate. Only one toilet block in E-block wasclosed and no alternative arrangement was done, hence people were forced todefecate in open areas outside the site.

The transit camp also has adequate communication facility. One PCO is beingoperated by PAH

With respect greening of the transit camp site, people enthusiastically reportedthat they would be ready to participate in such activity. PAHs suggested thatsapling should be provided for plantation along the inner roads and every PAHwill water and nurture the sapling in front of his house

Wadala Transit Site

Date of Meeting- 22 December 2001Venue- Cultural committee Office at Transit Site

Solid WasteThere is no provision of collection of garbage from household. Residents used tothrow the garbage in the drains. Recently garbage bins are constructed which arein open areas and residents have to walk a long distance for garbage disposal.

Residents, through their societies have approached BMC to make arrangementsfor garbage collection from the bins to disposal areas but there is no response.Resident has request BMC to send collection vehicle for transportation of garbage

It was informed that in recently SPARC and societies have imposed a penalty ofRs. 500 on residents if they are found throwing garbage not in bins but in drainsor elsewhere.

CommutationResidents feel that the site is not well connected and this is the biggest problem.To reach the nearest station Guru Teg Bahadur Nagar, it takes about 20 minuteswalk and 30 minutes walk for bus stop. They have to go through the adjacenthutment to take the short cuts to the station and the bus stop. These hutment arenot safe to pass through as many robbery/ snatching/theft incidents have beenrecorded especially when it is dark. For medical emergency needs Sion or KEMHospital is the nearest which takes one hour to reach as access is throughhutment and it is difficult to get taxi or rickshaw.

Residents feel that the BEST bus stop should be provided in near vicinity onpriority basis.

Mosquito Nuisance-Residents feel that the stagnation of wastewater due to choking of drains and thesolid waste littered all over the site is the reason for breeding mosquito, flies andother insects. The fumigation for mosquito control is not regular. The fumigationwas carried out once by civic authorities when malaria had spread in the localityand the transit camp. This fumigation was also as a result of initiative taken bysocieties. However, residents feel that the fumigation was not effective as it wascarried out only in the front row

Ration Shop and Other Grocery Shops-The site has no ration shop, and the ration cards are not yet transferred. Thetransfer of ration cards is in progress. As a result, PAHs are still using their oldration shops and for this they have to travel all the way to their original placeslike Sewri, Mahim etc.

There are grocery shops being operated by PAHs from tenements, which cater tothe needs of the transit site residents.

The transit site does not have any medical shop facility, which residents think isimportant to have. For medical facility and medical store residents have to go toIndira Nagar at a distance of 15 minutes from there. People feel as far as possiblefree/low cost medical facility should be made available.

Residents have to depend on the hawkers and vendors for vegetables and allwhich sit outside the site in the evening

Schools-There are three primary schools on the site along with the balwadis run byMahila Samiti. Of these three school, two are upto 8th standard and 10th standardrespectively, while the third one is not yet operational. For secondary educationchildren are still going to their earlier schools as there is no muncipal schoolnearby.

Securitv-The site has been surrounded on two sides by hutment and front side is notfenced and this poses security problems. One campus security person isemployed by the societies as security provisions. People also feel the need ofpolice chowki there.

Infrastructure and Sanitation Services-Total 46 nos of societies are operational in the Transit Camp. Resident haveinformed that the water supply is adequate. Supply is from 2 am to 10 am only inthe morning and water pressure is acceptable. But water taps are not distributed,so people have to walk long for water. Each PAH contribute about Rs 25 forwater supply and for gutter and toilet cleaning, Rs 100 for electricity. Residentshave informed that daily toilet cleaning is there but drains were cleaned onlyonce in eight months of stay. People feel that cleaning of drain and removal ofsolid waste from the site should be done immediately.

Though playground or open spaces are provided on the site, hardly anybodyuses it for playing as these are not leveled and full of stones. For major events(cricket match) and any cultural function residents clean and use these spaces.

25 toilets blocks are provided for about 3600 PAHs and residents feel that thenumbers of toilets provided are adequate. The only problem is the metallic doorswhich are half damaged due to lack of maintenance.

With respect greening of the transit camp site, people enthusiastically reportedthat they would be ready to participate in such activity. Residents informed thatvegetation done by MMRDA but could not survive as cows and buffaloes enterthe site from the road and destroy trees. PAHs suggested that sapling should beprovided for plantation along the inner roads and every PAH will water andnurture the sapling in front of his house

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Annexure IV

Cost of Implementing CEMPCost Estimates for Implementing the CEMP for Transit Resettlement Site - Mankhurd

Capital Costs Annual Maintenance Cost

Details used for working out T RATE TPercentageS.N ITEM PARTICULARS estimates QUANTITY UNIT Rupees) TOTAL COST of Capital Total Cost

I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ etmts_ (ues~_ _Cost

SITE 1 - MANKHURD

ZONE A __ l1 Speed breakers, zebra crossing, Lumpsum 50,000

widening of median 0 02 Repairing of barbed wire fencing 290 m 290.00 r.m 100.00 29,000 10 2,9003 LANDSCAPING

a Tree plantation @ 6m along chain link 280 m 6 M c/c 48.00 nos. 175.00 8,400 1,260fence 15b Under storey plantation of shrubs @ 280 m 1 M c/c 280.00 nos. 100.00 28,000 4,2001.Om 15c Landscape at entrance 10 sqm 4 nos. 40.00 sqm 450.00 18,000 15 2,700

3| Lighting at entrance 2 nos. 2 nos. 4.00 nos. 3,000.00 12,000 10 1,200ZONE B

1 IGreen barrier of shrubs along CRZ - two 2 x 395 m 1.2 M c/c 950.00 nos. 100.00 95,000 14,250| Jlayers of shrub plantation @ 1.2m . 15ZONE C

1 Replacing water tanks of capacity 5000 8 no. 1 per 8.00 nos. 5,000.00 40,000 4,000Its toilets toilet_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ ________ _ _ _ _ _ _ block 10

and taps _ Lumpsum = 10,000 10 1,000

2 Whitewashing of tenements 725 and 701 tenements in 1-A 1426 00 nos. 200 00 285,200 0and 1-B . 0

3 Cleaning the site of solid waste I i I Lumpsum 20,000 twice yearly 40,0004 Placing Garbage bins - of metal one near each toilet block 8.00 nos. 3,500.00 28,000 10 2,8005 Imparting training through NGO for solid Lumpsum 25,000 0

,waste management. . 06 Cleaning of drains ( of built-up area) 20000.00 sqm 1 00 20,000 once a month 20,0007 Constructing the ends of drains - 40 00 nos. 600 00 24,000 0

constructing brick channel of 3 0 mlengthwith 0.3mx3 Om brickbat solingand PCC (1:3 6) over it 0

8 Spraying insecticides = Lumpsum_ 5,000 our times yearl 20,0009 Construction of platforms for informal Lumpsum 100,000vending

10 Providing lighting to roads and pathway 2 for each pathway & 15 m c/c on 100.00 nos. 500 00 50,000 7,500roads 15

ZO N E D_ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

1 Chain link fence in rear side of part 'B'- 200.00 r.m 250.00 50,000 01.5m high of 230 mm brick wall 0

2 Providing single row of trees @ 6m 210 m 6 M c/c 35.00 nos. 175.00 6,125 15 919with under storey plantation of shrubs in 2 x 195 m 1.2 M c/c 325.00 nos 100.00 32,500 4,875two rows @1.2 m _ 15ZONEE E

1 Providing single row of trees @ 6m = = 30.00 nos. 175.00 5,250 15 788with under storey plantation of shrubs 145 00 nos. 100.00 14,500 2,175@1 2m _ . 15I _______________________________ =_______ ______ ____ _________ Rs. 955,975 5_975_130,566t1 ITOTAL including 10 % contingencies = Rs. 1,051,573 143,623

[ I I I I I I I I L I IICost Estimates for Implementing the CEMP for Transit Resettlement Site- Turbhe Mandala


Details used for working out RATE PercentageS.N ITEM PARTICULARSesias QUANTITY UNIT Rues TOTAL COST of Capital Total Costef t ITEM PARTICULARS ] cstimates ( Rupees) Cost

SITE 2 - TURBHE-MANDALAZONE A

1 Constructing of approach road upto Measures in this respect shall be integrated andMankhurd rly. Station bugted in area development for MHADA

rehabilitation project 2 Construction of 1.5m high chain link 110.00 r.m 250.00 27,500 2,750

.fencing in front 103 Providing single row of trees @ 6m 210 m 6 M c/c 35.00 nos. 175.00 6,125 15 919

with under storey plantation of shrubs 210 m 1.2 M c/c 175.00 nos. 100.00 17,500 2,[email protected] m I__ 15

4 Lighting at entrance 2 no I ent. 2.00 3,000 00 6,000 15 900ZONE B I =_=

1 Providing lighting to roads and pathway 2 for each pathway & 15 m c/c on 70.00 nos. 500.00 35,000 5,250roads 15

2 Cleaning of drains ( of built-up area ) 10750.00 sqm 1.00 10,750 once a month 10,7503 Constructing the ends of drains - 20.00 nos. 600.00 12,000

constructing brick channel of 3 0 mlengthwith 0.3mx3.Om brickbat soling

I and PCC (1 3 6) over it4 Spraying insecticides _ Lumpsum 5,000 our times yearl 20,0005 Cleaning the site of solid waste Lumpsum 15,000 twice yearly 30,0006 Placing Garbage bins one for each toilet block 5.00 nos. 3,500.00 17,500 10 1,7507 Imparting training through NGO for solid Lumpsum 25,000

L1 lwaste management. l L u 2 0 _

ZONE C1 Landscaping of pockets- trees, shrubs, 400.00 sqm 250.00 100,000 15,000

seating as necessary 152 Plafform for informal vending Lumpsum 100,000

ZONE D1 Construction of Compost pit, including 625.00 cum 700.00 437,500 43,750

excavation, construction of pit 10- = Rs 814,875 133,694

TOTAL including 10 % contingencies = Rs 896,363 147,063

Cost Estimates for Implementing the CEMP for Transit Resettlement Site- Wadala


Details used for working out RATE PercentageS.N ITEM PARTICULARS estimatns QUANTITY UNIT RupE TOTAL COST of Capital Total Costestimates (Rupees) ~~~~~~Cost

SITE 3 - WADALA

ZONE A - _ _ I1 1.5m height chain link fence 165m along the boundary facing 165.00 r.m 250.00 41,250 4,125.0

the road 10________________________________ =_______ =_____ -________ =__________ O___________ 0.0

2 Providing single row of trees @ 6m 995 m 6 M c/c 165.00 nos. 175.00 28,875 15 4,331 3with under storey plantation of shrubs 995 m 1.2 M cdc 830.00 nos 100.00 83,000 12,450.0

= @1.2 m = = = . 15

3 Construction of culvert over entrance _ Lumpsum 200,000 0 0 0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ 0.0

4 Lowering the level of manhole covers Lumpsum 25,000 0 0.0= ___________________________ _______ OC______ __________ 0 0

5 Dredging of nala near entrance _1Lumpsum_ 75,000 10 7,500.0

ZONE B _ ____I Cleaning of drains ( of bunit-up area) 43750.00 sqm 1.00 43,750 once a month 43 750 0

2 Pitching of main drain . 660.00 r.m 225.00 148,500 0 0.0

3 Cleaning the site of solid waste = Lumpsum = 30,000 twice a year 60,000 0

4 Constructing garbage bins. . . 5.00 nos 4,000.00 20,000 10 2,000.0

5 Imparting training through NGO for solid Lumpsum l 25,000 0 0waste management. _ . 0

3600.00 nos 200.00 720,000 0 0.06 Construction of open platforms for Lumpsum 100,000informal vending _

7 Whitewashing of the tenementsZONE C

1 Landscaping of open recreation areas. ____ 9000.00 sqm 150.00 1,350,000 15 202,500.0

2 Plantation of shrubs along main drain 660 m 1 2 M c/c 550.00 nos 100 00 55,000 15 8,250 0

3 Landscaping of open pockets = = 500.00 sqm 250.00 125,000 15 18,750.0

t_________________________________ =_______ =______ _ -Rs. 3,070,375 363,656.3L TOTAL including 10 % contingencies = = Rs. 3,377,413 400,021.9

OPEN LAND \ NOTEStOW LY114rtl \ PLOT AREA - A7,171 61 S0kI

BUILTUP AREA = 19,129 66 SCMAREA UNDER ROADS = 3.851 78 SOMRECREATIONAL AREA = 5.700 25 SOMAREA UNDER CRZ = 11,155.72 SOM

I.11 1111 _ s liti 1 / /LEGEND

Vi1/ I-R6 -4 =RECREATION ARCA________ -<z = TOILEZT BLOCKS& , § ' 11 l 1 1 | r 33 1 1 1 m | | 1 5 TENEMENTS BLOCKS

/ R3/ J[* | =WATER POINTS

/1~~ ~ 11 iHi i tH lI ? / v

ENCROACHMENTS

OPEN LAND i i

NORTH3,L- - -- I, - - - - - \

TITLE F. .S.

__ ,< ". ~ EXISTING LAYOUT

SITE

TRANSIT CAMP - SITE 1AT C.T.S. NO. 138. MANKHURD, MUMBAI

Annexure V

Legal And Policy Framework for Development of MUTP

Indian Legal Requirements

1. The applicable Indian legal provisions are described in two groups onerelated to environment and the other related to resettlement.

Legislation related to Environment:

2. There are various Acts, Rules and Notifications applicable for differentenvironmental components such as Air Pollution, Water Pollution, NoisePollution, Coastal Areas, Hazardous Materials Handling and Transport,Forest and Wildlife. In addition, regulatory provisions by way ofenvironmental clearance also exist. The applicable acts and regulations arelisted below.

Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986

3. This is an umbrella act for environmental protection. Various rules andnotifications are issued from time to time under the provisions of this Act.Environmental Protection Rules (2000) specify standards for ambient airquality whereas Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000provide for the ambient noise standards in public places. However legalmechanism to achieve these are not explicit in terms of emission at source intransport sector except for the vehicle emission norms like Euro II or Bharat IIthat have been prescribed. The Environmental Impact AssessmentNotification, 1994 (as amended in May 1997) make environmental clearancemandatory for 29 categories of developmental projects listed in Schedule 1 ofthe notification. Railways are not listed in schedule 1 and hence do not needenvironmental clearance. For other components under MUTP, MoEF hasconfirmed that environmental clearance EIA notification is not required.

Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 1991

4. The notification provides for determining certain areas between the Low TideLine (LTL) and High Tide Line (HTL) and adjacent land ward area as theCoastal Regulation Zone and its classification into CRZ I -ecologicallysensitive and coastal wetland between HTL and LTL, CRZ II - wheredevelopment has already occurred and CRZ III - the residual area largelyrural in character. Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) of Greater

Mumbai specifying the classification of CRZ has been approved by MoEF.The notification also prescribes prohibited activities in CRZ and activities thatcan be taken up with the approval of MoEF. Reclamation being a prohibitedactivity cannot be undertaken in CRZ I.

The Maharashtra (Urban Areas) Preservation of Trees Act, 1975

5. GOM legislation requires every local authority to constitute a Tree Authority.No tree can be felled without the permission of this authority. The Roaddevelopment agencies have to obtain the permission of the Tree Authority forfelling of trees in the right of way and follow the Tree Authorities stipulationsin respect of transplanting or compensatory plantation.

Legislation related to R & R.

Land Acquisition Act 1894 (LA Act):

6. This act provides for compulsory acquisition of land for public purposes bypaying compensation at the market rate with 30% solatium for thecompulsory nature of acquisition and interest at 12 percent per annum fromthe date of notification of land for acquisition.

7. The act provides for preparation of Regional Plan for the MMR as a wholeand preparation of Development Plans (Master Plans) for the localjurisdiction of individual municipal authority like MCGM. The Regional Planof MMR has been sanctioned in 1999 whereas the Development Plan ofGreater Mumbai was sanctioned in 1991. The Regional Plan is policy orientedand strategic in nature whereas Development Plan is more specific andprescribes detailed land use zoning including designation of land requiredfor public purposes, which can then be acquired in conjunction with theprovisions of Land Acquisition Act. The act also provides a statutoryframework for formulation and enforcement of Development ControlRegulations. The sub-projects are required to be consistent with the RegionalPlan and the Development Plan.

Development Control Regulations for Greater Mumbai 1991 (DCRs):

8. The DCRs set out the standards for building design and construction,provision of services like water supply, sewerage, site drainage, access roads,elevators, fire fighting etc. A separate set of regulations is included for theredevelopment or resettlement of slums, which are administered by the SlumRehabilitation Authority (SRA). Buildings procured for R & R have toconform to these DCRs. Up-front clearance of the entire project is howevernot required under the DCR. Approvals are to be obtained for individualscheme, as it gets prepared.

9. These regulations prepared under the MR & TP Act offer an alternative toacquisition under LA Act by way of Transfer of Development Rights (TDR).The permissible Floor Space Index (FSI) defines the development rights ofevery parcel of land in Mumbai. If a particular parcel of land is designated fora public purpose the landowner has an option of accepting monetarycompensation under the LA Act 1894 or accept TDR (equivalent to the plotarea times the permissible FSI), which can be sold in the market for useelsewhere in Mumbai. The DC Regulations have been amended to provideincentives for rehabilitation (including resettlement of slum dwellers) in 1997.For landowners prepared to provide 225 sq.ft. dwelling units free of cost toslum dwellers, the incentive is in the form of right to build and sell floorspace equivalent to that required for slum rehabilitation subject to themaximum in-situ utilization of FSI of 2.5. The remainder of the totaldevelopment rights can be used as TDR. In case of land designated forresettlement of slum dwellers affected by infrastructure projects, the landowner has an option of offering dwelling units to the project implementingagency free of cost and getting the benefit of maximum of TDR equivalent tofloor area calculated at FSI of 3.5 (1 for land and 2.5 for the built-up area).

The Maharashtra Co-operative Societies Act 1960:

10. This act provides for establishing, registering and administering the co-operative societies. Housing co-operative is a special form of co-operativesociety, where the land and building is owned by the co-operative and itsmembers have occupancy rights of apartment occupied by them. Sale andpurchase of such units can take place only with the consent of the society.This is a common form of tenure in Mumbai's apartment buildings and iswidely understood.

World Bank Policies

11. Given that MUTP has been developed with the intention of mobilizingfinancial resources from the World Bank, project preparation has included anumber of studies and assessments which have sought to address and meetthe requirements of the World Bank's environmental and social policies, oftenreferred as the 'safeguard' policies. The next paragraphs provide a summaryoverview of how these guidelines have been considered.

Environmnental Assessment (OP 4.01)

12. In the context of the Bank's Operational Policy (OP) 4.01 on EnvironmentalAssessment, MUTP has been classified as category "A" project, largely on thebasis of the large number of people requiring resettlement and rehabilitation.Because of the large-scale resettlement and the triggering of more than onesafeguard policy the project is also classified as "Si" in terms of safeguardissues. A consolidated EA including SEA has been prepared that provides theframework for preparing sub-project specific EA and EMPs in compliancewith the World Bank policy.

Cultural Property (OP 4.11):

13. The United Nations term "cultural property" includes sites havingarcheological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and uniquenatural values. Cultural property, therefore, encompasses both remains leftby previous human inhabitants (for example, middens, shrines, andbattlegrounds) and unique natural environmental features such as canyonsand waterfalls. The World Bank's general policy regarding cultural propertiesis to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination.

14. Mumbai with its history of nearly three hundred years is rich in culturalproperty particularly in the form of built heritage. GOM and MCGM areacutely aware of the need to conserve such heritage. GOM in 1995 with theinvolvement of NGOs listed over 600 buildings and precincts as of heritagesignificance. DCR 67 governs the development of these listed buildings andprecincts. GOM has also constituted a Heritage Conservation Committee in1995 to advise the Municipal Commissioner regarding developmentpermission to be granted in case of listed buildings and precincts. Nodevelopment permission can be granted of the listed buildings or within theprecincts without the consent of the Heritage Committee.

15. During the execution of works, if a "chance find " of archaeologicalsignificance occurs, the contract requires the contractor to immediatelyinform the employer and stop further work. Employer will in turn inform thestate Archaeology Department for further investigation.

16. The only cultural properties that are directly affected by the sub projects aresmall places of worship established by the community of squatters within theright of way. These have been created by the affected communities for theirown use. Such places of worship do not possess any historical or architecturalsignificance and may not therefore strictly qualify to be treated as culturalproperty. Nevertheless they are treated as an integral part of preparation ofRIPs. The places of worship and other community assets are identified during

the BSES. Their rehabilitation is being implemented as a part of the R & Rprocess in consultation with the community (Table A.V.1). The impact onthese properties and the manner in which such impacts can be identified canbe classified in three categories. Firstly the buildings that are only partiallyaffected can be helped to add equivalent area elsewhere adjacent to thebuilding. Secondly structures that are fully affected by the right of way butare patronized by the community that is not affected by the project could berebuilt outside the right of way in consultation with the community and withassistance of the NGO. In some cases the entrance to the structure could bereoriented to ensure safety of the devotees visiting the place. Thirdly theaffected structures that patronized by the community being resettled could berelocated in consultation with the community. In addition, the communitymay agree to forego some places without insisting upon their resettlement.

Natural Habitat (OP 4.04):

17. Natural habitats are defined as land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems'biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animalspecies, and (ii) human activity has not essentially modified the area'sprimary ecological functions. All natural habitats have important biological,social, economic, and existence value. Important natural habitats may occurin tropical humid, dry, and cloud forests; temperate and boreal forests;Mediterranean-type shrub lands; natural arid and semi-arid lands; mangroveswamps, coastal marshes, and other wetlands; estuaries; sea grass beds; coralreefs; freshwater lakes and rivers; alpine and sub alpine environments,including herb fields, grasslands, and paramos; and tropical and temperategrasslands. Critical natural habitats include existing protected areas and areasofficially proposed by governments as protected areas (e.g., reserves thatmeet the criteria of the World Conservation Union [IUCNI classifications i.e.Strict Nature Reserve/Wilderness Area: protected area managed for scienceor wilderness protection; II-National Park: protected area managed mainlyfor ecosystem protection and recreation; HI-Natural Monument: protectedarea managed mainly for conservation of specific natural features; Iv-Habitat/Species Management Area: protected area managed mainly forconservation through management intervention; V-ProtectedLandscape/Seascape: protected area managed mainly forlandscape/seascape conservation and recreation; and VI-Managed ResourceProtected Area: protected area managed mainly for the sustainable use ofnatural ecosystems. The conservation of natural habitats, like other measuresthat protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-termsustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection,maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in itseconomic and sector work, project financing, and policy dialogue. The Banksupports, and expects borrowers to apply, a precautionary approach to

natural resource management to ensure opportunities for environmentallysustainable development.

18. From this perspective one of Mumbai's notable natural habitat is limited tothe 103 sq.km. National Park at Borivali, which is located in the northern partof the peninsula between the two rail corridors. The National Park isprotected under the Indian Forest Act. None of the sub-projects passesthrough the National Park. The other important Natural Habitat is the coastalwetlands in the eastern and western suburbs and along the Vasai creek. Theseare protected by the Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification of 19February 1991.

Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30)

19. The Operational Directive 4.30 describes Bank policy and procedures oninvoluntary resettlement, as well as the conditions that borrowers areexpected to meet in operations involving involuntary resettlement. Planningand financing resettlement of projects are an integral part of preparation forprojects that cause involuntary displacement. MUTP will require resettlementof about 19000 households (68000 persons). The World Bank Policy onInvoluntary Resettlement is therefore applicable to the project. In compliancewith to this policy an R & R Policy has been prepared and adopted by GOMfor MUTP. RAP providing the overall framework of policy, entitlements,consultative processes, grievance redressal mechanism, component costs andmonitoring and evaluation mechanism has already been prepared. Sub-project specific RIPs are being prepared.

Indigenous People (OD 4.20)

20. This operational directive describes Bank policies and processing proceduresfor projects that affect indigenous peoples. It sets out basic definitions, policyobjectives, and guidelines for the design and implementation of projectprovisions or components for indigenous peoples. The terms "indigenouspeoples," "indigenous ethnic minorities," "tribal groups," and "scheduledtribes" describe social groups with a social and cultural identity distinct fromthe dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged inthe development process. For the purposes of this directive, "indigenouspeoples" is the term that will be used to refer to these groups. Indigenouspeoples can be identified in particular geographical areas by the presence invarying degrees of the following characteristics: (a) a close attachment toancestral territories and to the natural resources in these areas; (b) self-identification and identification by others as members of a distinct culturalgroup; (c) an indigenous language, often different from the national

language;(d) presence of customary social and political institutions; and (e)primarily subsistence-oriented production.

21. About 1% of the PAHs of MUTP belong to the Scheduled Tribes. A field-based review was undertaken to determine if these PAHs were subject toapplication of this Policy since they might have originally belonged to tribalcommunities in the distant past. As of now they are integrated with the citylife and do not have their traditional habitat or follow traditional ways of life.More particularly, (a) they no longer have close attachment to ancestralterritories; (b) they do not identify themselves or are identified by others asdistinct cultural group; (c) they do not speak an indigenous language; and (d)they no longer belong to customary social and political institutions. There isalso a general reluctance to reveal the caste or tribe particularly pronouncedwhen data is to be kept in public domain. It was determined by the reviewthat the social impact of the project on such people is therefore similar to thaton other PAHs and thus the policy does not apply. No separate IndigenousPeoples Development Plan (IPDP) has therefore been prepared.

Other Safeguard Policies

22. World Bank has other safeguard policies dealing with Pest Management,Forestry, Safety of Dams and Projects in International Waterways or inDisputed Areas. These are however not applicable to MUTP.

23. The World Bank policies applicable to MUTP project are summarized inTable A.V.2.

Table A.V.1: Rehabilitation Of Places Of Worship in MUTP

Sr. Name of Location Date of Size of Extent of Proposed Institutional Cost TimeNo Site/Structure Consultation Structu Impact Treatrnent Arrangement in Rs Frame

by NGO and rePIA (in m.)

Impleme Supervisintation **on

OPTIMISATION OF HARBOUR LINE1 Yellamma Chunabhatti - September 10 X 10 Fully Part of Temple A+B SPARC Nil * June, 02

Mata Mandir Guru Teg 2000 affected within 1.2 m. ofBahadur by Safety Track to beNagar Zone demolished and(GTBN) entrance changed

to opposite side2 Kali Devi GTBN - Raoli February 2001 1.86 X Fully 7 m. from Track. A SPARC Nil * June, 02

(Private Junction Near 2.33 affected Entrance of theTemple) Wadala by Safety Temple to be

Zone changed towardsroad by owner

3 Devi Chunabhatti - February 2001 1 X 1 Fully Re-construction A SPARC Nil * ShiftedGTBN Near affected Shifted 10 Meters onGTBN FOB by Safety from Safety Zone 26.9.01

___ (CLA end) Zone4 Mangari KingCircle - March 2001 5.80 X 4 Partly Re-construction by Construct SPARC Nil * June, 02

Baba under Mahim affected owner ion byR.U.B. by Safety owner at(Private Zone her ownTemple) cost

Sr. Name of Location Date of Size of Extent of Proposed Institutional Cost TimeNo Site/Structure Consultation Structu Impact Treatment Arrangement in Rs Frame

by NGO and rePIA (m.)

5 Santoshi KingCircle - March 2001 1.86 X Fully by Re-construction A SPARC Nil * AlreadyMata Mandir Mahim 2.33 safety shifted in

zone spacebeyond_10m.

OPTIMISATION OF CENTRAL LINE6 Shri. Ravi Das Matunga - October 2.7 X 2.7 Fully Re-construction by A+B SPARC Nil * Work in

& Sion 2001 affected Temple Committee ProgressShri. by Safety of ResidentsNageshwar Zone

7 Devi Mandir (Matunga - October 4.60 X Fully Entrance to be A SPARC Nil * June, 02Sion) 11/14- 2001 3.90 affected changed towards15 by Safety road. No shifting

Zone8 Sai Baba (Matunga - October 4.6 X 4.2 Fully Shifted 5 m. from A SPARC Nil * Shifted

Sion) 2001 affected existing site.by Safety FinanciallyZone supported by other

SaibabaComnuittees.

5TH & 6TH LINE BETWEEN KURLA - THANE9 Shree Shankar Ghatkopar - December 6.50 X Partly Only Entrance A SPARC Nil * June, 02

Vikhroli 2001 11.90 affected needs to be openedby Safety on road sideZone

10 Sai Baba Ghatkopar December 3 X 2.5 Fully Re-construction 30 A SPARC Nil * Complete(East) Near 2001 affected m. from existing d by 15thBooking by site towards slums AprilOffice Project l l 2002.

Sr. Name of Location Date of Size of Extent of Proposed Institutional Cost TimeNo Site/Structure Consultation Structu Impact Treatment Arrangement in Rs Frame

by NGO and rePIA (in m.)

11 Hanuman Ghatkopar December 2.5 X 2.5 Partly Shifted 2 m. from A+B SPARC Nil * Work inMandir (East) Near 2001 affected Safety zone by ProgressBooking by Safety Temple CommitteeOffice Zone

12 Sai Baba Mulund - December 0.8 X 0.7 Fully Shifted 10 m. from A SPARC Nil * ShiftedThane (West) 2001 affected Safety Zone

by SafetyZone

Note: ** The implementation responsibiliht is of the local residents with Railways and SPARC (A) where there is aformal Temple Committee or Trust (B) itwould also collaborate

Table A.V.2: Applicability of Safeguard Policies to MUTP Sub-Projects

Sub-Project Environmental Cultural Natural Habitat Involuntary Coastal RegulationAssessment Property OP 4.04 Resettlement OP 4.30OP 4.01 OP 4.11*

Railway Transport Component .1. Optimization of Suburban Yes Yes No Yes NoServices

2. 5th & 6th Lines - Kurla -Thane Yes Yes No Yes No3. 5th Line Mahim-Borivali Yes No No Yes No4. BVQR Yes No Yes Yes Yes5. DC to AC Conversion Yes No No No No6. Procurement of Rolling Stock No No No No NoRoad Transport Component1 JVLR Yes Yes No Yes No2 ROBs Yes Yes No Yes No3. SCLR Yes To be Decided No Yes No4. Pedestrian Subways Yes To be Decided No No No5. SATIS Yes To be Decided No To be decided No6. ATC and TM No No No No No7. Procurement of Buses No No No No NoR & R Component1. Transit Housing Yes No No Yes Yes2. Permanent Housing

Option A Yes No No Yes NoOption B Yes No No Yes NoOption C Yes No No Yes No

Overall Assessment Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

* Cultural Properhy assessment is donefor only First year projects.

m final report - world bank · of maharashtra (gom) and indian railways with financial assistance...

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