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Mahatma Gandhi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Gandhi" redirects here. For other uses, seeGandhi (disambiguation).

Mahatma Gandhi

Born

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

2 October 1869

Porbandar,Kathiawar Agency,

British Indian Empire[1]

Died 30 January 1948 (aged 78)New Delhi,India

Cause of death Assassination by shooting

Resting placeCremated atRajghat,Delhi

28.6415N 77.2483E

Other names Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu, Gandhiji

Ethnicity Gujarati

Alma mater

Alfred High School, Rajkot,

Samaldas College,Bhavnagar,University College, London(UCL)

Known for

Leadership ofIndian independence

movement,

philosophy ofSatyagraha,Ahimsa

ornonviolence.pacifism

Political

movementIndian National Congress
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Religion Hinduism,withJaininfluences

Spouse(s) Kasturba Gandhi

Children

Harilal

ManilalRamdas

Devdas

ParentsPutlibai Gandhi (Mother)

Karamchand Gandhi (Father)

Signature

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(pronounced ( listen); 2October 186930 January 1948) was the preeminent leader ofIndian nationalisminBritish-

ruled India.Employingnonviolentcivil disobedience,Gandhi led India to independence andinspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. ThehonorificMahatma(Sanskrit:"high-souled", "venerable"

[2])applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa,

[3]is now

used worldwide. He is also called Bapu(Gujarati:endearment for "father",[4]

"papa"[4][5]

)in

India.

Born and raised in a Hindu,merchant caste,family in coastalGujarat,western India,and trained

in law at theInner Temple,London, Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an

expatriate lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for civil rights.After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, and urban labourers

to protest against excessive land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of theIndian

National Congressin 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing poverty, expandingwomen's rights, building religious and ethnic amity, endinguntouchability,but above all for

achievingSwarajor self-rule.

Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km

(250 mi)Dandi Salt Marchin 1930, and later in calling for the British toQuit Indiain 1942. He

was imprisoned for many years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhiattempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and advocated that others do the

same. He lived modestly in aself-sufficient residential communityand wore the traditional

Indiandhotiand shawl, woven with yarn hand spun on acharkha.He ate simple vegetarian food,

and also undertook longfastsas means of both self-purification and social protest.

Gandhi's vision of a free India based on religious pluralism, however, was challenged in the early

1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carvedout of India.

[6]Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but theBritish Indian

Empire[6]

waspartitionedinto twodominions,a Hindu-majorityIndiaand MuslimPakistan.[7]

As

many displaced Hindus, Muslims, andSikhsmade their way to their new lands, religiousviolence broke out, especially in thePunjabandBengal.Eschewing theofficial celebration of

independencein Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the
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months following, he undertook severalfasts unto deathto promote religious harmony. The last

of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78,[8]

also had the indirect goal of pressuring

India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan.[8]

Some Indians thought Gandhi was tooaccommodating.

[8][9]Among them wasNathuram Godse,aHindu nationalist,who assassinated

Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at point-blank range.[9]

Gandhi is commonly, though not officially,[10]

considered theFather of the Nation[11]

in India.

His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there asGandhi Jayanti,anational holiday,and

world-wide as theInternational Day of Nonviolence.
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