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BiosecurityPest and disease identification guideMost unwanted vineyard pests and diseases

M O S T U N W A N T E D

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys)

Glassy Winged Sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis)

Pierce’s Disease (Xylella fastidiosa)

Black Rot (Phyllosticta ampelicida)

Flavescence Dorée (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis’)

Bois Noir phytoplasma (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’)

Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii)

Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)

Vine Mealybug (Planococcus ficus)

European Grapevine Moth (Lobesia botrana)

Fruit Fly

• South American fruit fly (Anastrepha fraterculus)

• Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata)

• Natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa) and Ceratitis quilicii• Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni)

 BACTERIA   FUNGI   INSECT   PHYTOPLASMA

YOUR FEEDBACK IS APPRECIATED: We want these resources to be useful for New Zealand Winegrowers members. If you have any feedback or suggested improvements, please contact the NZW biosecurity team on biosecurity@nzwine.com. SEND US YOUR PHOTOS: We would be appreciative of photographs of any insects, pests and diseases that winegrowers are finding in New Zealand vineyards. You can send them to us at biosecurity@nzwine.com.

BiosecurityPest and disease identification guide

Most unwanted vineyard pests and diseases not present in New Zealand

Contents

M O S T U N W A N T E D

An invasive insect pest which is most likely to enter New Zealand as egg masses on imported commodities or shipping containers. Spotted lanternfly feed on grapevines and produce honeydew, leading to outbreaks of black sooty mould, vine weakening and production losses. It is a highly mobile pest and congregates in large numbers. Sensitive to contact insecticides.

Spotted Lanternfly

Lycorma delicatula

BIOSECURITY IN THE VINEYARD : BACTERIA   FUNGI   INSECT   PHYTOPLASMA

MOSTMOST unwanted

Bacterial disease which could be imported on infected plant material or insect vector. Pierce’s Disease eventually blocks the xylem tissue and is fatal to infected grapevines. Symptoms include leaf scorch which is commonly confused with water stress. Glassy winged sharpshooter - a key vector currently present in the Cook Islands and Tahiti. Low risk of entry but potentially severe consequences.

Pierce’s Disease & Glassy Winged Sharpshooter

Xylella fastidiosa & Homalodisca vitripennis

Vine mealybugs are slightly smaller than Pseudococcus mealybugs and have a soft, oval, flat, distinctly segmented body that is covered with a white, mealy wax that extends into spines. Vine mealybug can transmit grapevine leafroll-associated viruses and produce honeydew that acts as a substrate for black sooty mould. Vine mealybug could be introduced through infected plant material or vineyard machinery. Chemical and biological control tools are available to manage populations.

Vine Mealybug

Planococcus ficus

An insect pest which could enter New Zealand through the import of an infected host product. Causes oviposition damage and increased rate of fungal infection. Fast rate of reproduction and lack of specific surveillance technology make eradication unlikely.

Spotted Wing Drosophila

Drosophila suzukii

A phytoplasma which could be imported through infected plant material or insect vector. Infection results in a reduction of both yield and wine quality. Limited management options available. Low likelihood of entry but potentially significant consequences.

Bois Noir phytoplasma

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’

An insect pest which could enter New Zealand through the import of an infected host product. Can lay eggs in ripening fruit. Larvae pulp fruit from the inside. Also increases risk of fungal infection. Risk of entry is relatively high although effective surveillance and control tools are available.

Fruit Fly A. South American fruit fly B. Mediterranean fruit fly C. Natal fruit fly D. Queensland fruit fly

Insect pest which could be introduced through the import of infected fruit or host material. Larvae feed on flowers and ripening fruit, pulping them and exposing them to secondary infection. Relatively low risk of entry. Chemical and biological control options are available.

European Grapevine Moth

Lobesia botrana

The number one biosecurity risk to the wine industry. Hitchhiking insect pest with high likelihood of entry into New Zealand. Feeding damages fruit, encourages bunches to fall and encourages fungal growth. Emits a foul-smelling odour similar to rotten coriander or sweaty socks when threatened, which can taint grape juice at harvest. Never been eradicated anywhere in the world.

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug

Halyomorpha halys

This fungal disease attacks grapevines during hot and humid weather. Infection of the fruit is the most serious phase of the disease and may result in substantial economic loss. Infected berries first appear light or chocolate brown, but quickly turn darker brown and shrivel into hard black raisin-like bodies. The most likely import pathway is infected plant material or soil. Overseas a combination of vineyard hygiene practices and chemical control are used to manage the disease.

Black Rot

Phyllosticta ampelicida

A phytoplasma which could be imported through infected plant material or insect vector. Infection results in major yield reductions and reduced wine quality – meaning infected areas may no longer be viable. Limited management options available. Low likelihood of entry but severe consequences.

Flavescence Dorée

‘Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis’

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CATCH IT. SNAP IT. REPORT IT.

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The brown marmorated stink bug is the number one biosecurity risk to the wine industry in New Zealand. It is an invasive hitchhiking insect pest with a high likelihood of entry into New Zealand. Feeding damages fruit, encourages bunches to fall and promotes fungal growth. It emits a foul-smelling odour similar to rotten coriander or sweaty socks when threatened, which can taint grape juice at harvest. The adult brown marmorated stink bug is shield-shaped, has white banding on the antennae, alternate black and white markings on the abdomen and is about 17mm long.

Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (Halyomorpha halys)

H I G H E S T T H R E A T

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Brown marmorated stink bug life stages - nymphal instars and adult

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Glassy Winged Sharpshooter (Homalodisca vitripennis)

H I G H E S T T H R E A T

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The glassy winged sharpshooter is a xylem feeding leafhopper that causes direct damage to grapevines through its feeding activities. It is highly efficient as a vector of the exotic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa, which causes the vine-killing Pierce’s disease. Adult glassy winged sharpshooters are about 12-14 mm long with a dark brown to black colouring and a lighter underside. The wings are partly transparent with reddish veins.

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Pierce’s Disease (Xylella fastidiosa)

H I G H E S T T H R E A T

Pierce’s Disease is a severe disease of grapevine caused by the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa. It blocks the xylem vessels which transport water and nutrients from the roots up to the shoots and leaves and is eventually fatal to infected vines. Symptoms include lack of productivity, leaf scorch and wilting, which is commonly confused with water stress. Symptoms would typically be observed in mid-late summer. If you suspect you see symptoms of Pierce’s disease, you need to contact MPI to get your vines tested. Call the Biosecurity New Zealand pest and disease hotline 0800 80 99 66.

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Black Rot (Phyllosticta ampelicida)

H I G H E S T T H R E A T

Black rot of grape is caused by the fungus Phyllosticta ampelicida, which attacks grapevines during hot and humid weather and may result in substantial losses. Symptoms include reddish brown and circular to angular spots appearing on the upper surface of the leaves, starting in late spring. As spots merge, they form irregular, reddish-brown blotches. Infected berries first appear light or chocolate brown, but quickly turn darker brown and shrivel into hard black raisin-like bodies. It can also appear on the grape stem.

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Flavescence dorée is a phytoplasma which could be imported on infected plant material or introduced via an insect vector. Infection is serious and can result in significant yield reductions and reduced wine quality. The most characteristic symptoms occur in summer and include discolouration of leaves, shrivelled berries and poor lignification.

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Flavescence Dorée (‘Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis’)

H I G H E S T T H R E A T

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Bois noir is caused by a phytoplasma and is the most widespread grapevine yellows disease in Europe and the southern Mediterranean. The key symptoms include leaf discolouration, flower abortion, cluster collapse, berry shrivel and poor or delayed lignification of shoots and canes. Consequences are significant as both yield and wine quality are affected, with infected grapes typically being high in acid and low in sugar content. Bois noir is spread by insect vectors and infected plant material.

S I G N I F I C A N T T H R E A T

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Leaf symptoms in red varieties

Leaf symptoms in white varieties

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Spotted wing drosophila (SWD) is an invasive vinegar fly native to southeast Asia. It is a pest of soft-skinned fruit and grapes are a key host, along with cherries, berries and other soft fruits. Females can lay eggs in undamaged fruit due to a large, serrated ovipositor which causes physical damage and increased likelihood of fungal infections. Spotted wing drosophila are small flies (2-4mm), with yellow-brown bodies and red eyes. Adult males have a small black spot near the tip of each wing. Larvae are milky white and resemble maggots.

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Spotted Wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii)

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Spotted lanternflies look similar to moths. They are approximately 18mm long and have two sets of wings. Their forewings are light brown with black spots at the front, and the hindwings are scarlet with black spots at the front and white and black bars at the rear. Nymphs change in colour as they develop through 4 instars, changing from black with white spots before turning red. Egg masses are a waxy brown colour. Spotted lanternflies feed on grapevines and produce honeydew, leading to outbreaks of black sooty mould, vine weakening and production losses. It is a highly mobile pest and congregates in large numbers.

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S I G N I F I C A N T T H R E A T

Spotted Lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula)

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Spotted lanternfly life stages - nymphal instars and adult

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Vine mealybugs are slightly smaller than the Pseudococcus mealybugs that are present in New Zealand. They have a soft, oval, flat, distinctly segmented body that is covered with a white, mealy wax that extends into spines and are about 3mm in length. Vine mealybug can transmit grapevine leafroll-associated viruses and produce honeydew that acts as a substrate for black sooty mould. Females can lay up to 700 eggs in a season. Populations are generally highest at harvest, which increases the risk of spread.

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Vine Mealybug (Planococcus ficus)

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Vine mealybug on grape secondary damage by honeydew and fungi

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The European grapevine moth is small, approximately 6-8 mm long, with a wingspan of 11-13 mm. The female is slightly larger than the male, and both males and females have similar mosaic-patterned wings. Damage is caused by larvae which feed on flower clusters and green and ripening berries. Berries become hollowed out, contaminated with larval excrement and exposed to a secondary infection. Larval feeding post-veraison also increases the risk of fungal infection.

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South American fruit fly (Anastrepha fraterculus)The South American fruit fly is 12mm to 14mm long (a little bigger than a house fly), has distinctive patterned wings with yellow to orange-brown bands and has a yellow to orange-brown body.

Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) This fruit fly is a serious pest, 3.5mm to 5mm (slightly smaller than a house fly). It is yellowish in colour with a brown tinge and the wings have yellow, brown, and black spots and bands.

Natal fruit fly (Ceratitis rosa) and Ceratitis quiliciiNatal fruit flies have banded wings, and a swollen scutellum which is marked yellow and black. They also have a pattern of grey flecks in the basal wing cells.

Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) This distinctive Australian pest has been caught in New Zealand several times but has not managed to establish here as a result of successful eradication programmes. Adult flies are 6-8mm long and have reddish-brown bodies with yellow markings and clear wings. Females have a pointed ovipositor at the end of the body.

Fruit flies can lay eggs in ripening fruit and the larvae pulp fruit from the inside. They also increase the risk of secondary fungal infection.

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