m1-computing concepts and definition

7/30/2019 m1-Computing Concepts and Definition

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Computing Concepts and DefinitionsOpen A process to open (display/load/run) one or more files or programs in a computer.

Close A process to close (end/terminate/stop running) files or programs when someone is done

using it.

Open

Close


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Copy A simple method of reproducing text or other data from a source to a destination.

Cut To move one file in to another path or location.

Copy

Cut


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Paste - used to join files horizontally (parallel merging) by outputting lines consisting of the

sequentially corresponding lines of each file specified, separated by tabs, to the standard output.

Rename means to change the name of the file.

Select the folder or file to be renamed then click File > Rename. The editing box will appear

surrounding the filename. Complete the edit and hit Enter.

rename

Paste


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Delete to remove the files from the folder or into the desktop

Web Browser - A software application used for retrieving, presenting, and traversing information

resources on the World Wide Web.

Examples of Web Browser as of 2010:

1. Internet Explorer

2. Chrome

3. Safari

Delete


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4. Opera

5. SeaMonkey

6. Camino

7. Firefox

Directory - A virtual container within a digital file system, in which groups of computer files and

other folders can be kept and organized.

Web Page - A document or resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web andcan be accessed through a web browser and displayed on a computer screen.

Web Site - A collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are

addressed with a common domain name or IP address in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web

site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private

local area network.


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Microsoft Windows

- Operating system designed and produced by Microsoft Corporation. Similar to othe

operating systems, Windows makes a computer system user-friendly by providing a

graphical display and organizing information so that it can be easily accessed. The

operating system utilizes icons and tools that simplify the complexoperations performedby computers. Estimates suggest that 90% of personal computers use the Windows

operating system. Microsoft introduced the operating system in 1985 and it has

continued to be widely used despite competition from Apple's Macintosh operating

system.

Parts of a Window:

To display the Title Bar, open My Computerby double-clicking on it.

The Title Barcontains the name of the application or folder. It also contains the standard Windows98 control buttons. Drag the title bar to move a window by holding down the left mouse button asyou drag the window.

Control-Menu Icon allows you to minimize, maximize, restore, or close a window. Right click onthe Control button to see the drop down list. Left click on the title bar to close the drop down menu.

Menu Barprovides pull down menus to access Windows 98 commands.

Icons are graphic symbols used to represent an application or folder.

Control Buttons allow you to minimize, maximize, restore, or close a window.o Minimize reduces a window so it no longer appears on the screen.

o Maximize expands a window to fill the screen.

o Restore restores a maximized window to be previous size.

o Close-closes a window.

Window Borderis a frame around a window that allows you to resize a window. You can drag awindow's border to resize a window.

Windows Desktop:

Desktop-The Windows desktop contains applications, folder, and file icons, the taskbar, and thesystem tray.

Icons-A picture or graphics symbol used to represent an application or folder.

Start button-The start button provides access to applications, accessories, documents, helpoptions, and system tools.

Taskbar-This panel contains the start button, task buttons (open windows), and the system tray.

System Tray-The tray shows the time and the status of system components.

Pointer small object that moves on the screen when the mouse is moved.

Date/ Time control/ System Clock shows the current time and lets you set the clock.

Tray/ Notification displays icons corresponding to services running in the background.

Quick launch toolbar provides shortcuts to several often-used features such as the desktop,web browser, outlook express and channels.

Screen Tip tips that will tell the purposes or function of an object when the mouse pointer ispositioned over certain objects.

Icons on the Desktop:

My Computerallows you to control and view disk drives, set up printers, assess the control paneland control dial-up networking features.

o Double-click on My Computer and view its components.

o Close the window by clicking on the x in the upper right hand corner of the screen.
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Network Neighborhoodshows servers, workstations, and other devices that are connected to aparticular workgroup on a network.

TheRecycle Bin is a storage area for deleted files and icons.

Other icons will be covered at a later time.

Moving, Resizing, Minimizing, Maximizing, Restoring, and Closing a Window:

Double click on the My Computericon.

Place the mouse over any border of a window, and then click and drag the border to enlarge or

reduce the window size.

To move a window, move the mouse over the title bar, and then click and drag the window to anew location.

Place the mouse over any corner of a window, and then click and drag the corner to enlarge orreduce the window horizontally and vertically at the same time.

Click on the Minimize button to reduce the window to a button on the taskbar.

Click the window's button on the taskbar to make the window reappear.

Click on the Maximize button to enlarge the window to fill the screen.

Click on the Restore button to restore a maximized window back to its previous size.

Click the Close button to close a window.

Arranging Windows on the Desktop:

Double click My Computericon. Double-click on any drive to open it.

Open two other drives by double clicking My Computer, and choosing any two drives. You shouldhave three windows open on the desktop.

Point to a blank area on the taskbar, and then click the right mouse button.

Choose Cascade Windows to arrange the windows so they overlap and are resized so they are allthe same size.

Choose Tile Horizontallyto arrange windows so that they are the same size and alignedhorizontally.

Choose Tile Verticallyto arrange windows so that they are the same size and aligned vertically.

Using the Windows Toolbar:

Double-click on the My Computer icon.

Open the C: drive by double-clicking on it. Then choose MyDocuments.

Choose the View menu, and then click on Toolbarto turn it on. The toolbar is turned on if acheckmark appears on the left.

View the different toolbars that are available.

Choose Standardif it is not checked.

Buttons on the Windows Toolbar:o Go to aprevious level. Goes up one drive. From My Documents, when you click previous

level, it will return you to the C drive. Double click on MyDocuments to return to the file.o Cut(delete and place on Clipboard) the current selection.

o Copythe current selection to the Clipboard.

o

Paste places the material currently on the Clipboard in the file at the current location.o Reverse the most recent command. Place the program in the state it was in before

executing the last command. It is the one you turn to if you make a mistake, then you wouldclick this button. It is also called the undobutton.

o Delete a file or folder.

o Properties of items selected.

Select large icon view.

Select small icon view.

Select list view to see file/folder information.

Select details view to see details on files and folders.

Manipulating the Windows Taskbar:


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Taskbar Options:

Click on the Start button, and then select Settings Options from the drop-down list.

Click on Taskbar and Start Menu. (Shortcut: Right click on a blank area of the taskbar, and thenclick on Properties to access the taskbar options.

o Always on top keeps the taskbar always showing on top of windows.

o Auto hidehides the taskbar. You must move to the area where the taskbar normally

appears to view it.o Show small icons in Start Menu display small icons next to Start menu options.

o Show clockshows the clock on the taskbar.

Keyboard shortcuts for Windows

Windows system key combinations

F1: Help

CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu

ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs

ALT+F4: Quit program

SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently

Windows Logo+L: Lock the computer (without using CTRL+ALT+DELETE)

Windows program key combinations

CTRL+C: Copy

CTRL+X: Cut

CTRL+V: Paste

CTRL+Z: Undo

CTRL+B: Bold

CTRL+U: Underline

CTRL+I: Italic

Mouse click/keyboard modifier combinations for shell objects

SHIFT+right click: Displays a shortcut menu containing alternative commands

SHIFT+double click: Runs the alternate default command (the second item on the menu)

ALT+double click: Displays properties

SHIFT+DELETE: Deletes an item immediately without placing it in the Recycle Bin

General keyboard-only commands

F1: Starts Windows Help

F10: Activates menu bar options

SHIFT+F10: Opens a shortcut menu for the selected item (this is the same as right-clicking

an object

CTRL+ESC: Opens the Start menu (use the ARROW keys to select an item)

CTRL+ESC or ESC: Selects the Start button (press TAB to select the taskbar, or press

SHIFT+F10 for a context menu)

CTRL+SHIFT+ESC: Opens Windows Task Manager

ALT+DOWN ARROW: Opens a drop-down list box


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ALT+TAB: Switch to another running program (hold down the ALT key and then press the

TAB key to view the task-switching window)

SHIFT: Press and hold down the SHIFT key while you insert a CD-ROM to bypass the

automatic-run feature

ALT+SPACE: Displays the main window's System menu (from the System menu, you can

restore, move, resize, minimize, maximize, or close the window)

ALT+- (ALT+hyphen): Displays the Multiple Document Interface (MDI) child window's

System menu (from the MDI child window's System menu, you can restore, move, resize,

minimize, maximize, or close the child window)

CTRL+TAB: Switch to the next child window of a Multiple Document Interface (MDI

program

ALT+underlined letter in menu: Opens the menu

ALT+F4: Closes the current window

CTRL+F4: Closes the current Multiple Document Interface (MDI) window

ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the

Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the

main Notepad window)

Shell objects and general folder/Windows Explorer shortcutsFor a selected object:

F2: Rename object

F3: Find all files

CTRL+X: Cut

CTRL+C: Copy

CTRL+V: Paste

SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin

ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object

To copy a file

Press and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.

To create a shortcut

Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.

General folder/shortcut control

F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the

toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)

F5: Refreshes the current window.

F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer

CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)

CTRL+Z: Undo the last command

CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window

BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder

SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders

Windows Explorer tree control

Numeric Keypad *: Expands everything under the current selection

Numeric Keypad +: Expands the current selection

Numeric Keypad -: Collapses the current selection.


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RIGHT ARROW: Expands the current selection if it is not expanded, otherwise goes to the

first child

LEFT ARROW: Collapses the current selection if it is expanded, otherwise goes to the

parent

Properties control

CTRL+TAB/CTRL+SHIFT+TAB: Move through the property tabs

Accessibility shortcuts

Press SHIFT five times: Toggles StickyKeys on and off

Press down and hold the right SHIFT key for eight seconds: Toggles FilterKeys on and

off

Press down and hold the NUM LOCK key for five seconds: Toggles ToggleKeys on and

off

Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK: Toggles MouseKeys on and off

Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN: Toggles high contrast on and off

Microsoft Natural Keyboard keys

Windows Logo: Start menu Windows Logo+R: Run dialog box

Windows Logo+M: Minimize all

SHIFT+Windows Logo+M: Undo minimize all

Windows Logo+F1: Help

Windows Logo+E: Windows Explorer

Windows Logo+F: Find files or folders

Windows Logo+D: Minimizes all open windows and displays the desktop

CTRL+Windows Logo+F: Find computer

CTRL+Windows Logo+TAB: Moves focus from Start, to the Quick Launch toolbar, to the

system tray (use RIGHT ARROW or LEFT ARROW to move focus to items on the Quick Launchtoolbar and the system tray)

Windows Logo+TAB: Cycle through taskbar buttons

Windows Logo+Break: System Properties dialog box

Application key: Displays a shortcut menu for the selected item

Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType software installed

Windows Logo+L: Log off Windows

Windows Logo+P: Starts Print Manager

Windows Logo+C: Opens Control Panel

Windows Logo+V: Starts Clipboard

Windows Logo+K: Opens Keyboard Properties dialog box

Windows Logo+I: Opens Mouse Properties dialog box

Windows Logo+A: Starts Accessibility Options (if installed)

Windows Logo+SPACEBAR: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys

Windows Logo+S: Toggles CAPS LOCK on and off

Dialog box keyboard commands

TAB: Move to the next control in the dialog box


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SHIFT+TAB: Move to the previous control in the dialog box

SPACEBAR: If the current control is a button, this clicks the button. If the current control is

a check box, this toggles the check box. If the current control is an option, this selects the

option.

ENTER: Equivalent to clicking the selected button (the button with the outline)

ESC: Equivalent to clicking the Cancel button

ALT+underlined letter in dialog box item: Move to the corresponding item

Typing TechniquesTyping Training should be based on 'how' your hand works, and the training of

small muscle movement / motor learning!

Ergonomics & Positioning

The positioning of your body as well as the physical layout of the work environmen

and equipment will significantly impact your overall efficiency of typing, your productivity

and ultimately your long term health. Much emphasis has been placed in recent years, on

the types of repetitive strain injuries and problems caused by poor working posture and

mechanics. This has arisen partly due to the increasingly static nature of work being

performed in the computer and information age. Many more people are spending longe

hours sitting at a computer, in front of a screen and working with keyboards, mice and othe

input devices. The longer we sit in the same positions and perform the same movements

over and over again for an extended period of time, the more susceptible we are to overuse

injuries, strains and reduced work performance.

Brief information about the importance of ergonomics and positioning is included

here since it has such an important influence on typing skills.

Movement vs. Stability

Good typing technique depends on a balance between movement and stability of the

fingers, hands, arms, body, AND head / eyes! This is an extremely important point which is

often overlooked in the process of training typing skills.

Movement: should occur primarily at the finger joints, with some forward and backward

movement of the hands to reach for keys.

Stability: your whole body should be seated and supported in the most stable position

possible, with your feet rested securely on the floor, forearms supported on the desk (o

preferably keyboard wrist support), hands held over base of keyboard with wrists in neutra

position and fingers flexed over keys. In addition, your head and neck needs to be an area

of stability. Typing should NOT include much head and eye movement. Vision should, a

most times, be focused on the screen. If copying from a document is required, make sure

the document is placed upright in line with the screen, which will reduce the amount of head

and eye movement away from the screen to see the document.

Touch Typing

True touch typing; typing on a keyboard with no need for looking at fingers or keys

and a trained 'finger-position' sense for the physical location of keys, is the basis fo

development of fast and accurate typing. Developing the technique initially of knowing

where all the keys are on the keyboard and which fingers to use is the initial, and most

challenging, phase. It is during this stage that you should start moving away from using

your vision to 'find' the keys. Once you've learned the location of keys, challenge you

fingers to find the correct keys, without looking, even if you need to make frequen

corrections.


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It is this initial challenge, goal direction, focus and discipline of training your fingers to use

the correct placement and learn the position of each key that forms the basis for ongoing

improvement of typing skill.

Getting Started

Position your hands according to diagram above. The color coding shows which finger to use to

reach each key (you can also view our interactive demonstration). For instance, the left index

finger is used to reach all red keys. The green and purple keys are known as the "hard to type"

keys because they use the fingers that are not designed for finely controlled movement. As you

work on your typing, you will want to give these keys extra attention.

The middle row of the keyboard (A, S, D, F, etc.) is known as the "home row". As you type, press

each key gently with the correct finger and then return your hands and fingers back to the home

row position, as shown above.

Most keyboards have small bumps on the F and J keys. These can be used as guides to allow you to

position your fingers on the home row keys without having to look at the keyboard. Once you fee

the bumps on your index fingers, you know your fingers are in the right place.

Some important rules to follow:

Don't look at the keyboard as you type. Keeping your eyes focused on your monitor, instead

of moving them between the monitor and keyboard, will save you time and allow you to

focus more on your work.

When using the "shift" key to type a capital letter or punctuation symbol, always use the

shift key on the opposite side of the keyboard. For instance, to type a capital "Q", use you

left hand to type the Q and the right hand to press the right shift key.

Don't move your hand and other fingers any more than necessary to reach each key. These

speeds up youre typing by keeping your hands and fingers close to the home row, and also

reduce strain.

Be patient and practice often. While the rules of touch typing are simple, developing the

technique and building speed take time. In the beginning you may have to force yourself to

type using the correct technique, but over time you will adjust and start to see your speed

and productivity improve


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Types of Keyboard

Wireless Keyboards

The wireless keyboards use three basic types of connections, viz.

Bluetooth Keyboards

Infrared (IR) Keyboards

Radio Frequency Keyboards

The radio frequency keyboards get the required power from batteries or have a USB cable to

charge the keyboard. The infrared keyboards are to be kept in the line of sight of the receiver. On

the other hand, the radio frequency keyboard provides a greater range than the infrared

keyboards. The Bluetooth keyboards use a Bluetooth technology, which provides a greater range

than the radio frequency keyboard and infrared keyboards. The radio frequency keyboards offer a

greater mobility than the Bluetooth and the infrared keyboards.

Wired Keyboards

The PS/2 and USB are the two wired connections that connect the keyboards to your desktop

computers. The PS/2 keyboards are very commonly used and they are called so because they use

the PS/2 connection. They are one of the cheapest keyboards that are available in the market. The

USB keyboards use a USB (Universal Serial Bus) to connect to the CPU. The PS/2 and USB

keyboards are usually plug and play. Other types of keyboards are a bit expensive and require

expensive software applications to be installed.

Ergonomic Keyboards

The ergonomic keyboards are designed considering the ergonomic aspect of the keyboards.

It is specially designed as per the comfort of the hands and wrist of the keyboard user. The

ergonomic keyboards are designed to prevent the carpal tunnel syndrome, which causes numbness

and tingling sensation in hands and fingers after typing for a long duration. These keyboards also

help the keyboard user maintain a comfortable position.

Compact Keyboard

The sizes of keyboard goes on increasing, especially, those of the ergonomic keyboards. The

ergonomic keyboards are designed bigger to accommodate many keys that perform special

functions. The compact keyboards are slim and usually do not have the numeric keypad that is

present on the right side of the other keyboards. Some compact keyboards even include a rubber

pad that can be used instead of the mice. These keyboards are not very small in size, but offer

portability during travel and storage.

Internet Keyboards

The internet keyboards are designed to increase the comfort level of the internet user. The

internet keyboards have hot-keys for the home page of the web browser, inbox and the favorites

menu on your computer.

Multimedia and Gaming Keyboards

The multimedia and gaming keyboards are designed for playing audio and has hot-keys for

volume control, play, stop and mute operations. The gaming keyboards are designed for the


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convenience of the gamers and these types of keyboards provide the required controls on the

keyboards like backlighting.

Virtual Keyboards

The virtual keyboards are not actually physical keyboards, but they are simulated using

software. Usually, the virtual keyboards are used in the PDA.

QWERTY keyboards

The most used modern-day keyboard layout on English-language computer and typewriter

keyboards. It takes its name from the first six characters seen in the far left of the keyboard's top

row of letters. The QWERTY design is based on a layout designed by Christopher Latham Sholes in

1874 for the Sholes and Glidden typewriter and sold to Remington in the same year, when it first

appeared in typewriters. It was designed to minimize type bar clashes, became popular with the

success of the Remington No. 2 of 1878,[1] and remains in use on electronic keyboards due to the

network effect of a standard layout and the failure of alternatives to provide very significant

advantages.