1

RESOLUTIONS

of the

INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION

Publication M-3

Version updated November 2009

Published by the

International Hydrographic Bureau

MONACO

2

3

TECHNICAL RESOLUTIONS OF THE IHO

INDEX

CHAPTER A - SUBJECTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION

Section 1 General Section 2 Nautical Documents Section 3 Exchange, Distribution, Reproduction Section 4 Geographical Names Section 5 Oceanic Soundings Section 6 Tides, Tidal Streams, Mean Sea Level Section 7 Digital Nautical Publications

CHAPTER B - CHARTS

Section 1 General Section 2 Content Section 3 Symbols, Abbreviations Section 4 Standard List of Symbols and Abbreviations Section 5 International Charts

CHAPTER C - SAILING DIRECTIONS

Section 1 General Section 2 Arrangement Section 3 Content

CHAPTER D LIST OF LIGHTS Cancelled CHAPTER E - LISTS OF RADIO SIGNALS

Section 1 General Section 2 Arrangement Section 3 Content

CHAPTER F - NOTICES TO MARINERS

Section 1 General Section 2 Arrangement Section 3 Content Section 4 Collection, Publication, Dissemination Section 5 Radio Navigational Warnings

CHAPTER G - TIDE TABLES

Section 1 General Section 2 Arrangement Section 3 Content

CHAPTER H - OTHER PUBLICATIONS

Section 1 General Section 2 Distance Tables Section 3 Lists of Buoys and Beacons Section 4 Measured Distances

4

CHAPTER K - WORK OF THE BUREAU

Section 1 General Section 2 Commissions, Working Groups and Studies Section 3 Special Publications Section 4 Technical Assistance and Cooperation

5

I N T R O D U C T I O N

The IHO publication "Resolutions of the International Hydrographic Organization" contains all the Technical and Administrative Resolutions of the IHO and includes all the amendments approved by the IHO Member States. This publication is available from the IHO Web Site, where it is periodically updated and also on CD-ROM. Former versions in hard cover and loose-leaves are now discontinued.

6

CHAPTER A

SUBJECTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION Section 1 - General Section 2 - Nautical Documents Section 3 - Exchange, Distribution, Reproduction Section 4 - Geographical Names Section 5 - Oceanic Soundings Section 6 - Tides, Tidal Streams, Mean Sea Level Section 7- Digital Nautical publications

7

SECTION 1 - GENERAL

A1.3 Oceanographic observations A1.5 Velocity of sound in sea water A1.6 Collection and exchange of magnetic data A1.11 Deletion from charts of doubtful hydrographic data A1.15 Dangers discovered in foreign waters A1.17 Ships' Routeing A1.18 Publication of nautical documents by private publishers A1.19 Use of ISO codes for the codification of country names A1.20 Reporting and Publication of Dangers to Navigation

A1.21 Principles and Procedures for making changes to IHO Technical Standards and Specifications

8

SECTION 1 - GENERAL A1.3 OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS 1.- It is recommended that Member States should make every effort to collect and coordinate the collection of all types of oceanographic data, by their hydrographic services and other of their national institutions. The results of all such observations should be communicated to appropriate national and international Oceanographic Data Centres for maximum utilization by all marine scientific and hydrographic users. A1.5 VELOCITY OF SOUND IN SEA WATER 1.- It is resolved that a standard velocity for the propagation of sound through sea water for echo sounding be adopted, the value to be 1 500 metres (820 fathoms) per second. A1.6 COLLECTION AND EXCHANGE OF MAGNETIC DATA 1.- It is recommended that cooperation between countries mutually interested in the collection and exchange of magnetic data be further developed. 2.- It is resolved that Member States take every opportunity to collect magnetic data in the course of the hydrographic and oceanographic work of their surveying vessels, and encourage other agencies in their respective countries also to collect such data. Particular efforts should be made to obtain data in parts of the world where observations are most sparse. 3.- It is recommended that magnetic data be forwarded to the appropriate national agency for onward transmission to one of the World Data Centres which exist under the auspices of the International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. A1.11 DELETION FROM CHARTS OF DOUBTFUL HYDROGRAPHIC DATA 1.- It is strongly recommended that, whenever possible, Member States devote part of their annual hydrographic activities to systematic investigations undertaken for the purpose of eliminating from nautical charts the reports now appearing thereon as PA, PD and ED. A1.15 DANGERS DISCOVERED IN FOREIGN WATERS 1.- It is recommended that printed forms to be used by mariners (and instructions on how to use them) should be provided by Hydrographic Offices in their regular editions of Notices to Mariners, other appropriate nautical publications, and on the hydrographic office website, so that mariners may be encouraged to report any observed corrections needed to any charts and publications which they have used, by the quickest possible method. 2.- It is further recommended that Hydrographic Offices receiving information relating to waters for which another Hydrographic Office has the primary responsibility, should forward a copy to that office by the quickest possible method. In cases of immediate action being required, the information should also be passed to the appropriate National or NAVAREA Co-ordinator in accordance with the procedures established for the World-Wide Navigation Warning Service. 3.- It is resolved that the following recommendations shall be inserted in nautical publications, as appropriate, which may include Sailing Directions, Mariners Guides or the first edition of Notices to Mariners of each year:

a) It is strongly recommended that when navigators obtain echo soundings which appear abnormal and indicate the possible presence of a danger to surface navigation, they make every effort to confirm its position and depth by the most accurate means available.

9

b) It is recommended that when reporting such abnormal depths to the Hydrographic Office concerned, the following information be transmitted:

i) Make and type of echo sounder used; details of the speed of sound for which the

machine was calibrated.

ii) Depth measured; date, time of day and time zone; echo sounder recording (fully annotated) if any; result of checking by lead line, if any.

iii) Position; positioning system used; and assessment of positional accuracy.

See also A1.20 A1.17 SHIPS ROUTEING 1.- It is resolved that in principle the objectives, definitions, procedures and methods stated in the IMO publication Ships Routeing be adopted, where applicable, for hydrographic publications. 2.- It is resolved that the IHB will take the necessary measures to ensure that IMO:

i) advises its members to seek expert advice of the relevant Hydrographic Offices including consideration of existing Mariners Routeing Guides, when planning new routes or modifying existing routes;

ii) consults the IHO in formulating definitions of routeing terms and for the adoption of

symbols for showing routeing measures on charts. 3.- It is resolved that Hydrographic Offices, when consulted about the establishment of, or alteration to, particular routeing measures, shall refer to the full text of IMOs General Provisions on Ships Routeing published in the latest edition of Ships Routeing. Additionally chart compilers should refer to M-4 B-435 or S-52 for symbols, features and specifications, as appropriate.

A1.18 PUBLICATION OF NAUTICAL DOCUMENTS BY PRIVATE PUBLISHERS 1.- It is resolved that the reproduction of charts and nautical publications by private publishers should generally occur in accordance with the following principles. It is recognized that Member States may wish to enter into other arrangements between themselves:

a) No hydrographic service may grant permission for the reproduction, either complete or In part, of charts or nautical publications published by it, if the area or part in question includes data collected by other hydrographic services.

b) The copyright on the data belongs to the hydrographic service which is the originator of

the data included in a chart or nautical publication.

c) Requests from private publishers should be passed to the originating hydrographic service.

d) A caveat referring to the publisher's copyright laws should be exhibited on charts and

publications. If national laws do not enable the publishing Hydrographic Office to withhold consent from private publishers, then the caveat should specify the requirement to obtain the permission of other Hydrographic Offices as in (b) above.

e) Suggested wording for the caveat:

"This chart contains original data of the (name of the originating hydrographic service). Reproduction of any kind, even in the form of extracts, is authorized only with the permission of the (name of the originating hydrographic service)".

See also A3.4.

10

A1.19 USE OF ISO CODES FOR THE CODIFICATION OF COUNTRY NAMES 1. With the purpose of obtaining uniformity in the coding of country names, the IHO has agreed to use the two-letter (alpha-2) codes of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO 3166) as published in IHO S-62. A1.20 REPORTING AND PUBLICATION OF DANGERS TO NAVIGATION The following is a list of the actions that should be considered by the relevant authorities. Not every action will be appropriate in every case. Whilst the actions below are set out in a logical sequence it is likely that some of these steps will take place simultaneously or in a different order. 1. Local / National Authority (e.g. harbourmaster, lighthouse authority, hydrographic office etc.)

receives message indicating the presence of a new danger to navigation. 2. Receiving authority ensures local and/or coastal warnings are issued to all ships in the

vicinity, if appropriate. 3. Authority informs National co-ordinator (see S-53 for definition) and national charting

authority. NB. The national charting authority may be the national HO or a foreign HO to which chart production for the area has been delegated.

4. National co-ordinator informs: Navarea co-ordinator or Sub-area co-ordinator, if one exists,

(see S-53 for definitions); national charting authority (if not already informed at 3 above); and authority responsible for marking dangers to navigation.

5. Co-ordinators at 4 above issue navigational warnings via national and international services. 6. The Charting HO issues NtM / ER for affected chart(s). This also serves to inform other

interested authorities e.g. HOs producing world-wide chart coverage. (See also TR F1.5). After suitable time has elapsed for effective NtM / ER distribution, authorities may cancel relevant navigational warnings.

7. HO / MSA / Port Authority, if it is considered necessary, organises hydrographic survey or

includes the requirement for survey in its prioritised future survey schedule. 8. HO issues updated NtM / ER based on results of survey (or cancels NtM if danger was

temporary and has now been removed). 9. HO considers need for new edition / new chart. A1.21 PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES for MAKING CHANGES TO IHO TECHNICAL

STANDARDS AND SPECIFICATIONS History These principles and procedures are derived from those agreed at the 18th meeting of CHRIS in Cairns, Australia 26-29 September 2006. The latter superseded those developed at the 13th meeting of CHRIS in Athens, September 2001 and revised at the 15th meeting of CHRIS in Monaco in June 2003. Scope These principles and procedures are intended to be applied to all proposals for changes to IHO technical standards and specifications and for new work items that will require significant resources to resolve or will potentially impact on those who need to apply the standards and specifications.

11

These procedures are not intended to be applied to minor or technical issues that arise from the work of HSSC and its subordinate bodies, or for the correction of identified problems or for clarification of elements of the standards themselves. Any reference to standards in these principles and procedures also includes specifications and guidelines as appropriate. Principles Improvements to technical standards can only occur by change. However, significant change can lead to problems such as incompatibility between systems, high updating costs, market monopoly, dissatisfied users, or increased risks to safety of navigation. These guiding principles have been developed to avoid these circumstances. 1. Before approval is granted, any proposed changes to existing standards should be assessed

from a technical and commercial perspective, also taking into account any other relevant factors.

2. Where possible, assessment should involve all relevant parties such as international

organisations, maritime administrations, equipment manufacturers, data distributors, users and other professional organisations.

3. As far as practicable, any change to standards or systems should be "backwards compatible",

or the existing version must be supported for a specified time. 4. If changes are required for the basis of product enhancement rather than for safety of

navigation, then the previously approved system must be allowed to continue to be used at sea for a sufficient time to allow changes to be implemented on board.

5. If not already specified by external or higher IHO authority, the timeline for making changes

should be defined. 6. In exceptional cases (for example, those affecting safety of navigation), it may be necessary

to make recommendations for immediate change to standards and systems to the relevant authorities. This may be achieved through shortening the normal time frames for submission and consideration of proposals.

7. The principles of a recognised project management system should be followed. 8. All interested parties should be encouraged to continuously improve IHO technical standards.

Constructive feedback should therefore be provided for all rejected proposals. Procedures These procedures are recommended to ensure that any proposed changes are properly assessed and implemented. These procedures should remain simple to encourage their use. The life cycle of a typical standard is illustrated in Annex A. 1. The HSSC will consider proposals at its meetings. - The HSSC will consider the impact on relevant stakeholders in assessing the proposal

and planning any subsequent work. Relevant stakeholders may include representation from international organisations, maritime administrations, non governmental international organisations, equipment manufacturers, data distributors and other users of the standard.

- If rejected, feedback will be provided to the proposal originator giving the reasons for

rejection.

12

2. After endorsing proposals, and establishing a work priority, the HSSC will forward proposals to the IHB for necessary action including incorporation into the relevant IHO work programs.

3. Relevant stakeholders should be notified by the IHB of the timetable for new work items and

be invited to comment and participate as appropriate. The notification should include a summary forecast of:

- the potential changes, - the documents affected, - the likely action list for relevant stakeholders, - the timetable for implementation, and - the proposed effective date of the new or revised standard. 4. The HSSC should provide progress reports on a regular basis and after each milestone during

the development and testing phases. These should be made available to stakeholders by the IHB.

5. At the end of the development and testing phases the HSSC will review the standard. If

endorsed, a change note" should be forwarded to relevant stakeholders. The change note will provide: - a summary of changes,

- the documents affected, - a recommended action list , - the timetable for implementation, and - the proposed effective date of the new or revised standard. 6. Following an adequate period for comment on the change note, and incorporation of any

relevant feedback, the revised standards should be submitted to Member States by the IHB for approval of the content, and confirmation of the effective date.

7. At the effective date, the revised standard becomes the effective standard. The

superseded standard will usually remain available concurrently with the revised standard for a suitable transition period.

8. A superseded standard may be retired as an available standard when it is no longer

appropriate for use, subject to Member State approval.

13

Annex to Principles and Procedures for Making Changes to IHO Technical Standards

Typical Lifecycle of an IHO Standard

14

CHAPTER A - SUBJECTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION

Section 1 - General

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources A1.1 A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5 A1.6 A1.7 A1.8 A1.9 A1.10 A1.11 A1.12 A1.13 A1.14 A1.15 A1.16

1919, 1929 1937 1962 1937, 1947, 1952 1929, 1932, 1962 1932, 1982 1962 1929 1919 1919 1947, 1952, 1962, 1967 1957 1952 1957 1937 1977, 1982

17H/54, 18H/55, 11/09 59/91, 35/96, 11/09 59/91 4H/49, 16H/49, 11/73, 6/74, 22/74, 5/75, 35/96 59/91, 35/96, 29/09 2/87, 29/09 59/91 29/09 27/62, 14/65, 26/65, 16/66, 11/68, 3/70, 18/70, 40/70, 35/90, 29/09 59/91 59/91 29/09 59/91, 29/09 35/96

Bulletins: 1964: XII 1966: I II III IV VII-VIII 1967: I 1968: X Bulletins: 1970: II IV

p. 511 p. 4 p. 41 p. 73 p. 208 p. 252 p. 5 p. 394 p. 42 p. 107

15

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources A1.17 A1.18 A1.19 A1.20

1982, 1997

23/80, 29/09 52/93 7/95, 25/95, 37/95, 11/09 3/06

Ships' Routeing: Amendment No. 3 (IMO) Amendment No. 6

A1.21

106/07

16

SECTION 2 - NAUTICAL DOCUMENTS A2.1 Unit of measurement A2.2 International nautical mile A2.3 Symbols and Abbreviations A2.5 Datums and benchmarks A2.8 Use of terms "Tide", "Tidal Stream" and "Tidal Current" A2.9 Description of currents and tidal streams A2.10 Overlapping A2.11 Updating of nautical publications A2.12 Notification of periodicity of certain nautical handbooks A2.13 List of nautical publications A2.14 Printed and digital nautical publications A2.15 Nautical publications and the SOLAS Convention A2.16 Naming Convention for the Vertical Datum of Charts A2.17 Time Reference

17

SECTION 2 - NAUTICAL DOCUMENTS A2.1 UNIT OF MEASUREMENT 1. It is strongly recommended that all countries, as soon as convenient, adopt the metric system

for their nautical publications. 2. It is resolved that, on charts of countries which do not use the metric system, a table or scale

shall be inserted for converting into metres the depths given. 3. It is recommended that when non-metric units are used in Sailing Directions, Lists of Lights

and Notices to Mariners, the equivalent measurement in the metric system be also given in brackets.

A2.2 INTERNATIONAL NAUTICAL MILE 1.- It is resolved that the length represented by 1852 metres shall be the international nautical

mile. A2.3 SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS 1. It is resolved that the following international symbols and abbreviations shall be used for the

most common units:

Hour h Minute of time min or m

(The use of m is not recommended; it is acceptable when there is no possible confusion with metre.)

Second of time s or sec Metre m Decimetre dm Centimetre cm Millimetre mm Square metre m Cubic metre m3 Kilometre km Inch in Foot ft or ft Yard yd or yd Fathom fm or fm Nautical mile M Knot kn Ton, Tonne, tonnage t

(use for measurement of vessel volume or weight; the context should make clear which is intended)

Candela (new candle) cd Degree x Minute of arc y' Second of arc z"

2. It is recommended that the above international symbols and abbreviations be used on charts

instead of the entire words, as these symbols can be understood by navigators of any nationality.

18

A2.5 DATUMS AND BENCH MARKS 1.- It is resolved that heights on shore, including elevations of lights, should be referred to a HW

datum. Heights should be referred to Mean Sea Level (MSL) where the tidal range is not appreciable. The datum used should be clearly stated on all charts.

2.- a) It is resolved that the datum for tide predictions shall be the same as chart datum

(datum for sounding reduction). It is further resolved that the Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT), or as closely equivalent to this level as is practically acceptable to Hydrographic Offices, be adopted as chart datum where tides have an appreciable effect on the water level. Alternatively the differences between LAT and national chart datums may be specified on nautical documents. If low water levels in a specific area frequently deviate from LAT, chart datum may be adapted accordingly.

b) It is resolved that Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) be adopted as the datum for vertical

clearances where tides have an appreciable effect on the water level. Alternatively the differences between HAT and national datums for vertical clearances may be specified on nautical documents. If high water levels in a specific area frequently deviate from HAT, the datum for vertical clearances may be adapted accordingly. It is further resolved that a HW datum be used for vertical clearances in non-tidal waters.

Notes: i) LAT (HAT) is defined as the lowest (highest) tide level which can be predicted to

occur under average meteorological conditions and under any combination of astronomical conditions. It is recommended that LAT and HAT be calculated either over a minimum period of 19 years using harmonic constants derived from a minimum of one years observations or by other proven methods known to give reliable results. Tide levels should, if possible, reflect the estimated error values obtained during the determination of these levels.

ii) In non-tidal waters, in order to allow the development of regional solutions, it is

recommended that an appropriate long term range of low/high water definitions of the lower/upper 94-100 percentile be adopted.

3.- It is resolved that chart datums (datums for sounding reduction), the datums of tide prediction

and other tidal datums shall always be connected with the general land survey datum, and, in addition, with a prominent and permanent fixed mark in the neighbourhood of the tide gauge, station, observatory etc.

4.- It is resolved that ellipsoidal height determinations of the vertical reference marks used for tidal

observations should be made, in order to support the production of seamless data sets; i.e. to allow the translation between data sets with differing vertical datums. It is further resolved that such observations should relate to a geocentric reference system, preferably the International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) or one of its realizations e.g. the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84).

A2.8 USE OF TERMS "TIDE", "TIDAL STREAM" AND "TIDAL CURRENT" 1.- It is resolved that the term "tide" or its equivalent in another language shall be used for

designating the periodical vertical movement of the water, and the terms "tidal stream", "tidal current", or their equivalents for designating the periodical horizontal movement of the water.

19

A2.9 DESCRIPTION OF CURRENTS AND TIDAL STREAMS 1.- It is resolved that a current shall be described by the direction towards which it is running. 2.- It is resolved that tidal streams shall be defined by the direction towards which they flow.

a) If desired, the terms "flood stream" and "ebb stream" may be used for designating the horizontal movement of the water when the tide is respectively rising or falling, but to avoid any ambiguity, in the case of streams which do not turn at about the time of local high or low water, an indication shall be given of the direction towards which the stream flows.

3.- It is resolved that information relating to tidal streams shall be referred to the time of high or

low water at a port for which tidal predictions are given in the Tide Tables. 4.- It is strongly recommended that the port selected for reference be preferably a port for which

daily predictions are given in Tide Tables (standard ports) and where the tides have similar characteristics to those of the currents under consideration.

5.- The rules of the above paragraphs 3 and 4 would not be applicable for those countries which

publish Current Tables giving daily information relating to tidal streams with reference to the hours of the day. In such instances, it is recommended that the reference be made to the time of slack or maximum current at a place for which daily tidal stream predictions are given in such Tables.

6.- It is resolved that velocities shall be given in knots to 1 decimal place. 7.- It is recommended that the effect of prevailing winds or long-continued weather conditions on

local currents be recorded in Sailing Directions. A2.10 OVERLAPPING 1.- It is resolved that, when it is necessary to overlap or duplicate material in nautical

publications of the same kind, evidence of this shall be clearly indicated in each of the publications concerned, in order to ensure that such overlap shall be taken into account when making corrections.

A2.11 UPDATING OF NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

1.- It is recommended that in each basic nautical publication the rules concerning its updating should be inserted. 2.- It is recommended that Hydrographic Offices apply such a system for keeping up to date nautical publications so as to simplify and speed up the task of navigators in charge of carrying out updating, as well as to ensure the full accuracy and clearness of all updates. 3.- It is also recommended that the system of writing and erasing updates by hand be avoided as much as possible.

A2.12 NOTIFICATION OF PERIODICITY OF CERTAIN NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS 1.- It is recommended that whenever the periodicity of any nautical publication: Catalogues, Lists of Lights, Magnetic Charts, etc., is definitely fixed, this periodicity be inscribed in the publication concerned or mentioned in any other publication placed in the hands of mariners.

20

A2.13 LIST OF NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

1. It is resolved that nautical publications shall include, but not necessarily be limited to the following publications:

Distance Tables List of Buoys and Beacons List of Lights List of Radio Signals List of Symbols, Abbreviations and Terms used on Charts Mariners Handbooks Notices to Mariners Routeing Guides Sailing Directions Tidal Stream Atlases Tide Tables

A2.14 PRINTED AND DIGITAL NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

1. It is resolved that nautical publications may be published in printed and/or digital form. When a publication is produced in both printed and digital forms, it is not mandatory that both versions be facsimiles or replicas; nevertheless the information published in the two forms shall be consistent and non-conflicting. A2.15 NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS AND THE SOLAS CONVENTION

1. It is resolved that nautical publications produced in compliance with these Technical Resolutions and Recommendations shall be deemed to satisfy the relevant carriage requirements for nautical charts and nautical publications in accordance with the International Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention Chapter V, particularly regulations 2.2 and 9. A2.16 NAMING CONVENTION FOR THE VERTICAL DATUM OF CHARTS 1. It is resolved that the vertical datum used on navigational charts, Chart Datum (CD), be

defined without ambiguity in order to enable subsequent bathymetric data comparisons to be conducted in an efficient and reliable manner and for the accurate combination of datasets using different vertical datums.

2. It is recommended that a designated epoch for example CD (2006) or LAT-UK (2000) be

used. The decision as to when a change in CD for a given area is necessary and the name given to that specific definition of CD remains a matter for each Member State based on their national requirements.

A2.17 TIME REFERENCE It is resolved that all references to time in nautical publications should be referred to the Universal Time Co-ordinated (UTC) standard, e.g. 1537 (UTC), 1637 (UTC+1), etc. If considered necessary, a note may be included indicating that UTC has replaced GMT.

21

CHAPTER A - SUBJECTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION

Section 2 - Nautical Documents

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources A2.1

1919, 1932, 1952, 1962

11/09

Reviews: 1925: III(1) 1928: V(1) Bulletins: 1967: VIII X

p. 45 p. 232 p. 330 p. 439

A2.2

1919, 1929, 1972

Bulletins: 1970: XI 1971: II IV VI VII 1972: II

p. 381 p. 36 p. 109 p. 184 p. 224 p. 39

A2.3

1962

20H/54, 12H/56, 1/59, 4/59, 23/59, 6/61, 23/62, 8/64, 11/09

A2.4

20H/54, 12H/56, 11/09

A2.5

1919, 1926, 1932, 1952, 1957, 1992, 2002

35/96, 1/97, 25/97, 55/03, 34/05, 19/08

Review: 1925: II(2)

p. 63

A2.6

1919, 1926, 1929, 1947, 1952, 1972

57/05

A2.7

1932

1/59, 23/59, 11/09

A2.8

1919

17H/54, 18H/55

A2.9

1919

17H/54, 18H/55, 20H/56, 19/08

A2.10

1929

A2.11

1952, 1957, 2002

1H/54, 7H/54, 11H/56, 32H/56

Reviews: 1952:XXIX(1)1963:XXX(2)

p. 31 p. 55

A2.12

1932

22

Report of Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other Sources

A2.13

2002

A2.14

2002

11/09

A2.15

2002

11/09

A2.16

19/08

A2.17

42/09

Note : CL 57/05 refers to cancellation of redundant TRs as a result of incorporation in M-4 IHO

Chart Specifications

23

SECTION 3 - EXCHANGE, DISTRIBUTION, REPRODUCTION A3.1 Notification of issue of nautical products A3.4 Hydrographic Office arrangements for the exchange and reproduction of nautical products A3.7 IHO Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data A3.11 ENC/SENC distribution option A3.12 IHO Data Protection Scheme S-63 A3.13 ENC Distribution and Use of the Term ENC

24

SECTION 3 - EXCHANGE, DISTRIBUTION, REPRODUCTION A3.1 NOTIFICATION OF ISSUE OF NAUTICAL PRODUCTS Note: Products within the context of this TR includes nautical charts and documents in

analogue or digital format. 1. It is resolved that, when any Hydrographic Office decides on the issue of a new product or a

new edition of an existing product, it shall: a) publish advance notification in its Notices to Mariners, indicating the approximate date

of availability (when possible), title and any information which can be of interest to users.

b) where appropriate communicate to the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB) any

other information concerning the product which may be of interest to other Hydrographic Offices, especially information concerning any new original data which may be included in the product.

A3.4 HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE EXCHANGE AND

REPRODUCTION OF NAUTICAL PRODUCTS Note: "Products" within the context of this TR includes nautical charts and documents in

analogue or digital format. 1. Noting that: 1.1 Hydrographic Offices have a need to exchange products in the interest of safety and

efficiency of navigation, 1.2 Member States have rights to the products of their Hydrographic Offices under national

and international law, 1.3 Hydrographic Offices should cooperate to meet the needs of their customers by

ensuring appropriate availability of adequate and up-to-date products, 1.4 Hydrographic Offices should avoid creating products where another Hydrographic

Office has charting responsibility for the waters concerned and already offers up-to-date products adequate for customers' requirements,

1.5 Originating and reproducing Hydrographic Offices should seek to maintain good liaison,

including the use of bilateral arrangements where appropriate, the following procedures are recommended: 2. Hydrographic Offices should make use of internationally standardized products such as

International (INT) Charts and Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) of other Hydrographic Offices where these products meet their customers' needs and are kept up-to-date. INT charts should be adopted in accordance with the 'Regulations of the IHO International (INT) Charts'. The use of ENC should be governed by the principles of the Worldwide Electronic Navigational Chart Data Base (WEND).

3. If no internationally standardized product is available, and national products are agreed to be

adequate for national and international navigation, these should be used.

25

4. Where internationally standardized products are not available, and where national products do not meet the requirements of its customers, any Hydrographic Office may compile new products to satisfy those needs, provided that it obtains the agreement and cooperation of all Hydrographic Offices whose agreement is required.

5. Hydrographic Offices may establish bilateral arrangements covering the exchange and

reproduction of products, and other issues of mutual interest. These bilateral arrangements should meet the legal requirements regarding the reproduction of works and may include technical, financial or other terms and conditions including acknowledgement, in the published products, of all Hydrographic Offices whose material has been utilized in those products.

6. Until bilateral arrangements are in place, or where it is mutually agreed that the procedures

above are not appropriate or economical, Hydrographic Offices may operate according to other procedures mutually agreed between them.

7. In order to facilitate the negotiation of bilateral arrangements, the parties may agree to seek the

assistance of the International Hydrographic Bureau.

8. In circumstances where differences arise between Member States concerning bilateral arrangements, it is recommended that they consider agreeing to the use of alternative dispute resolution procedures in order to attempt to resolve those differences.

See also A1.18. A3.7 IHO TRANSFER STANDARD FOR DIGITAL HYDROGRAPHIC DATA 1.- It is resolved that the IHO Transfer Standard described in S-57 shall be adopted by the IHO for the exchange of digital hydrographic and cartographic data. 2.- It is further resolved that the IHB, through the HSSC (Hydrographic Services and Standards Committee), keep the contents of the Standard under review in response to changing requirements and practical experience. Changes to the Standard are coordinated on behalf of the HSSC by a Transfer Standard Maintenance and Application Development (TSMAD) Working Group. National Hydrographic Offices which wish to propose changes to the Standard should address their comments to the IHB. Other users of the Standard, for example equipment manufacturers, should be advised to address their comments to their national Hydrographic Office. A3.11 ENC/SENC DISTRIBUTION OPTION It is resolved that SENC distribution can be accepted as an option, in addition to direct ENC distribution, providing that the following principles be adhered to: 1. The HO should ensure that the IHO data (ENC) is always available to any user in the S-57 ENC format. 2. As an option Hydrographic Offices may allow the distribution of their HO data (ENC) in a

SENC format. 3. Distributors who are to supply the SENC service must operate under the regulations of the

issuing authority. The onshore ENC to SENC conversion must be performed using type approved software.

4. The SENC update mechanism should not be inferior to the ENC - ECDIS update mechanism. 5. The distributor of SENC data should maintain a registry of its users. 6. The copyright of the ENC data should be maintained.

26

A3.12 IHO DATA PROTECTION SCHEME S-63 (a) It is resolved that the IHO Data Protection Scheme, as described in Publication S-63,

is the IHO recommended security scheme for ENCs. (b) It is further resolved that the IHB, as the IHO Secretariat, will act as Scheme

Administrator for S-63.

A3.13 ENC DISTRIBUTION AND USE OF THE TERM ENC

(a) The distribution of ENC must have a suitable method of authentication to confirm its

source and integrity; (b) The governmental responsibility for ENC is the same as that applicable to other

navigational products and services issued by or on the authority of the respective issuing government;

(c) ENC must be made universally available in an IHO recognized non-proprietary

format, and The term ENC must not be qualified in any way to refer to any product that is not government authorized.

27

CHAPTER A - SUBJECTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION

Section 3 - Exchange, Distribution, Reproduction

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources A3.1

1919, 1926, 1997

59/91, 35,96, 55/98, 29/09

A3.2

1919, 1926, 1929 1947, 1992

59/91

A3.3

1926, 1929, 1937

29/09

A3.4

1919, 1926, 1929, 1957, 1967, 1997

21/70, 35/92, 45/92, 60/92, 16/93, 26/93, 30/93, 52/93, 17/94, 8/95

A3.5

1977

59/91, 29/09

A3.6

1987

35/96

A3.7

1987, 1992

35/96

A3.8

1987

35/96, 29/09

A3.9

1987

29/09

A3.10

1977, 1997

30/93, 52/93

A3.11

2002

50/01, 58:01, 60/01, 11/02, 43/03

A3.12

11/07

A3.13

114/07

28

SECTION 4 - GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES A4.1 Uniform policy for handling geographical names A4.2 International standardization of geographical names A4.3 Naming of undersea features

29

SECTION 4 - GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES A4.1 UNIFORM POLICY FOR HANDLING GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 1.- With the purpose of obtaining approximate uniformity in the geographical names appearing on the nautical documents of maritime countries, it is recommended that each national Hydrographic Office:

a) On its charts and other nautical documents of its own coasts, show names that are in exact agreement with the forms prescribed by the most authoritative source. Each country will thus provide complete and authoritative name coverage in its own official script, whether Roman or non-Roman, for the use of all other national Hydrographic Offices that issue charts on various scales, and other nautical documents, for the same area.

b) On its charts and other nautical documents of foreign coasts where the Roman

alphabet is officially used by the sovereign country, show names that are in exact agreement with the most authoritative usage of the country having sovereignty. These names should be obtained directly from new and revised editions of the nautical charts and other documents of the country having sovereignty or confirmed by correspondence with that country. Where such names as officially written use accents or diacritical signs, these should be retained, even, and indeed particularly, when names are printed in capital letters.

c) On its charts and other nautical documents of foreign coasts where the script of the

sovereign country is other than the Roman alphabet, show names that are obtained by applying the various international systems for romanization approved by the United Nations to the names appearing on the most authoritative sources of the country having sovereignty or confirmed by correspondence with that country.

Note: Among countries where the Roman alphabet is official, international uniformity in transcription

systems would be advantageous to the various national governments. It is accordingly recommended that national Hydrographic Offices place before their governments the desirability of obtaining uniformity and urge the continuation of efforts for effective agreements through the United Nations. (see also C1.2).

d) On its charts and other nautical documents of all foreign coasts, use for the generic part

of complex geographical names the word (in its Roman-alphabet form) used by the country having sovereignty. e.g. Falsterborev. By following this practice, the geographical generic term will not be translated but will appear, in its Roman-alphabet form, on the charts of all nations.

e) On all its charts and other nautical documents, apply its conventional national usage to

names of countries, major territorial divisions and boundary features, and to the oceans and international subdivisions thereof. The names used internationally may also be shown but in a subordinate manner. This system will be applied until an international convention by the United Nations on standardization of internationally recognized names has been adopted.

A4.2 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 1.- It is resolved that the IHB should maintain continuous contact with the United Nations Organization and specifically with the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, for all studies or actions relating to geographical names involving or affecting hydrographic publications. The Bureau should insure that actions previously taken on hydrographic matters, with respect to names, within the IHO are brought to the attention of appropriate United Nations Conferences or working groups. The Bureau should also promulgate to Member States information on all significant developments on this subject as they occur.

30

2.- It is recommended that, since national standardization of geographical names is an essential preliminary to international standardization, Hydrographic Offices encourage and support the establishment of national names authorities, following the principles and procedures recommended by the resolutions on this subject adopted by the United Nations Conferences on Geographical Names. 3.- It is recommended that the IHB co-operate with the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names with the object of achieving international standardization of names of maritime and undersea features. 4.- It is further recommended that co-operation should, in particular, be extended in the under-mentioned activities of the United Nations Group of Experts:

a) Study of existing national and international practices concerning the delineation and naming of oceans and seas, including their integral subdivisions, beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, with a view to recommending improvements in current nomenclatural practices and procedures.

b) Drawing up a system for naming undersea features beyond a single sovereignty and

proposing it as a basis for preparing an international convention on the subject.

c) Standardizing the definitions of undersea feature "terms and definitions" in order to promote their acceptance and use by names authorities.

d) Developing procedures for international standardization of naming new undersea

features as they are discovered, defined and identified in the future. 5.- It is recommended that when Hydrographic Offices produce gazetteers or geographical dictionaries, these publications be standardized as far as possible in accordance with resolutions on the subject adopted by the United Nations. 6.- It is recommended that where two or more countries share a given geographical feature (such as, for example, a bay, strait, channel or archipelago) under a different name form, they should endeavour to reach agreement on fixing a single name for the feature concerned. If they have different official languages and cannot agree on a common name form, it is recommended that the name forms of each of the languages in question should be accepted for charts and publications unless technical reasons prevent this practice on small scale charts. e.g. English Channel/La Manche. A4.3 NAMING OF UNDERSEA FEATURES 1.- It is agreed that Member States should strongly encourage marine scientists and other persons in their country wishing to name undersea features to:

a) check their proposals with published Gazetteers of Undersea Feature Names, including the IHO/IOC publication B-8, "Gazetteer of Geographical Names of Undersea Features" shown on (or which might be added) the GEBCO and on the IHO small scale International Chart Series and its supplements of Geographical Names included on larger scale Regional International Bathymetric Chart Series;

b) take into account the guidelines contained in the IHO/IOC publication B-6

"Standardization of Undersea Feature Names", including the use of the Undersea Feature Name Proposal Form contained therein;

c) submit all proposed new names for clearance either to their appropriate national

authority or, where no such national authority exists, to the IHB or IOC for consideration by the GEBCO Sub-Committee on Undersea Feature Names, which may advise on any potential confusing duplication of names.

2.- It is agreed that Member States invite publishers of ocean maps and editors of scientific journals in their country to require compilers and authors to provide written evidence of such clearance before accepting for publication any maps or scientific articles containing new names for undersea features.

31

CHAPTER A - SUBJECTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION

Section 4 - Geographical Names

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources A4.1

1919, 1926, 1932 1947, 1962

3H/50, 28/72, 10/73, 28/73, 8/74

A4.2

28/72, 10/73, 28/73, 8/74

Bulletin: 1972:VIII

p. 320

A4.3

1987

10/88, 59/91

32

SECTION 5 - OCEANIC SOUNDINGS A5.1 Collecting oceanic soundings A5.2 Metadata for oceanic soundings A5.3 Centralization of oceanic soundings

33

SECTION 5 - OCEANIC SOUNDINGS A5.1 COLLECTING OCEANIC SOUNDINGS 1.- It is strongly recommended that Hydrographic Offices include in their programmes regular and systematic surveys of ocean areas beyond the continental shelves. 2.- It is recommended that when Hydrographic Offices plan oceanic surveys they attach sufficient importance to obtaining data which will be useful not only for navigation purposes but also for promoting knowledge of the morphology of the sea floor. 3.- It is recommended that Hydrographic Offices interested in the same oceanic areas arrive at an understanding among themselves regarding a suitable division of their zones of activity and priorities. 4.- It is recommended that, as concerns oceanic soundings, Hydrographic Offices work in close cooperation with the oceanographic bodies of their respective countries and use a standard procedure for recording data. 5.- It is recommended that ships fitted with MBES or SBES be requested to collect bathymetric soundings and communicate the results of such soundings to the Hydrographic Offices of their respective countries with all information required to enable their accuracy to be estimated. The use of sound velocity calibration in accordance with the guidance set out in the IHO Manual on Hydrography (M-13) is recommended. 6.- It is recommended that newly-discovered topographic undersea features should be properly mapped and named following the Standardization of Undersea Feature Names IHO-IOC Publication B-6. A5.2 METADATA FOR OCEANIC SOUNDINGS 1.- It is resolved that oceanic soundings, together with the metadata and potential additional supplementary information, shall be collected and exchanged mainly in digital form. Metadata should comprise at least information on:

- the survey in general as e.g. date, area, equipment used, name of survey platform; - the geodetic reference system used, i.e. horizontal and vertical datum; including ties to

WGS 84 if a local datum is used; - calibration procedures and results; - sound velocity; - positioning information e.g. GPS, RT-DGPS, GLONASS, GALILEO - tidal datum and reduction (if applicable); and - accuracies achieved and the respective confidence levels.

A5.3 CENTRALIZATION OF OCEANIC SOUNDINGS 1.- Full details of the information required to accompany data, and the criteria for its quality control, are contained in the GEBCO Guidelines (IHO Publication B-7). 2.- Data Storage and exchange of data. Member States are requested to remind institutions and organizations within their own country of the desirability of collecting bathymetric data, whenever possible, in the course of oceanographic missions.

34

It is recommended that Member States inform the IHB of any details concerning recent bathymetric data collected by themselves or by other national institutions and organizations, about which they may have been notified. The standard format below should be used for this purpose: a) Country of origin. b) Institution or authority responsible for the mission. c) Name of vessel which carried out the soundings. d) Date (month and year). e) Location (general sea area or significant points along track).

f) Terms under which data may be obtained (address for requests, method of ordering, price, or whether free on a mutual data exchange basis, etc.).

The IHB will issue an annual CL requesting such information. All bathymetric data collected should be forwarded by HOs to the IHO Data Centre for Digital Bathymetry (DCDB). Any format convenient to the individual HO may be used; but the data must be accompanied by comprehensive format documentation and metadata. The IHO DCDB should be notified of digital data that have been found to be in error; if possible, a corrected version should be submitted as well. 3.- Information concerning Recent Bathymetric Data IHO Publication B-4 At the beginning of each calendar year, the IHB shall make available an updated version of the online publication B-4 showing all bathymetric data received during the preceding year. These data will be available for download from the IHO DCDB in several digital formats, which include MGD 77, HYD 93 and delimited xyz ASCII.

35

CHAPTER A - SUBJECTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION

Section 5 - Oceanic Soundings

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources A5.1

1932, 1937, 1957 1962, 1972

85/08

A5.2

1932, 1962, 1967

85/08

A5.3

1929, 1932, 1937, 1962, 1967, 1992

17H/54, 18H/55, 3/69, 28/69, 15/70, 32/70, 1/71, 85/08

Bulletins: 1971: VIII 1972: V 1973: VI

p. 261 p. 169 p. 196

A5.4

1982

29/09

36

SECTION 6 - TIDES, TIDAL STREAMS, MEAN SEA LEVEL

See also A 2.8 and A 2.9. A6.1 Exchange of tidal information A6.2 Advance supply of tidal predictions A6.3 Issuing authorities for tidal predictions A6.4 Extension of world network of tidal observations A6.5 Study of mean sea level A6.6 Geographical positions of tide stations A6.7 Collection and publication of tidal data A6.8 IHO Tidal Constituent Bank A6.9 Release of Tidal Data to Commercial Organizations

37

SECTION 6 - TIDES, TIDAL STREAMS, MEAN SEA LEVEL A6.1 EXCHANGE OF TIDAL INFORMATION 1.- It is resolved that published tidal information shall be freely exchanged.

a) The exchange of tide and tidal current observations and predictions shall be made as far as possible in a form directly usable in electronic computers.

A6.2 ADVANCE SUPPLY OF TIDAL PREDICTIONS 1.- It is resolved that advance copies of tidal predictions shall be supplied on request to those Member States who require them for inclusion in their own published tables. 2. - It is strongly recommended that these advance copies be supplied in sufficient time to be in the hands of the publishing authority not later than twelve months before 1 January of the year of predictions. 3.- It is recommended that when tidal constituents or values of harmonic constants are changed from those used for tidal predictions for the previous year, the tidal constituents should also be supplied to the producer nation upon request together with the national tidal predictions. 4.- It is recommended that tidal predictions supplied to other countries be in the form of the times and heights of high and low waters, unless these values are not normally predicted or are requested in another form. A6.3 ISSUING AUTHORITIES FOR TIDAL PREDICTIONS 1.- In the general interests of navigation it is resolved that tidal predictions to be used for any important commercial port or approach areas within a country's territorial waters shall be those established by the appropriate authority in which the port or the approach area is situated or is being maintained. It may be necessary to establish the authority for predictions if such predictions are made on a regional co-operative basis where several narrow stretches of water separate States.

a) In this connection, it is strongly recommended that Member States extend their tidal observations to those areas, and prepare and publish their predictions.

A6.4 EXTENSION OF WORLD NETWORK OF TIDAL OBSERVATIONS 1.- It is recommended that the world network of tide stations be extended, that some well-

distributed stations operate continuously, and that special efforts be directed towards the establishment of stations on the outer sea coast of the continents and oceanic islands.

2.- It is recommended that governments which do not possess departments organized for this

purpose be advised by the IHB as to the desirability and means of undertaking the installation of tide gauges, the analysis of the resulting records and the preparation of Tide Tables. This work, carried out for selected stations, is of importance both in the interests of navigation and of science.

a) It is possible that such work might be financed by commercial corporations or by other

institutions if they were brought to appreciate its utility.

38

3.- Concerning the extension of the world network of tidal stations with a view to improving cotidal line charts, it is recommended that:

a) Hydrographic Offices give increased attention to the need for additional observations of

tides and tidal streams in many areas not now adequately examined. It is noted that in certain regions observations extending over 29 days of tides and tidal streams are sufficient.

A6.5 STUDY OF MEAN SEA LEVEL 1.- It is recommended that the IHB encourage Member States to carry out systematic, long-term tidal observations, in view of the importance of monthly and secular variations of mean sea level in connection with tidal prediction. 2.- It is recommended that Member States make such data available for publication by the Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level of the International Council of Scientific Unions, since that service publishes regularly monthly and annual values of mean sea level for tidal stations throughout the world. A6.6 GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS OF TIDE STATIONS 1.- It is recommended that when giving tidal information about stations whose identification on the chart is not obvious, the approximate geographical positions of such stations be indicated. A 6.7 COLLECTION AND PUBLICATION OF TIDAL DATA 1. It is recommended that Member States gather tidal data from as many locations as feasible

and maintain sets of harmonic constants in National Tidal Constituent Data Banks. 2. It is recommended that Member States make public, using their WEB site or other suitable

means, a list of locations included in their own Tidal Constituent Data Banks. A 6.8 NATIONAL TIDAL CONSTITUENT BANKS It is resolved that the National Tidal Constituent Banks should store the following information for each location:

i) Location identification by number, name, country, body of water, and geographic coordinates;

ii) Source, date, time zone, and duration of data used in analysis;

iii) Identification of geodetic levelling datum, and date of reference to this datum,

elevation of mean sea level and, where applicable, the connection to and identification of the appropriate bench mark(s);

iv) Listing of values for tidal constituents giving amplitudes in metres and Greenwich

phase lags in degrees and designation of organization responsible for analysis. (Tidal constituents used should form part of those in the Standard List prepared by the IHOTC and published on the IHO website.)

See also A 6.1, A 6.2

39

A6.9 RELEASE OF TIDAL DATA TO COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS 1. Recommendations for a Strategy concerning the Release of Tidal Data to Commercial

Organizations 1.1 Definition of a Commercial Organization

A "commercial organization" is an organization which sells or distributes products. This definition does not refer to national authorities when they sell or distribute products in the context of their duties as a public service.

1.2 Definition of Tidal Data

The term "tidal data" for this document includes any data leading to and including tidal and tidal stream predictions.

1.3 General considerations

In the interest of safe navigation, effective oil and hazardous material spill response, efficient search and rescue and improved environmental management, the following statements are intended as a framework for Hydrographic Offices to make arrangements with commercial organizations.

As the development of quality-assured tidal predictions is a complicated matter, comprehensive knowledge and experience of tidal theory and practice are absolute prerequisites.

Computer technology can provide valuable support in presenting tidal predictions to users in convenient forms. However, the methods to present such information must be applied in an appropriate manner or data quality may suffer. Some Hydrographic Offices may find it unnecessary to develop all the products which are desired by all users; some development may be left to commercial organizations.

1.4 Recommendations

1.4.1 The Hydrographic Offices should NOT be responsible for the correctness of any

predictions developed and distributed by commercial organizations.

1.4.2 Official tidal predictions should be released by Hydrographic Offices only. Hydrographic Offices may, however, authorize recognized institutions to calculate and/or distribute these official predictions. Hydrographic Offices or these institutions authorized by them may release their own harmonic constituents, but not those of other Member States, as may be deemed appropriate.

1.4.3 Any product of a commercial organization should only be supplementary to obligatory

official information required in terms of international conventions. 1.4.4 Authorized tidal differences or harmonic constituents should be supplied by the

Hydrographic Offices for secondary stations. 1.4.5 In addition to the products outlined above, Hydrographic Offices should have the right

to produce, market and distribute any tide related products. 1.4.6 Where applicable, commercial organizations should be allowed to distribute official

tide related products with the permission of the producing Hydrographic Office. 2. Recommendations for Standards to be applied in connection with the Release of Tidal

Data

2.1 Predictions used for primary stations should only be those provided by the Hydrographic Offices, unless a specific agreement is made between an HO and some other body.

40

2.2 For secondary stations, predictions based either on tidal differences or on harmonic constituents may be published, in all cases including the method, source, date of analysis and the relevant primary station. This applies to numerical as well as graphical representation.

2.3 If a Hydrographic Office believes that, by using information obtained from a commercial

product, a danger to life, property or the environment may result, the Hydrographic Office should take such action as it may deem appropriate to fulfil its responsibilities in the field of maritime safety. This should not be construed, however, to mean that Hydrographic Offices have responsibilities for inspecting the products of commercial organizations (see Section 3 below).

2.4 Legal matters, matters of copyright and of charges to be paid are different in each

country and are very complex. They are left to the discretion of each Member State.

2.5 Commercial organizations developing products should be required to state clearly on their products the following:

i. That the information being presented does not replace obligatory navigation

material.

ii. That where the original data were provided by a Hydrographic Office, a disclaimer should appear that, as the Hydrographic Office has no control over the product, it cannot accept any responsibility for it, except for those parts of the product which are a complete and true reproduction of official predictions issued by the Hydrographic Office.

2.5.1 A sample product may be required to be made available to the Hydrographic

Offices responsible and/or to each donating authority prior to distribution, to ensure the imposed conditions are honoured. The Hydrographic Offices concerned should respond within a mutually acceptable time scale.

2.5.2 The data remain the property of the donating agencies.

3. Recommendations for Standards to be applied in connection with the inspection of

the products of Commercial Organizations Inspection of commercial products by Hydrographic Offices is not recommended as examination may imply approval with its attendant responsibilities and liabilities.

41

CHAPTER A - SUBJECTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION

Section 6 - Tides, Tidal Streams, Mean Sea Level

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources A6.1

1919, 1967

23/69, 19/00, 42/00

A6.2

1919, 1962

35/96, 19/00, 42/00, 75/06

A6.3

1947, 1972

A6.4

1932, 1947, 1952, 1957

19/08

A6.5

1932, 1937, 1947, 1952, 1957, 1962

36/62, 7/65, 23/65

A6.6

1967

A6.7

1977

2/78, 23/85, 35/96, 19/00, 42/00

A6.8

1977, 2007

2/78, 35/96, 19/00, 42/00

A6.9

1994, 2002

39/94, 6/01, 22/01

42

SECTION 7 - DIGITAL NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS A7.1 Content and general arrangement A7.2 Data formats A7.3 Presentation and information A7.4 Cross-referencing of information A7.5 Updating A7.6 Data security

43

SECTION 7 - DIGITAL NAUTICAL PUBLICATIONS

A7.1 CONTENT AND GENERAL ARRANGEMENT 1. Digital Nautical Publications may be produced in two arrangements, firstly as a stand-alone

product based on existing paper publications, and secondly in the form of a compiled database intended primarily to work within an ECDIS.

2. For the sake of clarity, Nautical Publications shall be defined by the following:

a) NP1 Printed paper publications

b) NP2 Digital publications based upon existing paper publications

c) NP3 Digital dataset(s) fully compatible with ECDIS that serve the purpose otherwise

provided by NP1 or NP2.

Note: Data Specifications for NP3 have yet to be finalised and therefore are not specifically referred to in this document

3. It is resolved that Digital Nautical Publications (NP2 and NP3) shall at least fulfil the

functions of corresponding printed nautical publications (NP1). 4. Digital Nautical Publications (NP2 and NP3) need not slavishly follow the requirements of

presentation and organisation laid down for printed publications (NP1). However, the relevant resolutions and recommendations for printed publications (NP1) shall serve as guidance regarding content and purpose.

See also A2.14, A7.2, A7.3, A7.4, Chapters C, E, F, G, H and IHO Publication M-12.

A7.2 DATA FORMATS 1. It is strongly recommended that NP2 digital nautical publications that are based directly on

existing printed nautical publications (in other words, digital facsimiles, re-compilations, or others) utilise open-systems or widely accessible digital publishing techniques and formats. This provides HOs with maximum flexibility in how they undertake digital publication but at the same time ensures compatibility and ease of integration with the widest range of computer based applications likely to be used to access the information.

A7.3 PRESENTATION OF INFORMATION

1. For digital nautical publications, it is not recommended or required that the presentation of information is standardised as to order or geographical sequence other than to be in agreement with any indexes devised to direct the user to the relevant parts of a digital publication. It is however, recommended that information presented in a digital nautical publication conforms to the relevant IHO textual presentation and symbology standards.

44

A7.4 CROSS-REFERENCING OF INFORMATION

1. It is recommended that insofar as is possible an auto cross-referencing system shall be incorporated to connect all related / relevant material in a digital nautical publication.

2. It is recommended that digital nautical publications make the fullest use of such things as

search engines, web-based browsers, hypertext links and keywords. 3. It is recommended that the cross-referencing system be suitable to provide links to associate

information in a digital nautical publication with information in ENCs (and RNCs where possible) and with visual index diagrams.

4. It is recommended that insofar as is possible: a) links shall be available to associate sketch plans, aerial oblique photographs or other

illustrations and photographs with the relevant digital nautical publications text and with the relevant parts of ENCs (and RNCs where possible).

b) digital nautical publications providing, for example, meteorological or oceanographic

information shall contain a linked database capable of supporting modelling solutions. A7.5 UPDATING

1. It is recommended that a regular system of updating for digital nautical publications be maintained using an appropriate combination of:

a) Digital Notices to Mariners b) Cumulative updating files c) Replacement files See also A2.11, A2.12.

A7.6 DATA SECURITY It is recommended that digital nautical publications incorporate data authentication processes to ensure that information contained in digital nautical publications can be verified by consumers before use.

45

CHAPTER A - SUBJECTS OF GENERAL APPLICATION

Section 7 Digital Nautical Publications

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources A7.1

2002

A7.2

2002

A7.3

2002

A7.4

2002

11/09

A7.5

2002

A7.6

2002

46

CHAPTER B

CHARTS

Section 1 - General Section 2 - Content Section 3 - Symbols, Abbreviations Section 4 - Standard List of Symbols and Abbreviations Section 5 - International Charts

47

SECTION 1 - GENERAL B1.10 Charts for small craft

48

SECTION 1 - GENERAL B1.10 CHARTS FOR SMALL CRAFT 1.- It is recommended that those Member States which publish charts especially designed for small craft use follow as far as possible the standards recommended by the IHB for the compilation of charts. There shall be no requirement for the issuing authority to incorporate, on charts sold, the corrections as reported in the Notices to Mariners between printings of these charts, but a warning should be inserted on them clearly stating that they have not been corrected from Notices to Mariners.

49

CHAPTER B - CHARTS

Section 1 - General

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources B1.1

1919, 1972, 1982

9/83, 46/83, 35/96 96/05

Review: 1927:IV(2)

p. 125

B1.2

1929, 1932, 1947 1952, 1957, 1972, 1982

17H/54, 18H/55, 19/58, 29/61, 17/83, 30/83, 47/83 106/05 (para.6), 61/09

Bulletin: 1975: X

p. 313

B1.3

1919

17H/54, 18H/55, 10/86

B1.4

1919, 1929, 1952, 1957, 1972

10/86

Bulletins: 1935: II IV

p. 41 p. 77

B1.5

1929, 1937

10/86

B1.6

1972, 1977

23/73, 10/86

B1.7

1952

10/86

B1.8

1919, 1932, 1937

10/86

B1.9

1957, 1977

B1.10

1962

B1.11

1967

10/86

B1.12

1919, 1926, 1929, 2002

59/91, 57/05

B1.13

1919, 1937, 1957 1997

17H/54, 18H/55, 20H/56

B1.14

1947, 1957

42/09

B1.15

1947, 1957

42/09

B1.16

1932

42/09

50

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources B1.17

1937, 1952

13H/49, 10H/52, 4H/53, 42/09

Reviews: 1929:VI(1) VI(2)

p. 67 p. 121

Note : (1) CL 10/86 refers to cancellation of redundant and obsolete TRs as a result of IHO Chart

Specifications. (2) CL 57/05 refers to cancellation of redundant TRs as a result of incorporation in M-4 IHO

Chart Specifications.

51

.SECTION 2 - CONTENT See also G3.2. B2.18 Canals for inland navigation B2.28 Soundings taken from foreign charts

52

SECTION 2 - CONTENT B2.18 CANALS FOR INLAND NAVIGATION 1.- It is resolved that a brief note shall be inserted in a suitable position on the appropriate charts, or in the Sailing Directions, calling attention to the official publications in which the necessary nautical information concerning canals for inland navigation is to be found. B2.28 SOUNDINGS TAKEN FROM FOREIGN CHARTS 1.- It is resolved that, when soundings taken from original foreign charts are accepted unchanged, a note shall be given in the title of the chart stating the datum for sounding reduction used for each constituent area; alternatively, the information may be conveyed in the table of tidal information on the chart.

53

CHAPTER B - CHARTS

Section 2 - Content

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

ProceedingsCircular Letters

Other Sources

B2.1

1926, 1929, 1947 10/86

B2.2

1919, 1926, 1929, 1937

10/86

B2.3

1919, 1926, 1929 10/86

B2.4

1919, 1926, 1992

B2.5

1929, 1967 10/86

B2.6

1947

B2.7

1919, 1926, 1929, 1992

B2.8

1919, 1926 17H/54, 18H/55, 10/86

B2.9

1947, 1972 10/86 Bulletin:

1970 IX

p. 313

B2.10

1967, 1982 9/83, 46/83, 18/84,

46/84, 96/05

B2.11

1972, 1982 9/83

B2.12

1926, 1929, 1972 17H/54, 18H/55, 10/86

B2.13

1926, 1929, 1952, 1967

18/69, 38/69, 20/70, 10/86, 96/05

B2.14

1919, 1926, 1929, 1957, 1972, 1992

17H/54, 18H/55, 19/58, 29/61, 96/05

B2.15

1926, 1929 96/05

B2.16

1919, 1926, 1929 10/86 Bulletins:

1970: II IV

p. 42 p. 107

B2.17

1947 10/86

B2.18

1929

B2.19

1919, 1926, 1929, 1952

10/86

B2.20

1967, 1972 21/68, 26/69, 10/86

B2.21

1919, 1972 10/86

B2.22

1929 10/86

B2.23

1952 42/09

B2.24

1947 17H/54, 18H/55, 10/86

54

Report of

ProceedingsCircular Letters

Other Sources

B2.26

1957 29/78, 10/86

B2.27

1937 42/09

B2.28

1947 Bulletins:

1970: II III IV

p. 37 p. 73 p. 106

B2.29

1937 10/86 Bulletins:

1970: II III IV

p. 37 p. 73 p. 106

B2.30

1952, 1957, 1967 10/86

B2.31

1932, 1937 38/77, 10/86

B2.32

1932 38/77, 42/09 Bulletin:

1931: III

p. 56

B2.33

1919, 1926 17H/54, 18H/55, 10/86

B2.34

1919, 1929, 1952 10/86

B2.35

1992 42/09

Notes (1) CL 10/86 refers to cancellation of redundant and obsolete TRs as a result of IHO Chart

Specifications (2) CL 59/91 refers to the removal of details of cancelled TRs from the text of the chapter.

(3) CL 96/05 refers to cancellation of redundant TRs as a result of incorporation in M-4 IHO

Chart Specifications.

55

SECTION 3 - SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

(cancelled)

56

SECTION 4 - STANDARD LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

(cancelled)

57

SECTION 5 - INTERNATIONAL CHARTS B5.4 Regional Scheming of INT Charts B5.5 Monitoring of INT Charts B5.6 Regulations of the IHO for international (INT) charts and chart specifications of the IHO

58

SECTION 5 - INTERNATIONAL CHARTS B5.4 REGIONAL SCHEMING OF INT CHARTS 1.- It is resolved that the IHB continue to encourage the formation of regional commissions or geographical groups with a primary objective of developing integrated schemes of INT Charts for the areas concerned. 2.- It is resolved that the HSSC Chart Standardization and Paper Chart Working Group (CSPCWG) continue to: a) advise the IHB, as appropriate, in the setting up of regional hydrographic commissions

or working groups in order to accelerate the production of large and medium-scale international charts with priority being given to large scales.

b) offer advice on chart schemes and cartographic work of such commissions or groups,

in order to ensure homogeneity and so that these commissions might take advantage of its experience.

Note: The role of the CSPCWG vis--vis the regional commissions or groups is purely of a

consultative nature. See K2.39. B5.5 MONITORING OF INT CHARTS "1.- It is resolved that the IHB will endeavour to examine all newly printed or adopted INT Charts, and to provide the concerned Member States with comments on any points of non-compliance with the Chart Specifications of the IHO for INT Charts, in order that a close conformity be achieved in future products. B5.6 REGULATIONS OF THE IHO FOR INTERNATIONAL (INT) CHARTS AND CHART

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE IHO 1.- Regulations of the IHO for International (INT) Charts, Chart Specifications of the IHO for Medium- and Large-scale National and International (INT) Charts (Scales larger than 1:2 000 000), and Chart Specifications of the IHO for Small-scale International (INT) Charts (Scales 1:2 000 000 and smaller) are adopted and published as Part A, Part B and Part C, respectively, of publication M-4 Regulations of the IHO for International (INT) Charts and Chart Specifications of the IHO. 2.- It is resolved that Member States adhere to the "Regulations of the IHO for International (INT) Charts", when acting either as producers or printers of INT Charts. Particular attention should be given to the establishment of bilateral arrangements between producers and printers, which should define both the technical and the financial terms to be applied. 3.- It is resolved that the IHB, through the Chart Standardization and Paper Chart Working Group (CSPCWG), keep publication M-4 under review in order to advise the IHO on their updating. Member States having proposals to update M-4 should forward them to the CSPCWG through the I.H. Bureau. See also K2.39.

59

CHAPTER B - CHARTS

Section 5 - International Charts

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other Sources

B5.1

1967, 2002

21/70, 14/71, 41/71, 45/71, 33/72, 42/72, 17/73, 18/74, 11/75, 18/01

Bulletins: 1968: I 1969: I V VIII 1970: I VI 1971: I VI

p. 9 p. 7 p. 130 p. 249 p. 7 p. 206 p. 7 p. 183

B5.2

1977, 1982

B5.3

1982, 1987, 1992, 2002

10/86, 59/98, 18/01

B5.4

1982, 1987

CHRIS/20 (2008)

B5.5

1992

B5.6

2002

18/01, 75/03

Note: CL 10/86 refers to cancellation of redundant and obsolete TRs as a result of IHO Chart

Specifications.

60

CHAPTER C

SAILING DIRECTIONS Section 1 - General Section 2 - Arrangement Section 3 - Content

61

SECTION 1 - GENERAL See also F3.7, G1.1 C1.2 Transliteration in Roman characters of geographical names C1.3 Alphabetical indexes of geographical names C1.4 Use of information published by other countries C1.8 Advance notification of the publication of Sailing Directions and their supplements C1.9 Correction of Sailing Directions

62

SECTION 1 - GENERAL C1.2 TRANSLITERATION IN ROMAN CHARACTERS OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 1.- It is recommended, with a view to facilitating as far as possible the transcription of geographical names, that those countries which do not use Roman characters insert, in the alphabetical indexes of their Sailing Directions, a transliteration in Roman characters of those geographical names which refer to their own coasts.

a) The transliteration should be made in accordance with the official system of the country concerned. A brief description of the system used should be given.

See also C1.3.

C1.3 ALPHABETICAL INDEXES OF GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 1.- It is recommended that all countries include alphabetical indexes of geographical names in their Sailing Directions.

a) These names should be written according to the official orthography. Note: For those countries which use a non-Roman alphabet see C1.2. C1.4 USE OF INFORMATION PUBLISHED BY OTHER COUNTRIES 1.- It is recommended that, when compiling Sailing Directions which include information concerning foreign coasts, Hydrographic Offices use the Sailing Directions of the country which is being described or those of its administrating authority, if such are available. 2.- It is recommended that, in the case of information taken from foreign publications, the title and date of issue of such publications should be clearly stated in the preface. C1.8 ADVANCE NOTIFICATION OF THE PUBLICATION OF SAILING DIRECTIONS 1.- It is resolved that, when any Hydrographic Office decides on the issue of a new volume / edition of Sailing Directions or a supplement, it shall publish advance notification in its Notices to Mariners. C1.9 CORRECTION OF SAILING DIRECTIONS 1.- It is strongly recommended that a regular system of correction be maintained using only one of the following three systems:

a.i) The issue periodically of supplementary statements containing information and corrections necessary for the amendment of the Directions, such supplements to be arranged in the same geographical sequence as the volumes affected, the latest supplement in all cases cancelling all earlier ones.

a.ii) In any supplement issued, new or altered material should be clearly indicated by some

form of readily perceived identification, preferably side-lining.

b) Revised editions up-dated by automated means.

c) Change pages for loose-leaf books.

63

2.- It is recommended that the interval between successive supplements/revised editions/change pages should not exceed two years and need not be more frequent than 12 months. 3.- It is recommended that Notices to Mariners be used for urgent corrections, but these should be incorporated into the next supplement/revised edition/change pages and should be regarded as a separate system of correction for important matters only between supplements/revised editions/issues of change pages.

See also A2.11, A2.12.

64

CHAPTER C - SAILING DIRECTIONS

Section 1 - General

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Report of

Proceedings

Circular Letters

Other

Sources C1.1 C1.2

1932 1937, 1982

42/09 17H/54, 18H/55

Reviews: 1924: II(1) 1931: VIII(1) VIII(2) 1932: IX(2) 1936: XIII(2)

p. 33 p. 194 p. 189 p. 76 p. 73

C1.3

1919, 1937, 1947

17H/54, 18H/55

C1.4

1926, 1929, 1932

17H/54, 18H/55

C1.5

1932, 1952, 1982

C1.6

1932, 1937, 1962

42/09

C1.7

1919, 1952, 1972, 1982

C1.8

1919

17H/54, 18H/55, 42/09

C1.9

1982

65

SECTION 2 - ARRANGEMENT C2.1 Geographical arrangement and division into volumes C2.2 General arrangement and division of Sailing Directions information C2.3 Standardization of Sailing Directions C2.4 Index charts in Sailing Directions C2.6 Indication of geographical positions C2.7 Instructions for through traffic in difficult waters C2.8 Arrangement of information

66

SECTION 2 - ARRANGEMENT C2.1 GEOGRAPHICAL ARRANGEMENT AND DIVISION INTO VOLUMES 1.- It is resolved that nations publishing non-original Sailing Directions shall indicate in the preface of every volume the title and the geographical limits of the source Sailing Directions referred to in the volume or in some of its chapters. See also C1.4. 2.- It is recommended that, insofar as possible, the divisions of the volumes and of the chapters be in agreement with the index showing the arrangement in the source Sailing Directions. 3.- It is recommended that the order adopted for the description of coasts be that of the source Sailing Directions, and that in intricate waters a sketch index shows, by means of arrows, with numbers of paragraph or pages as far as is necessary, the sequence followed in the description. 4.- It is resolved that the limits of oceans and seas described in IHO Special Publication S-23 shall be adopted, as far as possible, for the titles of volumes, chapters and paragraphs of Sailing Directions and Lists of Lights.

See also K3.2. C2.2 GENERAL ARRANGEMENT AND DIVISION OF SAILING DIRECTIONS INFORMATION 1.- It is recommended that the following paragraphs be used as a general guide for the arrangement of the contents of Sailing Directions.

a) The general arrangement of a volume should be as follows:

i) Preliminary pages. See paragraph c below. ii) General navigation and regulations. See paragraph d below. iii) Environmental conditions. See paragraph e below. iv) Offshore and through-routeing information. See paragraph f below. v) Coastal routes and geographical areas. See paragraph g below. vi) Appendices for detailed regulations etc. See paragraph h below. vii) Illustrations. See paragraph i below. viii) Alphabetical index. See paragraph j below.

b) Separate volume for general information:

When several volumes of Sailing Directions cover a major sea area, or a landlocked sea, it may be more expedient for some of the general information (see a(ii) above), the environmental information (see a(iii) above) and the through-routeing to form a separate volume covering the whole of the major sea area.

c) Preliminary pages comprising:

i) Title page showing date of issue, latest Notice to Mariners used, short statement

on method of correction. Preface with bibliography of source material (see C1.4 and C2.1).

ii) List of contents and diagrams, etc. iii) Explanatory Notes on terms and conventions used. iv) List of abbreviations used.

v) Glossary of foreign and special words found on charts and in the text. A transliteration alphabet and/or notes on the system used when this is necessary.

vi) Index chartlet (see C2.4).

67

d) First chapter or section should contain the following information:

Charts and charting. Remarks on the general quality of the charts (paper and digital) available for the area, use of charts other than those of own nationality; remarks on important differences of geographical or tidal datum between charts.

Buoys and beacons. Descriptions of systems in use if differing from IALA Regions A or B.

Navigation. General remarks on navigation in coral waters; notes on the existence of large amounts of kelp; ice navigation and ice-breaker service available where these are applicable to the area; any other notes applicable to navigation throughout the area covered by the book, such as fishing and other maritime activities.

Regulations. Extracts of national regulations concerning navigation, pollution, quarantine, cables, pipelines and any other special regulations that should be known to mariners before arrival in national waters. The territorial sea and economic zones claimed should be given in general terms.

Radio services. General remarks on the availability and reliability of radio position f fixing systems, radio beacons, navigational warnings, and weather forecasts. This section should not duplicate the details of times of operation and the frequencies if these are given in separate radio publications.

Pilotage. General remarks on pilotage services in the areas, national regulations regarding pilotage. Where there are standard regulations for pilots applicable to all parts of the area, these can be given to avoid repetition elsewhere in the book. Special regulations applicable only to individual ports are best given at the port concerned rather than in the first chapter.

Visual signals. Systems of signals in use in the area for storm, weather, dredging, traffic and other special maritime activities should be described. These should not include well-known international signals; special signals only applicable to an individual port are best given with the main description of the port.

Distress and rescue. Brief description of the sea/air rescue organisations that may be in operation for the area covered by the book.

Countries. Brief information about the countries in the area of interest to the mariner.

Principal ports and anchorages. A list of ports and anchorages in the area giving position, principal purpose, brief statement on limiting conditions such as depth of water, or size of vessel that can use the port, whether it is a port of entry