NEW AND REVISED EDITION

CCL.DOF

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delivered an address before a Lodge the subject the external changes

which Freemasonry hadundergone since AND period its revival the the commencement the eighteenth century. The proper treatment the topic required ITS KINDRED SOIENOES a reference to German, to French, and to English authorities, with some which am COMPRISING afraid that many my auditors were not familiar. At the c10se the address, a young and intelligent brother M:oss & . meG. M:ACKEYcould obtain access tothe works inquired . how he REVISED EDITION, WITB ADDENDUM, CoPYBIGBT, 1873 RANGE WHOLE 1878, OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND LITERATJRE which had cited, and many which he confessed, as well as the facts that they CONNECTED WITH INSTITUTION COPYRIGBT, 1884, detailed, he now heard L. . EVERTS & 00.time. It DICTIONABY, COPYRIGBT, 1896, L.was not for the first PBONOUNCING probable that my rep1y . altogether satisfactory ~1906, told him that . CoPYBIGBT, course M:ASONIC HISTORY to for LOUIS : EVERTS& knew 1909. that he could adopt EVERTS COPY:BIGBT, attain that knowledge except the one that had been pursued by myself, name1y, to .A.LBERT G. .., M.D., 330 CoMPANY spend A,UTJIOR ... "] 011 CoPYRIGBT. 1912, M:ASONIC HISTORY CoMPANY his means in the purchase Masonic books and his time reading J:ABONIO DEBABONRY," "LEX.IOON ll' F1UI:BK.sONBY." " - 01' them.JUIUSPRUDIDIO&," "BYJ:BOS OF FIE8IIASONBY." II:'l'O.. .

FREEMASONR YPREFAOE

But there are few men who have the means, the time,and the inclination for the NEW ...\..D REVISED EDITION purchase numerous books, some them cost1y and difficult to be obtained, and for the close and attentive reading DIRECTION, AND WITH master any given PREPARED UNDER them which necessary to ASSISTANCE, OF LATE subject. WI.LLIAM J. HUGHAN, It was this thought that, years ago, suggested to me the task328 collecting materia1s GRAND DEACON (ENGLAND), PAST GRAND 'WARDEN (IIGYPT), GRAND 'WARDEN (IO'WA), for i ASSISTANT GRAND SOJOURNERfu.rnish every FOUNDERS QUATUOR RO LODGE (LONDON); the work which wou1d (ENGLAND), OF Freemason who might consu1t its pages OF "ENGLISH all matters connected means acquiring a knowledge J:ASONIO IUTE," ''oLD ," ETC. with the science, the philosophy, and the history his Order. EDW..RD L. work by a higher consideration. had But was a1so 1ed to the prosecution this WKINS,M.A., 300 PROV. . G. 'W. (), . PROV. . G. 'W. (OXFORDSHIRE), J:E:BEB QUATUOR LODGIII myself learned, from(LONDON), OF "CONCISE OYCLOP..EDIA OF FR&IIIJ:ASONRY"that the character the eeriece my ear1y Masonic life, the Institution was elevated in every one's just proportion to the amount knowledge that he had acquired PROFUSEL ILLUSTRATED and history. its symbo1ism, philosophy,If Freemasonry was not at time patronized by the 1earned, it was because the VOLUME depths its symbo1ic science and philosophy had notbeen sounded. If it is now becoming e1evated and popu1ar the estimation scho1ars, it owes that elevation PUBLISHED and that popula.rity to the 1abors those who have studied its intellectual system MASONIC HISTORY COMPANY NEW and given the resu1t their studies to thewor1d. The scho1ar will rise from the YORK AND LONDON 1914. perusa1 Webb's Monitor, or the Hieroglyphic Okart Cross, with very exa1ted appreciation the literary character of

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PR:EFACE

the Institution which such works profess to be a expOneIlt. But should he have met with even Hutehinson's Spirit of Msonry, Town's Speculative Msonry, which are among the earlier products Masonic literature, he will be conscious that the system which could a:ford material such works must be worthy investigation. Oliver not alone the belief that the higher elevation the Order be attributed "almost solely to the judicious publications the subject Freemasonry which have appeared during the present and the end the last century." It the press that elevating the Order; it the labor scholars that placing it the rank sciences. The more tho.t published by scholarly pens its principles, the more will other scholo.rs be attracted to its investigo.tion. At time, indeed, ho.s its intellectual character been more justly appreciated than atthe present day. At time have its members generally culti vated its science with more o.ssiduity. At time have they been more zealous in the endeavor to obtain a due enlightenment 0.11 the which its system comprehends. It was the desire to give my contribution toward the elevation the Order, by aiding in the dissemination some that light and knowledge which are not easy access, tho.t impelled me years ago to commence the prepo.ration this work-o. task which have steadily toiled to accomplish, and at which, several yeo.rs, have wrought with unintermitted labor that ho.s permitted but little time other occupation, and for recreation. And now preBent to my brethren the result not only those years toil, but more tha.n thirty years study and reseo.roo-o. work which will, trust, at least hope, supply them with the mo.terio.ls for o.cquiring a knowledge much tho.t required to make a Masonic scholar. Encyelopedic le3rning is not usually considered as more than elementary. But knowing that but few Freemasons can a:ford time to become learned scholars art by entire devotion to its study, have important articles endeavored treat the 8ubject exhaustively, and in to give tho.t amount information that must make future ignorance altogether the result disinclination to learn. do not present this work as perfect, well know that the culminating point of perfection can never be attained by human e:fort. But, under many adverse circUUlstances, have sought to make it as perfect could. Encyclopedias are, the most part, the resl1lt of the conjoined labor many writers. In this work have had help. Every artiele was written by myself. Bay this not to excue my errorsfor hold that author should wilfully penit a.u errOl' to pollute his pagea-but rather to account for thO

PREFACEthat may exist. have endeavored to comm.it none. Doubtless there are some. If knew them, would correct them; but let him who discovers them remember that they have been unwittingly committed in the course exhaustive and unaided task. For twelve months, , of the time which have been occupied this work, sufl'ered from an affection the sight, which forbade a11 of the eyes for purposes study. During that period, now happilypassed, 11 authorities were consulted under my direction by the willing eyes my daugh~ te:s-,-a writing was done under my dictation by their hands. 1 realized for a time the picture often painted the blind bard dictating his sublime verses his daughters. It was a time sorrow for the student who could labor with his own organs his vocation; but it was a time of gladnes8 to the father who felt that he had those who, with wi11ing hearts, could come to his assistance. the world this of import; but could not conBCien~ tiously close this prefatory address without referring to this circumstance 80 gratifying to a parent's heart. Were to dedicate this work at a11, my dedication should be-To FILI.L AFFEOTIO:N. ALBEBT G. ., . D.

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REVISER'S PREF.revision of this most comprehensive Encyclopedia has been a most anxious and laborious task. have endeavored to preserve as much as possible of Dr. Mackey's work untouched, but at the same time to correct statements which later investigations have shown to be unfounded; thus have left a11 Dr. Mackey's and theories unaltered. .11 completely new articles, old ones with many alterations, , have marked with my initials and must take a11 responsibility them, though far possible they were submitted to Bro. Hughan his :rval. have to return hearty thanks forkind aid to the late Bro. Henry Sadler, Libraclan the Grand Lodge England; to . W. J. Songhurst, Secretary of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge, . 2076, London, England, valuable advice and assistance many points; to Bro. the Rev. . Rosenbaum, . Prov. G. Chaplain orthumberland, help with llebrew words; to Bro. J Yarker, . G. Warden Greece,for information about the Antient and Primitive Rite; and to Bro. . C. Powe11, . Prov. G. Sup. Works Bristol, the article the Baldwyn Encampment. EDWRD L. WKINS, . .

St. Leonards-on-Sea, England, 1912.

PUBLISHERS' presenting to the Fraternity this new and revlsed edition The E~ oyclopedia Freemasonry, we, also, wlsh to return hearty thanks to Bro. Edward . Oauthorne, . ., . ., Brooklyn, . ., for his articles Aitchison's-Haven Lodge, Oatacombs, Oomaclne Masters, Oomo, etc., and to Bro. . G. Pitts, . . Detroit, Michigan; Bro. Robert . Shirrifs, 330, Elizabeth, . J.; Bro. Wm. J. Allen, G. . G. L. New York; Bro. Oharles . Brockaway, . . New York Oity, for thelr articles Freemasonry in the United States and Mexico; and to Bro. Will . Whyte, 330, . G. . Oanada, ,for his artlcles Freemasonry Oanada. . . .

00.

. (, Aleph.) the Accadian, Greek Ban Rite, or .. Prince ! tlle Tabernacle," the Etruscan, Pelasgian, Gallic, Samaritan, andsecond officer or 8enior Warden also personates Egyptian or Coptic/.of nearly the same forma Aaron. tion as the Engush letter. It originally Aaron's Band. degr~~ instituted in 1824, in meant with or together, but at present signifies New York City, mainly:for purposes,and one. most languages it is the initialletterconferred in indeplendent body. Its ceremonies of the alphabet; not , however, in the Ethi , where it the thirteenth. The sacredwere not dissiimilar to tliose ! High Priesthood, which ;3aused the Grand Royal Arch Chapter of Aleph has the numerical value of one, and composed of two Yods, either side of thEI State to take umbrage, and the small inclined Vau. It said to typify the gathering dspersed. Aaron'sBod. ThemeHLod bywhich Moses Trinity in Unity. The word Aleph signifies caused a miraculous iudgment to which tribe "," from the resemblance to the head and horns ! that animal. The Divine name should be invested wit,h the priesthood] detailed Hebrew connected with this letter is ", tlle Book of Nun1;>ers (ch. xi.). He directed that twelve rocls should be laid up the Holy of . Aaron. Hebrew i'MN, Aharon, a word ! Holies of tJle Tabernacle, for each tribe; that doubtful etymology, but generally supposed to ! Aaron)..! course, represented the tribe ! Levi. signify mountaineer. He was the brother of the next day these rods were brought otlt and Moses] and the first high priest under the saic exhibited the people, and while th,e rest dispensation, whence the priesthood established by remained dry and withered, that ! AaroI1 alone that lawgiver known as the "." He budded and blossomed and yielded fl'Uit. There alluded to the English 'lectures of the second mention the Pentateuch this I'od having degree, reference to a certain sign which is said been placed in the ark bnt only that it was put to have taken its origin from the fact that Aaron before it.. But a8 St. ]Paul, or the author of the and Hur were present the hill from which Moses Epistle to theHebre'ws (Hebrews . 4), asserts that surveyed the battle which Joshua was waging with the rod and thE: pot of manna were both within the Amalekites, when these two supported the the ark, Royal Arch Masons havefollowed this weary 'arms of Moses upright posture, because later authori1;y. Hence the rod of Aaron found upon his uplifted hands the fate of the battle in the ar]t; but its import is only historical, ae if to depended. See Exodus xvii. 10-12. Aaron also identify the substitute ark ae a true copy of the ). ;jN. 1; The 11th month ! referred to the latter section ! the Royal Arch original, which had been the Hebrew year lost. symbolical and cOrJresponding to discovery. degree connection with the memorials that were instruction accompanies itsthe months July and deposited the ark ! the covenant. the degree of August, 'beginning with the new of the " Chief of the Tabernacle," which is the 23d of the former. 2. It also a Hebrew word, signifying cient and Accepted Rite, the presiding officer /ather, and will be readily recogni.zed by every 1 represents Aaron, and styled " Most Excel. lent Maeonas a c High Priest." In the 24th degree of the

2 ABACISCUSnentpart the name Hirm Abif, which literally means Hiram his father. (See Abif.) Abaclscus. The diminutive Abacus, and, architecture, to the squares the tessellated pavement checkered flooring the ground the Solomonian Temple. Abacus. term which has been erroneously used to designate the official sta.ff the Grand Master the Templars. The word has such meaning; an abacus either a table used facilitating arithmetical calculationsJ is in architecture the.'.

ABBREVIATIONS

and :. Ancient and Accepted. :. and :. S:. R:. Ancient and Aecepted Scottish Rite. . '. and .'. R.. Ancient and Accepted Rite as used in England. :. F:. :. Ancient Freemasons. :. F:. and :. :. Ancient Free and Accepted Masons. :. Inv:. Anno Inventionis. the Year the Discovery. The date used by Royal Arch Masons. . .'. L.. Anno Lucis. In the Year Light. The date Craft crowning plate a COlumn and its capital. The used by Ancient G:. :.Masons. la :. L:. G:. D:. D:. L'U:. Grand Master's statI was a l"::1, which see. Abaddon. Hebrew wordbculus,signify-Gloire du Grnd Architecte de ' Univers. ing destructim. the Rabbis it interpreted the Glory the Grand Architect the as the place of destruction, and is the second Universe. (French.) The usual caption the seven names given by them to the reP.on French Masonic documents. the dead. the Apocalypse (. 11) lt is :. L:. rient. At the East. rendered by the Greek word '/6", ApoU-(French.) The seat the Lodge. yon, and means the destroyer. In this :. :. Anno Mundi. the Year the World. The used as a significant word in the high de date used in the Ancient and Accepted Rite. grees. Abazar. The title to the Master :. :. Anno Ordinis. the Year the Order. The Ceremonies in the Sixth Degree the Modem date used by Knights Templars. French Rite. AbbrevlatIons. Abbreviationsoftechnical terms :. :. :. Ancient York Mason. .'. .'. Buisson Ardente. Burning Bush. :. Bruder. official titles very extensive use in (German Brother.) .'. .'. Buming Bush. Masonry. ',I'hey were, however, but rarely eml! B'n:. Brudern. (German Brethren.) C:. C:. loyed in the earlier Masonic publications. For Celestial Canopy. C.. .'. Captain the Host. instance, not to be foimd the first edition D:. Deputy. D:. G:. G:. :. :. Deputy General Anderson's Constitutions. Within a comparatively recent period they have greatly increased, especially among French writers, and a Grand High Priest. D:. G:. :. :. Deputy Grand familiarity with them therefore essentially High necessary to the c student. Frequently, amongPriest. D:. G:. :. Deputy Grand Master. D:. :. English and always among French authors, a G:. :. Deputy . Grand Masonic abbreviation distinguished by three Master. Dis:. D:. G:. :. District Deputy Grand points:. , a triangular following tle letter,Master. (England.) w hich peculiar mark was first used, according to D. D. G. . (America.) .'. Eminent Excellent. Ragon, the 12th August, 1774, by the,' Grand .'. .'. Entered Apprentice or .'. .'. .. :. C:. Excellent Companion. Ec:. Ecossise. (French.) Orient of France, an address to its subordinates. authoritative explanation the meaning these Scottish; bepoints has both important symbols be supposed to been given, but they may the Masonic sys-10nging to the Scottish Rite. tem. refer to the three lights around the altar, perhaps :. G:. C:. Eminent Grand Comm8lJ.der. :. V:. proceeding thegive a list the cipal Ere Vulgire. (French.) Vulgar Era; Year of the generally to to number threel and to the abbreviations, it may be observed that the Lord. F:. Frere. Brother. (French.) triangle, doubling a letter mtended to expressthe plural F.. c... Fellow-Craft. of that word which the single letter the F:. :. Freemason. Old Style. G:. Grand. abbreviation. Thus, French.z..F:. signifies G:. :. :. Grand Annual Sojoumer. "Frere," "Brother" and .I"F:. "Freres," L:. sometimes used to denote "Lodge,'and LL:. G:. :. :. :. U:. Great Architect the Universe. "Brothers." And in Englsh to denote "Lodges." This remark made C G.. c.'. Grand Chapter; Grand Council. all, because have not deemed it necessary to G:. Com:. Grand Commandery; Grand augment the the list abbreviations by Commander. nsrtng these p'lurals. the reader finds S:. G:. :. G:. D:. Grand Deacon. G:. D:. C:. Grand Director Cere. to signify " Sovereign Grand Inspector," he will be at 1088 to know that SS:. GG:. :. must denote" G:. :. Grand Encampment Grand East. Sovereign Anno Depositionis. theYear the :. Dep:. Grand Inspectors." G:. G:. C:. General Grand 6hapter. G:. G:. :. :. General Grand HighPriest. Deposit. The date used by Royal and Select Masters.

I

ABBREVIATIONS

ABDIEI,

... ... ... Grand High Priest. R:. Lo'. or R:. CJ :. Respectable Loge. (French.) G.. L:. Grand Lodge. Worshipful Lodge. R:. :. :. C:. S:. Rosy Cross G:. :. Grand Master. ( the Royal Order Scotland). G:. :. Grand Nehemiah. G:. :. Grand Orient; Grand Organist. R:. W:. Right Worshipf1ll1. G:. :. Grand Pursuivant. :. Scribe. G:. :. S:. Grand Past Sojourner. S:, C:. Supreme Council. G:. R:. Grand Registrar. :. G:. :. G:. Sovereigll Grand Inspector G:. R:. :. C:. Grand Royal Arch Chapter. G:. General. S:. :. R:. :. Sublime I'rince the :. Grand Scribe; Grand Secretary. G:. :. :. Royal Secret. S:. S:. Sanctum Sanctorum Grand Sword Bearer; Grand Holy Holies., Standard Bearer. G:. :. Grand Treasurer. S:. S:. S:. Tr0i8 loi8 Slut.(French.) Thrice :. :. :. Hiram Abif. _greeting. common caption to French .'. .'. Holy Empire. Masonic circulars letters.C:. F:. Tre8 Chere :. :. :. Hiram, ing Tyre. S:. W:. Senior Warden. :. :. R:. D:. :. Heredom. Frere. (French.)Very Dear Brother. :. G:. :. 111:. Illustrious. :. :. U:. The Great Architect the Universe. :. :. R:. :. Iesus Nzarenus, Rex :. Ven:. Venerable. (French.) WorshipfuJ. Iudmorum. (Latin.) Jesus Nazareth, ing oftheJews. :. :. :. Immediate Past Master. (English.) :. D:. :. Very Dear Brother. :. :. :. :. :. G:. :. :. :. U:. In the Name :. D:. S:. :. Veut nieu Saint Amour, Vult the Great Architect the Universe. Often Dei Sanctus Animus. formula used by Knights forming the caption Masonic documents. Templar. :. L:. Vrie lumiere. (French.) True light. J:. W:. Junior Warden. :. ing._ _ :. W:. "Very Worshipful. -:. adosh, night adosh. W:. Wrshif. :. :. S:. night the Holy Secher. W:. :. Worshipful Master. :. :. ~ght Malta. CJ :. Lodge. :J .'. Lodges. '. S.. Kmg Solomon. , '. .'. nights Templar. Prefixed to the signa,ture a Knights L.. Lod;e. Templar a membj~r the . and . Scottish LL.. Loages. Rite below the Thirty-third Degree. L.'. R.. London Rank. distinction introduced Prefixed to the siglllature a Grand Past Grand Commander in England in 1908. :. Mason. :. C... Middle Knights Templar a Mason the Thirty-third Chamber. :. :. Most Eminent; Most Degree in the Bcottish Rite. Exce11ent. :. :. G:. :. :. Most Exce11ent Prefixed to the sigllature a Grand Past Grand Master Knights Grand Higl: Priest. .'. .'. G.'. .'. Most Eminent Templar and the Grand. Commander the Grand Master ( Knights Templar). :. L:. Supreme Council the Ancient and Accepted Mere Loge. (French.) Mother Lodge. :. :. Scottish Rite. used n some the highdegrees. Abda. word Master Mason. He was the father Adoniram. (See 1 Kings . 6.) Lennil1g wrong say :. :. M0i8 Mfonnique. (French.) ing that he isrepresented b:y one the officers Masonic

t

t

$:

Month. March is the first Masonic the degree Master in Iflrael. He has conmonth among French Masons. founded Abda with his son. (Encyc. der :. W:. Most Wrshf. Freimur.) Abdamon. The name the orator in :. W:. S:. Most Wise Sovereign. the Fourteenth Degree the Rite of Perfection, .'. Orient. 013:. Obligation. . the Sacred Vault James . It means a servant, :. Past. from ahd, "to servI~," although somewhat :. G:. :. Past Grand Master. corrupted in its tral1smission into the rituals. :. :. Past Master. Lenning sar,s it the Hebrew Hbdmon, "a Prov.. Provincial. Pro:. G:. :. Pro-Grand Master. servant'; but; there is BUch word inHebrew. Prov:. G:. :. Provincial Grand Master. Abdlel. (Heb., Servant God.) The name :. S:. Principal Sojourner. angel ment,ioned by R:. C:. R:. :. Royal Arch. Kabbalists. He represented Milton'sthe JewishR:. t:. Rose Croix. Appended Prdise Lost, Book " a.s one the sera-to the signature one having that degree.1 phim, wh, when Satan triied to stir up a reR:. :. Right Eminent. volt among the angels subordinate to his R:. F:. Re8pectable Frere. (French.) Wor-authority, alone and bol:>n him., "whereby the -Porphyry, they received only the elements of Craft comes to shame, ' then,if new and more intellectual and moral instruction, and, after sufficient evidence shall be snbsequently disthe expiration their term probation, they covered, ita Mason, having been new trial werethe nor merethe rank excep'tlon, should be be had, 1. Can just and right t;hat a acquitted by advanced to verbal Mathematici. shall allowe that he this newer (See Pythgors.) evidence, receive that punishlnent which will courts the country an offense with which for the escape a gullty member; for so long he AequIttal. Under thisbe tried mayhis vindicate the reputation the Order, ever3' man to discuss has been charged, head it by be Lodge for as he lives 1;he Order. proper subjectthe twoquestions asoc law. technicalities hav-to plea utre/oi8 acquit! ~ngful acquiting been same offense? And, 2. Can a Mason, law, its discipline. hundred acquitted by his Lodge insuffi-tals a bad membeI', who stilL bears with him cient evidence, be subjected, the discovery the reproach his evil life, can never disand production new and more complete charge the Order from its paramount duty evidence, to a second trial for the same of-protecting its own good fame and removing fense? both these questions the 1. An acquittal a crime by a from i.ts fold. this answer would the well the affirmative. correct the delinquent membertemporal and privileges must succumb, for to be court does not relieve a Mason fromand-being / the Order is the jirst gret law in quisition into the same great duty all private individual rights offense by his Lodge; Msonry. for acquittals may be the result sometech-Aeta Latomorum,ou Chronologie de snicality law, or other cause, where, although toire de la Franche:Ma90nne,rie fran9aise et the party relieved from legal punishment, etrangere, etc. That : "The Acts the his guilt 1 still manifest the eyes the com-Freemasons, or a chronological history munitYi and if the Order were to be controlled French and Foreign Freemasonry, etc." This by the action the courts, the character work, written or compiled by Claude Antoine the by its permitting be injuriously affected Thory, was contains the Paris, 2 vols., without honor Institution might a man, who had escaped in 1815. It published at most remarkable8vo, from the punishment the facts the history the Inst:itution from oblaw, to remain a member the Fraternity. scure times to the year 1814; 1,he succe8Bion the language the Grand Lodge Texas, Grand Masters; a nomenclature rites, de" an acguittal by a jury, while it may, and grees, and secret aBBociations all the counshould, some circumstances, have its influtries the wrl! a bibliography the prinence decidin~ the course to be pursued, cipal works .l'l'eemasonry published since yet has binding force Masonry. We de-1723; and a supplement in which the author cide our own rules, and our own view the has collected a 2. come to and important facts." (Proc. never been , . 273.) Masonic documents. second variety rare a correct apprehension theG. L. Tex., translated into English, Lenning question, we must has this11V0rk, which remember that it says (Encycl. der Freimaurt'f'ei) that it , a long-settled principle Masonic law, that without dispute, the most scjientific 'work every offense which a Mason. commits Freemasonry that French literature has ev\'

14 ACTINGodc. It must,however, be confessed that

ADAM

hunan race, and, therefore, the type hu.. manity, that thepresidingofficer ina Councilof the historical portion Thory has committed man}' nights the 8un the Twenty-eighth Degree errors respect to English and AmeriQan the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite, is Freem.sonrYt and therefore ever tran.s. lated, the called Father Adam, IIond is occupied in the in vestigation the great truths which 80 much work will require much emendation. (See Thory.) concern the interests the race. Adam, in ActInI Grand Master. The Duke Cum that degree, man seeking after divine truth. berll.nd (l:andson George ., brother George The Kabbalists and Talmudists have invented .) having April, 1782, been elooted Grand many things concerning the first Adam, M~ter England, it was re. Olved by the Grand which are, however, worthy pre8ervation. Lodge "that whenever a c of the blood dd the (See Knight the Sun.) society the honour to accept the office Grand Adam. The EnterOO degree Master, he should be at liberty to nominate any symbolizes the creatlon man and his first peer ! the rea1m to be the acting Grand Master." perception light. the Elohist form the (Con 8'itutiom G. L. England, 00. 1784, . Creation we read, "Elohim said, 'Let u make man 341.) The officer thus provided to be appointed in our image, according to our likeness, and let G. Lodge England, ed. 1841, and now called him have dominion'over the fishes the sea, over was subsequently called in the Constitutions the the Grand Master. the fws the , over the cattle, ana over 11.11 the America.n system, the ofil.cer who performs the earth, and everyreptile that creeps upon the duties Grand Master case the removal, the earth!' And him created man his image; in death, inability that officer, known as the the image of Elohim he created him; male and Acting Gra.nd Master. For the regulations which female he createdthem... Andvehhimfrmed prescribe the proper :e.rn perform these man the dust the ground, and breathed his duties Grand Maater. Aetlve Lodge. Lodge is said to be active when nostrils the breath life, and man was made a it is neither dormant nor suspended, but r~arly living being." Without giving more than a passlng reference to the speculative origin and production meets and occupied in the labors of M.soIY. man and to his 8pontaneous generation ( Aetlve Member. An a.ctive member a Lodge Principe Gemrteur) as set forth by the Egyptians, one who, in contradistinction to an bonorary when we are told that " the fertilizing mud left by member, assunes all the burdens membersliip, the Nile, and exposed to the vivifYing action of such as contributions, arrears .nd pa,rticipation heat indiced by the sun's rays, brought forth germs its labors, and invested with all the rights which spring up as the bodies men," accepted membership, sucll as speaJng, voting, and CQ&o mogonies l wi11 be hereinafter mentioned; Aetual office. holding Past Masters. This term some. timeli thus that Peru, the first man, created by the lied to those who have actually served as Master a Craft Lodge in order to distinguish Divine OmnipotenceI ca11ed Cam. asca, " them from those who have been "Virtual Animated earth.' The Mandans, the North Past M.sters," in Chapters of the Uted States, or American tribes). relate that the Great 8pirit "Past Ma.sters Arts and Sciences," English Taeroa, the god Tahiti, formed dried and molded two ngures , which he the red Chapters, as a pre. limnary to receiving the Royal earth, say withinhabitants; his80 we mlght amated the the breath and mouth, continue. But name First Lenormant remarks that receiving the a.s FranQois Man, and the other in Arch degree. ( Pa8t Ma8ter.) Adad. The name of the principal god among the theCman. HistOTY, let us confine of Beginnings Syrians, and who, a.s representing the sun, had, ourselves to the cosmogony offered by the sacred traditions of the great civilizOO nations of accordingto however, wrong, as Selden has ., 23), an Macrobius, Macrobius ( antiquity. "The Chaldeans call Adam t,he man shown surrounded by rays. i!naj1;e (De Dii8 Syris, ., 6), in confounding whom the earth produced. And he lay without Adad with the Hebrew Achad, or one-a name, movement, without , and without breath, just from its signification unity, applied to the Great like a image the heavenly Adam, until his soul Architect the Universe. The error Macrobius, had been given him by the latter." The cosmogonic however, has been perpetuIIotOO by the inventors account pecular to Babylon, as g by BerossuB, of the high degrees of MasontY), who. have says: "Belos, seeing that the earth was uninincorporated name as a first man. ltod.l.among A,dam. 'j:he Adad, the .m The Hebrew habited, though fertile, cut off his own head, and their significInt words. word C"X ADaM, signifies man a generic the other gods, after kneading with earth the blood sense, the hunanspecies co11ectively, and is that flowed it, formed men, who therefore are said to be derived from '1:)", ADaMaH, the endwed with inte11igence, and share the divine (lf'ound, because the first man was made out thought," etc. The term employed to desIgnate the dust the earth, or from ADa.M, to be red, in "man," his connection with his Creator. admu, counterpart Hebrew Adam. (G. reference to his ruddycomplexion. It most the Assyrian *This article theC. . McClenaohan. is by probably this collective sense, as the Smith. Chalden Account Genesi8.)

'""rnal,

representative the whole

ADAMLenornant

ADAR

further !ay'8. that the fragments that the ruler this lodge may be endued with BeroB8u! give Adoros as the name of the first knowled~e and wsd to instruct us and patria.rch, and Adiuru has been discovered the hlS secret myste:ries, as our holybrother Moses did cuneiforn inscriptions. Zoroaster makes the creation ! the voluntary ( his lodge) to Aaron, to :eazar, and to Ithamar aot of a personal ~od, distinct from primordial (the sons of Aaron), and the several elders of 1srael." matter, and hlS theory stands a.!one among the Adam Kadmon. 1 the Kabbalistic doctrine, the name to the first emanation from the Eternal learned religions of the ancient world. According to Jewish tration in the Targu and Fountain. It signifies the first man, or the first the Talmud, as also to Moses monides, Adam prodllction of divine ener~! or the of God, and was created and woman at the same time, to it the other and lnterior emanations are Adams, John QuInc)'. the sixth President the having two faces, turned in two opposlte subordinate. United States, who seryed from1825 to 1829. Mr. di'ections, and that during a stupor the Adams, who has been very properly described Creatol"separated Havvah, his fem half, from "a of strong points and weak of vast him, ip order to make of her a di!tinct person. reading and wonderful memory, great creduIity Thu8 were separated the primordial androgyn. With Shemites and Mohammedans Adam was and strong pre]udces" became notorious in te ymbolized in the Lingam, whilst with the JeW8 latter years his life for his virulent opposition Seth was their Adam or Lingam, and suc toFreemasonry. The writer already ,::uted, who C8 Noah took the place of 8eth, and had excellent opportunity of seeing intimately followed Abraham and Moses. The worship of the workings the spirit olf anti-Masonry,says of 11.8 the God-lke idea, sucoeeded by 8eth, Mr. Adams: He hatm Freemasonry, he did Noah, Abraham, and Moses, throughthe many other thing;I, not from anyharm that he 1iad symbolism of pillars, monoliths, obelisks, or received from it or personalJy knew respecting it, Matsebas (images), gave rise to other symbolic but 'because his credulity had been wrought upon images, as where oah was adored under the and his pr.e]udioes excited against it by dishonest Upon the death of ark, and serpent, signifyng heat, emblems of a man, Adam, says traditional history, and selfish politicians, who were anxious, at any the pious Gregory declared that the " dead body sacrmce to him, to avail themselves of the fire, or . 3hov1d be kept bovB ground, till a fulneB8 of infl.uence of hiscommanding talentEI and time shouId c to commit it to the middle of the public life to sustain them in the earth by a priest of the most high God." This disreputable work which they were enlisted. 1 traditional prophecy was fuIfilled, is said, by the his weakness, he lent himselIr to them. He united body of Adam having been preserved a chest his energies to theirs r an impracticable and until about 1800 n.c., when "Melchizedek buried unworthy cause." (C. W. Moore, Freemsons' the body Salem (fornerly the name of .,. ,. 814.) Theresult was a series of Jerusalem), which might verr well be the middIe of letters abusive of Freemasonryz directed to leading Thehabitable world.' say their prayers daily the politicians, and publishea the public journals the Sethites used to Ark belore the body / Adam. J. G. R. Forlong, from 1831 to 1833. year before his death they hlS River& Life, tells us that " It appears from we:re collected and p\Jblished under the title of both the Bbid Aben Batric and the Arabic Cten, Letter& on the Msonic In8titution, by John that there existed the foIlowing short litany said Quincy Adams. (Boston, 1847, 8vo, . 284.) to have been conceived by oah.' Then follows the SomeexpIanation the cause of the viruIence with prayer of Noah, which was used for long a which Mr. Adams attacked the Masonic 1nstitution period by the Jewish Freemasons at the opening of these letters may be found h the the Lord, " Lod,e: excellent art thou thy truth, and there followingparagraph contained in anti-Masonic .nothing great oomparison of thee. Look upon work written by Henry Gassett, and affixed to us with the eye of mercy and c. Deliver us his Ctlogue Books on the Msonic Institution. (Boston, 1852.) It that he was not, a from this deluge ofwaters, and set our feet Mr. Adams replied had been asserted in ana never newspaper These lew bya Masonic large room. the sorrows Adam, the first made should be.' Boston, edited vords, undoubtedly, dignitary, hiB election Bmd time 3 President man; by the blood of Abel, thy holy one; by the prevented that John Q. Adams was a Mason. 1 answer to an Sttes. HiB competitor righteousness of Seth, whom thou art well the United inqtry from a person in New York. I Andrew Jckson, Freemson, ws elected.' State, whether he w.as contained in the italicized pleasedj number Us not amongst those who have Whether the statement SO transgressed thy statutes, but take us to thy words be true or not, not the question. It merciful care, for thou art our Deliverer, and thine sufficient that Mr. Adams was led to believe it, the praise for all the works thy hand for and hence his iIl-,lI'ill to an ciation which had, evernore. And the Lodge said, Amen, Lord.' " The Master the sons of would omit the reference as he S\JPllosed, infl.icted this political evil to the deluge and add the following W tb.e him, and l:>afHed his ambitious views. .... ~ebrewI .,'Nj the sb:th IDW1tb Qf prayet: "But FantI WB beaeeQh theet

ADAREL

ADDRESSES

London edition was publishOO 1734, which has the civil and the twe1fth of the ecclesiastical year of the Jews. It corresponds to a part of been reprintOO in Hughan's Masonic Sketches February and of March. and Reprints (American OOition, . 106). ThB is, AdareI. Angel Fire. Referred to in the Hermetic therefore, the earliest Mac addre88 to which degree of night of the Sun. Probably from ", we have acce88. It contains a brief sketch of the Adr, splendor, and ', , God, i.e., the splendor history of MaBonry, written as Masonic hBtory of God or Divine splendor. was then written. is, however, remarkable for 00Addresses, Mason1c. Dr. Oliver, speaking of the vancing the claim of the Grand Lodge of ork to a Masonic dscourses which began to be p\lblBhOO superiority over that of London, and for containing 8 after the reorganization of Masonry, in the a very early reference to the three degrees of Craft commencement of the eighteenth century, and The fourth Ma80nic address of whose existC Masonry. which he thinks were ineti~ated by the attackB we have any knowlOOge "a Speech Deliver'd to mOOe the Order, to which they were intendOO the Worshipful Society of Free and AcceptOO to be replies, says: "Charges and OOdresses were Masons, at a Lodge, held at the Carpenters Arms therefore deliverOO by brethren authority the Silver-Street, Golden Square, the 31st of fundamental rinc of the Order, and they were December, 1728. : the Right Worshipful Edw. printOO to show that its moralty was 8Ound, and Oakley, Architect, .., late Provincial Senior not in the slightest degree rel?ugnant to the Grand Warden in Carmarthen, South Wales." ThB preceptB of our most OOly religlon. These were speech was reprintOO by Cole in hB Ancient of suflicient merit to insure a wide circulation America has the London in 1731. Constitutions at honor of presenting the next among the Fraternty, from whence they spread attempt at Masonic oratory. The fifth address, and into the world at large and provOO decisive in the first American, which ex tant, is fixing the crOOit of the Institution for 801emnities delivered in Boston.. MaBB.bon June 24, 1734. It of character and a taste for serous and profitable There can be doubt that these addreB8s, iB entitle " issertation upon Masonry, investigations." periodcally deliverOO and widely publBhOO, have deliverOO to a Lodge America, June continued to exert an excellent effect in beha1f of 24thJ..1734. Christ's Regm." Itwas discoverOO by the Institution, by exl?laining and defending the tlro. C. W. Moore in the archives the Grand principles which lt ioundOO. The first Masonic OOdress of which we have Lodge of MaBBaChUBett~ and published by him in any C was deliverOO the 24th of June, hB magazine in 1849~ This addrBB is well 1721, before the Grand Lodge England, by written, and a symbolic character, made to the the oelebratOO John Theophilus Desagulers, And, sixthly, we have " An Address as the author LL.D. and F.R.S. The Book / Constitutions (00. allegorizes the Lodge as a type heaven. body of Free and AcceptOO Masons assemblOO 173~.p. 113)1 under that date, 8ays " Bro. at a Quarterly Communication, held Temple Desagwiers maae an eloquent oration about Bar, December 11,1735, by_Martin Clare, JUor Masons and Masonry." Dr. Olver (Reeltions / Grand Warden." Martin Clare was dstinguishOO Square, . 22) states that thB OOdrBB was issuoo in hB times as a Mason, and his OOdress, which in a printed form, but copy of it now remains-at Dr. Oliver has insertOO in Golden Remains, ,capOOhas es least it the researches of the most dilgent Ma- has been considerOO value enough to be bibliographers. translatOO into 21, 1737, the Chevaler languages. the 20th May, 1725, Martin Folkes, then Next, March tne French and GermanRamsay Deputy Grand Master, deliverOO an 00drBB deliverOO an oration before the Grand Lodge before the Grand Lodge England, which France, in which he attributOO the origm cited in the Freemason's Pocket Companion for Freemasonry to the CrusOOers and traced an 1759, but entire copy the 00drBB now imagnary history its course through Scotland and The third MasoncOOdre88 of which we have any England into France. which was to become the extant. knowlOOge is one entitled " Speech delverOO to center the re' formed Order. The best report the Worshipful and Ancient Society of Free and thB speecl: to be found in the Histoire &c. de Accepted Masons, at a Grand Lodge held at tr. ven. Con/raternite des F. . &c. Traduit l Merchants' Hall, in the city of York, St. John's . de la Tierce. Franjort 1742; and an Englsh z Day, Dec. 27, 1726, the Right Worshipful Charles Bathurst, Esq., Grand Master. the Junior Grand version it g m Gould's His tory / After this period, Masonic addreB8S rapidly Warden. Olim meminisse juvbit. ork: Printed br, Freemasonry (ii., 84-9). (See Ram say.) multipli~ 80 that it would be impo88ible to record Thomas Gent, for the benefit of the Lodge. ' The ther titles or even the names their authors. author was Francis Drake, M.D., F.R.S., who was appointed Junor Grand Warden of the Grand What Martial (, 17) says hB own epj grams, Lodge of England atork December 27, that some were good, 80me bOO, and 8 great 1725. (See Drake, Francis.) The firet OOition of many middling, mal1 with equal pro, priety and the sJ?OOch bears date, but was probably justice, be Ba Masonc ad, dresses. the i88Ued 1727, and was again publishOO at thousands that have been de London in 1729, and a second

ADELPH ADJOURNMENT6vered, many have been worth neither printing (See Alchem1J.) the Hermetic Adepts, who were also 80metimes called Rosicrucians, nor preservation. One thing, however1 is to be remarked: that Spence thus writes, in 1740, to his mother:

within a few ~ tne literary character these "Have you ever heard the people called productions has greatly improved. Formerly, a Adepts? They a set philosophers superior Masonic address on 80me occasion the to whatever appeared among the Greeks and Order was little more than a homilr on brotherly Romans. The three sreat points theydrive at, love or 80me other Masonicvirtue. Often the are, to be free from POVlty, distempers,and orator was a clergyman, selected by the Lodge death; and, if youbelieve1hem, theyhave found on acoount his moral character or his . est members the Lodge, and men who had no out one secret that is capable freeing them rf8nal ability. These clergymen were opportunity to study the esoteric construetion from all three. There never more than frequently among the young twelve these men in th~~ whole world at a Masonry. In uch Ca8('S we will find that the time; and we have the haPI,inBB having one addrBBeswere generally neither more nor leBB (Spence'8 Letter this time in Turin. am Anthan sermons under another name. They contain the twelve at to hiB Mother, in Singer'8very well acquainted with similarand have to the ecdote8, . 403.) In a him, allusion often excellent general axioms conduct, and 8n him their secreta, as the word is sometimes enoomiums on the laudable design talked with abstruse knowIeclge, far as he applied to 80me common rtal them." our Institution. But we look in vain in them for allowed to talk to a the high degrees MaAdept, 8Onry. Prlnce. One the names of the 28th any ideas which refer to the history or to the ocicult philO8Ophy Masonry. They accept the degree the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite. (See Knight ! thE: Sun.) It was the 23d definition that " Freemasonry is a science degree the System the Chapter Emperors morality veiled in allegory and illustrated by Adept, the. Hermetic degree the East and West CIermont. the 001Iection symbols, , on1y in part. Theyexpatiate on the . Viany (q. tI.). is also the 4th degree the morility, but ther say nothing the Rite ReIaxed Observance, and the 1st the symbols or the allegorles. But, as has been high degrees the Rite Elects Truth. "It already said, therehas been an evident has nluch analogy," says Thoryt "with the improvement within a few years, in America degree night the Sun." t is also called especially.. for the reform has not equally "ahaos disentangIed." Adeptus Adoptatull. The 7th degree the Rite extended to .t!jngland. Many the addreBBes Zinnendorf, consisting a kind chemical now delivered a higher order Masonic literature. The subjects Masonic history, the and pharmaceuticaI instruction. also Templr Adeptus Coronatus. Called origin the Institution, gradual MaBter the Key. The 7th degree of the development from an operative art to a Swedish Exemptus. Adeptus Rite (q. tI.). The 7th degree the speculative science, its symbolst and its s:ystem adopted by those German Rosicrupeculiar features which distingsh it from all ClaDS who were known as the " Gold und Rosother associations, have been ably discUBBed in enkreutzer," or the Gold and Rosy CroBB, and many recent Masonic addreBBes, and thus have whom Lenning St!J>POBB 1;4> have been the the efforts to entertain an audience for an hour first who engrafted Rosicrucianism on Masonry. Adherlng Mason. Those Masons who. during become not on1ythe means interesting the anti-Masonic exciu~~ent in Amer, on instruction to the hearers, but also valuable contributions to the literature Freemasonry. .It account the supposed abduction Morgan, in this way that Masonic addrBBeS should be refused to Ieave th.eir Lodges and renounce written. All platitudes and old truisms should be asonr~ were called. Theyembraced among avoided; sermonizingt.~hich is good in brother). tJ1eir number some the wiBBt, best, and most A.delph. From the Greek 3d" ( place, country. Adjournment. W. Moore The place here. the order undertake to out first degree one should the Palladium influen'~ial men the C. deliver a Masonic addreBB un1eBB he knows the (Freema8onB'Mag., xii., . 290) says: "We (q._tl.). Reghellini says that there exists in 80mething the subject on which he about to a Eluppose it to be generally conceded that Masonic archives Douai the ritual of speak, and Society, he is capable saying what Lodg~~ cannot.properly be adjourned. It has been asoc un1eBB called Adelph8j which has will make every Mason who hears him Orient, as decided by a large proportion the Grand been oommunicated to the Grana a wiser but well as a he thinks isor at least well versed in any Lodges in America, and tacitIy, at Ieast, which better fully skilledsamewhatthe Primitive A.dept. One man, the or as will afford him the opportunity becoming 80. Rite Narbonne. art; from the Latin word "Adeptus," having ~:oncurred in byall. We not aware that there obtained, because the Adept claitD.ed to be in a dissenting among them. It , the poBBeBBion all the secrets his therefore, safe to aBBume that the settled policy peculiar mystery. The Alchemists or Hermetic is againstadjournment." The reason w.hich he aBBignsfor this rule, is that adjoummI~ntis a philoeophers aBBumw the title of Adepts. Iiletliod used on1y in deliberative bodies, such as legislatures and oourts, and as Lodges do not par

ADMIRATION

ADMONITION

take of the cha.racter of either of these, 00- first time the Temple, whioh glittered with gold, journments a.r not applicable to them. The rule and whioh was accurately OOjusted all its which Bro. Moore lays down is undoubtedly parts as to seem to be comJ?osed of but a single correct, but the reason which he assigns for it is eoe of marble, she raised her hands and eyes to not sufficient. If a. Lodge were permitted to hea.ven in an attitude of admiration, and at the adjourn by the vote of a. ma.jority of its members, same time exolaimed, " Rabboni!" equivalent to the control of the labor would be pla.ced their saying, " most excel1ent master hath done this!" ha.nds. But according to the whole spirit of the This action has since been rerpetuated in the Masonic system, the Master a.lone controls a.nd ceremonies the degree Most Exoellent directs the hOurB labor. the 5th of the Old Master. The legend , however, doubt Cha.rges, approved 1722, it is decla.red that " apocryphal, and is really to be considered only as Masons shall meekly receive their Wages allegorical, like many other of the legends of AdmIssIon. Although the Old Charges, approved without murmuring or mutiny, a not desert the Masonry. (800 Sheb, Queen 0.'.) in 1722, use the word dmitted. as applicable to Msf.er till the Lord.'8 wr" i8 jini8h'd.." Now as those who are initited into the mysteries of the Master alone C know when "the work Freemasonry, yet the General Regulations of 1721 finished," the selection the time of' closing must be vested in him. He the sole judge the employ the term dmi88ion in a. sense different from that of initiation. the word mking they >roper period at which the labors the Lodge imply the receptionof a profane into the Order, but hould be terminated, and he may suspend by dm'M8ion they designate the election a businBB even in the middle of a debate, if he supposestha.t it is expedient to close the Lodge. Ma.son into a Lodge. Thus we find such exprBBions as these clearly indicating a difference Hc motion for adjournment ca.n ever be admitted in a Ma.sonio Lodge. Such motion in the meaningof the two words. Reg. v.-" The Earl ofZetland, when Grand Master ofaEngland, man can be made or admitted a member a. would ovember 19, 1856, tha.t a Looge has be a.n interference with the prerogativeof ruled the Master, a.nd could the therefore day particula.r Lodge." In Reg. vi.-" But man C power to adjourn except to not next regula.rbe enbe entered a brother in any particular Lodge, or terta.ined. meeting. He said: .. may . . Bay that Private Lodges are governed bymuch the same laws as admitted to be a member thereof." And more GrandLodgeB, a.nd that meeting of a Private distinctly in Reg. viii.-" set or number of Lodge can be adjournedj but the Master of a Private brethren shal1 withdraw or separate them selves Lodge may; and does, convene Lodges of from the Lodge which theywere made brethren or were afterwards adniitted members." This Emergenoy.' (freemsons' Mgzine, 1856, .848.) distinction has not always been rigidly preserved This prerogative of opening and closing hisLodge by recent writers; but it,is evident that, correctly necessarily vested in the Ma.ster, beca.use, by speaking, we should always say of a profane who the nature of our Institution, he responsible to has been initated that he has been mde a Mason, the Grand Lodge for the goodconduct of the body and a Mason who has been affiliated with a over which he presides. He charged, those Lodge, that he has been dmitted a member. The questions to which he is required to give his A-dnionItIon.of dmi88ion ,to the ethics of true definition According then, the reception aBBent at his installa.tion, to hold the Landmarks Freemasonry, it made into membership. (See unaffiliated brother a duty obligatoryupon veneration, and to oonform to everyedict of the every member of the Order to coca1 the faults Ajfilited Mson.) Grand Lodge; and for a.ny violatlOn of the or of a brother/ that , not to blazon forth his errors disobedienoe of the other by the Lodge, his and lnfirmities, to let them be learned by the preIjence, he would be answera.ble to the world from some other tongue than his, and to a.n arbitrary power should be conferred necessity Bupreme M~onio authority. Hence the uponhim, admonish him of them in vate. 80 there by thatthe exercise of which he may at a.nytime be another but a like duty or oblitation, which enabled to prevent the adoption of resolutions or instructs him to whisper counsel in his the commission any act which wo:;;td be brother's a.nd to warn him approaching subversive of, or contrary to, those a.ncient laws danger. And this refers not more to the danger and usages which he has sworn to maintain and tha.t is without and around him than to that which A-dnlratIon, preserve. SIgn . mode of recognition alluded is within him; not more to the peril that springs to in the Most Excel1ent Master's Degree, or the Sixth of the American Rite. ts introduction in from the concealed oe who would waylay him that place is referred to a Ma80nic legend a.nd coyertly injure him, than to that deeper peril connection with the visit of the Queen Sheba to of those faults and infirmities which lie within his own heart, and which, if not timely crushed by ing Sol, which states thatt.mo,:~ by the wideresolution spread reputation of the .sraeitish monarch, she good and earnest brother's fault amendment, wil1, Admonition a is, fable, become the the the~j the duty had repaired to Jerusalem to insJ'OOt the likeevery ungrateful serpent in WU, for eith~ of Mason, a.nd true boBOm that has magnificent works of whioh she had heard so warm with life only to sting the e: Qr fa.vor, nect its perfonxlM~, ma.ny enoomiums. Upon ani~ there, and nourished them. beholdine; for the

ADONAIBut as the duty is Masonic, there a MaBOniC way in which that duty should be disoharged. We muet admonish with selfsufficient pride in our own reputed goodness in imperious tones, as though we lookeddown in soorn upon the degraded offender in language that, by harshneB, will wound rather than win, will irritate than it will reformj but with that persuasive gentleness that gains the heart-with the allsubduing infiuences "mercy unrestrained " -with the mago might love-with the language and the accents affection, which gle grave displeasure for the offense with grief

ADONHlRAMITE

the Temple Builder. The ying. the same sta ~he household Rehoboam, the BucceMor Europe, andespecially France, among the xii. 18), orForty-seven years fter18), first Solomon. Hadoram (2 Chron. . he to have students Masonicphilosophy,and which 110 been stoned to de8oth, whi1e n the discha.l'ge mentioned in the Book Samuel, he st80ted frequently reBU1ted n the vention new his duty, by the people, who were justly ~ant at uder the Ador8om (1 ings degrees and the establishment of new rites, not the oppressions his master. Muonry 'l'he legends a.nd traditons the least prominent w80s that whch related to the person and character

ADONHIRA.MITE ADONHlRA.MITEwhich connect this Adoniram witlr the TempIe Mount Lebanon, and that he speaks Hiram, the atJerusalem derive their support from a widow's son, simpIy as a skiIful singlepassage in the 1st Book ings (. 14) artisanespeciall~a: meta1s, who had on1y where it said that 8oIomon made a Ievy made ; the aI works about the TemfIe aethirty thousand workmen from among the 1scording to the will of 8010mon. (viii. 3. This raelites; that he sent these in courses ten apparent color authority for their opinions was thousand a month to Ia;bor Mount Lebanon, readiIy claimed by the Adoniramites, and hence and ritual-makers France, who were not The that he placed Adoniram over these as their ill one their most prominent ritua1ists, GuiIIemain superintendent. Hebrew scholars, nor well versed Biblical de 8t. Victor (Recueil Precieux de l Maonnerie history, seem, at times, to have confounded two Adonhirmite, . 77, 78), propounds their theory important personages, and to have Iost all thus: "We all agree that the Master's degree is distinction between Hiram the BuiIder, who had founded the architect the Temple. Now, been sent from the court the ing of Tyre, and 8cripture says very positively, the 14th verse Adoniram.. who had aIways been an officer in the the 5th chapter the 3d Book ings,* that the COurt ing 8010mon. And this error was person was Adonhiram. Josephus and all the extended and facilitated when theyhad prefixed sacred writers say the same thinl5t.. and unthe title Adon, that to say, l0rd or master, to the doubtedIy distinguish him from .:iram the TyrianI Thus, in the year 1744,one Adon Hirm, or the worker therefore, that it is Adonhiram, name the former, making himLouis TravenoI There were, meta1s. 80 the eighteenth centuryz published at Paris, under the pseudonym from about the tniddIe to near the end lt, three the Lord Hiram. then, whom we are bound to honor." Leonard Gabanon, a work entitled Ctechisme schools among the Masonic rituaIists, the de8 Frncs aonB, ou Le Secret des Qns in which he says: "Besides the cedars Leba, members which were divided as to the Hiram made a much more valuabIe gift to proper identity this Temple BuiIder: 8, in the person Adonhiram, his own 1. Those who supposed him to be Hiram, the so race, the so a widow the tribe Naphtali. a widow the tribe aphtali, whom the King His father, who was named Hur, was an excellent Tyre had sent to ing 801omon, and whom they architect and worker meta1s. 8010mon, designated as Hiram Abif. This was the originaI knowing his virtues, his merit, and his taIents, and most lar school, and which we now distinguished him by the most eminent position, suppose to have been the orthodox one. 2. Thosewho believed this Hiram that came out intrusting to him the construction the Temple Tyre to have been the architect, but who supposed and the superintendence all the workmen." that, in consequence his excellence character, From thePrecieux, . 76.) ex'tract, and from the language this (Recueil 810 had bestowed upon him the appellation reference in the title the booktoAdoram, which Adon, " Lord " or "Master," calling him we know was the names 8010mon's taxeollector, it evident that the author the Adonhiram. As this theory was wholly catechism has confounded Hiram Abif, who came unsustained by 8cripture history or previous out Tyre, with Adoniram, the so Abda, who Masonic tradition, the schooI which supported it had aIways lived at JerusaIem; that is to say, with never became prominent or popular, and unpardonabIe ignorance 8cripture history and ceased to/ exist, although the error which it based is Masonic tradition, he has supposed the two to be 3. Those repeated at intervaIs in the blunder who, treating this Hiram, some modem French ritua1ists. the widow's and the same person. otwithstanding this son, as a subordinate and unimportant character, Iiterary blunder, the catechism became popular entirely ignored him their rituaI, and asserted with many Masons that day, and thus that Adoram, or Adoniram, or Adonhiram, as the the :first schism or error reIation to the Iegend name WIIB spelledby these ritualists, the the Third Degree. Solomon in ll His Glory, Abda, the colIector tribute and the an Endish exposure pubIished in 1766, Adoniram superintendent the Ievy Mount Lebanon, was takes the pIace Hiram, but this work is a the true architect the Temple, and the one to transIation from a ritua1ists, seeing the c- whom all the Iegendary incidents the Third At Iength, other iI French one, and it must not referringthat EndiM Masons ever held Degree Masonry were to be referred. This sistency be argued the character Hiram, the this view.son, to Adoniram the receiver taxes, schooI, in consequence the boIdness with widow's 1 and the impossibiIity reconciIing the which, unlike the second schooI, it refused all discordant facts in the life both, resolved to cut compromise with the orthodox party and assumed the Gordian knot by refusing any Masonic a wholly independent theory, became, for a time, a position to the former, and making the latter, prominent schism in MlIBonry. Its disciples aIone, the architect the Temple. It cannot be bestowed the believersin Hiram Abif the denied that Josephus (viii. 2) states that name irmite sons, adopted as their Own Adoniram, or, as he caIls him, Adoram was, at the distinctive appeIIation that very beginning the Iabor, ac; over the workmen who prepared the materia1s

ADONlRAMlTE

Adonhiramite8, and, havin~ developed the sy&tem which they practised mto a peculiar nte, called it Adonhiramite MsonTY. Who was the original founder of the rite of Adonhiramite Masonry, and at what precise time it was fi.rst established! are questions that cannot now be answerea with any certainty. Thory does not attempt to reply to either his omenclture ! Rite8, where, if anythng was known the subject, we would be most lkely to find it. Ragon, it true, his Orthodoxie ~onnique, attributes the rite to the Baron de Tschoudy. But as he also assigns the authorship ofshallRecueil Precieuxmore (a work of which we the directly speak fully) to the same person, which statement he known to be mistaken, there can be but little doubt that he wrong the former as well as the latter opno. The Chevalier de LusBY, better known as the Baron de Tschoudy, was, true).. a distinguished ritualist. He founded the urder of the Blazing Star, and took an active part in the oI>erations of the Council of Emperors of the East and West; but we havemet with evidence, outside of ~o' s assertion, that he established or We are dispol!ed to attribute the development into hadanythingto dowiththeAdonhramiteRite. a settled system, if the actual creation, of the rite of Adonhiramite Masonry LoUS Gullemain de . Victor, who published at Paris, the year 1781, a work entitled Recueil Precieux de l ~onnerie Adonhiramiteetc. . I As this volume contained only the ritual of the first four degrees, it was followed1 in 1785, by another, which .embraced the higher degrees of the rite. who peruses these volumes can fail to perceive that the author writes like who has invented, or, at least, materially modified the rite which the subject of his labors. At all events, this work furnshes the only authentic account that we pos of the organzation of the The rite of Adonhramite Masonry Adonhiramite system of Masonry. consisted of twelve degrees, which were as follows, the names being given in French as well as in English: 1. AI>prentice-Apprentij. 2. Fellow-Craft-Compgnon. 3. Master Mason-M~tre. 4. Perfect Master-M~tre Parfail. 5. Elect of Nine-Premier Elu, ou L'Elu des Neuf. 6. Elect of Perignan-Second Elu nomme Elu de 7. Elect of Fifteen-Troisieme Elu nomme Elu des Quinze. 8. Minor Architect-Petil Architecte. 9. Grand Architect, or Scottish Fel1owPerignn.

* the LXX the two books ! Samuel are called the1st and 2d ! ings.

22 ADONlRAM ADONIShousehold ing Rehoboam, the Solomon. Frt-even years aIter mentioned in the Book of Samuel, under the name of Adoram (1 ings xii. 18), or Hadoram (2 Chron. .

IRA

successor of Adoniram, in Hebrew, Adonhiramite degrees. This is the entire list C""~"N compounded he is f!rBt Thory and Ragon have both erred in wving a 1'1'1, ADON,Lord, and ::::.,:-, HiliaM, he stated thirteenth degree, namely, the oachlte, or Prussan altitude, signifies the Lord of altitude. It a word 18)J to have ofnight. They have fallen into thismistake because great importance, and frequently used among been stoned to death, while in the aischarge his the sacred words serted highdegree at thea1l the Guillemain has of the this degrees in end Adonhirarnite duty, by the people, who were justly indignant at AdonIramIte Masonry. Seeas a Masonc his Rites.second volume, but simply Masonry. having been the oppressions of his master. A1though Adonls. MysterIes . translated, as he says, from curiosity, investigation the oo~mentaOOrs have bee~ at a 10ss 00 determine mysteries of Adonis de Berage" connec-tion the German by . peculiarly has the attention whether the tax-recelver under David, under ofwith the preceding series first, because, Guilleman the Masonic student: degrees, and their Solomon and under Rehoboam was the same symbolism declares that the Rol!le Croix the the positively and their esoterio doctrine, ne plus ultra (2nde which they the Bunm and there seems to be rea to doubt religious object forPtie! . 118), were instituted, and Of these twelve first ten are occupied itj for, as itto says, " It appears very unlikely that the mode in whichdegrees, the attained, they bear termination, his nte. the first Temple; the that object Wth the transactions even two persons of the Bame name shd a nearer analoglcal resemblance to the Institution eleventh with ma,ttersrelating the construction bear the Bame offioe, in an age of Freemasonry than do any of the other mysterles sym initiation and the twelfthworld; and, when example ocours theIather's llame being theolism ofTemple' the anclent pEiculiar to systems Freemasonry which with that the Rose Croix their chieI All the degrees given to his son. We find, aIso( that not than secondly, becauseof every rite.looality brings them Christian b have very close from the Ancient the forty-seven years elapse IJetween the first and last into a been borrowedconnection with and early Accej>ted reputed slight Freemasonry. For meDtlon the Adoniram who was over the trib- hisOOry andRite, withorigin modifications, which have seldom improved their c:haracter. a city ute' and 8 this, although a 10ng term of serVloe, they were principally celebrated at Byblos, the is not 000 long life, and as the person who of whole, the th~~ AdonhramiteRGebal, PhoonlCia, whose Scriptural name was can scarcely be considered were the Giblites held the offioe the beginning of Rehoboam's and whose inhabitants as a 1088 to Masonry. reign had served it 10ng enough to ma.ke Gebalites,concluding, a few words may1st sad of Before who referred 00 the be Book the (Encyc. Bib. Lit.) himself odioU8 to the people, it pearshon the KinW (chap. . the a.s beingthe derives orthography 18) title. As the stone-squarers Adoniram plays an important r61e in the whole, most probable that andt esame ~Bo is employed charac1Geristic from the fact that it peculiar byKingSolomoninbuildingtheTemple. Masonic. system, especially in the high degrees, intended throughout." See Gebal and Giblim. Hence there must legend that founds theThrdDE!gree the aSBumed have evibut the time of action in which he appe&rs is dently been a very intimate connection, at Adonram, tlle so Abda and the receiver lea.st confined 00 the period occupied in the certainly wasverytrue architect the Temple, and tribute, a the frequent intercommunication, construction of the Temple. The legends and between the workmen the first Temple and the not Hiram, the widow's son, it should properly traditions which connect him with that edifice inhabitants Byblos Adonirmite Rlte, Adonisian have the the Beat of the derive their support Irom a single passage in the These been styledcircU/stances invite and not the historical us to mysterles, and the whence the worshipers Adonhiramite; and so would probabl:y" havean 1st Book of ings (. 14), where it is said that examlnation the system who gave it form, was of been rite wereGuillemain, initiation which had that called if ilisseminated over other reglons Solomon made a levy thirty thousand workmen practised at Byblos, because we may find in it country. been aequainted with the Hebrew language, for he among the Israelitesj that he sent these in somethin:s that was probably suggestive his hero would then have known that the name of of the of ten thousand a month to labor symbollc system of instruction which was was Adoniram and IlOt Adonhiram. The term Mount Lebanon, and that he placed Adoniram subsequently so Masons should really the system Adonhiramite prominent a feature over these as their superintendent. From this brief Let us first examine the myth have been ofapplied to the second school descnbedwhich the Freemasonry. statement the Adoniramite Masons have deduced Adonisiac lnitlation was founded. The this mytharticle legend dscxplB admitted he wa.s theAbil whose Adonis is, that that Hiram thetheory, 8 may be seen in the preceding article, ological was the arcbitect the Temple,Cyprus. Adonis but who that Adoniram was the architect of the Temple; of Myrrha andCinyras, King of supposed tha1; Solomon had bestowed the that while the Hiramites, assignin$ this important was possessed such surpassing beauty,preflx Adon upon him as a mark him, and adopted him office 00 Hiram Abif, still believe that Adoniram Venus became enamored honor, calling him oooupied an important part in the oonstruction asAdonmram. But Guillemain having commtted the her favorite. Subsequently Adonis, who was a blunder in died from a Rite, inflicted to a that edifice. He has been called " the f!rst of the great hunter,the name his wound continued by be repeated by his BUCCBBOrs, Venus flew Fellow Crafts"; said trwtlon to have been wild boar Mount Lebanon. and V\rouldto the perhaps her favorite, but to came too 1ate. the brother-in-Iaw of Hiram Abf, the latter having of now be coshecorrect the error. Adonlram. The and J10tice that recent of we have Ragon, however! first a descent to the infernal demanded of Solomon the hand of Adoniram's Adonis was dead. hisfew othe'Book writers, Adonram in Scripture this the 2d Samuel have venturea to take instejJ, and in their works sister marriage; and that the nuptials were regions, becanle, like Venus, at(. 24), where, the abbreviated form his the system called AdoJliramite Masonry. the honored by the kings of Israel and Tyre with a tracted by his beauty,sad notwithstanding the name Adorrnn, he is that have been "over public oelebration; and another tradition, entreaties of the house DaVd or, as Gesenius to tribute" the goddess of 10ve, she refused preservedin the Royal Master's degree informs restore him to earth. At length the prayers of the translates it, "prefect over the tribute Brvc, that he was the 6 to whom the th;ee GrandEcosdesponding Venus were listened to wlth favor by Craft--{irand Architecte, ou Compagnon -tbute master," that is to say, modem Masters had intended first to communicate that Jupiter, who reconciled the dispute between the sois. 10. Scottish Master-Ma~tre Ecossois. two goddesses, the by whose decree Proserpine knowledge which theyhad night of.thea fitting the phrase, he wasand chief receiver the ta:xes. 11. night of the Sword, reserved as East, or Clarke calls him "Chancellor Adonis shd was oompelled 00 consent thatthe Exchequer.-" reward 00 be besOOwed upon meritorious Eagle-Chevlier de ' Epee surnomme Chevlier de Seventhe story which find him exercising the This is months of each year Greek poet with craftsmen at the completlOn the Temple.It Is I!! spend years afterward we the alternately l'Orient ou Rose same his exquisite 12. night de ' Aigle. that these and many other foundedoffice the idyll entitled the Epitph Qf oaroely neoessary to Croix-Chevlier Rose Croix. herself and Venus. household Solomon, for it is say Adonis, the beginning "Adonramthe so Abda sad (1 ings . 6) that which has Adoniramic legends, often fanciful, and without was over the tnoute." And lastly, we h~ar of him any historical authority, but the outward olothing of abstruse symbols, which have still occupyng same station in the been preserved, and other 10st inthe laps6 time and the ignoranoe a.nd oorruption; of modern ritualists.

ADONIS ADOPTIONbeen thus rather inefficiently .. aone mto English quent joy thereon. And 011 theee facte are founded : the Adonisian mys1;erie whioh were establi8hed .. and the Lve dm dead deplore: The his honor. While, therefore, we may.grant the ponbility that beautiful Adonilil indeed Departed, parted from us. Sleep more purple, there ws originally 80me connec between the Cyprie! but watchet weed, wretched! beat Sabean worihip the sun and the celebration thy breast a11 The the Adonisian festivaI, we cannot forget that these Adonis isandnO.aread Loves and Lament hlm. In;ysteries, common with the other sa.cred 'Ohl her grief to hlm bleed, Smitten by white tooth whiter thigh, ' Out-breathing '; eih mitiations the anclent world, had been originally established promulgate among the initia.tes the upontain high.'" the moun hidden doctrine a future life. The myth It 18 evident that referred the contest ! Adonis in , like that Osiris in Egypt, Venus and Proserplne Adonis to a period Atys Samothrace, or DionY8us in Greece, subseq,uent to his death, m the concludinglines, presented, symbolica1ly, the two great ideas which he saY8: .. The Muses, , lament the decayand reBtoration: 80metimes flgured ! Cinyras, and invoke him their song; but darkness and light, somet:mes as winter and he does not heed them, not because he does not summer, sometimes ae death and life, but always wish, but because Proser will not relese him." maintaining, matter wbat was the framework This ws, indeed, the favorite form the myth, the allegory, the lnsepo.rable ideas BOmething and it was framed the symbolism the ancient But there are other Greclan mythologues that that was lost and afterward recovered, as mystery. tale Adonls differently. cording to relate the interpretation, and 80 teaching, does these, he was the product ! the incestuoul!! Freema.BOnry at this day, by a similar system connection Cinyrs and his daughter Myrrha. a1legorizing, that after the death the body comes Cinyras subsequently, discovering the crime th., etemallife of the soul. The inquirlng his daughter, pursued her with a drawn !!word, FreemaBOn will thus readily see the analogy the intending kill her. Myrrha entreated the gods symbolism that exists between Adonis the Adoptlon, Masonle. The bythe Lodge make her in.ible, and they changed her into a. of the Gebalites Byblos and Hiram the child a practised, myrrh tree. Ten months after the myrrh tree the Bilder inMaeon isinstitution. with peculiar his own opened, and the young Adonls wae born. This ceremonies, in some of the French and German the form the myth that hs been adopted by Lodges, and has been recently introduced, but n01; Ovid, whogives with all its moral horrors in the with the genera1 approbation the Craft) into one tentb book (298-559) his wlth theextraordinary two Lodges this country. ",, in his .... Venus, who'ws delighted etamorphoses. toire PiUoresque de Franc-Ma~onnerie (. 40, 3d beaut~ the boy, put him a coffer, unknown to ed.) , gives the fol1owng ather, appeared to the now terrified and fainttroductionofwarrantedandnumberedLodgee ing lady. He was joined by the members and it therefore a ro the existence the Lodge present: and luckily; for it -at least Lodge 8peculative Masons in serted that but for tne prompt appearance Ireland at early period. her brother, *Lord DoneraiIe, and other steady Mter her marriage Mrs. Aldwortn seetM to members, her l would have fa11en a sacrifice have kept up her connection with the Craft, to what was then esteemed her crime. The for her portrait in Masonic clothing, her apron first care his Lordshi:p was to resuscitate and jewels, are sti11 in existence, and her name the unfortunate lady Wlthout alanning the occurs among the subscribers to Dassigny's house, and endeavor to learn from her ex-Enquiry 1744; and has even been stated planation what had occurred; having done thIt she presided as Master her Lodge. , many the members being furious at the The story has been fu11y diSCUBSed by Bros. transaction, she was placed under guard Conder, Crawley, and others in the eightb the Tiler and !t member, the where she ume (1895) of the Tra1'l8ctions oj the Qttuor was found. The members reassembled and Coronti Lodge Lond01'l, to which the curideliberated as to what, under the circum-ous are referred for further infonnation. stances was to be done, and over two long (. L. .] hours ;he could hear the angry discUBBion and AlethopbIlote, Lover Trutb. her death deliberately proposed and seconded. by Thory as the Fifth Degree the Order At length tbe ~ood sense of the majority suc-MricanArchitects. (ActLatomorum,i.,292.) ceeded in calmIng, some measure, the angry AIe;ander ., Emperor Russia. Alexand irritated feelings the rest the mem-ander . succeeded a 1.-in the year 1801~ bers, when, aftermuch had been said and many and immediateIy,after his acceesion reDewect things proposed, was resolved to g her the the severe prohibitions of1lis predecessor option submitting to the Masonic ordeal to against all secret BOcieties, and especially Fr~ the extent she had witnessed, (Fe11ow Craft,) masonry. 1803, . Boeber, counselor and if she refused, the brethren were again to state and director of the military licited and obtained, he described the object school atis a mistake; her waited the first Lord St. St. Petersburg, resolved to remove, if podM, This consult. Being father, to decide, Donerailej d not and terrified when his the Institution of the doctrine prejudices of the Leger, exhausted die until 1127,by the stonni-from the mindandthe Emperor the t myedaughter D been mnied fourteen years. teries in such a way as to lead the Emperor to debate, which she could not, avoid which he had conceived against the Order.

-----------------

1Accordingly, in an audience which he had so

"

ALEXANDRIArescind the obnoxious decrees, and to add these words: "What you have told of the Institution not only induces to grant it my protection and pa.trona.geI but even to a.sk for mitia.tion into lts mysteries. Is this POBible to be obtained?" . Boeber replied: "Sire cannot myself reply to the question. But will ca.ll together the Ma.sons of your ca.pita.lIand make your Ma.jesty's desire

ALLEGORYtha.t in hiB night journey from Mecca. to Jerusa.lem, a.scending through the seven heav, he beheld above the throne God this formula; and the green standa.rd of the

~+

&JS, JJ

(Fia. 1.) (Fia. 2.) (Fia. 3.)

Prophet wa.s adorned with the mystic sentence. It knOWDi have no doubt tha.t they will be ea.ger to comply with your wiBhes." Accordingly is the first phra.se lisped by the infa.nt, a.nd the Alexander wa.s OOn after initia.ted, and the Grand devout Moslem utters the profession of the fa.ith at a.ll times, in joy, in sorrow, pra.ise, in prayer, Orient of a.ll the RuBia.s wa.s in consequence AJexanda, Scboolof. When Alexa.nder built the in ba.ttle, and with hiB departing esta.bliBhed, of which . Boeber wa.s elected city of Alexandria. in Egypt, with the intention of Gra.nd Ma.ster. (Acta Latomorum, i., 218.) making it the sea.t of hiB empire, he invited thither learned men from a.ll natlons, who brought with them their peculiar notions. The Alexandria School of Philosophy which wa.s thus esta.blished, brea.th the words are wafted to hea.ven; for among by the commingling of Orienta.lists, Jews, the peculiar virtues of these words is that they may Egyptia.ns, and Greeks, became eclectic in be spoken without any motion of the lips. The character, a.nd exhibited a. hetero~neous mixture mourners their way to the grave continue the of the opinions of the Egyptlan priests, of the strain melancholy tones. Around the supreme Jewish Rabbis of Arabic teachers, and of the name is clustei-ed the ma.sbaha,or rosa.ry, of the disciples of pla.to and P~hagora.s. From thiB ninety-nine beautiful names of God, which .rt) school we derive GnOtlcism and the Ka.bbala.t often repea.ted by the Mohammedan in his [W. . Paterson.] devotions. and, above a.ll, the system of symbolism AUeglance. Every Ma.son owes a.llegiance a.llegory which la.y at the foundation of the tothe Lodge, Chapter, or other body of which he Ma.sonic philoBophy. ancient sect, indeed is a member, and a.lso to the Grand Lod~e, Grand except perha.ps the Pytha.goreans, ha.ve the Cha.pter or other supreme authorIty from which Ma.sonic teachers been so much indebted for the tha.t body ha.s received its charter. But thiB is not substance of their doctrines, a.s well a.s the a divided a.llegiance. , for instance the edicts of a esoteric method of communica.ting themla.s to Grand and a Subordina.te ~dge conflict, there is that of the School of Alexandria. Bot Aristobulus question which to be obeyed. Supreme or and Philo the two most celebra.ted chiefs of this governing bodies in Masonry cla.im and must schooi, taught, although a century intervened AJlecory. discourse or narra.tive in which there receive a paramount a.llegiance. between their births, the same theory, tha.t the is a literal and a figurative sense, a pa.tent and a sacred writings of the Hebrews were, by their concea.led meaning; the literalor patent sense system of a.llegories1 .the true source of a.ll being intended, by ana.logy or comparison, to religious and philosophic doctrine, gentleman, AUncourt, Francols d'. French the litera.l indicate the figurative or concea.led one. Its meaningthe y.ear 1776, wa.s sent withcommon who, in of which a.lone wa.s for the Don Oyres lS' and from the Greek,8ay something dijferent, derivation &oyopelew, people, the esoteric ora. Portuguese nobleman, to tha.t , to !fa.y something where the language is de Ornella.s PraQaQ, hidden meaning bein~ kept for the initia.ted. Freemasonryisland of Madeira, onethingandthetruemea.ninga.nother,exactly prison, by the governor of the still carnes mto pra.ctise the sa.me theory. were afterwa.rd sent expreBBes the chara.cter of an alle~ory. It ha.s for bein(!: Freemasons. They been said tha.t there is essentlal ditIerence to Lsbon, and confined in a common jail for fourteen months, where they would ha.ve perished between an a.llegory and a symbol. There is not design, but there is their character. a.llegory ha.d not the Ma.sons of Lsbon supported them, through whose intercesson with Don Martinio de may be interpreted without any previous Mello they were a.t la.st relea.sed. (Smith, Use a conventiona.l agreement but a symbol cannot. AJlab. (Assyrian (Fig. . ilu; a.s teaching a restoration to Third this we is an Abuse ofFreemasonry, 1),206.)Arama.ic, ;;, Thus, the legend of tle lifel andDegree lea.rn e"lah; Hebrew, ;oi'N, llah.) The Arabic from the legend itself, witnout a.llegory, evidently to be interpreted any previous 1 name of Godderived from (Fig. 2) il4h, god and the artic ei(Fig. 3) al, expreBBing the Go by understanding. The sprig of acac. is a symbol of way of eminence. the grea.t profeBBion of the the immortality of the so. But thiB we know only Unity, which is founded the religion of Islam, because such mea.ning ha.d been conventionally both terms are used, a.s, pronounced " ilaha ill' determined when the symbol wa.s first Allah," there god but God, the rea.l mea.ning esta.blished. It is evident, then, tha.t an allegory whose meaning obCure is imperfect. The of the expreBBion being, .. There is only enigmatica.l meaning should be ea.sy of God." Mohammed relates interpretationi and henoo

ALLIANCELemrere, a French poet, h88 said: "L'allegorie habite un palais diaphane "-Alkgory lW/M in tramprent plct. Al1 the legends of FreemasoDry more or less aegcal and wha.tever truth there may be in 80me them in an histocalpoint of V6WJ it is only 88 aee;es or legendary symbols tnst they of lmportanCe. The Eng1ish lectures have therefore very properly defined FreemasoDry to be figure among The allegory W88 a. favte " a Bystem of the mora.lity veiled in aeging illustra.ted to ancients, and to theallegory and spit weby symbols." trace the construction of the entire Greek and Roman mythology. Not less did it prevail among the older Aryan nations, and its abundant use is exhibited in the religions of Brahma and Zoroaster. The Jewish Rabbis were greatly addicted to it, and carried its employment 88 Maimondes intimates (More Nevochim, 111., xliii.), sometimes to an excess. Their Midrash or system of commentaries the sa.cred book, is almost altogether allegorical. AbenEzra,alearned Rabbiofthetwelfth century, sar'!' " The Scturesare like bodies, and allegones are like the garments with which they are clothed. Some are thin like fine silk, and others are coarse and thick like sa.ckcloth." Our Lord, to whQm this ~rit of the Jewish tea.chers in da.y W88 fa.milia.r, inculcated many truths pa.rables all of which were allegories. The pnmitive Fathers of the Christian Church were thus infectedi and gen (Epi8t. d Dam.), who W88 especially addicted to the habit, te1ls us that all the Pagan p,hilo8Ophers shou1d be read in ths spirit: ' hoc fa.cere 80lemus quando philosoph08 Iegimus." Of modem AlUance, sacred. .A:i organzation twenty-one allegorizing writers, the most interesting to M880nS are Lee, the author of Temple the brethren possessing the u1timate degree of Solomon portrtyed by Script'l/,re Light, and John Scottish Rite formed i New York, September 19, Bunyan, who wrote annually Temple Spiritulized. 1872, who assemble Solomon'8 that day. One by one, in the due course time, this Assembly is to decrease until the sad dutr. will devolve some to banquet alone W1th twenty draped chairs and covers occupied by the ima.ginary presence of his fellows. It W88 instituted to commemora.te the breaking of a dead.lock in the close corporation of the Supreme Council by the mission of four very AU Masonlc Degrees. body has been formed prominent members ofthe Fra,ternity. in England called the Gra,nd Council of the Allied Masonc Deees, in order to govem various Degrees or OrOers ha,v~ autht theirown. The pnncipal degrees controlled br it those of Bt. Lawrence the Ma.rtyr nidt Constantinople, Grand Tiler of ing Solomon, I Secret MontorRed a large numl>er, I and Grand High Pest, besides Cross of Babylonperha,ps a,bout fifty, of "side degrees," of which 80me are a.ctively worked and 80me are not. AII"uaOQ. The addrese of the presiding

ALL-SEEINGotBcer a Supreme Co the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite is 80metimes 80 called. It wa.s first used by the Council for the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States, and is deved from the usage of the Roman Church, where certain addresses of the Pope to the Cardinals called allocutiOnB, and this is to be traced to the customs of Pagan Rome, where the harangues of the Generals to old manuscrpt Consti. tutions, Aowed. the their 80ldiers were called lloctdion8. ths word is found in the now unueual sense "accepted." Thus, " Every Mason the Craft that is Mason llowed, ye shall do to him 88 ye wou1d be done unto yourself." (LansdoWne ., circ 1600.) Mson llowe means sm cce]Jted~ ~hat~ pproved. Phil. lips, in hs NtO Wora words (1690), defines the verb llo1D, "togive or granti to approveof; topennitorsufi'er." Latimer,inone of sermons, uses it in ths sense approving or a.ccepting, thus: "St. Peter, in forsaking hs old boat and nets was llowed 88 much before God 88 if he had f'orsaken all the che in the world." a similar sense is the word used in the Oflice of Public Baptism of A-seetng E)'e. .An important symbol of the fants, in the Common Prayer-Book of the Church Supreme Being, borrowed by the Freemasons from EnlLland. the nations of antiqt. Both. the Hebrews and the Egyptians a>ear to have derived its use from that naturallnclination figurative minds to select an organ as the symJ)ol of the function which it is tended peculiarly to discha.rge. Thus, the foot was often adopted 88 the symbol of swiftness, the a.rm of strength, and the hand of fidelity. the same pnopl, the open eye was seIected as the symbol of watchfulness, and the eye God as the symbol Divine watchfulness and care of the unverse. The use the symbol in this is repeatedly to be found in the Hebrew Wters. Thus, the Psalmist says (Ps. xxxiv. 15): "The eres of the Lord upon the righteous, and hlS ea.rs open unto their cry," which explains a subsequent passage (Ps. cxxi. 4), in wliich it is sad: "Beh:old, he that keepeth Israel shall neither slumber nor sleep."onrBtion In the Apocrypha1 Book the

God with 08 on ount Sn, translated by theRev. W. Cureton from an Arabic MS. of the fifteenth century, and published by the Philobiblon 80ciety London, the idea of the etemal watchfulriess of God thus bea.utifully " Then Moses sad to the Lord Lord d08t thou aeged:

sleep or not? The Lord sad unto Moses, never sleep: but take a cup and fill it with water. Then Moses took a and filled it with water, 88 the Lord commanded him. Then the Lord ca.st into the hea.rt of Moses the breath of slumberi he slept, and the cup fell from hand, and the wa,ter which was therein W88 spilled. Then awoke from hs sleep. Then said God to Moses, declare by my power, and by my glory, that if were to withdraw my proVdence fron the heavene

ALL-SOULS' , ALNWICKand the erth, for Ionger a space of time'l AImoner. An oflicer eIected appointed than thou hast sIept, they would at fall to in the continental Lodges of Europe to take ruin and confusion, like as the cup fell from :charge of the contents of the alms-box, to thy hand." carry into effect the charitable resoIutions principIe, the Egyptians repre-the Lodge, and to visit sick and needy brethsented Osiris, the sameof their chief deity, by the symboI ren. physician is usually seIected in preferof an open eye, and placed this hiero-ence to any other member for this oflice. An glyphic of him a their temples. His almoner may a1so be appointed among the symbolic name, the monuments, was repre-oflicers of an English Lodge. the United sented by the eye accompanying a throne, to States the oflicer does not exist, his duties which was sometimes added an abbreviated being performed by a committee of charity. figure of the god, and sometimes what has been It s an important oflice in a bodies of the caed a hatchet, but which may as correctly Scottish Rite. be supposed to be a representation of a square. AIms-Box. may then be considered cIose of the Lodge, handed around by an 88 a symboI The All-8eeing Eye box which, toward the of God manifested in his n-appropriate oflicer for the reception of such presence-his guardian and preserving char-donations for generaI objects of charity as the acter-to which SoIomon audes the Book brethren may feeI disposcd to bestow. This of Proverbs (xv. 3) when he says: "The eyes IaudabIe custom very generally practised of the Lord are in every pIace! behoIding (or, in the I as in the Revised VerslOn, Keeping Lod