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Macmillan Professional Masters

Family Law

Macmillan Professional Masters

Law titles Law Series Editor Marise Cremona

Basic English Law W.T. Major Company Law Janet Dine Constitutional and Administrative Law John Alder Contract Law Ewan McKendrick Conveyancing Priscilla Sarton Criminal Law Marise Cremona Employment Law Debbie Lockton European Community Law Josephine Shaw Family Law Kate Standley Land Law Kate Green Landlord and Tenant Law Margaret Wilkie and Godfrey Cole Law of Trusts Patrick McLoughlin and Catherine Rendell Legal Method Ian McLeod Torts Alastair Mullis and Ken Oliphant

Business titles

Communication Nicki Stanton Company Accounts Roger Oldcorn Cost and Management Accounting Roger Hussey Data Processing John Bingham Employee Relations Chris Brewster Financial Management Geoffrey Knott Management Roger Oldcorn Marketing Robert G. I. Maxwell Marketing for the Non-Profit Sector Tim Hannagan Marketing Research John Frain Office Administration E. C. Eyre Operations Management Howard Barnett Personnel Management Margaret Attwood Study Skills Kate Williams Supervision Mike Savedra and John Hawthorn Systems Analysis John Bingham and Garth Davies

Family Law

Kate Standley

Law series editor: Marise Cremona Senior Fellow, Centre for Commercial Law Studies Queen Mary and Westfield College, University of London

!50th YEAR

M MACMILLAN

© Kate Standley 1993

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission.

No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London WIP 9HE.

Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.

First published 1993 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Copy-edited and typeset by Povey-Edmondson Okehampton and Rochdale, England

02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 10 9 8 7 6 S 4 3 2 I

ISBN 978-0-333-58529-0 ISBN 978-1-349-13082-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-13082-5

Contents

Preface

Table of Cases

Table of Statutes

Abbreviations of Major Statutes

1 Introduction

1.1 The function, scope and nature of family law 1.2 Sources of family law 1.3 The courts administering family law 1.4 Legal Aid

Summary Exercises

Part I MARRIAGE

2 Marriage and its legal consequences

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Contracting a valid marriage 2.3 The legal consequences of marriage

Summary Exercises

3 Void and voidable marriages - the law of nullity

3.1 Introduction 3.2 The void-voidable distinction 3.3 Grounds on which a marriage is void 3.4 Grounds on which a marriage may be voidable 3.5 Bars to nullity where a marriage is voidable 3.6 Consequences of nullity 3.7 Nullity and arranged marriages 3.8 Should the grounds for voidable marriages be

abolished? Summary Exercises

v

X

xi

XXI

XXXIX

1

I 3 3 5 7 7

11

11 13 20 22 22

24

24 25 25 26 30 31 31

32 33 34

vi Contents

4 Husbands and wives - rights in property 35

4.1 Introduction 35 4.2 Ownership of personal property 38 4.3 Ownership of the matrimonial home 43 4.4 Occupation of the matrimonial home 51 4.5 Order for sale of the matrimonial home under s.30 Law

of Property Act 1925 55 4.6 The matrimonial home on bankruptcy 56

Summary 57 Exercises 58

5 Financial provision for spouses during marriage 60

5.1 Introduction 60 5.2 Applications under the Domestic Proceedings and

Magistrates' Courts Act 1978 61 5.3 Applications under s.27 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 65 5.4 Private separation and maintenance agreements 65 5.5 Financial provision from the State 66


Part II DIVORCE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES

6 The development of divorce law 73 6.1 Introduction 73 6.2 Development of the substantive law 75 6.3 Development of procedure 77


7 Obtaining a divorce 80 7.1 Introduction 80 7.2 Divorce not possible within the first year of marriage 81 7.3 Procedure 82 7.4 The ground for divorce and the five facts 84 7.5 Protection for the respondent: ss.IO and 5 MCA 1973 90 7.6 Reconciliation, conciliation and mediation 92 7.7 Should divorce law be reformed? 94


Contents vii

8 Finance and property on divorce 100

8.1 Introduction 100 8.2 Making an application for ancillary relief 102 8.3 Orders 103 8.4 How the court exercises its jurisdiction to make orders 108 8.5 The matrimonial home on divorce 118 8.6 Private arrangements 121 8.7 Enforcement of orders for ancillary relief 124 8.8 Injunctions to protect matrimonial assets 125 8.9 Changes of circumstances once an order has been made 128 8.10 The impact of a new partner on financial provision and

property orders made on divorce 135 Summary 136 Exercises 137

Part III CHILDREN

9 Children- an introduction 141

9.1 The emergence of children's rights 141 9.2 The Gillick case 142 9.3 Non-marital children 144 9.4 Parents 145 9.5 Parental responsibility 150 9.6 Wardship 157 9.7 The Children Act 1989 159


10 Children and divorce 172

10.1 Introduction 172 10.2 Duty to children in divorce proceedings 173 10.3 With whom should the child live? Residence orders 175 10.4 Contact with the child 183


11 Financial provision and property orders for children 186 11.1 Introduction 186 11.2 Child support maintenance under the Child Support

Act 1991 187

viii Contents

11.3 Financial provision and property orders for children in matrimonial proceedings 193

11.4 Financial relief under the Children Act 1989 195 Summary 197 Exercises 198

12 Child abduction 199

12.1 Introduction 199 12.2 Preventing abduction 200 12.3 Legal removal of a child from the jurisdiction 202 12.4 Illegal removal: the criminal law 203 12.5 Child abduction within the UK 205 12.6 International child abduction: The Hague Convention 205 12.7 International child abduction: The European

Convention 210 12.8 International child abduction: non-Convention

countries 213 12.9 Conclusion 214


13 Children and JocaJ authorities 217 13.1 Introduction 217 13.2 Local authority support for children and families 220 13.3 Care and supervision proceedings 223 13.4 Emergency protection of children 230 13.5 Local authorities' duties to children 'looked after' by

them 235 13.6 Challenging local authority decisions about children 235


14 Adoption 240 14.1 Introduction 240 14.2 Adoption agencies 240 14.3 The welfare of the child 241 14.4 Freeing for adoption 241 14.5 An adoption order 243 14.6 Parental agreement and dispensing with agreement 244 14.7 Adoption with contact 247 14.8 Proposals for reform of adoption law 248


Contents IX

Part IV MISCELLANEOUS MA TIERS

15 Domestic Violence 253

15.1 Introduction 253 15.2 The crimina11aw 254 15.3 An action in tort 255 15.4 Injunctions 257 15.5 Injunctions ancillary to other proceedings 260 15.6 Injunctions under the Domestic Violence and

Matrimimonial Procedings Act 1976 261 15.7 Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates' Courts Act

1978 265 15.8 Matrimonial Homes Act 1983 266 15.9 Violence post-divorce and post-cohabitation 267 15.10 Should the law be reformed? 268 15.11 Homelessness and domestic violence 270


16 Death of a family member 274

16.1 Property on death of a spouse 274 16.2 The Inheritance (Provision for Family and

Dependants) Act 1975 276 Summary 281 Exercises 282

17 Cohabitation 283

17.1 Introduction 17.2 Property rights 17.3 Financial provision 17.4 Children 17.5 Protection against violence 17.6 Cohabitation contracts

Summary Exercises

Appendix: Contracting States to the European and Hague Conventions on international child abduction

Bibliography

Index

283 283 286 287 288 289 289 290

292

294

295

X

Preface

I have endeavoured in this book to provide a succinct and clear account of the major aspects of family law. Writing the book has been a difficult task because of the complexity and rapidly changing nature of the subject. A large proportion of the book is devoted to the law relating to children because of its increasing importance. In fact in some universities child law is now taught as a separate course. I would have liked the book to have been more discursive but with so much to cover this has not been possible. Some of the questions at the end of chapters may, however, stimulate further thought and discussion.

I have attempted to emphasise those areas of family law which are currently important, so that some topics (e.g. nullity, desertion as a fact for divorce) are given less attention than in other textbooks. Some topics (e.g. welfare benefits, human-assisted reproduction), although important, have been dealt with briefly, since a detailed examination is outside the scope of this book. Interjurisdictional issues have also been omitted except in the context of child abduction. I have also excluded the historical development of family law, except in the context of divorce. Students who are interested in the historical background to family law should consult Bromley and Lowe, Bromley's Family Law (1992). The other standard textbook which students can consult is Cretney and Masson, Principles of Family Law (1990). A short bibliography is included at the end of the book.

At the time of writing, although cases on the Children Act 1989 are beginning to be reported, it is still too early to estimate the success and impact of that Act, and also of the new child support provisions which are being introduced under the Child Support Act 1991.

I would like to thank my husband John for his advice and support and our children Tom and Lizzie for their tolerance while normal family life was suspended.

This book is dedicated to the memory of my dear friend Marilyn Sutton, who died in August 1992.

I have endeavoured to state the law on the basis of the materials available to me as at 31st March 1993.

KATE STANDLEY

XI

Table of Cases

A (A Minor)(Custody), Re [I99I] 2 FLR 394 I78 A and Another (Minors: Abduction), Re [199I] 2 FLR 24I 208, 2I6 A (Minors) (Abduction: Custody Rights), Re [I992] 2 WLR 536,

[I992] I All ER 929 209, 2I6 A (Minors) (Abduction: Custody Rights) (No.2), Re [I992] 3 WLR

538 216 A and W (Minors)(Residence Order: Leave to Apply), Re [I992] 2

FLR I54 I59, 161, 167, 236, 239 A v. J (Nullity Proceedings) [1989] I FLR I10 32 A v. Liverpool City Council [I982] AC 363, [198I] FLR 222 236, 239 Ackerman v. Ackerman [1972] Fam 225, [1972] 2 All ER 420 II4 AD (A Minor), Re [1993] Fam Law 43 I44, I76 Adams v. Adams [I984] FLR 768 I78 Adeoso v. Adeoso [I980] I WLR I535, [I98I] I AllER I07 262 Adoption Application AA 212/86 (Adoption: Payment), Re [I987] 2

All ER 826, [I987] 2 FLR 29I Agar-Ellis, Re (1883) 24 Ch D 3I7 Ainsbury v. Millington [I986] I AllER 73, [1986] I FLR 33I

Allington v. Allington [1985] FLR 586

243 141, 154

259, 260, 261, 267

179 American Cyanamid Co. v. Ethicon Ltd [1975] AC 396, [1975] I All

ER 504 Ansah v. Ansah [1977] Fam 138, [1977] 2 WLR 760 Argyll v. Argyll [1967] Ch 302, [1965] I All ER 611 Ash v. Ash [1972] Fam 135, [1972] I AllER 582 Atkinson v. Atkinson [1988] Ch 93, [1988] 2 FLR 353 Attar v. Attar (No. 2) [1985] FLR 653

B (A Minor)(Residence Order: ex parte), Re [1992] 2 FLR I

I27 264

21 85, 86

136 116

201 B (A Minor)(Wardship: Medical Treatment)(l981}, Re [1990] 3 All

ER 927, [I98I] I WLR 1421 155 B (A Minor)(Wardship: Sterilisation), Re [1988] AC 199, [1987] 2 All

ER 206, [I987] 2 FLR 3I4 B (Minors)( Care: Contact: Local Authority's Plans), Re [1993] I FLR

155

543 228 B v. B [I978] I All ER 821 263 B v. B (Financial Provision) [1989] I FLR 119 101, 110 B v. B (Financial Provision) [1990] I FLR 20 106 B v. B (A Minor)(Residence Order) [1992] 2 FLR 327 163 B v. B (Minors) (Custody, Care and Control) [1991] 1 FLR 402 182, 185

xii Table of Cases

B v. K (Child Abduction) [1993] Fam Law I7 Band G (Minors)(Custody), Re [I985] FLR 134 B v. France [I992] 2 FLR 249 Bailey v. Tolliday [I983] 4 FLR 542 Banik v. Banik [I973] I WLR 860, [I973] 3 All ER 45

I78, 207, 2IO I80

I5 112 92

Barder v. Barder [I988] AC 20, [1987] 2 AllER 440, [1987] 2 FLR 480 131, 132, 133, 134, 138

Barrett v. Barrett [I988] 2 FLR 5I6 Baxter v. Baxter [1948] AC 274, [1947] 2 All ER 886 Bedson v. Bedson [1965] 2 QB 666, [1965] 3 All ER 307 Bergin v. Bergin [1983] 1 WLR 279, [1983] 1 AllER 905 Biggs v. Biggs [1977] 1 All ER 20 Birch v. Birch [1992] 1 FLR 564 Bishop dec'd, Re [1965] Ch 450, [1965] 1 All ER 249

116 27 55 62 85 86 42

Bishop v. Plumley [1991] 1 AllER 236, [1991] 3 WLR 582, [1991] 1 FLR 121

Blackstock v. Blackstock [199I] 2 FLR 308 Bothe v. Amos [1976] Fam 46, [1975] 2 All ER 321 Browne v. Browne [1989] 1 FLR 291 Bryant v. Bryant (1976) 120 Sol Jo 165 ButTery v. ButTery [1988] 2 FLR 365 Bullock v. Bullock [1986] I FLR 372 Burnett v. George [1992] I FLR 525 Bums v. Bums [1984] Ch 317, [I984] I All ER 244 Butler v. Butler [1990] 1 FLR 114

C (A Minor) (Abduction), Re [1989] 1 FLR 403

278 259, 260

38 110 118

84, 86 114

256, 260 46, 112, 284

81

208 C (A Minor)(Adoption: Conditions), Re [1988] 2 WLR 474, [1988] 1

All ER 705, [1988] 2 FLR 159 C (A Minor: Care Order), Re (1992) The Times, August 18 C (A Minor)(Wardship: Surrogacy), Re [I985] FLR 846 C (Minors)(Parental Rights), Re [1992] 1 FLR 1 C (Minors)(Wardship: Jurisdiction), Re [1978] 2 All ER 230 C v. C (A Minor)(Custody: Appeal) [1991] 1 FLR 223 C v. C (Child Abuse: Access) [1988] 1 FLR 462 C v. C (Financial Provision) [1989] I FLR II C v. C (Minors)(Child Abduction) [1992] I FLR 163 C v. C (Minors: Custody) [1988] 2 FLR 29I

247 229 146 287 181

182, 185 184

116, 117 205, 206

I77 C v. S (Minor: Abduction: Illegitimate Child) [1990] 2 All ER 96I,

[1990] 2 FLR 442 201, 209 Cackett v. Cackett [1950] 1 All ER 677 27 Camm v. Camm (1982) FLR 577 I22 Campbell and Cosans, Re (1982) 4 EHRR 293 I42 Cantliff v. Jenkins [1978] 1 All ER 836 263 Carson v. Carson [1983] 1 WLR 285, [1983] 1 AllER 478 II9 Carter-Fea v. Carter-Fea [1987] Fam Law 131 87 Chadwick v. Chadwick [1985] FLR 606 120

Table of Cases xm

Chatterjee v. Chatterjee [1976] Fam 199, [1976] I All ER 719 Chaudhry v. Chaudhry [1987] I FLR 347 Chaudhuri v. Chaudhuri [1992] 2 FLR 73 Citro (A Bankrupt) and Another, Re [1991] Ch 142, [1990] 3 All ER

Ill 260 132

952, [1991] I FLR 71 56 Cleary v. Cleary [1974] I WLR 73 85 Clutton v. Clutton, [1991] I All ER 340, [1991] I FLR 242 116, 120 Cole (A Bankrupt) ex p the Trustee of the Property of the Bankrupt,

Re [1964] Ch 175, [1963] 3 AllER 433 Coleman v. Coleman [1973] Fam 10, [1972] 3 All ER 886 Coombes v. Smith [1986] I WLR 808, [1987] I FLR 352 Corbett v. Corbett [1970] 2 WLR 1306, [1970] 2 All ER 33 Cossey v. UK [1991] 2 FLR 492 Costello-Roberts v. UK [1993] The Times, March 26

39 106

51, 286 15 15

142 Council of Civil Service Unions v. Minister for the Civil Service [1985]

AC 374 Coventry dec'd, Re [1980] Ch 461

237 277

D, Re [1977] AC 617 181 D (An Infant)(Adoption: Parental Consent), Re [1977] AC 602, [1977]

2 WLR 79, [1977] I All ER 145 246 D (Child: Removal from Jurisdiction), Re [1992] I WLR 315 201 D (Minors) (Conciliation: Privilege), Re (1993) The Times, February

12. 93 D (Sterilisation), Re [1976] Fam 185, [1976] I All ER 326 155 D (A Minor) v. Berkshire County Council [1987] AC 317, [1987] I All

ER 20 225 D v. D [1979] Fam 70, [1979] 3 All ER 337 30 D v. M (Minor) (Custody Appeal) [1982] 3 WLR 891, [1983] 4 FLR

247 179 D-E v. A-G (1845) I Rob Eccl 279 26 Daubney v. Daubney [1976] Fam 267, [1976] 2 All ER 453 110 Davies v. Davies [1986] I FLR 497 106 Davis v. Johnson [1979] AC 264, [1978] I AllER 1132 54, 262, 263, 269 De Reneville v. De Reneville [1948] P 100, [1948] I AllER 56 25 Delaney v. Delaney [1990] 2 FLR 457 Ill Dennis v. McDonald [1982] 2 WLR 275, [1982] I All ER 590 55 Devon County Council v. S [1993] Fam Law 40 155 Dew v. Dew [1986] 2 FLR 341 114 Dinch v. Dinch [1987] I AllER 818, [1987] 2 FLR 162 124 Dipper v. Dipper [1981] Fam 31, [1980] I FLR 286 114 Downing v. Downing (Downing Intervening) [1976] Fam 288 194 Duxbury v. Duxbury [1987] I FLR 7 105, 113, 135 Dyer v. Dyer (1788) 2 Cox Eq Cas 92 44

E (A Minor) (Abduction), Re [1989] I FLR 135 207, 208, 210 E (A Minor) (Medical Treatment), Re [1991] 2 FLR 585 155

xiv Table of Cases

E v. E (Financial Provision) [1990] 2 FLR 233 Edgar v. Edgar [I980] I WLR I4IO, [I980] 3 AllER 887 Edmonds v. Edmonds [1990] 2 FLR 202 Emmanuel v. Emmanuel [I982] I WLR 669 Evans v. Evans [1989] 1 FLR 351 Evans v. Evans [1990] 1 FLR 319, [1990) 2 AllER 147 Evers' Trust, Re [1980] 1 WLR 1327, [1980] 3 AllER 399 Eves v. Eves [1975] 1 WLR 1338, [1975] 3 All ER 768

108 66, I22

132 128 112

101, 110, 285 55 47

F (A Minor) (Abduction: Jurisdiction), Re [1991] Faro 25, [1990] 3 All ER 97, [1991) 1 FLR 1 213, 214

F (A Minor) (Child Abduction), Re [1992] 1 FLR 548 208, 209 F (A Ward) (Leave to Remove Ward Out of the Jurisdiction), Re

[1988] 2 FLR 116 203 F (In Utero), Re [1988] Faro 122, [1988] 2 All ER 193, [1988] 2 FLR

307 158 F (Minors) (Custody: Foreign Order), Re [1989] 1 FLR 335 213 F v. F [1989] 2 FLR 451 263 Figgis dec'd, Re [1969] 1 Ch 123, [1968] 1 AllER 999 42 Fisher v. Fisher [1989] 1 FLR 423 111, 116, 117, 138 Foley v. Foley [1981] 2 AllER 857, (1981) 2 FLR 215 Ill Fuller v. Fuller [1973] 1 WLR 730, [1973] 2 AllER 650 89

G (A Minor) (Child Abduction: Enforcement), Re [1990] 2 FLR 325 212 G v. G [1991] 2 FLR 506 264 G v. G (Minors) (Custody Appeal) [I985] I WLR 647, [1985] 2 AllER

225, [1985] FLR 894 2, 118, 133, 230 G v. G (Ouster: Ex Parte Application) [1990] 1 FLR 395 264 Garcia v. Garcia [1991] 3 AllER 451, [1992] 1 FLR 256 90, 173 Gamer v. Gamer [1992] 1 FLR 573 129 Gaskin v. UK (1990) 12 EHRR 36, [1990] 1 FLR 167 237 Ghoth v. Ghoth [1992] 2 FLR 300 127 Gibson v. Austin [1993) Faro Law 20 161, 253, 261 Gillick v. West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986]

AC 112, [1985] 3 All ER 402, [1986] 1 FLR 224 141, 142, 143, 144, 152, 153, 155, 160, 162, 169, 171, 177, 219

Gissing v. Gissing [1971] AC 886, [1970] 2 AllER 780 46, 48 Godwin v. Uzoigwe [1993] Faro Law 65 256 Gojkovic v. Gojkovic [1992] Faro 40, [1990] 2 AllER 84, [1990) 1 FLR

140 105, 106, 113 Grant v. Edwards [1986] Ch 638, [1986] 2 AllER 426 47 Greasley v. Cooke [1980] 1 WLR 1306, [1980] 3 AllER 710 51 Griffiths v. Griffiths [1974] 1 WLR 1350, [1974] 1 AllER 932 106

H, Re; S (Abduction: Custody Rights), Re [1991] 2 FLR 262 206 H (Adoption: Parental Agreement), Re [1983] 4 FLR 614 246

Table of Cases xv

H (A Minor; Custody), Re [1990] I FLR 51 179 H (Infants) (Adoption: Parental Consent), Re [1977] I WLR 471,

[1977] 2 All ER 339 245 Re H (A Minor)(Parental Responsibility) [1993] I FLR 484 288 H v. Hand C (Kent County Council Intervening) [1989) 3 AllER 740 184 H v. M (Property: Beneficial Interest) [1992] I FLR 229 (also reported

as Hammond v. Mitchell) 48, 284, 285, 290 Hamlin v. Hamlin [1986] 1 FLR 61 126 Hammond v. Mitchell [1991] I WLR 1127 (also reported asH v. M) 48,

284, 285, 290 Hanlon v. Hanlon [1978] 1 WLR 592 118 Hardy v. Hardy (1981) 2 FLR 321 91, 110 Harman v. Glencross [1986] I AllER 545, [1986] 2 FLR 241 137 Harris v. Harris [1986] 1 FLR 12 259 Harrison v. Lewis [1988] 2 FLR 339 264, 268 Harvey v. Harvey [1982] Fam 83, [1982] I AllER 693, (1982) FLR 141 120 Hedges v. Hedges [1991] I FLR 196 117 Hepburn v. Hepburn [1989] I FLR 373 136 Heseltine v. Heseltine [1971] I WLR 342, [1971] I All ER 952 42 Hirani v. Hirani [1983] 4 FLR 232 28 Holliday, Re [1981] Ch 405, [1980] 3 All ER 385 56, 57 Hope-Smith v. Hope-Smith [1989] 2 FLR 56 131, 132, 134 Horner v. Horner (1983) 4 FLR 50 263 Horton v. Horton [1947] 2 All ER 871 27 Hyde v. Hyde (1866) LR 1 P & D 130 11

J (Abduction), Re [1990] 1 FLR 276 206 J (A Minor), Re (1992) The Times, May 14 162, 177 J (A Minor)(Wardship: Medical Treatment), Re [1990] 3 AllER 930,

[1991] 2 WLR 140, [1991] I FLR 366 155 J v. C [1970] AC 668, [1969] I AllER 788 148, 163, 179 J v. J (A Minor)(Joint Care and Control) [1991] 2 FLR 385 176 J(HD) v. J(AM) (Financial Provision: Variation) [1980] I WLR 124,

[1980] 1 All ER 156 Jane v. Jane (1983) 4 FLR 712 Janvier v. Sweeney [1919] KB 316 Jelley v. Iliffe [1981] Fam 128, [1981] 2 AllER 29 Jessop v. Jessop [1992] I FLR 591 Johnson v. Walton [1990] 1 FLR 350 Jones v. Challenger [1961] I QB 176, [1960] I AllER 785 Jones (M) v. Jones (W) [1976] Fam 8, [1975] 2 WLR 606 Jones v. Maynard [1951] Ch 572, [1951] 1 AllER 802

112 181 256

276, 277 281 263

55 112 42

K (A Minor) (Abduction), Re [1990] I FLR 387 212 K (Minors) (Wardship: Care and Control), Re [1977] Fam 179, [I 977]

I AllER 647 177, 180 K v. K (Conduct) [1990] 2 FLR 225 110, 112

xvi Table of Cases

K v. K (Minors: Property Transfer) [1992] 2 FLR 220 196 Kalsi v. Kalsi [1992] I FLR 511 266 Katz v. Katz [1972] 1 WLR 955, [1972] 3 All ER 219 87 Kaur v. Gill [1988] Fam 110, [1988] 2 AllER 288 52, 53 Kaur v. Singh [1972] I WLR 105, [1972] 1 AllER 292 27, 32 KD (A Minor), Re [1988] AC 806, [1988] 1 AllER 577, [1988] 2 FLR

139 154 Khorasandjian v. Bush (1993) The Times, February 8 256 Kiely v. Kiely [1988] 1 FLR 248 106 Knibb v. Knibb [1987] 2 FLR 396 120 Kokosinski v. Kokosinski [1980] Fam 72, [1980] I AllER 1106, (1980)

2 FLR 205 111 Krystman v. Krystman [1973] I WLR 927, [1973] 3 AllER 247 111

L (A Minor) (Adoption: Parental Agreement), Re [1987] I FLR 400 245 L (Minors) (Wardship: Jurisdiction), Re [1974] I All ER 913 213 L v. L (Child Abuse: Access) [1989] 2 FLR 16 184 Leadbetter v. Leadbetter [1985) FLR 789 111, 113 Lee v. Lee (1973) 117 SJ 616 92 Lee v. Lee [1984] FLR 243 259 Le Marchant v. Le Marchant [1977] I WLR 559, [1977] 3 AllER 610 91 Lewis v. Lewis [1978] I AllER 729 265 Lewis v. Lewis (1991) The Times, May I 267 Livesey (formerly Jenkins) v. Jenkins [1985] AC 424, [1985] I All ER

106, [1985] FLR 813 123, 133, 134, 135 Livingstone-Stallard v. Livingstone-Stallard [1974] Fam 47, [1974] 2

AllER 766 86 Lloyds Bank plc v. Rosset [1990] 2 WLR 867, [1990] 2 FLR 155 43, 45,

46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 284, 285 Lonslow v. Hennig (formerly Lonslow) [1986] 2 FLR 378 203 Lucas v. Lucas [1992] 2 FLR 53 267

M (Minors) (Access), Re [1992] Fam Law 152 184 M v. C (Minors) (Residence Order: Ex Parte) [1993] Fam Law 41 201 M v. M [1956] 3 AllER 769 27 M v. M [1973] 2 AllER 81 154, 183 M v. M [1988] I FLR 225 261 M v. M (Financial Provision) [1987] 2 FLR I 116 M v. M (Minors) (Removal from the Jurisdiction) [1992] 2 FLR 303 203 M v. M (Ouster: Children Act) [1992] Fam Law 504 267 MH v. MH (1982) 3 FLR 429 135 MT v. MT (Financial Provision: Lump Sum) [1992] I FLR 362 106, 110 McCartney v. McCartney [1981] Fam 59, [1981] 1 AllER 597, (1980)

FLR 403 266 McGrath (Infants), Re [1893] I Ch 143 177 Macey v. Macey (1982) FLR 7 110

Table of Cases xvii

Maharaj v. Chand [1986] AC 898, [I986] 3 AllER 107 Marshal v. Crutwell (1875) LR 20 Eq 328 Martin v. Martin [1976] 2 WLR 901, [I976] 3 AllER 625 Martin v. Martin [I978] Fam I2 Mathias v. Mathias [1972] Fam 287, [1972] 3 AllER I May v. May [I986] I FLR 325 Mehta v. Mehta [I945) 2 AllER 690 Mesher v. Mesher [I980] 1 AllER I26 Michael v. Michael [1986] 2 FLR 389 Midland Bank plc v. Dobson and Dobson [I986] 1 FLR I7I Milne v. Milne (198I) 2 FLR 286

50, 286 41

112 120 9I

178 29

118 106, 110

48 113

Minton v. Minton [1979] AC 593, [1979] 2 WLR 31, [1979] 1 AllER 79 94, 114, 121

Moody (deceased), Re [1992] 2 All ER 524 279 Mossop v. Mossop [1989] Fam 77, [1988] 2 WLR 1255, [1988] 2 All

ER 202, [1988] 2 FLR 173 12, 102 Mouncer v. Mouncer [1972] 1 WLR 321, [1972] 1 AllER 289 89

National Provincial Bank Ltd v. Ainsworth [1965] AC 1175, [1965] 2 AllER 472 53

0 (A Minor) (Care Order: Education: Procedure), Re [1992] 2 FLR 7 224, 225

0 (A Minor) (Medical Treatment), Re (1993) The Times, March 19 159 O'Neill v. O'Neill [1975] 1 WLR 1118, [1975] 3 All ER 289 86

P, Re [I964] 3 All ER 977 208 P (Minors)(Wardship: Surrogacy), Re [1987] 2 FLR 421 147 P v. P (Minors) (Child Abduction) [1992] 1 FLR 155 208 Park, Re [1953] 3 WLR 1012, [1953] 2 AllER 1411 29 Pascoe v. Turner [1979] 1 WLR 431 50 Patel v. Patel [1988] 2 FLR I79 256, 260 Paul v. Constance [1977] 1 WLR 527, [1977] I All ER 195 39, 41 Pettitt v. Pettitt [1970] AC 777, [1969] 2 AllER 385 37, 40, 46, 48, 49 Pidduck v. Molloy [1992] 2 FLR 202 267 Popat v. Popat [1991] 2 FLR 163 120, 130 Potter v. Potter [1990] 2 FLR 27 118, 124, 130 Practice Direction [1986] 2 FLR 171 94 Practice Direction [1988] 2 All ER 103 128 Practice Direction [1990] I WLR 575 101 Practice Note [1978] 2 AllER 919 257 Practice Note [1978] 2 All ER I 056 264 Practice Note [1981] 1 All ER 224 264 Practice Note (Matrimonial Causes Injunction) [1978] I WLR 925 264 Practice Note: Official Solicitor: Sterilization [1990] 2 FLR 530 155

Quinn v. Quinn (1983) 4 FLR 394 261

xviii Table of Cases

R (Adoption), Re [1967] I WLR 34 R (A Minor) (Abduction), Re [1992] 1 FLR 105 R (A Minor) (Child Abuse: Access), Re [1988] I FLR 206 R (A Minor) (Wardship: Medical Treatment), Re [1992] Fam II,

[1991] 4 AllER 177 R (Minors) (Wardship: Jurisdiction), Re (1981) 2 FLR 416 R v. D [1984] AC 778, [1984] 2 AllER 449 R v. Ealing London Borough ex parte Sidhu [1982] 3 FLR 438

245 210, 216

184

143 213

141, 204 270

R v. Harrow London Borough Council ex p D [1990] Fam 133, [1990] 3 AllER 12, [1990] 1 FLR 79 237

R v. Kowalski [1988] 1 FLR 447 21, 255 R v. Lancashire County Council ex p M [1992] 1 FLR 109 237 R v. London Borough of Lambeth ex p Vagliviello (1990) 22 HLR 392 270 R v. Norfolk County Council ex p M [1989] QB 619, [1989] 2 AllER

359, [1989] 2 FLR 120 237 R v. Nottinghamshire County Court ex parte Byers [1985] 1 WLR

403, [1985] FLR 695 78 R v. Oldham Metropolitan Borough Council exp B (1993) The Times,

March 19 271 R v. R [1952] 1 All ER 1194 27 R v. R [1991] 4 AllER 481 21, 255 R v. Registrar General ex p Segerdal [1970] 2 QB 697, [1970] I All

ER 1 19 R v. Wandsworth LB ex parte Nimako-Boateng [1984] FLR 192 271 R v. S [1988] 2 FLR 339 268 R v. Tan [1983] QB 1053 15 Rawlings v. Rawlings [1964] 2 AllER 804 55 Rees Case, The [1987] 2 FLR 111 15 Richards v. Richards [1972] 1 WLR 1073, [1972] 3 AllER 695 84, 87 Richards v. Richards [1984] AC 174, [1984] FLR 11 52, 161, 258, 259,

261, 266, 267, 268 Riley v. Riley [1986] 2 FLR 429 Risch v. McFee [1991] I FLR 105

176, 179 49

Roberts v. Roberts [1986] 1 WLR 437, [1986] 2 AllER 483, [1986] 2 FLR 152 106, 110

Roche v. Roche [1981] Fam Law 243 127 Rooker v. Rooker [1988] 1 FLR 219 132

S (A Minor) (Abduction), Re [1991] 2 FLR 1 S (A Minor) (Custody), Re [1991] 2 FLR 388 Sand R (Minors) (Care Order), Re [1993] Fam Law 43 S v. S [1987] 1 FLR 71 S v. S (Child Abduction: Child's Views) [1992] 2 FLR 492 S v. S (Custody of Children) [1980] 1 FLR 143 S v. S (otherwise C) [1954] 3 AllER 736 Samson v. Samson [1982] I WLR 252, [1982] I All ER 780 Sandford v. Sandford [1986] I FLR 412

208 177 225

129, 135 210, 216

181 27

13, 39 106

Table of Cases xix

Santos v. Santos [1972] Fam 247, [1972] 2 AllER 246 89 Schuller v. Schuller [1990] 2 FLR 193 110 Scott v. Scott [1992] I FLR 529 259 Sekhon v. Alissa [1989] 2 FLR 94 45 Shaw v. Fitzgerald [1992] I FLR 357 12 Shelley v. Westbroke (1817) Jac 266n 180 Sherry v. Sherry [1991] I FLR 307 127 Shipman v. Shipman [1991] I FLR 250 126, 127 Shipp v. Shipp [1988] 1 FLR 345 259, 263 Singh v. Kaur (1981) 11 Fam Law 152 28 Singh v. Singh [1971] 2 WLR 963, [1971] 2 AllER 828 27, 28 Smith v. Smith (Smith and Others Intervening) [1992] Fam 69, [1991] 2

FLR 432, [1991] 2 AllER 306 133 Spencer v. Camacho (1983) 4 FLR 662 263 Springette v. Defoe [1992] 2 FLR 388 45 Summers v. Summers [1986] 1 FLR 343 259 Suter v. Suter and Jones [1987] Fam 111, [1987] 2 FLR 232, [1987] 2

AllER 336 109, 116, 135 Szechter v. Szechter [1970] 3 All ER 905 28

T (Divorce: Interim Maintenance: Discovery), Re [1990] I FLR I 104 T v. T (1974) 4 Fam Law 190 181 T v. T (Ouster Order) [1987] I FLR 181 258 Tanner v. Tanner [1975] I WLR 1346 44, 286 Thomas v. Fuller-Brown [1988] I FLR 237 49, 285 Thompson v. Thompson [1986] Fam 38, [1985] FLR 863 119, 120, 130 Thompson v. Thompson [1991] 2 FLR 530 132, 138 Thurley v. Smith [1984] FLR 875 271 Thurlow v. Thurlow [1975] 3 WLR 161, [1975] 2 All ER 979 87 Tuck v. Nicholls [1989] I FLR 283, 262, 263, 268 Turton v. Turton [1988] Ch 542, [1987] 2 All ER 641 50 Twiname v. Twiname [1992] I FLR 29 102, 106 Tyler v. Tyler [1989] 2 FLR 158 203

Valier v. Valier (1925) 133 LT 830 29 Vervaeke v. Smith [1983] AC 145, [1982] 2 AllER 144 28 Vicary v. Vicary [1992] 2 FLR 271 105, 112, 134 W (Adoption: Parental Agreement), Re; Re H [1983] 4 FLR 614 246 W (A Minor) (Medical Treatment: Court's Jurisdiction), Re [1992] 3

WLR 758, [1993] I FLR 1, [1992] 4 All ER 627 144, 158, 159 W (A Minor) (Residence Order), Re [1992] 2 FLR 332 178 W (An Infant), Re [1971] AC 682, [1971] 2 WLR 1011, [1971] 2 AllER

49 W v. W [1968] 3 AllER 408 Wachtel v. Wachtel [1973] Fam 72, [1973] I All ER 829 Wagstaff v. Wagstaff [1992] I FLR 333 Waterman v. Waterman [1989] I FLR 380

246 180

112, II4 IIO 117

xx Table of Cases

Wells v. Wells [1992] 2 FLR 66 133 West v. West [1978] Fam 1, [1977] 2 All ER 705 112 W. Glamorgan CC v. P (No 1) [1992] 2 FLR 369 229 White v. White [1948] 2 All ER 151 27 Whiting v. Whiting [1988] 1 WLR 565, [1988] 2 AllER 275, [1988] 2

FLR 189 116, 117, 118, 138, 280 Whitlock v. Whitlock [1989] 1 FLR 208 263 Widdowson v. Widdowson (1983) FLR 121 266 Wilde v. Wilde [1982] 2 FLR 83 261, 267 Wilkinson v. Downton [1897] 2 QB 57 256, 260 Williams & Glyn's Bank Ltd v. Boland [1981] AC 487, [1980] 2 AllER

408 43 Williams v. Johns [1988] 2 FLR 475 277 Wiseman v. Simpson [1988] 1 WLR 35, [1988] 1 AllER 245, [1988] I

FLR 490 259, 263 Wroth v. Tyler [1974] Ch 30, [1973] 1 All ER 897 53

Table of Statutes

Administration of Estates Act 1925 s.47A

Administration of Justice Act 1970 s.36

Adoption Act 1976 s.1 s.6 s.7 s.l1 s.l2(1) s.l2(2) s.l2(3) s.l2(4) s.12(5) s.l2(6) s.l2(7) s.l3(1) s.l3(2) s.l3(3) s.14(1) s.14(1A) s.14(1B) s.15 s.l5(1) s.16 s.16(1) s.16(2) s.l8 s.18(1) s.18(1)(b) s.18(2)(a) s.18(4) s.18(5) s.18(6) s.l8(7) s.l9(2) s.20(1) s.20(3) s.20(3)(a) s.24(l)

xxi

145, 275, 281 275 157 54

151, 156, 166, 240, 248,249 241

241, 243, 249 241 240

243, 244 242

242, 244 242, 244

243 243, 247

243 244 244

243, 244 244 244 244 244 244 244 245

242, 245 249

241, 245 241 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 242 243 244

xxii Table of Statutes

s.24(2) s.25(1) s.51(1) s.5l(A) s.57 s.61 s.72 s.72(1)

British Nationality Act 1981 s.47

Child Abduction Act 1984 s.1 s.1(2)(a) s.1(2)(b) s.l(2)(c) s.l(4) s.1(5) s.1(6) s.2 s.2(1) s.2(3)(a) s.2(3)(b) s.5

Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985 Part I Part II s.4 s.15(2) s.15(2)(a) s.l5(2)(b) s.16 s.16(4)

243 243 248 248 243 245

245, 288 243

145, 148 145

141, 151, 199, 202, 203 203, 204, 205

204 204 204 204 204 204

203, 204 204 204 204 205

199, 215 205 210 206 210 210 210 210 211

Sched.1 (The Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction 205, 215, 216

Art.l 205 Art.3 Art.3(a) Art.4 Art.5(a) Art.12 Art.l3 Art.l3(a) Art.13(b) Art.l9

206, 209 206 205 206

207, 208 207, 208, 209, 214

209 208 208

Table of Statutes xxm

Sched.2 (The European Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions Concerning Custody of Children and on the Restoration of Custody of Children) 210, 215, 216

Art.l{c) 210 Art.1(d) 210 Art.4 210 Art.8 211 Art.9 210, 211 Art.9(1)(a) 213 Art.9(1)(b) 213 Art.9(3) 211 Art.IO 210, 211, 212 Art.l 0(1 )(a) 213 Art.IO{l)(b) 212, 213 Art.11 211 Art.l2 210 Art.l5{1) 212

Child Care Act 1980 218, 222 Child Support Act 1991 61, 66, 100, 101, 103, 104, 129, 136, 145, 146,

s.1(1) s.1(2) s.1(3) s.2 s.3(1) s.3(2) s.3(3) s.4(1) s.4(2) s.6 s.6(2) s.6(3) s.6(6) s.8 s.8(6) s.8(8) s.9 s.9(4) s.27 s.29 s.31 s.33 s.35 s.36 s.40 s.46 s.54

148, 172, 185, 186, 187, 188, 197, 198, 287 198 190 190 190 189 189 189 189 190 190 190 190 190

188, 191 192 192 188 66

188 191 191 192 192 192 192 190 189

xxiv Table of Statutes

L~ 1~

s.55(1) 192 s.55(2) 189 Sched.l 190

Children Act 1989 3, 4, 64, 80, 83, 93, 97, 142, 143, 144, 147, 148, 153, 157, 159, 160, 161, 170, 171, 172, 173, 181, 186, 192, 195, 198, 199, 206, 216, 217, 218, 238, 239, 242, 244, 248, 249, 253, 257, 258, 260, 267, 271,

Part I Part II Part III Part IV Part V s.1 s.l(l) s.1(2) s.1(3)

272, 288 161, 167, 260

161, 167, 204, 260 153, 217' 220, 222, 223, 228, 237' 238

161, 162, 167, 170, 217, 222, 223, 238, 260, 288 161, 162, 167, 217, 223, 230, 231, 238, 288

150, 170, 202, 223, 224, 227, 228, 236, 238, 261, 268 142, 152, 158, 161, 164, 175, 176, 184, 185, 219, 224, 231, 238

163, 164, 174, 175, 185, 219, 224, 226, 231, 248, 288 3, 150, 162, 164, 170, 175, 176, 177, 183, 184, 185, 219, 224,

231, 288 s.1(3)(a) 142, 162, 180 s.1(3)(d) 180 s.1(4) 202, 288 s 1(4)(a) 162, 164 s.l(4)(b) 162 s.1(5) 149, 160, 162, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 183, 184, 185, 206, 219,

s.2 s.2(1) s.2(2) s.2(5) s.2(6) s.2(7) s.2(8) s.2(9) s.2(10) s.2(11) s.3 s.3(1) 8.4 8.4(1) 8.4(3) 8.4(4) 8.5 8.5(1) 8.5(2) 8.5(3) 8.5(4) 8.5(5)

224, 231' 248, 288 169

151, 165, 287 151 151 151 151 151 152 152 152 169

152, 153 145, 149, 151, 165, 167, 168, 201, 287, 290

287 288 288

148, 168, 169, 245, 288 150 150 149 149 149

Table of Statutes xxv

s.5(6) 148, 149 s.5(7) 149 s.5(8) 149 s.5(9) 149 s.5(10) 149 s.5(11) 148 s.5(12) 148 s.6 148, 150, 169 s.6(1) 150 s.6(2) 150 s.6(3) 150 s.6(4) 150 s.6(5) 150 s.6(7) 150 s.8 64, 142, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162,

163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 169, 170, 172, 174, 175, 176, 183, 184, 185, 189, 195, 200, 201, 202, 204, 205, 215, 223, 224, 225, 226, 231, 232, 234, 236,

s.8(1) s.8(3) s.8(3)(a) s.8(4) s.9 s.9(1) s.9(2) s.9(5) s.lO s.10(1) s.l0(2) s.10(4) s.l0(5) s.10(8) s.l0(9) s.1 0(9)( d)(i) s.ll s.11(4) s.ll(5) s.ll(6) s.ll(7) s.12(1) s.12(2) s.12(3) s.l3 s.13(1) s.l3(1)(a) s.l3(2) s.15

240, 243, 248, 260, 288 175, 183, 184

164, 166, 182, 223 157, 158 150, 231

165 159, 164, 167 159, 164, 167

166 164, 174, 236

166 166 167 167

142, 156, 167 167 236 163

165, 175, 179, 183 176 184 267

165, 201, 227, 288 164 165

153, 215 151, 165, 176, 202

156 151, 165

145, 167, 168, 195, 197, 287

xxvi Table of Statutes

s.16 s.16(1) s.l6(2) s.16(3) s.16(5) s.16(6) s.16(7) s.17(1) s.17(2) s.17(3) s.17(5) s.17(6) s.17(7) s.17(8) s.17(10) s.17(11) s.l8(1) s.18(2) s.18(4) s.18(5) s.18(6) s.20 s.20(1) s.20(3) s.20{6) s.20(7) s.20(8) s.21 s.22 s.22(1) s.22(3) s.22(4) s.22(5) s.22(5)(c) s.23 s.23(2) s.23(3) s.23(6) s.23(7) s.24 s.24(1) s.25 s.26 s.27 s.28 s.29 s.30

167, 169, 181, 183, 184 169 169 169 169 169 169 220 220 220 221 221 221 221 220 220 221 221 221 221 221 221

221, 222 222

222, 223 222 222 221 221 235

235, 236 235 235 240

221, 223 222 222 235 235

221, 223 235

221, 223 223, 237

223 223 223 223

s.31 s.31(1)(b) s.31(2) s.31 (2)(b )(i) s.31(3) s.31(4) s.31(9) s.31(10) s.32 s.32(2)(b )(i) s.33(1) s.33(3) s.33(4) s.33(5) s.33(6) s.33(7) s.33(8)(a) s.33(9)

Table of Statutes xxvii

167, 168, 225, 238 226

224, 225, 228 224, 225

223 229

223, 225 225 163

224,225 225

225, 229 225 226 225

202, 226 226 226

s.34 s.34(1) s.34(2) s.34(3) s.34(4) s.34(5) s.34(6) s.34(7) s.34(9) s.34(10) s.34(11) s.35(1)(a) s.35(1)(b) s.35(1)(c) s.36

152, 153, 165, 167, 168, 183, 225, 228, 229, 232, 234, 236, 238 228 228 228

s.37 s.37(1) s.38(1) s.38(2) s.38(3) s.38(4) s.38(5) s.38(6) s.38(7) s.39 s.39(1) s.39(2) s.39(3) s.39(4)

228, 229 228 229 228 229 228 228 226 226 226

154, 168 158, 169, 183, 223, 233

169, 226, 233 226 227

225, 227 227 227 227 227 227 227 228 228 228

xxviii Table of Statutes

s.39(5) s.41(1) s.41(2)(b) s.42 s.43 s.43(1) s.43(4) s.43(5) s.43(6) s.43(7) s.43(8) s.43(9) s.43(10) s.43(ll) s.43(12) s.44 s.44(1)(a) s.44(1)(b) s.44(1)(c) s.44(4)(a) s.44(4)(b) s.44(4)(c) s.44(5) s.44(6) s.44(7) s.44(9) s.44(10) s.44(11) s.44(12) s.44(13) s.44(15) s.45 s.45(9) s.45(10) s.46 s.46(1) s.46(3)(e) s.46(5) s.46(6) s.46(7) s.46(9)(b) s.46(10) s.47 s.47(1) s.47(1)(b) s.47(2) s.61(3)(c)

228 230 230 230

168, 231, 238 231 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232 232

168, 232, 238 232 233 233 233 233 233 234 233 233 233 234 234 234 234 233 233 234 234

234, 238 234 234 233 235 235 235 235

223, 232 231 233 231 240

s.84 s.91 s.91(1) s.91(2) s.91(4) s.91(15) s.91(17) s.100(2) s.100(2)(a) s.100(2)(c) s.100(3) s.100(4) s.l05 Sched.1 Sched.1 para.l Sched.l para.1(5) Sched.1 para.1(6) Sched.l para.l (7) Sched.l para.2 Sched.l para.2(2) Sched.1 para.2(3) Sched.l para.2(4) Sched.1 para.2(8) Sched.l para.4(1) Sched.l para.4(2) Sched.1 para.l6 Sched.1 para.16(2) Sched.2 Part I Sched.2 para.19 Sched.3 Part I Sched.3 Part II Sched.l2 para.5 Sched.l2 para 31 Sched.l3 para 43(b)

Children and Young Persons Act 1933 s.1

Children and Young Persons Act 1969 County Courts Act 1984

s.38

Table of Statutes xxix

236 226

164, 227, 236 227 236 227 229 166 158

158, 236 158, 159

159 195

145, 158, 167, 168, 195, 197, 287 195 196 195 195

195, 196 195 195 195 196 196 196 195 195 220 226 226 226

14 173 62

253 247

160, 218, 219

126, 254, 256, 257, 260, 267

Divorce Reform Act 1969 75, 77, 78, 79, 88, 89 Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates' Courts Act 1978 4, 31, 60, 61,

68,166,186,193,195,197,253,254,256,257,258,260,262,267,271,288 Part I 61 s.1 62, 65 s.2 61, 62, 63 L3 6~~

xxx Table of Statutes

s.3(1) 62, 194 s.3(2) 62,63 L3m ~ s.3(4) 62, 63 s.4(1) 63 s.4(2) 63 L5 M s.5(1) 62, 194 s.5(3) 62, 194 s.6 61, 63 L~1)00 ~ s.~1)(b) 63 s.7 61, 63, 64 s.8 64, 194 s.16 265 s.16(2) 265 s.16(3) 266 s.16(6) 266 L17 265 s.17(4) 266 L18 265 s.18(1) 266 s.l9 61 s.19(5)(b) 64 s.19(6)(b) 64 LW M s.22 61 s.25(1) 64 s.25(2) 64 s.25(3) 64 s.32(1) 64 s.88(1) 62, 193

Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1976 4, 166, 229, 253, 254, 256, 257, 258, 260, 261, 262, 263, 265, 266, 267, 271, 288

s.l s.l(l) s.l(l)(a) s.l(l)(b) s.l (1 )(c) s.l(l)(d) s.1(2) s.2(1) s.2(3) s.18

Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973 s.5(1) s.5(2)

256, 261, 262, 263, 269 262 262 262 263 2M

262, 288 264 265 265

82 82

Table of Statutes xxxi

Education Act 1944 s.35 154 s.36 154 s.39 154 s.40 154 s.M 1~

Education Act 1980 s.6 154 s.7 154

Education (No 2) Act 1986 142 Education Reform Act 1988 154

s.7 154

Family Law Act 1986 s.30 s.31 s.33 s.33(1) s.34 s.35 s.37

Family Law Reform Act 1969 s.8

Family Law Reform Act 1987 Part I s.1 s.4 s.18 s.19 s.20 s.21 s.27 s.28

Guardianship of Minors Act 1971 Guardianship Act 1973

Housing Act 1985 Part III s.58 s.58(4) s.59

Housing Act 1988 Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990

s.30 s.30(1)

199, 201, 205, 215 205 205 205 200 205 205

201, 205

155, 159, 171 145 145 145 287 145 145 145 145 146

31, 145

160, 260 160

272, 286 254, 270

270 270 270

55 146, 169

147 147

xxxii Table of Statutes

Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 31, 35, 57,

s.l(l) s.l(l)(e) s.l(2)(a) s.l(2)(b) s.l(3) s.2 s.2(1) s.3 s.4 s.5 s.6 s.9 s.9(1) s.IO s.11 s.l4(1) s.14(2) s.15 s.l5(1) s.l6 s.l7 s.I9(1) s.25(1) s.25(4) s.25(5)

Insolvency Act 1985 Insolvency Act 1986

s.336(3) s.336(4) s.336(5)

Judicature Acts 1873-1875

Land Registration Act 1925 s.70(1)(g)

Law of Property Act 1925 s.30 s.34 s.36 s.52 s.53(1)(a) s.53(1)(b) s.53(2)

274,275,276,282,286,290 276

277' 278, 280 278 278 277

115, 278 278 279 276 279 279 281 281 281 281 276 276

117, 280 115 281 281 279 277 276 276

59 56, 58, 59

56 56 56

157

43,46

37, 38, 55, 56, 57, 58, 102, 285 55 55

43, 58 44 44

44,58 Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989

s.2 44,58

Table of Statutes xxxm

Law Reform (Husband and Wife) Act I962 s.I

Law Reform (Married Women and Tortfeasors) Act I935 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act I970

256 2I 2I

s.l s.2 s.2(1) s.2(2) s.3 s.3(1) s.3(2)

Legitimacy Act I976 s.I s.I(I) s.2 s.3

Magistrates' Courts Act I980 s.75

Maintenance Enforcement Act I99I Marriage Act I949

Part II s.2 s.3 s.3(I)(a) s.3(I)(b) s.3(6) s.26(l)(d) s.27(I) s.28 s.3I s.32 s.4I s.43 s.44 s.46 s.47

Marriage Act I983 Marriage Acts I949 to I986 Marriage (Prohibited Degrees of Relationship) Act I986 Marriage (Registrar General's Licence) Act I970 Married Women's Property Act I882

II, I2, 22 II, 22

11, I2, 22 II, 22, 38

II, 22 11, I2, 22 II, 13,22

I45 I45 3I

I45 I45

6I 64, I25, 137, I98

I4, I6, I9, 22 I8 14

14, I56 14 14 I4 I9 I7 I7 I7 17 I9 I9 I9 I7 19 I7

26, 33 14 17

s.I 36 LI7 4, I2, 37, 38, 39, 48, 57, IOI, 284, 285

Married Women's Property Act I964 36, 38, 284 s.l 41, 51, 57

Matrimonial Causes Act 1857 75, 78

xxxiv Table of Statutes

Matrimonial Causes Act 1923 75, 78 Matrimonial Causes Act 1937 76, 78, 81 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 24, 58, 77, 79, 80, 102, 166, 193

Part II 12, 24, 25, 31, 33, 35, 73, 74, 80, 90, 100, 101, 102, 136, 137,

s.1(1) s.1(2) s.1(2)(a) s.1(2)(b) s.1(2)(c) s.1(2)(d) s.1(2)(e) s.1(4) s.1(5) s.2 s.2(1) s.2(3) s.2(5) s.2(6) s.2(7) s.3 s.3(1) s.3(2) s.4 s.5 s.5(3) s.6(1) s.IO s.10(1) s.10(2) s.10(3) s.l0(4) s.ll s.ll(a)(i) s.ll(a)(ii) s.ll(b) s.ll(c) s.l2 s.12(a) s.12(b) s.12(c) s.l3 s.13(2) s.l3(3) s.13(4) s.16 s.17

161, 172, 186, 193, 195, 197, 278 80, 84, 98

74, 80, 84, 98 84,

27, 62, 85 88

88, 89, 90 90, 91

84 24 92 85 87

88, 89, 90 89 88

24, 33, 80 81, 98

81 74

80, 90, 91, 92, 98 91 92

80, 89, 90, 91, 173 88

90,98 90, 91, 98

90,98 13, 22, 24, 25, 33, 156

14 14 14 15

24, 25, 26, 30, 33 26,27

27 27, 28, 29

30, 33 30 30 30

25, 31 73,78

Table of Statutes xxxv

s.18 78 s.18(1) 74 s.18(2) 74 s.19 15, 73, 78 s.22 31, 60, 103, 126, 136 s.23 31, 91, 96, 103, 104, 126, 129, 134, 136, 276 s.23(1) 102 s.23(l){c) 105, 106 s2~1~ 1~1M s.23(3)(a) 105 s.23(3)(b) 105 s.23(3)(c) 105 s.23(4) 106 s.23(6) 105 s.24 31, 38, 91, 96, 103, 106, 121, 126, 134, 136, 276 s.24(1)(a) 107 s.24(1)(b) 107, 118 s.24(1)(c) 107 s.24(1){d) 107 s.2<'A 31, 103, 108, 120, 121, 124, 136 s.24A(1) 129 s.24A(2)(a) 108 s.24A(2)(b) 108 s.24A(3) 108 s.24A(4) 108 s.24A(6) 108 s.25 3, 65, 100, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 113, 114, 116, 124,

s.25(1) s.25(2) s.25(2)(a) s.25(2)(b) s.25(2)(c) s.25(2)(d) s.25(2)(e) s.25(2)(f) s.25(2)(g) s.25(2)(h) s.25(3) s.25(4) s.25A s.25A(1) s.25A(2) s.25A(3) s.27 s.27(1)(a) s.27(1)(b)

129, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137 109, 110, 116, 172, 194, 268

109 107, 110, 116, 135 109, Ill, 116, 135

Ill Ill 112

109, 112 112, 113, 136

113 109 109

100,105,109,114,115,116,117,124,136 104, 107, 114

115 115

60, 65, 68, 126, 129, 193 65 65

xxxvi Table of Statutes

s.28(1) s.28(1A) s.28(3) s.29(1) s.29(3) s.31

104,136 115, 129 38, 102

104, 194 104, 109, 194

100, 106, 108, 115, 116, 119, 120, 124, 126, 128, 129, 130, 131,

s.31(1) s.31(2) s.31(2A) s.31(5) s.31(7) s.31(7)(a) s.33 s.33A s.34 s.34(1) s.35 s.35(2)(a) s.35(2)(b) s.36 s.37 s.37(2)(a) s.37(2)(b) s.37(2)(c) s.37(4) s.37(5) s.41 s.41(1) s.41(2) s.41(3) s.52 s.52(1)

132, 133, 136, 137, 281 129 129 129 129

115, 116, 117, 129, 136 129 101

121, 123 123

66, 122, 123 66, 123, 126

123 123 66

121, 126, 127, 137 126, 127

126 126 127 127

83, 97, 160, 172, 173, 174, 184 173 173 174 174 193

Matrimonial Causes (Property and Maintenance) Act 1958 L7 37 s.7(1) 37 s.7(7) 37

Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act 1984 63, 77, 280 Part II 114, 115 Part III 166 s.1 81 s.38 5 s.39 5, 103

Matrimonial Homes Act 1967 51, 53 Matrimonial Homes Act 1983 31, 37, 51, 53, 57, 58, 59, 80, 121, 254,

256, 258, 259, 260, 261, 266, 267, 271, 286, 289 s.1 51, 52, 53, 56, 166

s.l(l) s.l(l)(a) s.l(2) s.l(2)(b) s.l(3) s.l(3)(a) s.l(3)(b) s.l(3)(c) s.l(5) s.2(1) s.2(4) s.3 s.5 s.6 s.8 s.8(2) s.8(3) s.9

Table of Statutes xxxvn

51, 52 54

51, 52 54

52, 161, 258, 259, 261, 263, 266, 268, 271, 289 53 54 54

54, 55 53 52 53 53 53 54 54 54

166 Matrimonial Homes and Property Act 1981 Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970

108

s.37 12, 36, 37, 38, 41, 51, 57, 58, 284 s.39 38

Mental Health Act 1983 26, 29, 30, 245

Places of Worship Registration Act 1855 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984

s.80

Rent Act 1977

Sexual Offences Act 1956 Sexual Offences Act 1967 Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976

s.l Social Security Act 1990 Supreme Court Act 1981

s.37 s.41(1) s.42(2)

Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985

Wills Act 1837 s.7 s.9

19

22, 255

55

15, 143 15

21 69

157 126, 254, 256, 257, 260

157 157

147, 169

274, 281, 286 275

149, 275

xxxviii Table of Statutes

s.18 s.18A(l) s.18A(2)

275 275 275

xxxix

Abbreviations of Major Statutes

AA 1976 CA 1989 CAA 1983 CACA 1985 CSA 1991 DPMCA 1978

DVMPA 1976

FLA 1986 I(PFD)A 1975

LPA 1925 LR(MP)A 1970 MA 1949 MCA 1973 MEA 1991 MHA 1983 MPPA 1970 MWPA 1882

Adoption Act 1976 Children Act 1989 Child Abduction Act 1983 Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985 Child Support Act 1991 Domestic Proceedings and Magistrates' Courts Act 1978 Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1976 Family Law Act 1986 Inheritance (Provision for Family and Dependants) Act 1975 Law of Property Act 1925 Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1970 Marriage Act 1949 Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 Maintenance Enforcement Act 1991 Matrimonial Homes Act 1983 Matrimonial Proceedings and Property Act 1970 Married Women's Property Act 1882

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