VALLEY VIEW UNIVERSITYTECHIMAN CAMPUS

RESEARCH PROPOSAL PRESENTATION ON THE COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF THE PRODUCTION

AND PROCESSING OF JAVA AND CEYLON CITRONELLA.

(Cymbopogon spp)

PRESENTED BY:

OPOKU JOHN MARK

211AB01000005

CITRONELLA GRASS PLANT

CITRONELLA PLANT CITRONELLA SLIPS (PLANTING MATERIALS)

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION

PROBLEM STATEMENT

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

LITERATURE REVIEW

METHODOLOGY

WORK SCHEDULE

EXPECTED OUTCOME

CONCLUSION

OUTLINE OF THE PROPOSAL

INTRODUCTION• Citronella was first introduced in India in 1959 from

Indonesia (Java Island, hence the name Java citronella) (Kaul et al. 1997). Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) is an aromatic grass belonging to the Poaceae family which gives essential oils upon stem distillation.

• This is used extensively as a source of perfumery, soap, cosmetic and flavoring in industries throughout the world. India has been a leading producer of essential oil including oil of citronella.

• Citronella is an aromatic perennial herb with fibrous roots. It is erecting over 2m tall with smooth and shiny leaves which are glabrous at the nodes.

INTRODUCTION

• The leaf blades are linear, gradually tapering to a long, membranous, acuminate and up to 1 m long and 1.5 cm wide, drooping at two-third of its length.

• The leaf sheath is smooth and glabrous, yellow or purplish-red in color. The inflorescence is very large, erect, finally drooping, consisting of a branched and rebranched axis.

INTRODUCTION

• One of the important essential oils extracted from aromatic grasses is citronella oil obtained from citronella grass. This oil is used extensively as a source of important perfumery chemicals like citronellol, citronellal and geraniol, which finds its extensive use in soap, perfumery, cosmetic and flavoring industries throughout the world.

• It is classified in trade into two types -Ceylon citronella oil, obtained from Cymbopogon nardus(inferior type), while Java type citronella oil obtained from Cymbopogon winterianus (superior type).

•

INTRODUCTION

• It is cultivated in parts of tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa and America (Shasany et al. 2000).

• Presently, 300-350 tonnes of oil are produced in the India for the last 6-8 years in the states of Assam, Karnataka, U.P, M.P, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal. Areas receiving good and distributed rainfalls throughout the year are suitable for cultivation of Citronella (Katiyar et al. 2011).

INTRODUCTION

• In Ghana Citronella cultivation was introduced by Amansie Resolute as part of its restoration programme as a response to environmental requirement. The cultivation of this crop attracted about 70% of the farmers due to the high demand for its oil. The Ministry Of Trade and Industry realizing the potentials of the plant also came in to support by providing processing plant to support the farmers.

• The people at Morrison, a village around Axim In the western region is also noted to be into production of citronella.

PROBLEM STATEMENT

• The challenges that confront citronella cultivation are that farmers are unable to acquire adequate working capital for expansion of the cash crop that compelled the plant to operate below capacity while poor management collapsed the plant all together.

• It is therefore necessary to estimate the cost and benefit analysis of producing citronella per acre to enhance regular supply of raw materials to processing plants across the nation.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

• AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The main aim of the study is to analyze the cost and benefits of the production and processing of Java and Ceylon citronella.

• SPECIFIC OBJECTIVESo To identify the major cost components in the

production of both Java and Ceylon citronella.o To identify the major cost component in the processing

of both Java and Ceylon citronella

AIMS AND OBJECTIVESCont’d

o To estimate the actual cost of production of both Java and Ceylon citronella.

o To know the actual benefits of the products produced from both Java and Ceylon Citronella.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Cymbopogon nardus is cultivated in parts of tropical and subtropical areas of Asia, Africa and America (Shasany et al. 2000).

Areas receiving good and distributed rainfalls throughout the year are suitable for cultivation of Citronella (Katiyar et al. 2011).

Citronella is an aromatic grass belonging to the Poaceae family

LITERATURE REVIEW

It is erecting over 2m tall with smooth and shiny leaves

Citronella grows best in sandy loam soils. Heavy clayey soils, which tend to water log and light sandy soils are not suitable for this crop. It does not tolerate water stagnation.

A good amount of organic matter is desirable.

Citronella is propagated by splitting the clumps of vigorously growing plant of 6-months to one year old into slips (Annon, 2013).

LITERATURE REVIEW

C. winterianus essential oil is rich in citronellal, geraniol and citronellol (Katiyar et al. 2011) but consists of other constituents like citronellyl acetate, L-limonene, ellemol and other sesquiterpene alcohols.

It also consists of monoterpene constituents like citral, citronellol, citronellal, linalool, elemol, 1, 8-cineole, limonene, geraniol, b-carophyllene, methyl heptenone, geranyl acetate and geranyl formate.

LITERATURE REVIEW

The industrial interest in essential oils is due to their application as fragrances in perfumes, as flavour additives in food products or as pharmaceutical products and desirable repellent characteristics against mosquitoes (Katz et al. 2008; Simic et al. 2008; Silva et al. 2011).

LITERATURE REVIEW

Uses Of Citronella Oil

Citronella oil is commonly known for its natural insect repellent properties, though it has many other uses in aromatherapy.

Traditional uses has include treatment of fever, intestinal parasites, digestive and menstrual problems.

In Chinese medicine, it is used for rheumatic pain.

LITERATURE REVIEW

It can be used as massage oil for aching joints and muscles.

The steam volatile essential oils extracted from its leaves are used in perfumery, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and flavoring industries. Citronella winterianus essential oil has CNS effect and anticonvulsant properties (Guenther, 1950 and Blanco et al.2007).

METHODOLOGY

MATERIALS NEEDED.

For successful production of Citronella, the following materials will be obtained.

• Land for production• Citronella stocks/Slips• Organic manure (poultry droppings) • Cutlass/sicle • Metal drum• Coiled pipe• Condenser • Heat source• Knapsack Sprayer• Herbicide

• LAND PREPARATION• Fields should be prepared thoroughly by plowing and

harrowing and removing the different types of plant debris.

• Apply farm yard manure to the soil before ploughing is done.

• Also apply a pre emergence herbicide 10-15 days before planting.

METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

PLANTING

• The plant is propagated vegetatively by the use of slips. As soon as the land is ready planting follows.

• Plants will be cultivated at a distance of 30x30cm in other to minimize weed emergence in the plantation.

METHODOLOGY

• WEED CONTROL• The purpose of the weeding is to control weeds

that compete with the crops and prevent the spread of diseases and pests.

• 20-25 days after planting, the first weeding is done and the second weeding is done from 40-60 days after planting with cutlass and hoe.

METHODOLOGY

FERTILIZER APPLICATION• Organic manure (poultry dropping) will be the main

source of fertilizer for the plants.• Fertilizer application will be carried out 4weeks after

panting.

IRRIGATION• Since the rains are not consistent, irrigation will be done

once in every 10 days as the plant required. Sprinkler irrigation will be used.

METHODOLOGY

HARVESTING • Harvesting will begin five to six months after the plants

begin to grow.

• Harvesting will be done early in the morning and be completed before 12 O’clock.

• Harvesting will be done by cutting the leaves and some part of the stock about 15cm from the ground.

• The leaves will be left to wither for 24hrs before distillation is carried out.

METHODOLOGY

EXTRACTION OF OIL

• The oil will be extracted by means of hydro or steam distillation.

• The distillation plant will be set up immediately after the grass is ready to be harvested.

METHODOLOGY

Harvesting

Withering

Distillation

Collection Of Oil

THE PROCESSING CYCLE

METHODOLOGY

The setup will consist of the following:2 Metallic drumsA pipe A collectorHeat source.

One of the drums will serve as the cooking pot and the other as the condenser.

The condenser will contain water to cool the vapour from the pipe and is collected in the collector at the other end of the pipe.

METHODOLOGY

Bottling and Labelling

• The oil will be bottled and labeled after distillation.

• The label will consist of the following:– The name of the plant from which the oil is

derived

METHODOLOGY

DATA TO BE COLLECTED The cost of planting materials The cost of manure Date of planting Date of emergence Date of harvesting Number of slips per month Color of the oil Quantity of oil Cost of oil

WORK SCHUDLE

ACTIVITIES TIME REQUIRED (MONTHS)

OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APPRIL MAY

LITERATURE REVIEW

LANDPREPARATION

PLANTING

DATA COLLECTION

CULTURAL PRACTICES

HARVESTING

OIL EXTRACTION

DATA ANALYSIS

REPORT WRITING

REPORT EDITING AND SUBMISSION

• It is expected that, before a farmer attempts to go into the production and processing of citronella he or she will have a fair knowledge about the cost and benefits.

EXPECTED OUTCOME

CONCLUSION

The expected results from the project is foreseen to help improve the production of Java and Ceylon citronella in Ghana.

REFERENCE

1. Guenther, E., 1950. In: Guenther, E. (Ed.), Essential oils. Van Nostrand Co., Inc, London

2. International Journal of Advanced Research (2013), Volume 1, Issue 6, 504-521

3. Katiyar, R., Gupta, S., Yadav, K.R. (2011): Cymbopogon winterianus: an important species for essential java Citronella oil and medicinal values, National Conference on Forest Biodiversity: Earth‟s living treasure, 22 May, FRI, Kanpur.

4. Katz, T.M., Miller, J.H., Hebert, A.A. (2008): Insect repellents: Historical perspectives and new developments. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 58: 865-871.

5. Silva, C.F., Moura, F.C., Mendes, M.P., Pessoa, F.L.P., (2011): Extraction of Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil using supercritical carbon dioxide: Experimental data and mathematical modelling, Brazilian J. of Chem. Eng., 28: 343-350.

6. Simic, A., Rancic, A., Sokovic, M.D., Ristic, M., Grujic-Jovanovic, S., Vukojevic, J., Marin, P.D. (2008): Essential oil composition of Cymbopogon winterianus and Carum carvi and their antimicrobial activities. Pharmaceutical Biology.,46: 437-441.

7. Shasany, A.K., Lal, R.K., Darokar, M.P., Patra, N.K., Garg, A., Kumar, S., Khanuja, S.P.S., (2000): Phenotypic and RAPD diversity among Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt accessions in relation to Cymbopogon nardus Rendle. Genet. Resour. Crop Evol., 47: 553–559.

8. Kaul, P.N., Bhattacharya, A.K., and Rajeshwara Rao B.R. 1997. Chemical composition of the essential oil of Java Citronella(Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt) grown in Andhra Pradesh. PAFAI J. 19: 29-33

9. Blanco, M.M., Costa, C.A.R.A., Freire, A.O., santos Jr., J.G., Costa, M., 2007. Neurobehavioral effect of essential oil of Cymbopogon citrates in mice. Phytomedicine, in press, doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.04.007.