magdalena d. anguelova michael h. bettenhausen william f. johnston* peter w. gaiser novel...
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Magdalena D. Anguelova Michael H. Bettenhausen
William F. Johnston*
Peter W. Gaiser
Novel Applications of Remote Sensing for Improved Quantification of
Sea Spray Source Function
Remote Sensing Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC* Computational Physics, Inc., Springfield, VA
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MotivationSea spray aerosols
Direct effect – cooling Indirect effect
Dominate the activation of CCN
Compete with SO42- aerosols
Halogen chemistry Reactive Cl and Br Tropospheric O3
Sink of S
Sea spray droplets Heat exchange Tropical storm
intensification
Whitecaps Gas exchange Ocean albedo &
roughness Geophysical retrievals
Surface wind Ocean color Salinity
Ph
oto
cou
rtesy
of
C. Fa
irall
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Sea spray source functionRate of production of sea spray per unit area per
increment of droplet radius, r (s-1 m-2 m-1).
)f()f( rU
dr
bardF ,...,,
From photographic measurements
(Monahan and O’Muircheartaigh, 1980)
From measurements using various methods
41.310
610 108.3)()(f UUWU
8010
80
log
f)(f
rd
rdr
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Size distributionScaling factorShapeMagnitude
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Possible improvements
For the size distribution f(r) Extend the size range, large and small ends
Recognize and include the effect of organics Introduce ambient factors
For the scaling factor f(U) Less uncertainty in measuring W Introduce ambient factors
Remote sensing: method, results, implications
de Leeuw et al.de Leeuw et al.O’Dowd et al.O’Dowd et al.Keene et al.Keene et al.Quinn & Bates et al. Quinn & Bates et al. Meskhidze & Peters et al.Meskhidze & Peters et al.
μm25μm1 80 r μm250μm1.0 80 r
...),,(f)(f barr
...),,()( baUWUW
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(de Leeuw et al., 2011)
Ernie Lewis posterErnie Lewis posterSofiev et al., 2011Sofiev et al., 2011
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ObjectiveMeasure W globallyCompile databaseModel the high variability of whitecap
fraction
U – wind speed (U10 or u*)T – atmospheric stability (= Tair – Tsea)X – wind fetch d – wind durationUcur – water currentsTs – sea surface temperatureS – salinityCk – concentration, type (k) of surface active materials
CSTUdXTUW scur ,,,,,,, UW
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Whitecaps signatureHigh
ReflectivityHigh
Emissivity
Reflectivity
Emissivity
VisVis IRIR mWmW
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Remote sensing of sea foam Microwave region
Advantages Transparent (almost) atmosphere
“...4% problem ...at 5 GHz,..., 90% problem at IR” (Swift, 1990) Tractable atmospheric correction Clouds penetration
Drawback Low resolution Smoother geophysical variability
Trade-off: global coverage More data Various conditions
sB
fr
TeT
eWeWe
1
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ModelsRough sea surface model
2-scale Wave spectrum
Durden/Vesecky/Yueh Tuned for roughness only
Using WindSat code (v. 1.9.6)
Foam emissivity model RT model Layer with vertically non-uniform
properties Distribution of thicknesses
ww
w.p
base
.com
/pete
hem
/
© P.R.Hemington
z = 0
z = -d
Air, ε0=1
Water, ε
Foam, ε (z)
Courtesy of Prof. Cilliers
fr eWeWe 1
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Anguelova and Webster, 2006Anguelova et al., 2006
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Data Independent sources
TB from WindSat V, L from SSM/I or TMI U10 and from QuikSCAT or GDAS Ts from GDAS S = 34 psu
Trade-off: Sampling issues Use long-term data
Sample count
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Estimates of W Improvements over the feasibility study (Anguelova and
Webster, 2006): More physical models Independence of the variables
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Compare to photographic data
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Further development Models
Higher resolution Improved wave spectrum in 2-scale model
Comparisons/Validation More points for direct comparisons Indirect comparisons in terms of other variables
CO2 fluxes from ship cruiseso and COARE CO2 parameterization
AOD from AERONETo and AOD from microphysical aerosol model
Uncertainty characterization Currently uncertainty minimization Evaluate the remaining using global geophysical model
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Whitecaps data base All available orbits for
Resolution 50×70 km2
Time period Entire 2006 Months of 2003, 2007 and 2008
Gridded data With 0.5 x 0.5 grid box Any other N x N possible
Time periods: Daily Monthly Weekly (7 days) 3-days
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Geographic characteristics of W
310UW
March, 2007 0.5 x 0.5
Wind speed formula
Satellite, 10.7 GHz, H pol.
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Geographic characteristics of W
March, 2007 0.5 x 0.5
Wind speed formula
Satellite, 18.718.7 GHz, H pol.
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Develop parameterization(s)
Relative importance of the variablesCorrelation analysis
CSTUdXTUW scur ,,,,,,, UW
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FetchFetch
SSTSST
StabilityStability
Wave heightWave height
Wave periodWave period
WindWind
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New sea spray source function
Include wave-field characteristics and one more factor
Improve/choose size distributionInclude organics
ss
s
THUW
HUW
,,
,
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)f()f( rU
dr
bardF ,...,,
Size distributionScaling factorShapeMagnitude
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Sea-salt flux
Solar irradiance at TOA (W/m2): GCM – ERBE
NO aerosols; Max difference over the
oceans.
22101055 4 4101055 6 6101055 8 8101055
Number flux, Number flux, dFdF (s (s-1-1 m m-2-2 ) )
Annual sea-salt flux (1998)
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Haywood et al., Science, 1999 Anguelova and Webster,
2006
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Sea foam definition Oceanographic definition
Whitecaps on the surface Bubble plumes below
Passive remote sensing Radiometers detect only
the surface foam layers Skin depth At microwave frequencies
a few mm to a few cm
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Photographic measurements
High uncertainty: up to 30% or moreIntensity thresholdA and B stages under oblique angle
Patchy coverageOpen ocean Southern ocean!
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Stramska and Petelski, 2003
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Improvements and restrictions
),(
),(
)(
10
10
10
sTUW
TUW
UW
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(de Leeuw et al., 2011)
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Modeling whitecap fraction
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