magnetic core memory (1951) - unirc.it...magnetic core memory (1951) 16 16 cm2 (128 128 bit)...
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Magnetic core memory (1951)
1616 cm2 (128128 bit)
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Semiconductor Memory Classification
Read-Write MemoryNon-VolatileRead-Write
MemoryRead-Only Memory
EPROM
E2PROM
FLASH
RandomAccess
Non-RandomAccess
SRAM
DRAM
Mask-Programmed
Programmable (PROM)
FIFO
Shift Register
LIFO
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Memory Timing: Definitions
Write cycleRead access Read access
Read cycle
Write access
Data written
Data valid
DATA
WRITE
READ
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Memory Architecture: Decoders
Word 0
Word 1
Word 2
WordN2 2
WordN2 1
Storagecell
M bits M bits
Nwords
S0
S1
S2
SN2 2
A0
A1
AK2 1
K = log2N
SN2 1
Word 0
Word 1
Word 2
WordN2 2
WordN2 1
Storagecell
S0
Input-Output(M bits)
Intuitive architecture for N x M memoryToo many select signals:
N words == N select signals K = log2NDecoder reduces the number of select signals
Input-Output(M bits)
Decoder
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Row
Dec
oder
Bit line2L 2 K
Word line
AK
AK1 1
AL 2 1
A0
M.2K
AK2 1
Sense amplifiers / Drivers
Column decoder
Input-Output(M bits)
Storage cell
Array-Structured Memory ArchitectureProblem: ASPECT RATIO or HEIGHT >> WIDTH
Amplify swing torail-to-rail amplitude
Selects appropriateword
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Memory Timing: Approaches
DRAM TimingMultiplexed Adressing
SRAM TimingSelf-timed
Addressbus
RAS
RAS-CAS timing
Row Address
AddressBus
Address transitioninitiates memory operation
Address
Column Address
CAS
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Read-Only Memory Cells
WL
BL
WL
BL
1WL
BL
WL
BL
WL
BL
0
VDD
WL
BL
GND
Diode ROM MOS ROM 1 MOS ROM 2
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MOS NOR ROM
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MOS NAND ROM
All word lines high by default with exception of selected row
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Cross-sections of NVM cells
EPROMFlashCourtesy Intel
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Read-Write Memories (RAM) STATIC (SRAM)
DYNAMIC (DRAM)
Data stored as long as supply is appliedLarge (6 transistors/cell)FastDifferential
Periodic refresh requiredSmall (1-3 transistors/cell)SlowerSingle Ended
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6-transistor CMOS SRAM Cell WL
BL
VDD
M5M6
M4
M1
M2
M3
BL
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SRAM Characteristics
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Esempio di organizzazione di una cella di memoria statica
S Q
R
abilitazione scrittura
abilitazione lettura
dato in
selezione riga
selezione colonna
dato out
pass-gate
(three state)
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Esempio di organizzazione di una cella di memoria statica
abilitazione scrittura
abilitazione lettura
dato in
selezione riga
dato out
dato in
dato in
dato out
dato out
selezione colonna
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WWL
BL1
M 1 X
M3
M2
CS
BL2
RWL
VDD
VDD - VT
VVDD - VTBL2
BL1
X
RWL
WWL
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1-Transistor DRAM Cell
Write: CS is charged or discharged by asserting WL and BL.
Read: Charge redistribution takes places between bit line and storage capacitance
Voltage swing is small; typically around 250 mV.
M1
CS
WL
BL
CBL
VDD 2 VT
WL
X
sensing
BL
GND
Write 1 Read 1
VDD
VDD /2 VDD /2
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DRAM Cell Observations 1T DRAM requires a sense amplifier for each bit line, due to charge redistribution read-out. DRAM memory cells are single ended in contrast to SRAM cells.The read-out of the 1T DRAM cell is destructive; read and refresh operations are necessary for correct operation. Unlike 3T cell, 1T cell requires presence of an extra capacitance that must be explicitly included in the design.When writing a “1” into a DRAM cell, a threshold voltage is lost.
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1-T DRAM Cell
Expensive in Area
Cross-section
Metal word line
Poly
SiO 2
Field Oxiden+ n+
Inversion layerinduced byplate bias
Poly
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Advanced 1T DRAM Cells
Cell Plate Si
Capacitor Insulator
Storage Node Poly
2nd Field Oxide
Refilling Poly
Si Substrate
Trench Cell Stacked-capacitor Cell
Capacitor dielectric layerCell plateWord line
Insulating Layer
IsolationTransfer gateStorage electrode
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Periphery
Decoders Sense Amplifiers Input/Output Buffers Control / Timing Circuitry
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DRAM Timing
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Reliability and Yield
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Redundancy
MemoryArray
Column Decoder
Row Decoder
Redundantrows
Redundantcolumns
RowAddress
ColumnAddress
FuseBank:
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Error-Correcting Codes
with
e.g. B3 Wrong
1
1
0
= 3
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Redundancy and Error Correction
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125mm2 1Gbit NAND Flash Memory
10.7
mm
11.7mm
2kB
Page
buf
fer &
cac
heC
harg
e pu
mp
16896 bit lines
32 word lines x 1024 blocks
From [Nakamura02]
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125mm2 1Gbit NAND Flash Memory
• Technology 0.13m p-sub CMOS triple-well• Technology 0.13m p-sub CMOS triple-well1poly, 1polycide, 1W, 2Al
• Cell size 0.077m2• Chip size 125.2mm2• Organization 2112 x 8b x 64 page x 1k block• Power supply 2.7V-3.6V• Cycle time 50ns• Read time 25s• Program time 200s / page• Erase time 2ms / block
From [Nakamura02]