magnitude 8.0 san francisco earthquake april 18, 1906 earthquakes & tsunamis magnitude 7.0 haiti...
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Magnitude 8.0 San Francisco Earthquake April 18, 1906
Earthquakes & Tsunamis
Magnitude 7.0 HAITI EARTHQUAKEMagnitude 7.0 HAITI EARTHQUAKE January 12, 2010 January 12, 2010
Sumatra TsunamiDecember 25, 2004
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Key Questions
• What is an earthquake?
• Where do earthquakes most frequently occur?
• What is earthquake magnitude?
• What is the connection between earthquakes and faulting (the earthquake cycle)?
• How do earthquakes produce tsunamis?
• How best to mitigate earthquake damage?
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Earthquake Vocabulary
• Earthquake: a sudden release of elastic energy stored in the Earth, caused by slip on a fault. The elastic energy propagates as seismic waves.
• Fault: A surface of discontinuity separating two rock masses, with relative motion tangent to the surface.
• Focus: Point on the fault where the seismic waves originate.
• Epicenter: Point on Earth’s surface above the focus.
• Magnitude: Size of an earthquake, measured by seismic wave amplitude.
• Seismicity: Earthquake location in space and time.
• Seismometer: Instrument for measuring seismic wave ground motion.
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The Earthquake Cycle
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IncreasingSeismicEnergyRelease
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Compression waves
Shear waves
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Seismic surface waves
These waves do most of the damage to buildings, etc.
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www.iris.edu
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Seismicity of the Earth @ 11AM July 13, 2015
www.iris.edu
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San Andreas Fault Zone: North American-Pacific Plate Boundary Fault
Right-lateral strike slip motion
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Subduction Zone “Mega-Thrust” Earthquakes
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Tsunami Generation Mechanism
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Fukushima (Sendai) Tsunami Propagation
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Fukushima tsunami advancing over agricultural land
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The earthquake activity in Nepal is caused by the ongoing continent-continent collision between India and Asia. That collision has produced the Himalaya Mountains and the Tibetan Plateau.
The motion of India into Asia is essentially perpendicular to the Himalaya Mountains in Nepal. So thrust faulting earthquakes are the most common kind of earthquake in the central Himalayan region.
Magnitude 7.8 NEPAL EarthquakeMagnitude 7.8 NEPAL EarthquakeApril 25, 2015 April 25, 2015
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Himalayan Front: A Giant Seismic Gap Waiting to Slip?
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May 22, 1960 Chilean Earthquake: Largest Seismic Event in History
Tsunami
21 m slip
Easter Is.
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Earthquake Response Drills
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Earthquake Damage Mitigation: Construction
Good
Bad
Fair
Awful
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Tsunami Preparedness
Detection
Horizontal Evacuation
Warning Vertical Evacuation