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wjkB f;Zy :'XkwjkB f;Zy :'XkwjkB f;Zy :'XkwjkB f;Zy :'XkwjkB f;Zy :'Xkns/ ioB?bns/ ioB?bns/ ioB?bns/ ioB?bns/ ioB?b

;odko joh f;zx Bb{nk;odko joh f;zx Bb{nk;odko joh f;zx Bb{nk;odko joh f;zx Bb{nk;odko joh f;zx Bb{nk

fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN, dwKw

pihlI vwr CpI2013

sB h`k pRkwSk dy rwKvyN hn

lyKk fw. hrBjn isMG syKoNipMf dwKw, kwlj rof dwKw,

ijlHw luiDAwxw[e-mail : sekhonhsd@yahoo.com

Pon ; 9463377009 (Bwrq)

kYnyfwDr Harbhajan Singh Sekhon

13130 69 AveSurrey B.C. Canada

V3WIR7Phone 001-778-218-1432

mwiek shwieqwgurduAwrw isMG sBw

kwlj rof, dwKw dI sMgq

CwpkPuAwiel pirMtRz

luiDAwxw+91-161-2404979, 2404093

email: foil@vsnl.comwww.foil printers Ludhiana.com.

qqkrw

pMnw

mu`K bMd i-vi

BUimkw xiii-xv

1. jIvn idRStI 1-29

2. mulqwn dI jMg 30-45

3. kSmIr qy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI 46-83

4. iSmlw imSn dw muKI 84-95

5. ipSwvr dw prdySpqI 96-107

6. jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMq 108-127

7. SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dw inrmwx 128-140

8. srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs 141-158

pusqk prmwx 159-160

sm`rpxis`K kOm dy mhwn hIry Aqy Syir-ey-pMjwb

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy is`K rwj dy hIro jrnYlsrdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy smUh ShId isMGW AqyisMGxIAW ijnHW dyS vwsIAW dIAW gulwmI dIAWzMjIrW k`tx leI jwnW vwrIAW[

pihlI vwr CpI2013

sB h`k pRkwSk dy rwKvyN hn

lyKk fw. hrBjn isMG syKoNipMf dwKw, kwlj rof dwKw,

ijlHw luiDAwxw[e-mail : sekhonhsd@yahoo.com

Pon ; 9463377009 (Bwrq)

kYnyfwDr Harbhajan Singh Sekhon

13130 69 AveSurrey B.C. Canada

V3WIR7Phone 001-778-218-1432

mwiek shwieqwgurduAwrw isMG sBw

kwlj rof, dwKw dI sMgq

CwpkPuAwiel pirMtRz

luiDAwxw+91-161-2404979, 2404093

email: foil@vsnl.comwww.foil printers Ludhiana.com.

qqkrw

pMnw

mu`K bMd i-vi

BUimkw xiii-xv

1. jIvn idRStI 1-29

2. mulqwn dI jMg 30-45

3. kSmIr qy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrI 46-83

4. iSmlw imSn dw muKI 84-95

5. ipSwvr dw prdySpqI 96-107

6. jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMq 108-127

7. SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dw inrmwx 128-140

8. srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs 141-158

pusqk prmwx 159-160

mu`K bMdjdoN qoN mnu`K hoNd iv`c AwieAw hY, audoN qoN hI in`jqw dI Bu`K ny

ies dw ip`Cw nhIN C`ifAw[ mnu`K svwrQI soc dw gulwm hY[ hmySwieh Awpxw qy AwpixAW dw hI Blw cwhuMdw hY, dUijAW dw nhIN[ mu`FkdIm qoN mnuK Awpxw iF`f Brn leI dUjy dw glw Gutdw Aw irhw hY[AwpxIAW loVW leI ieh dUijAW nUM frwauNdw, DmkwauNdw, lu`tdw,ku`tdw qy mwrdw Aw irhw hY[ audoN jMgl dw rwj sI[ smwj nhIN sI[smwijk kdrW kImqW pYdw nhIN sn hoeIAW[ hOlI hOlI mnu`KI jIvnqr`kI v`l quirAw jMgl qoN bwhr AwieAw, soc bdlI, kMm-ik`qy SurUhoey, jwqW, goqW qy DrmW dI hoNd hoeI[ smW pw ky sMivDwnk kdrWpYdw hoeIAW, pr dUjy dI qbwhI Aqy Awp dI cODr vwlI soc ny mnu`KdI soc nUM jrvwxw, inrdeI, lutyrw, kwql bxw id`qw[

Bwrq dI g`l krIey qW ies iv`c vsdy ihMdU muslmwnW dI kdynhIN sI bxI[ 'ijs kI lwTI aus kI BYNs' dy AKwx vWg kdy muglWAqy kdy ihMdU rwijAW dw rwj ho jWdw sI[ iehnW zr, zorU Aqy zmIndy lVweI JgiVAW ny SWqI dyvI nUM BwjVW pweI r`KIAW[

gurU nwnk swihb dI soc ny nvIN kRWqI dw nwhrw id`qw[ ieskRWqI iv`coN is`K Drm dw prkwS hoieAw[ dsW hI gurU swihbwnW dymhwn isDWqW nUM qm krn dI smyN smyN dIAW srkwrW ny koeI ksrnhIN C`fI[ pMjvyN gurW sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI dI qsIihAW BrIShwdq ny ij`Qy ie`k pwsy frwkl mnW nUM BWj id`qI auQy dUjy pwsy AxKAqy Awzwd jIvn ijaux leI BgqI Aqy SkqI dy isDWq nUM jnmid`qw[ auprMq nOvyN siqgurW gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI lwswnI Shwdq ny^wlsy dy pRkrx nUM surjIq kr id`qw[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny wlsydw pRkwS kr ky mOq iv`coN nvW jIvn surjIq kIqw[ AwpixAW cOhWsihbzwidAW dI ShIdI, AnykW isMG isMGxIAW qy BujMgIAW dw ShwdqIgVH, is`K pMQ nUM nvIN rUh Aqy juJwrU soc dy igAw[ k`Px isrW qy bMnH

ky isMGW nUM Gr Gwt C`fxy pey Aqy Awpxy imSn dI pUrqI leI jUJdygey[

isMGW ny Coty Coty rwj pYdw kr ley, ienHW nUM imslW dw nwm id`qwigAw[ ienHW imslW dI sMGrSmeI pRIiKAw dI bdOlq mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG dw rwj hoNd iv`c AwieAw[ ies rwj iv`c lokW nUMKuShwlI, SWqI Aqy Awzwd jIvn nsIb hoieAw[ ies rwj iv`cpMjwb ny BUgoilk, rwjnIiqk, AwriQk qy Dwrimk KuShwlI hMFweI[is`K rwj dI POj AMdr ivdySI &OjI, musilm, ihMdU Aqy is`K BrqIsn[ ienHW &OjIAW ny jwnW qlI aup`r Dr ky v`fIAW m`lW mwrIAW[ ienHWivc fogry gdwr vI BrqI sn pr dyS kOm dy Anmol Aqy sucy hIirAWdI lVI vI by-imswl sI jo srIrk qOr qy swfy iv`c nhIN rhy prswihq Aqy ieiqhws iv`c auynHW dw nwm ikAwmq q`k cmkdw rhygw[ienHW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dI dyx bVI mhwn hY[

jd bMdy dw jIvn, ijauxw krqw AOKw,qUPwn J`ly jbr zUlm dy nrk-AnyrI Jokw[iPr nwnk dIAW ds joqW ny, BgqI SkqI ApxweI[sUirAW jwm ShIdI pIqy, Brdw ieiqhws gvwhI[mOq 'coN jIvn lY isMGW ny, julm dI kIqI vwFI,h`k, s`c dw sUrj ciVHAw, su`qI AxK sI jwgI[Xu`DW ny iPr sUry prKy, G`t nw au~qry pUry[dyS kOm dy mrn leI, dOVy ie`k dUjy qoN mUhry[sUrimAW dI cVHq sukwvy, hr duSmx dw qlUAw,cmkx sUry qwirAW vWgUM, cMd iesy iv`c nlUAw[

fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN swihb dI ieh s`qvIN pusqk hY[ swihqivSw lMmy smyN dw pRqIk hY[ kuJ ivSy huMdy hn ijnHW qy ricAw swihqsdw jIvq rihMdw hY pr kuJ iviSAW vwlw swihq QoVHy smyN bwAdAlop ho jWdw hY[ syKoN swihb ny Awm qOr qy ieiqhws nUM hI ivSw

(i) (ii)

mu`K bMdjdoN qoN mnu`K hoNd iv`c AwieAw hY, audoN qoN hI in`jqw dI Bu`K ny

ies dw ip`Cw nhIN C`ifAw[ mnu`K svwrQI soc dw gulwm hY[ hmySwieh Awpxw qy AwpixAW dw hI Blw cwhuMdw hY, dUijAW dw nhIN[ mu`FkdIm qoN mnuK Awpxw iF`f Brn leI dUjy dw glw Gutdw Aw irhw hY[AwpxIAW loVW leI ieh dUijAW nUM frwauNdw, DmkwauNdw, lu`tdw,ku`tdw qy mwrdw Aw irhw hY[ audoN jMgl dw rwj sI[ smwj nhIN sI[smwijk kdrW kImqW pYdw nhIN sn hoeIAW[ hOlI hOlI mnu`KI jIvnqr`kI v`l quirAw jMgl qoN bwhr AwieAw, soc bdlI, kMm-ik`qy SurUhoey, jwqW, goqW qy DrmW dI hoNd hoeI[ smW pw ky sMivDwnk kdrWpYdw hoeIAW, pr dUjy dI qbwhI Aqy Awp dI cODr vwlI soc ny mnu`KdI soc nUM jrvwxw, inrdeI, lutyrw, kwql bxw id`qw[

Bwrq dI g`l krIey qW ies iv`c vsdy ihMdU muslmwnW dI kdynhIN sI bxI[ 'ijs kI lwTI aus kI BYNs' dy AKwx vWg kdy muglWAqy kdy ihMdU rwijAW dw rwj ho jWdw sI[ iehnW zr, zorU Aqy zmIndy lVweI JgiVAW ny SWqI dyvI nUM BwjVW pweI r`KIAW[

gurU nwnk swihb dI soc ny nvIN kRWqI dw nwhrw id`qw[ ieskRWqI iv`coN is`K Drm dw prkwS hoieAw[ dsW hI gurU swihbwnW dymhwn isDWqW nUM qm krn dI smyN smyN dIAW srkwrW ny koeI ksrnhIN C`fI[ pMjvyN gurW sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI dI qsIihAW BrIShwdq ny ij`Qy ie`k pwsy frwkl mnW nUM BWj id`qI auQy dUjy pwsy AxKAqy Awzwd jIvn ijaux leI BgqI Aqy SkqI dy isDWq nUM jnmid`qw[ auprMq nOvyN siqgurW gurU qyg bhwdr jI dI lwswnI Shwdq ny^wlsy dy pRkrx nUM surjIq kr id`qw[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny wlsydw pRkwS kr ky mOq iv`coN nvW jIvn surjIq kIqw[ AwpixAW cOhWsihbzwidAW dI ShIdI, AnykW isMG isMGxIAW qy BujMgIAW dw ShwdqIgVH, is`K pMQ nUM nvIN rUh Aqy juJwrU soc dy igAw[ k`Px isrW qy bMnH

ky isMGW nUM Gr Gwt C`fxy pey Aqy Awpxy imSn dI pUrqI leI jUJdygey[

isMGW ny Coty Coty rwj pYdw kr ley, ienHW nUM imslW dw nwm id`qwigAw[ ienHW imslW dI sMGrSmeI pRIiKAw dI bdOlq mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG dw rwj hoNd iv`c AwieAw[ ies rwj iv`c lokW nUMKuShwlI, SWqI Aqy Awzwd jIvn nsIb hoieAw[ ies rwj iv`cpMjwb ny BUgoilk, rwjnIiqk, AwriQk qy Dwrimk KuShwlI hMFweI[is`K rwj dI POj AMdr ivdySI &OjI, musilm, ihMdU Aqy is`K BrqIsn[ ienHW &OjIAW ny jwnW qlI aup`r Dr ky v`fIAW m`lW mwrIAW[ ienHWivc fogry gdwr vI BrqI sn pr dyS kOm dy Anmol Aqy sucy hIirAWdI lVI vI by-imswl sI jo srIrk qOr qy swfy iv`c nhIN rhy prswihq Aqy ieiqhws iv`c auynHW dw nwm ikAwmq q`k cmkdw rhygw[ienHW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dI dyx bVI mhwn hY[

jd bMdy dw jIvn, ijauxw krqw AOKw,qUPwn J`ly jbr zUlm dy nrk-AnyrI Jokw[iPr nwnk dIAW ds joqW ny, BgqI SkqI ApxweI[sUirAW jwm ShIdI pIqy, Brdw ieiqhws gvwhI[mOq 'coN jIvn lY isMGW ny, julm dI kIqI vwFI,h`k, s`c dw sUrj ciVHAw, su`qI AxK sI jwgI[Xu`DW ny iPr sUry prKy, G`t nw au~qry pUry[dyS kOm dy mrn leI, dOVy ie`k dUjy qoN mUhry[sUrimAW dI cVHq sukwvy, hr duSmx dw qlUAw,cmkx sUry qwirAW vWgUM, cMd iesy iv`c nlUAw[

fw. hrBjn isMG syKoN swihb dI ieh s`qvIN pusqk hY[ swihqivSw lMmy smyN dw pRqIk hY[ kuJ ivSy huMdy hn ijnHW qy ricAw swihqsdw jIvq rihMdw hY pr kuJ iviSAW vwlw swihq QoVHy smyN bwAdAlop ho jWdw hY[ syKoN swihb ny Awm qOr qy ieiqhws nUM hI ivSw

(i) (ii)

bxwieAw hY[ ieiqhws nUM swihq iv`c pyS krnw ie`k imAwn iv`co doqlvwrW pwaux dy qu`l huMdw hY[ ies pusqk dw KrVw pVH ky mYnUM mhWkvI vwirS Swh dI hIr dI g`l Xwd AweI hY, aunHW hIr rWJy dy ipAwrdI g`l kridAW ij`Qy r`bI ipAwr dI pySkwrI kIqI, au~Qy mnuKI srIrnUM l`gx vwlIAW by-igxq bImwrIAW dy nusKy vI ilK id`qy jo pMjwbdy jn-jIvn nUM qMdrusq krdy Aw rhy hn[ kvI v`loN vrqy AKwxWvWg ieh nusKy pMjwbI lokW dI zbwn qy cVHy hoey hn, iqvyN syKoN swihbdI ies pusqk iv`coN vI bhu BWqI igAwn pRwpq huMdw hY[ kSmIr iv`ckysr dI KyqI, kysr dy AnykW guxW, srIrk suMdrqw Aqy srIrkielwj dw vI izkr hY[

pihly kWf iv`c nlUey srdwr dw jIvn ibrqWq hY[ ienHW dybwbw jI Aqy ipqw jI sMpUrn guris`K Aqy isrl`Q sUrmy sn, ijs krky sUrmqweI dI guVHqI bMs iv`coN hI iml geI sI[ s`q swl dI aumryXqIm ho gey Aqy nwnky Gr srb shUlqW nwl srb p`KI igAwnpRwpq kIqw[ AMimRqpwn kr ky isMG sj gey Aqy gurU ikRpw sdkwdrSnI juAwn sn qy pyNfU KyfW iv`c g`qky bwjI Aqy qlvwrW dy AYsyjOhr idKwaux l`gy ik dyKx vwly ienHW dI PurqI Aqy klw qy A`S A`Skr auTdy sn[ Syr dw iSkwr krky 'nlUey' dw pd hwsl kIqw Aqyies Xogqw kwrn Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy ijgr dytoty bx gey[ auprMq byigxq pdvIAW dy mwlk bxy, au~cy AwcrndIAW DuMmW pweIAW, svrg vrgw rwj pYdw kIqw, ienHW dy nwm dwis`kw c`ilAw jo ie`k mhwn ikRSmw sI[

dUjy kWf iv`c mulqwn dI jMg, im`Ty itvwxy dI ij`q au~c dy pIrWdI suDweI, koihnUr hIry dw ivvwd Kqm krnw, rjOrI Aqy iBMbr dIij`q, mulqwn qy kbzw, jMqw dI hrmn ipAwrqw ij`q lYxI Awid ivSybVI hI fUMiGAweI q`k CUhy gey hn[

qIjw kWf ies pusqk dI ijMd jwn hY[ au~Gy XoiDAW dI vrdIqy sunihrI inSwn mVHny, qlvwrW qy hIry jVHny, GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAWdI jVHq jvwhrW nwl krnI, ij`qy hoey ielwikAW iv`c ikilHAW dwinrmwx krnw[ ikilHAW dIAW dIvwrW dI Kws aucweI cVHweI qoNielwvw bwhrvwr fUMGy Kwly putvw ky pwxI nwl Brny srdwr hrI isMGnlUey dy idmwg dI Ascrz kwF sI[ ies qoN ielwvw kSmIr dIkdm kdm dI qsvIr, auQoN dy mOsm qy kudrqI suMdrqw, lokW dwhusn, kMm DMdy, smwijk Aqy AwriQk AvsQw bwry jwxkwrI hwslkrnw nlUey dy mhwn kwrnwimAW dw vrnx hY[ XoDy ny vgwr dw kohVv`iFAw, Dwrimk AwzwdI dvweI, KyqI bwVI iv`c suDwr kIqw, ByfWb~krIAW r`Kx vwilAW nUM mwlI m`dd dyxw, Swl audXog pRP`ulqkrnw, kwgz dI dsqwkwrI iv`c suDwr krnw, AwvwjweI leI rsqybnwauxy, v`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky kwSqkwrW nUM vMf dyxIAW,KyqI audXog sWBx leI godwm bnwauxy, nihrW k`Fvw ky brwn zmInW'c isMjweI dw pRbMD krnw, ijns KRIdx vycx leI nvyN qol mwpkrny, lokW Kws kr kwimAW dy jIvn iv`c suDwr Aqy KuShwlIilAwauxI Awid rwhIN srdwr dI s`cI-su`cI soc nUM drswieAw igAwhY[ ies kWf dw kuJ ih`sw qW BulyKw pwauNdw hY ijvyN ieh sB kuJkrnw ie`k sPrnwmw hovy[

coQw kWf ^wlsw rwj dy Kyqr nUM drswauNdw hY ik ieh ikqnwivSwl sI[ nwl hI ieh vI Kulwsw krvwauNdw hY ik iSmly vrgyimSn iv`c srdwr nlUAw jI gorIAW AOrqW dy ArD nMgy srIrW nwlnwc dy pUry iKlwP sn[ ie`k Kws g`l ieh sI ik srdwr gorI srkwrnwl Syir-ey-pMjwb dI iksy vI sMDI dy jwqI qOr qy iKlwP sn[ BwvAwp rbV dI mohr nhIN sn sgoN qrk BrI soc dy mwilk sn[

pMjvyN kWf iv`c ipSwvr ielwky dI vDIAw rwj sQwpqI dwizkr hY[ Cyvy kWf nUM vYrwgmeI kWf AwKWgy[ is`K ieiqhws iv`c

(iii) (iv)

bxwieAw hY[ ieiqhws nUM swihq iv`c pyS krnw ie`k imAwn iv`co doqlvwrW pwaux dy qu`l huMdw hY[ ies pusqk dw KrVw pVH ky mYnUM mhWkvI vwirS Swh dI hIr dI g`l Xwd AweI hY, aunHW hIr rWJy dy ipAwrdI g`l kridAW ij`Qy r`bI ipAwr dI pySkwrI kIqI, au~Qy mnuKI srIrnUM l`gx vwlIAW by-igxq bImwrIAW dy nusKy vI ilK id`qy jo pMjwbdy jn-jIvn nUM qMdrusq krdy Aw rhy hn[ kvI v`loN vrqy AKwxWvWg ieh nusKy pMjwbI lokW dI zbwn qy cVHy hoey hn, iqvyN syKoN swihbdI ies pusqk iv`coN vI bhu BWqI igAwn pRwpq huMdw hY[ kSmIr iv`ckysr dI KyqI, kysr dy AnykW guxW, srIrk suMdrqw Aqy srIrkielwj dw vI izkr hY[

pihly kWf iv`c nlUey srdwr dw jIvn ibrqWq hY[ ienHW dybwbw jI Aqy ipqw jI sMpUrn guris`K Aqy isrl`Q sUrmy sn, ijs krky sUrmqweI dI guVHqI bMs iv`coN hI iml geI sI[ s`q swl dI aumryXqIm ho gey Aqy nwnky Gr srb shUlqW nwl srb p`KI igAwnpRwpq kIqw[ AMimRqpwn kr ky isMG sj gey Aqy gurU ikRpw sdkwdrSnI juAwn sn qy pyNfU KyfW iv`c g`qky bwjI Aqy qlvwrW dy AYsyjOhr idKwaux l`gy ik dyKx vwly ienHW dI PurqI Aqy klw qy A`S A`Skr auTdy sn[ Syr dw iSkwr krky 'nlUey' dw pd hwsl kIqw Aqyies Xogqw kwrn Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy ijgr dytoty bx gey[ auprMq byigxq pdvIAW dy mwlk bxy, au~cy AwcrndIAW DuMmW pweIAW, svrg vrgw rwj pYdw kIqw, ienHW dy nwm dwis`kw c`ilAw jo ie`k mhwn ikRSmw sI[

dUjy kWf iv`c mulqwn dI jMg, im`Ty itvwxy dI ij`q au~c dy pIrWdI suDweI, koihnUr hIry dw ivvwd Kqm krnw, rjOrI Aqy iBMbr dIij`q, mulqwn qy kbzw, jMqw dI hrmn ipAwrqw ij`q lYxI Awid ivSybVI hI fUMiGAweI q`k CUhy gey hn[

qIjw kWf ies pusqk dI ijMd jwn hY[ au~Gy XoiDAW dI vrdIqy sunihrI inSwn mVHny, qlvwrW qy hIry jVHny, GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAWdI jVHq jvwhrW nwl krnI, ij`qy hoey ielwikAW iv`c ikilHAW dwinrmwx krnw[ ikilHAW dIAW dIvwrW dI Kws aucweI cVHweI qoNielwvw bwhrvwr fUMGy Kwly putvw ky pwxI nwl Brny srdwr hrI isMGnlUey dy idmwg dI Ascrz kwF sI[ ies qoN ielwvw kSmIr dIkdm kdm dI qsvIr, auQoN dy mOsm qy kudrqI suMdrqw, lokW dwhusn, kMm DMdy, smwijk Aqy AwriQk AvsQw bwry jwxkwrI hwslkrnw nlUey dy mhwn kwrnwimAW dw vrnx hY[ XoDy ny vgwr dw kohVv`iFAw, Dwrimk AwzwdI dvweI, KyqI bwVI iv`c suDwr kIqw, ByfWb~krIAW r`Kx vwilAW nUM mwlI m`dd dyxw, Swl audXog pRP`ulqkrnw, kwgz dI dsqwkwrI iv`c suDwr krnw, AwvwjweI leI rsqybnwauxy, v`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky kwSqkwrW nUM vMf dyxIAW,KyqI audXog sWBx leI godwm bnwauxy, nihrW k`Fvw ky brwn zmInW'c isMjweI dw pRbMD krnw, ijns KRIdx vycx leI nvyN qol mwpkrny, lokW Kws kr kwimAW dy jIvn iv`c suDwr Aqy KuShwlIilAwauxI Awid rwhIN srdwr dI s`cI-su`cI soc nUM drswieAw igAwhY[ ies kWf dw kuJ ih`sw qW BulyKw pwauNdw hY ijvyN ieh sB kuJkrnw ie`k sPrnwmw hovy[

coQw kWf ^wlsw rwj dy Kyqr nUM drswauNdw hY ik ieh ikqnwivSwl sI[ nwl hI ieh vI Kulwsw krvwauNdw hY ik iSmly vrgyimSn iv`c srdwr nlUAw jI gorIAW AOrqW dy ArD nMgy srIrW nwlnwc dy pUry iKlwP sn[ ie`k Kws g`l ieh sI ik srdwr gorI srkwrnwl Syir-ey-pMjwb dI iksy vI sMDI dy jwqI qOr qy iKlwP sn[ BwvAwp rbV dI mohr nhIN sn sgoN qrk BrI soc dy mwilk sn[

pMjvyN kWf iv`c ipSwvr ielwky dI vDIAw rwj sQwpqI dwizkr hY[ Cyvy kWf nUM vYrwgmeI kWf AwKWgy[ is`K ieiqhws iv`c

(iii) (iv)

jmrOd dy iklHy dw Kws AsQwn hY[ ies ielwky iv`c sUrmy nUM mOq dyPirSqy keI idn l`Bdy iPrdy rhy[ pr ieh XoDw isr qy k`Px bMnHky rwxI mOq nUM mKOlW krdw irhw[ isAwixAW dy kQn Anuswr hoxInhIN tldI, aus ny Awpxw kMm kr id`qw[ XoDy dy AMq nwl is`K rwjdy isMGwsn dw ieh QMm Fih FyrI ho igAw[ArQwq isMGwsn foligAw… qy ieh is`K rwj dy ^wqmy dw sMkyq bixAw[

nlUey ny Awpxy smyN iv`c bhuq swry ikilHAW, SihrW Aqy DrmAsQwnW dw inrmwx kIqw[ sRI gurU hir ikRSn jI dy nwm qy hzwry dyiklHy dI auswrI krvweI, hrIpur Sihr nUM sPweI Aqy shUlqW BrpUrbxwieAw, ipSwvr iv`c iklHy bxwey, pMjw swihb gurU Gr dI syvwsMBwl dy p`ky pRbMD kIqy, iklHw guzrW vwlw, iklHw jmrOd, kSmIr iv`cDwrimk AsQwnW dI auswrI Aqy iklHy bxvwey, sRI Akwl q^qswihb dy guMbd dI syvw sonw jVw ky krvweI, qrnqwrn, mukqsrswihb iv`c mhwn srovrW dI syvw Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW au~cIAWSwnW nUM buMigAW rwhIN pyS kIqw[

fwktr swihb ny ies pusqk iv`c mhwn ivSy dI Koj krky pySkIqw hY[ ieiqhws iksy vI qrHW bxwey nhIN jWdy sgoN ieh hwlwqW dIdyx huMdy hn[ hwlwqW dI pIVw ieiqhws isrjdI hY[ ies ivclypwqrW dy ikrdwr ies nUM au~cw nIvW krdy hn[ sMswr iv`c sYNkVy kOmWAijhIAW hn ijnHW dw koeI ieiqhws nhIN hY[ AsIN irxI hW AwpxygurUAW, BgqW, isrl`Q XoiDAW vIrW Aqy BYxW dy, ijnHW ny Awpxy nwmo-inSwn imtw ky is`K ieiqhws dw prp`k mh`l auswirAw hY[ DMnvwdIhW syKoN swihb dy ijnHW ieiqhws dI lMmI lVI nUM ivigAwnk soc AqyqrkmeI sUJ bUJ nwl pyS kIqw hY[ pusqk dI bolI muhwvry BrpUrTyT pMjwbI hY, ikqy ikqy mwlvy dw ielwkweI Asr idsdw hY[ vwkbxqr ikqy ikqy Ax-suKwvIN hY pr Awp jI nUM g`l pwTk dy p`ly pwdyx dw FMg AwauNdw hY[ lyKxI nUM rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy

kwiv totikAW dI KUb vrqoN kIqI hoeI hY[ r`b A`gy Ardws krIey ikfwktr swihb Koj BrI rcnw krdy rihx qy pMjwbI swihq dI syvwkrdy rihx[

dws

surjIq isMGmuKI-pMjwbI ivBwg (swbkw)

gurU nwnk nYSnl kwljnkodrjlMDr

(v) (vi)

jmrOd dy iklHy dw Kws AsQwn hY[ ies ielwky iv`c sUrmy nUM mOq dyPirSqy keI idn l`Bdy iPrdy rhy[ pr ieh XoDw isr qy k`Px bMnHky rwxI mOq nUM mKOlW krdw irhw[ isAwixAW dy kQn Anuswr hoxInhIN tldI, aus ny Awpxw kMm kr id`qw[ XoDy dy AMq nwl is`K rwjdy isMGwsn dw ieh QMm Fih FyrI ho igAw[ArQwq isMGwsn foligAw… qy ieh is`K rwj dy ^wqmy dw sMkyq bixAw[

nlUey ny Awpxy smyN iv`c bhuq swry ikilHAW, SihrW Aqy DrmAsQwnW dw inrmwx kIqw[ sRI gurU hir ikRSn jI dy nwm qy hzwry dyiklHy dI auswrI krvweI, hrIpur Sihr nUM sPweI Aqy shUlqW BrpUrbxwieAw, ipSwvr iv`c iklHy bxwey, pMjw swihb gurU Gr dI syvwsMBwl dy p`ky pRbMD kIqy, iklHw guzrW vwlw, iklHw jmrOd, kSmIr iv`cDwrimk AsQwnW dI auswrI Aqy iklHy bxvwey, sRI Akwl q^qswihb dy guMbd dI syvw sonw jVw ky krvweI, qrnqwrn, mukqsrswihb iv`c mhwn srovrW dI syvw Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW au~cIAWSwnW nUM buMigAW rwhIN pyS kIqw[

fwktr swihb ny ies pusqk iv`c mhwn ivSy dI Koj krky pySkIqw hY[ ieiqhws iksy vI qrHW bxwey nhIN jWdy sgoN ieh hwlwqW dIdyx huMdy hn[ hwlwqW dI pIVw ieiqhws isrjdI hY[ ies ivclypwqrW dy ikrdwr ies nUM au~cw nIvW krdy hn[ sMswr iv`c sYNkVy kOmWAijhIAW hn ijnHW dw koeI ieiqhws nhIN hY[ AsIN irxI hW AwpxygurUAW, BgqW, isrl`Q XoiDAW vIrW Aqy BYxW dy, ijnHW ny Awpxy nwmo-inSwn imtw ky is`K ieiqhws dw prp`k mh`l auswirAw hY[ DMnvwdIhW syKoN swihb dy ijnHW ieiqhws dI lMmI lVI nUM ivigAwnk soc AqyqrkmeI sUJ bUJ nwl pyS kIqw hY[ pusqk dI bolI muhwvry BrpUrTyT pMjwbI hY, ikqy ikqy mwlvy dw ielwkweI Asr idsdw hY[ vwkbxqr ikqy ikqy Ax-suKwvIN hY pr Awp jI nUM g`l pwTk dy p`ly pwdyx dw FMg AwauNdw hY[ lyKxI nUM rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy

kwiv totikAW dI KUb vrqoN kIqI hoeI hY[ r`b A`gy Ardws krIey ikfwktr swihb Koj BrI rcnw krdy rihx qy pMjwbI swihq dI syvwkrdy rihx[

dws

surjIq isMGmuKI-pMjwbI ivBwg (swbkw)

gurU nwnk nYSnl kwljnkodrjlMDr

(v) (vi)

BUimkwAnMq SkqIAW dy mwlk prmySr dI idRStI bVI byAMq hY ijs

AMdr joq, dwq Aqy jugq dI klw psr rhI hY[ ieh klw auh mhwnSkqI hY jo idKweI nhIN idMdI pr pRq`K rUp iv`c pRgt hY[ ieh SkqIAYsI hY ijs nUM mwipAw, qoilAw Aqy igixAw nhIN jw skdw[ hr ie`kjIv AMdr aus jIvn dwqy vloN klw itkweI hoeI hY Aqy ieh ipClyjnmW-jnmWqRW dI kIqI kmweI qy ADwrq huMdI hY[ mnu`KI jIvn jWsMjIv jIvW dy jIvn dw AwrMB vI hY Aqy AMq vI hY pr klw AnMq hY[pRBU vloN bKSI klw nUM GtwieAw, vDwieAw nhIN jw skdw[ hW mnu`KAwpxI klw dI vrqoN G`t v`D kr skdw hY[ pRis`D icqRkwr srdwrsoBw isMG Anuswr 'klw ie`k aucyrI qy Awzwd aufwrI hY' jo suqIAW rUhWnUM jgw idMdI hY Aqy Bu`ly-BtikAW nUM shI rsqy pw idMdI hY[ klw qWhI s&l hY jy klwkwr ies nUM cMgI qrHW smJy[ klw ie`k imSn hoxwcwhIdw hY pySw nhIN[ Airstotl ny klw nUM kudrq dI sUJ-bUJ vwlIinrUpx SkqI iliKAw hY[ ieh SkqI ie`k surqw Aqy vzndwr mwpdw pRqK srUp hY[ bMdy ies kudrqI SkqI dy qohPy nUM AwpxI kwblIAqdI pdvI drswauNdy hn, jdoN aunHW dy mnW AMdr auj`fpuxw pYdw huMdwhY[

'Imagination then is one instinct of our nature. Next thereis the instinct for harmony, and rhythmymeters being mani-festly sections of rhythms Persons, therefore, starting withthis natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudestill their rude improvisations give birth.

Akwl purK ny dUjy jIvW dy mukwbly mnuK nUM au~qm idmwg, cMgIsoc Aqy ie`k dUjy nwl g`lbwq krn, myl-imlwp r`Kx, pVHn AqyilKx leI ivl`Kx ivDI bKSI hoeI hY[ pr ieh Awpxy suAwrQ,lwB, ih`q Aqy hMkwrI AOguxW nUM mu`K r`K ky kmzorW Aqy grIbW nUM

gulwm bxw ky aunHW qy zulm FwhuMdw hY, lut-Ksut krdw hY ijs kwrn,jMgl rUpI bol bwlw ho jWdw hY[ ijs dI lwTI aus dI BYNs vwly hwlqpYdw hox kwrn pwpW dI h`d ho jWdI hY Aqy prjw 'c kurlwht m`cjWdI hY[ pr AKIr iehnW AwhW Aqy rox dIAW DwhW jdoN jIvnidhMd suxdw hY qW iehnW nUM T`lHx leI auh iksy mhWblI nUM klw dyky sMswr qy Byjdw hY[ auh AgMmI mrd SsqrW Aqy gulwmI dI c`kIiv`c ips rhI Klkq dI shwieqw nwl pwpI buriCAW dI pMjwlIauhnW dy gloN luhw idMdw hY[ Asl iv`c Bwxw swrw krqy dw hI vrqdwhY ijvyN gurbwxI dy bol hn:

loB lhir sB suAwn hlku hY hlikE sBih ibgwry]myry Twkur kY dIbwin Kbir huoeI gur igAwnu KVgu lY mwry] (983)

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy is`K rwj qoN pihlW bMdw isMG bhwdrdy wlsw rwj (1708 qoN 1716) dw smW C`f ky ihMdusqwn qkrIbn800 swl ArbW, qurkW Aqy muglW dy ADIn gulmI dIAW zMjIrW iv`cjkiVAw irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn jo jbr jnHw, Gwx, durgqI AqymusIbqW dI hnyrI prjw au~pr JulI auh sMqwp Aqy AiqAwcwr lUM kMfyKVHy krn vwlI vwrqw hY[ bMidAW dw jIvn pSUAW nwloN vI mMdw sI[ihMdUAW nUM jbrI muslmwn bxwieAw igAw, iesqrIAW dy sq BMgkIqy gey, byksUirAW, b`icAW Aqy buiFAW nUM vI mOq dy Gwt auqwirAwigAw[ ihMdUAW qy ho rhy D`ky Aqy slUk bwry igAwnI igAwn isMG jI'pMQ pRkwS' iv`c ilKdy hn:

bytI bhU nvIN jo AY hYN[ qRY idn jbrn qwihN rKY hYN[pun jb ihMdU koeI mr hYN[ kbr pIr drvwjy pr hY[iqs ky nIcy sY lKvY hYN[ murdw iPr jlq so nY hYN[

fwktr hrI rwm gupqw ilKdy hn ik jykr sRI gurU nwnkswihb jI dy jnm (1469) ijnHW ny is`K Drm dI nINh r`KI qoN 500

swl pihlW qy JwqI mwrIey qW jrvwixAW ny ies smyN dOrwn qkrIbn

(vii) (viii)

BUimkwAnMq SkqIAW dy mwlk prmySr dI idRStI bVI byAMq hY ijs

AMdr joq, dwq Aqy jugq dI klw psr rhI hY[ ieh klw auh mhwnSkqI hY jo idKweI nhIN idMdI pr pRq`K rUp iv`c pRgt hY[ ieh SkqIAYsI hY ijs nUM mwipAw, qoilAw Aqy igixAw nhIN jw skdw[ hr ie`kjIv AMdr aus jIvn dwqy vloN klw itkweI hoeI hY Aqy ieh ipClyjnmW-jnmWqRW dI kIqI kmweI qy ADwrq huMdI hY[ mnu`KI jIvn jWsMjIv jIvW dy jIvn dw AwrMB vI hY Aqy AMq vI hY pr klw AnMq hY[pRBU vloN bKSI klw nUM GtwieAw, vDwieAw nhIN jw skdw[ hW mnu`KAwpxI klw dI vrqoN G`t v`D kr skdw hY[ pRis`D icqRkwr srdwrsoBw isMG Anuswr 'klw ie`k aucyrI qy Awzwd aufwrI hY' jo suqIAW rUhWnUM jgw idMdI hY Aqy Bu`ly-BtikAW nUM shI rsqy pw idMdI hY[ klw qWhI s&l hY jy klwkwr ies nUM cMgI qrHW smJy[ klw ie`k imSn hoxwcwhIdw hY pySw nhIN[ Airstotl ny klw nUM kudrq dI sUJ-bUJ vwlIinrUpx SkqI iliKAw hY[ ieh SkqI ie`k surqw Aqy vzndwr mwpdw pRqK srUp hY[ bMdy ies kudrqI SkqI dy qohPy nUM AwpxI kwblIAqdI pdvI drswauNdy hn, jdoN aunHW dy mnW AMdr auj`fpuxw pYdw huMdwhY[

'Imagination then is one instinct of our nature. Next thereis the instinct for harmony, and rhythmymeters being mani-festly sections of rhythms Persons, therefore, starting withthis natural gift developed by degrees their special aptitudestill their rude improvisations give birth.

Akwl purK ny dUjy jIvW dy mukwbly mnuK nUM au~qm idmwg, cMgIsoc Aqy ie`k dUjy nwl g`lbwq krn, myl-imlwp r`Kx, pVHn AqyilKx leI ivl`Kx ivDI bKSI hoeI hY[ pr ieh Awpxy suAwrQ,lwB, ih`q Aqy hMkwrI AOguxW nUM mu`K r`K ky kmzorW Aqy grIbW nUM

gulwm bxw ky aunHW qy zulm FwhuMdw hY, lut-Ksut krdw hY ijs kwrn,jMgl rUpI bol bwlw ho jWdw hY[ ijs dI lwTI aus dI BYNs vwly hwlqpYdw hox kwrn pwpW dI h`d ho jWdI hY Aqy prjw 'c kurlwht m`cjWdI hY[ pr AKIr iehnW AwhW Aqy rox dIAW DwhW jdoN jIvnidhMd suxdw hY qW iehnW nUM T`lHx leI auh iksy mhWblI nUM klw dyky sMswr qy Byjdw hY[ auh AgMmI mrd SsqrW Aqy gulwmI dI c`kIiv`c ips rhI Klkq dI shwieqw nwl pwpI buriCAW dI pMjwlIauhnW dy gloN luhw idMdw hY[ Asl iv`c Bwxw swrw krqy dw hI vrqdwhY ijvyN gurbwxI dy bol hn:

loB lhir sB suAwn hlku hY hlikE sBih ibgwry]myry Twkur kY dIbwin Kbir huoeI gur igAwnu KVgu lY mwry] (983)

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy is`K rwj qoN pihlW bMdw isMG bhwdrdy wlsw rwj (1708 qoN 1716) dw smW C`f ky ihMdusqwn qkrIbn800 swl ArbW, qurkW Aqy muglW dy ADIn gulmI dIAW zMjIrW iv`cjkiVAw irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn jo jbr jnHw, Gwx, durgqI AqymusIbqW dI hnyrI prjw au~pr JulI auh sMqwp Aqy AiqAwcwr lUM kMfyKVHy krn vwlI vwrqw hY[ bMidAW dw jIvn pSUAW nwloN vI mMdw sI[ihMdUAW nUM jbrI muslmwn bxwieAw igAw, iesqrIAW dy sq BMgkIqy gey, byksUirAW, b`icAW Aqy buiFAW nUM vI mOq dy Gwt auqwirAwigAw[ ihMdUAW qy ho rhy D`ky Aqy slUk bwry igAwnI igAwn isMG jI'pMQ pRkwS' iv`c ilKdy hn:

bytI bhU nvIN jo AY hYN[ qRY idn jbrn qwihN rKY hYN[pun jb ihMdU koeI mr hYN[ kbr pIr drvwjy pr hY[iqs ky nIcy sY lKvY hYN[ murdw iPr jlq so nY hYN[

fwktr hrI rwm gupqw ilKdy hn ik jykr sRI gurU nwnkswihb jI dy jnm (1469) ijnHW ny is`K Drm dI nINh r`KI qoN 500

swl pihlW qy JwqI mwrIey qW jrvwixAW ny ies smyN dOrwn qkrIbn

(vii) (viii)

60 hmly ihMdosqwn qy kIqy[ iehnW hmilAW dOrwn dyS dI Dwrimk,AwriQk, rwjnIiqk Aqy smwijk AvsQw nUM cknwcUr hI nhIN kIqwsgoN ihMdusqwnIAW nUM kmzor,buzidl Aqy inqwxy bxw id`qw[

gurU nwnk dyv jI ny s`c Aqy h~k dw hokw id`qw[

Awpxy r`bI bolW nwl lukweI nMU jMgy-AwzwdI leI jgwauxwkIqw[ bwbr vrgy jrvwxy bwdSwh nUM aus dy mUMh qy jwbr ikhw[ horrwijAW nUM Syr dI inAweIN ivcrn kr ky AwdmKor AwiKAw AqyiehnW dy muk`dmW nUM lwlcI ku`qy grdwinAw Aqy nOkrW nUM grIbW dIr`q pIx vwly AwiKAw[

rwjy sIh mukdm kuqy] jwie jgwien bYTy suqy]cwkr nhdw pwiein Gwau] rqu ipqu kuiq ho ctu jwhu] (1288)

ijhVy Awpxy Awp nUM DrmI AKvwauNdy sn aunHW dy pwKMf rUpIpwjW nUM ieM\ auDyiVAw:

kwdI kUV boil mlu Kwie] bRwhmx nwvY jIAw Gwie]jogI jugiq n jwxY AMDu] qIny EjwVY kw bMDu]

gurU swihb ny gur is`K nUM jIvn jwc isKx leI pRyirAw Aqynwl hI Drm dI ikrq, nwm jpx Aqy vMf Ckx dw aupdyS id`qw[AwpxI pMjvIN Aqy nOvIN joq AMdr h`k, s`c, ienswP leI kurbwnIkrn dw v`l isKwieAw, nykI dw prkwS Aqy bdI dw nwS krn leICyvIN joq sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI ny ipqw gurU Arjn dyv jI dIShwdq auprMq mIrI Aqy pIrI dy isDWq nUM is`KI AMdr pRkwiSq kIqwArQwq is`K nUM sMq ispwhI bxw id`qw[ duStW dI suDweI leI Ssqrcu`ky[ dsvIN joq AMdr mrd AgMmVy-srbMsdwnI sRI gurU goibMd isMGjI ny is`K nUM AMimRq pwn krw ky isMG dI pdvI bKS ky wlsy dw rUpdy id`qw[ nwl hI sRI gurU gMRQ swihb jI nUM jugo jug At`l gurU Qwpid`qw[ ^wlsy bwry AwiKAw ik Awaux vwly smyN AMdr ^wlsw zulm

jbr nwl jUJdw rhygw[ pr Srq ieh r`KI ik wlsw auhI hovygw jogurmiq dw DwrnI Aqy gurmirXwdw iv`c prp`k rhygw[ jykr gurU dyis`K gurU nwnk dy isDwqW qy pihrw nhIN dyxgy qW du`K pwauxgy AqypwpW dy BwgI hoxgy[ gurU nwnk dI is`KI shI jIvn syD dyx krkymnu`Kqw dI ijMd jwn, Awn Aqy Swn hY[

is`KI bwry Mr.Bertrand Arthur William Russell (Nobleprize winner in literature in 1950) ijhVw mhwn i&lws&r Aqygixq ividAw dw mwhr sI[ ies qoN ielwvw ieh ihstorIAn Aqysmwijk nukqw ingwh iv`c vI mwhr sI Aqy swihq dw Awlock sI[ieh 1872 qoN 1970 dy drimAwn hoieAw hY Aqy brqwnIAW dwSihrI sI[ ies dy ivcwr suxo:

"If some lucky men survive on slaught of the third worldwar of atomic and hydrogen bombs, then the Sikh religionwill be the only means of guiding them. When asked isn't thisreligion capable of guiding mankind before the third worldwar? He said,"Yes, it has the capability but the Sikhs haven'tbrought out in the broad day light the splendid doctrines ofthis religion which has come into existence for the benefitof the entire mankind. This is their greatest sin and the Sikhscannot be freed of it."

Bwv 'nobl purskwr ivjyqw brtYNf rsl (1872-1970),brqwnIAW dw mhwn dwrSink, gixq SwsqRI, ihstorIAn Aqyswihq dw Awlock ilKdw hY ik jykr koeI suBwgw bMdw dunIAW dI hoxvwlI qIjI mwrUjMg 'coN bc igAw ikauik ieh AYtm Aqy hweIfRojnbMbW dI hovygI qW ies ipCoN is`K Drm hI ie`k AYsw Drm hovygwijhVw Xog AgvweI kr skygw[ qd rsl qoN pu`iCAw igAw ik kIdunIAW dy ies qIjy mhW Xu`D qoN pihlW is`K Drm mnu`Kqw nUM shI syD

(ix) (x)

60 hmly ihMdosqwn qy kIqy[ iehnW hmilAW dOrwn dyS dI Dwrimk,AwriQk, rwjnIiqk Aqy smwijk AvsQw nUM cknwcUr hI nhIN kIqwsgoN ihMdusqwnIAW nUM kmzor,buzidl Aqy inqwxy bxw id`qw[

gurU nwnk dyv jI ny s`c Aqy h~k dw hokw id`qw[

Awpxy r`bI bolW nwl lukweI nMU jMgy-AwzwdI leI jgwauxwkIqw[ bwbr vrgy jrvwxy bwdSwh nUM aus dy mUMh qy jwbr ikhw[ horrwijAW nUM Syr dI inAweIN ivcrn kr ky AwdmKor AwiKAw AqyiehnW dy muk`dmW nUM lwlcI ku`qy grdwinAw Aqy nOkrW nUM grIbW dIr`q pIx vwly AwiKAw[

rwjy sIh mukdm kuqy] jwie jgwien bYTy suqy]cwkr nhdw pwiein Gwau] rqu ipqu kuiq ho ctu jwhu] (1288)

ijhVy Awpxy Awp nUM DrmI AKvwauNdy sn aunHW dy pwKMf rUpIpwjW nUM ieM\ auDyiVAw:

kwdI kUV boil mlu Kwie] bRwhmx nwvY jIAw Gwie]jogI jugiq n jwxY AMDu] qIny EjwVY kw bMDu]

gurU swihb ny gur is`K nUM jIvn jwc isKx leI pRyirAw Aqynwl hI Drm dI ikrq, nwm jpx Aqy vMf Ckx dw aupdyS id`qw[AwpxI pMjvIN Aqy nOvIN joq AMdr h`k, s`c, ienswP leI kurbwnIkrn dw v`l isKwieAw, nykI dw prkwS Aqy bdI dw nwS krn leICyvIN joq sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI ny ipqw gurU Arjn dyv jI dIShwdq auprMq mIrI Aqy pIrI dy isDWq nUM is`KI AMdr pRkwiSq kIqwArQwq is`K nUM sMq ispwhI bxw id`qw[ duStW dI suDweI leI Ssqrcu`ky[ dsvIN joq AMdr mrd AgMmVy-srbMsdwnI sRI gurU goibMd isMGjI ny is`K nUM AMimRq pwn krw ky isMG dI pdvI bKS ky wlsy dw rUpdy id`qw[ nwl hI sRI gurU gMRQ swihb jI nUM jugo jug At`l gurU Qwpid`qw[ ^wlsy bwry AwiKAw ik Awaux vwly smyN AMdr ^wlsw zulm

jbr nwl jUJdw rhygw[ pr Srq ieh r`KI ik wlsw auhI hovygw jogurmiq dw DwrnI Aqy gurmirXwdw iv`c prp`k rhygw[ jykr gurU dyis`K gurU nwnk dy isDwqW qy pihrw nhIN dyxgy qW du`K pwauxgy AqypwpW dy BwgI hoxgy[ gurU nwnk dI is`KI shI jIvn syD dyx krkymnu`Kqw dI ijMd jwn, Awn Aqy Swn hY[

is`KI bwry Mr.Bertrand Arthur William Russell (Nobleprize winner in literature in 1950) ijhVw mhwn i&lws&r Aqygixq ividAw dw mwhr sI[ ies qoN ielwvw ieh ihstorIAn Aqysmwijk nukqw ingwh iv`c vI mwhr sI Aqy swihq dw Awlock sI[ieh 1872 qoN 1970 dy drimAwn hoieAw hY Aqy brqwnIAW dwSihrI sI[ ies dy ivcwr suxo:

"If some lucky men survive on slaught of the third worldwar of atomic and hydrogen bombs, then the Sikh religionwill be the only means of guiding them. When asked isn't thisreligion capable of guiding mankind before the third worldwar? He said,"Yes, it has the capability but the Sikhs haven'tbrought out in the broad day light the splendid doctrines ofthis religion which has come into existence for the benefitof the entire mankind. This is their greatest sin and the Sikhscannot be freed of it."

Bwv 'nobl purskwr ivjyqw brtYNf rsl (1872-1970),brqwnIAW dw mhwn dwrSink, gixq SwsqRI, ihstorIAn Aqyswihq dw Awlock ilKdw hY ik jykr koeI suBwgw bMdw dunIAW dI hoxvwlI qIjI mwrUjMg 'coN bc igAw ikauik ieh AYtm Aqy hweIfRojnbMbW dI hovygI qW ies ipCoN is`K Drm hI ie`k AYsw Drm hovygwijhVw Xog AgvweI kr skygw[ qd rsl qoN pu`iCAw igAw ik kIdunIAW dy ies qIjy mhW Xu`D qoN pihlW is`K Drm mnu`Kqw nUM shI syD

(ix) (x)

dyx dI smr`Qw nhIN rKdw? auq`r sI, hW, ies Drm kol ieh smr`QwhY[ pr is`KW ny is`K Drm dy gOrvmeI isDwqW nUM pRkwSq nhIN kIqwijhVy swrI mnu`Kqw dI BlweI loVdy hn[ ieh ies pwp kwrn bKSynhIN jw skdy'[

is`KI mhwn hY[ gurU ikRpw sdkw is`K kOm mwrSl hY[ gurU nyis`K nUM ies g`l iv`c prp`k kIqw hY ik qUM ie`k Akwl purK qy Broswr`Kxw hY, sdw cVHdI klw 'c rihx leI bwxI Aqy bwxy dy DwrnI hoxwhY, srb`q dw Blw mMgxw hY, sdw praupkwr krnw hY Aqy dyS jW kOmqy jykr koeI BIV bxy qW Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn qoN vI kdy nhINiJjkxw[ mYN qyry sdw AMg sMg hW[ ies leI is`K gurU dy pRym AqypRqIq nUM mu`K rKidAW mOq qoN nhIN frdw, Awpw vwrn leI sdwqqpr rihMdw hY Aqy gurU crnw iv`c hoeI mOq nUM vfBwgI mMndw hY[bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dI Shwdq auprMq is`KW ny bhuq qsIhy J`lyAqy AOKI GVI iv`c ivcridAW jrvwixAW dy mUMh vI BMny[ nvwbzkrIAw KWn Aqy mIr mMnU vrigAW ny ksmW KwDIAW ik AsIN auqnwicr p`g Awpxy isr qy nhIN DrWgy ijqnw icr is`KW dw nwmo inSwnnhIN imtw idMdy[ ieQoN q`k hukmnwmy jwrI kIqy gey ik guV Sbd dIvrqoN qy vI pwbMdI lgw id`qI ikauNik ieh Sbd gurU nwl imldwjuldw hY[ guV dI QW 'roVI' Sbd vrqx dy AwdyS id`qy gey[ isrW dymu`l pwey gey Aqy QW QW qy v`Fy isrW dIAW mInwrW KVHIAW kr ky aunHWnUM swiVAw igAw[ pr isMGW ny ieh Sbd aucwrn kIqy:

mMnU swfI dwqrI, AsIN mMnUM dy soie[ijauN ijauN mMnUM v`Fdw, AsIN dUx suvwey hoey[

is`KI bwry ilKwrI mInw dws dy ivcwr suxo:

"ijhVw vrg (is`K) h`k s`c dI ^wqr jwnW inCwvr kr dyxdy krm nUM 'pRym dI Kyf' Kyfx dw nW idMdw hY, zulmW dy qsIihAW nUM'qyrw kIAw mITw lwgy' kih ky iKVy m`Qy pRvwn krdw hY, kwl koTVIAW

dy AMdr vI srUrI sdW lwauNdw hY Aqy &wsI dy q^iqAW qy vI jyqUjYkwry gjWauNdw hY aus iv`c AwpxI inAwrI hsqI Aqy Tu`k dwAihsws pYdw ho jwxw suBwivk hY[ AjyhI ipAwrI, inAwrI, dulwrIAqy siqkwrI kOm AMdr Awpw vwrn dw bhuq p`kw Aqy fUMGw AihswshY[ ieh Aihsws aus dI Awzwd hsqI dw pRgtwvw drswauNdw hY[

kimaUinst ivcwrDwrw dy kvI AmrjIq cMdn dI svY-kQnIpVoH ijs iv`c drz hY:

'AsIN vI is`K ieiqhws qoN pRyrxw leI,Kws kr ky Shwdq dy sMklp qoN[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj AMdr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAwis`K rwj dw mhwn jrnYl Aqy ausreIAw sI[ husnl crwg, roSnidmwg Aqy AgwD bl dw mwlk hox krky ies ny SmSIr pkV kyzrvwixAW dy dlW AMdr kmwl Aqy byimswl DmwlW pweIAW[ ijsiK`qy dy jrvwixAW (APgwnW) ny ihMdusqwn nUM bwr bwr ku`itAw AqyluitAw Aqy ijnHW v`l nUM koeI vI ihMdusqwnI sUrmw mUMh krn nUM iqAwrnhIN sI ieh au~Qy Syr vWg bu`ikAw Aqy grijAw[ mn AMdr gur-ilv, is`KI pRym, AxK Aqy mnu`Kqw dy Bly dI icxg hox krky iehAlbylw sUrbIr mOq dI prvwh nw krdw hoieAw duStW dy dlW nUMlqwVdw , gwldw Aqy mwrdw ibjlI dI inAweIN Awpxy inSwny vlvDdw sI[ ie`k qyj-qrwr qy PurqIlw GoV svwr, dOVwk, qIr-AMdwzI Aqy qlvwr dw DnI hox dy nwqy ieh jMgW-Xu`DW AMdr duSmxnUM AYsIAW BwjVW pwauNdw Aqy nkyl ksdw sI ik aus nUM hwr qoN ibnwhor kuJ idKweI nhIN sI idMdw[ hr pl mwlk dI ikRpw sdkw ij`qsrdwr hrI isMG dy pYr cuMmdI sI[ ieh ij`q aus dy au~dmI suBwA,srl Aqy spSt soc, nyk idl inAW Aqy ienswP psMd, kilAwxkwrIAqy SuB-icMqk hox dw nqIjw sI[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG dy au~cry bolhrI isMG dy AMg AMg iv`c rmy hoey sn:

(xi) (xii)

dyx dI smr`Qw nhIN rKdw? auq`r sI, hW, ies Drm kol ieh smr`QwhY[ pr is`KW ny is`K Drm dy gOrvmeI isDwqW nUM pRkwSq nhIN kIqwijhVy swrI mnu`Kqw dI BlweI loVdy hn[ ieh ies pwp kwrn bKSynhIN jw skdy'[

is`KI mhwn hY[ gurU ikRpw sdkw is`K kOm mwrSl hY[ gurU nyis`K nUM ies g`l iv`c prp`k kIqw hY ik qUM ie`k Akwl purK qy Broswr`Kxw hY, sdw cVHdI klw 'c rihx leI bwxI Aqy bwxy dy DwrnI hoxwhY, srb`q dw Blw mMgxw hY, sdw praupkwr krnw hY Aqy dyS jW kOmqy jykr koeI BIV bxy qW Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn qoN vI kdy nhINiJjkxw[ mYN qyry sdw AMg sMg hW[ ies leI is`K gurU dy pRym AqypRqIq nUM mu`K rKidAW mOq qoN nhIN frdw, Awpw vwrn leI sdwqqpr rihMdw hY Aqy gurU crnw iv`c hoeI mOq nUM vfBwgI mMndw hY[bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dI Shwdq auprMq is`KW ny bhuq qsIhy J`lyAqy AOKI GVI iv`c ivcridAW jrvwixAW dy mUMh vI BMny[ nvwbzkrIAw KWn Aqy mIr mMnU vrigAW ny ksmW KwDIAW ik AsIN auqnwicr p`g Awpxy isr qy nhIN DrWgy ijqnw icr is`KW dw nwmo inSwnnhIN imtw idMdy[ ieQoN q`k hukmnwmy jwrI kIqy gey ik guV Sbd dIvrqoN qy vI pwbMdI lgw id`qI ikauNik ieh Sbd gurU nwl imldwjuldw hY[ guV dI QW 'roVI' Sbd vrqx dy AwdyS id`qy gey[ isrW dymu`l pwey gey Aqy QW QW qy v`Fy isrW dIAW mInwrW KVHIAW kr ky aunHWnUM swiVAw igAw[ pr isMGW ny ieh Sbd aucwrn kIqy:

mMnU swfI dwqrI, AsIN mMnUM dy soie[ijauN ijauN mMnUM v`Fdw, AsIN dUx suvwey hoey[

is`KI bwry ilKwrI mInw dws dy ivcwr suxo:

"ijhVw vrg (is`K) h`k s`c dI ^wqr jwnW inCwvr kr dyxdy krm nUM 'pRym dI Kyf' Kyfx dw nW idMdw hY, zulmW dy qsIihAW nUM'qyrw kIAw mITw lwgy' kih ky iKVy m`Qy pRvwn krdw hY, kwl koTVIAW

dy AMdr vI srUrI sdW lwauNdw hY Aqy &wsI dy q^iqAW qy vI jyqUjYkwry gjWauNdw hY aus iv`c AwpxI inAwrI hsqI Aqy Tu`k dwAihsws pYdw ho jwxw suBwivk hY[ AjyhI ipAwrI, inAwrI, dulwrIAqy siqkwrI kOm AMdr Awpw vwrn dw bhuq p`kw Aqy fUMGw AihswshY[ ieh Aihsws aus dI Awzwd hsqI dw pRgtwvw drswauNdw hY[

kimaUinst ivcwrDwrw dy kvI AmrjIq cMdn dI svY-kQnIpVoH ijs iv`c drz hY:

'AsIN vI is`K ieiqhws qoN pRyrxw leI,Kws kr ky Shwdq dy sMklp qoN[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy rwj AMdr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAwis`K rwj dw mhwn jrnYl Aqy ausreIAw sI[ husnl crwg, roSnidmwg Aqy AgwD bl dw mwlk hox krky ies ny SmSIr pkV kyzrvwixAW dy dlW AMdr kmwl Aqy byimswl DmwlW pweIAW[ ijsiK`qy dy jrvwixAW (APgwnW) ny ihMdusqwn nUM bwr bwr ku`itAw AqyluitAw Aqy ijnHW v`l nUM koeI vI ihMdusqwnI sUrmw mUMh krn nUM iqAwrnhIN sI ieh au~Qy Syr vWg bu`ikAw Aqy grijAw[ mn AMdr gur-ilv, is`KI pRym, AxK Aqy mnu`Kqw dy Bly dI icxg hox krky iehAlbylw sUrbIr mOq dI prvwh nw krdw hoieAw duStW dy dlW nUMlqwVdw , gwldw Aqy mwrdw ibjlI dI inAweIN Awpxy inSwny vlvDdw sI[ ie`k qyj-qrwr qy PurqIlw GoV svwr, dOVwk, qIr-AMdwzI Aqy qlvwr dw DnI hox dy nwqy ieh jMgW-Xu`DW AMdr duSmxnUM AYsIAW BwjVW pwauNdw Aqy nkyl ksdw sI ik aus nUM hwr qoN ibnwhor kuJ idKweI nhIN sI idMdw[ hr pl mwlk dI ikRpw sdkw ij`qsrdwr hrI isMG dy pYr cuMmdI sI[ ieh ij`q aus dy au~dmI suBwA,srl Aqy spSt soc, nyk idl inAW Aqy ienswP psMd, kilAwxkwrIAqy SuB-icMqk hox dw nqIjw sI[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG dy au~cry bolhrI isMG dy AMg AMg iv`c rmy hoey sn:

(xi) (xii)

dyh isvw br moih iehY suB krmn qy kbhUM n troN[nw fro Ar so jb jwey lroN inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN[Ar is`K hUM Apny hI mn ko ieh lwlc hO gun n aucroN[jb Awv kI AOD indwn bnY Aq hI rx my qb jUJ mrON[

bhuq hI ivl`Kxqw, Ascrz Aqy klwmeI g`l ieh hY ikAtk qoN Ybr pws q`k mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny hrI isMG nlUAw dIdyK ryK hyT A&gwnW nUM Bwrq iv`c dwKl hox qoN sdw leI rok id`qw[Ybr pws p`Cm dyS qy grIks v`loN 500 bI. sI. iv`c hI hmlwAwvr

drw Ybr rwhIN ihMdusqwn iv`c lu`t Ksu`t leI ibnW iksy fr Bau qoNdwKl huMdy Aw rhy sn[ grIks qoN ibnw qurk, ArbI, mugl, mMgolzAqy A&gwnI bwr bwr ies rsqy hmlw krdy sn[ iehnW nUM rokxwKwlw jI dw vwVw nhIN sI, isr DV dI bwjI dI zrUrq sI[ Syir-ey-pMjwb dI kwbl Aqy ipSwvr dy rsqy nUM bMd krn vwlI mhwn socnUM srdwr nlUAw ny isMGW dI m~dd nwl ijnHW dI igxqI muglW dybrwbr Awty iv`c lUx ijqnI hI sI nUM cwr cMn lwey[ ihMdusqwn iv`cpihlI mrdm SumwrI AMgryzI srkwr ny 1860 iv`c krvweI sI[vwtr PIlf ny AwpxI pusqk (Memorandum on the Census ofBritish India 1871-72, London, Page 17) iv`c iliKAw hY ikrwvI Aqy sqluj dy ivckwr lwhOr sxy is`KW dI igxqI 17 pRqISqsI[ AMimRqsr iv`c 13 pRqISq Aqy jlMDr iv`c 8 pRqISq sI jdikbwkI QwvW qy igxqI 3 qoN 1 pRqISq hI sI[ AMimRqsr, mulqwn,lwhOr qy rwvlipMfI iv`c ihMdU 24, 17, 15 Aqy 10 pRqISq kRmvwrsn[ d`Kx iv`c ihMdU bhuigxqI iv`c sn[ muslmwnW dI AbwdIAMimRqsr, lwhOr qy mulqwn iv`c 50 qoN 65 pRqISq sI [ jd ikpySwvr iv`c 93 pRqISq Aqy rwvlipMfI iv`c 85 pRqISq sI[ Bwvmu`TI Br is`KW ny 600 swlW dy rwj nUM qihs nihs krky r`K id`qw[brnz ilKdw hY ik bhuq hI G`t igxqI dy is`KW ny lMmy smyN leImugl bhuigxqI dy ielwikAW qy bhuq Swndwr, SwnSOkq Aqy cMgy

rwj pRbMD vwlw rwj kIqw[ ies rwj Bwg iv`c hrI isMG dw rol Aqykwrnwmy bhuq hI mh`qvpUrn sn[ ies dw nW hIro hox dy nwqy hIryvWg cmikAw[

kwdrXwr vI hrI isMG dI mihmW ieM\ gwauNdw hY[

by-bhuq hoXw hrI isMG dUlw, ijdHw nwm rOSn dUr dUr swry[id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwhW nUM KO& zrUr swry[rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgUM, hwqm qweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, swKI auh bulMd hjUr swry[ (2)

dws ny ipCly kuJ swlW dOrwn dyS-ivdyS iv`c bhuq swrIAWlwiebRyrIAW Aqy pusqkW sMbMDI lweIAW jw rhIAW numwieSW dI PyrIlweI Aqy inrIKx kIqw hY[ pr ies hTIly, CYl-CbIly, dUr-AMdySI,Adu`qI Aqy sMGrSmeI XoDy qy bhuq hI G`t ikqwbW dyKIAW[ mn iv`csoc pYdw hoeI ik ies is`K rwj dy QMMmH , prjw syvk, dwnSbMd AqycmqkwrI sKSIAq sMbMDI iliKAw jwvy qW ik vrqmwn Aqy AwauxvwlIAW pIVHIAW nUM ies au~dmI, mwxm`qy Aqy hoxhwr dI kOm Aqy dySpRqI kIqI Gwlxw Aqy kurbwnI dw igAwn hwsl ho sky[ sMn 2009iv`c fwktr vnIq nlUAw jo srdwr hrI isMG dI ku`l iv`coN hY nyAMgryzI iv`c bhuq hI Koj BrpUr ikqwb,"hrI isMG nlUAw, cYNpIAnAwP dI Kwlsw jI" ilKI hY[ pr ieh pusqk Awkwr iv`c v`fI AqykImq p`KoN vI mihMgI hox krky ho skdw hY Awm lokW dy h`QW iv`cnw jwvy[ pr dws nUM ieh ikqwb ilKx iv`c kwPI shwiek hoeI hY,ies qoN ielwvw dws ny hor bhuq swrIAW pusqkW, rswly, ilKwrIAWdy lyK, AKbwrW Aqy ieMtrnYt dI vI shwieqw ies pusqk dIsMpUrnqw leI leI[ iehnW dy prmwx ilKq iv`c vI Aqy AKIr qy,nwm vI pusqk prmwx sUcI iv`c AMikq hn[ BwvyN dws ieiqhwskwrnhIN, pI. AY~c. fI. q`k swieMs dI pVHweI kIqI pr gurU dI b^SI m`qAnuswr XoDy dy ieiqhws nUM srl pMjwbI mW bolI dI SbdwvlI 'c

(xiii) (xiv)

dyh isvw br moih iehY suB krmn qy kbhUM n troN[nw fro Ar so jb jwey lroN inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN[Ar is`K hUM Apny hI mn ko ieh lwlc hO gun n aucroN[jb Awv kI AOD indwn bnY Aq hI rx my qb jUJ mrON[

bhuq hI ivl`Kxqw, Ascrz Aqy klwmeI g`l ieh hY ikAtk qoN Ybr pws q`k mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny hrI isMG nlUAw dIdyK ryK hyT A&gwnW nUM Bwrq iv`c dwKl hox qoN sdw leI rok id`qw[Ybr pws p`Cm dyS qy grIks v`loN 500 bI. sI. iv`c hI hmlwAwvr

drw Ybr rwhIN ihMdusqwn iv`c lu`t Ksu`t leI ibnW iksy fr Bau qoNdwKl huMdy Aw rhy sn[ grIks qoN ibnw qurk, ArbI, mugl, mMgolzAqy A&gwnI bwr bwr ies rsqy hmlw krdy sn[ iehnW nUM rokxwKwlw jI dw vwVw nhIN sI, isr DV dI bwjI dI zrUrq sI[ Syir-ey-pMjwb dI kwbl Aqy ipSwvr dy rsqy nUM bMd krn vwlI mhwn socnUM srdwr nlUAw ny isMGW dI m~dd nwl ijnHW dI igxqI muglW dybrwbr Awty iv`c lUx ijqnI hI sI nUM cwr cMn lwey[ ihMdusqwn iv`cpihlI mrdm SumwrI AMgryzI srkwr ny 1860 iv`c krvweI sI[vwtr PIlf ny AwpxI pusqk (Memorandum on the Census ofBritish India 1871-72, London, Page 17) iv`c iliKAw hY ikrwvI Aqy sqluj dy ivckwr lwhOr sxy is`KW dI igxqI 17 pRqISqsI[ AMimRqsr iv`c 13 pRqISq Aqy jlMDr iv`c 8 pRqISq sI jdikbwkI QwvW qy igxqI 3 qoN 1 pRqISq hI sI[ AMimRqsr, mulqwn,lwhOr qy rwvlipMfI iv`c ihMdU 24, 17, 15 Aqy 10 pRqISq kRmvwrsn[ d`Kx iv`c ihMdU bhuigxqI iv`c sn[ muslmwnW dI AbwdIAMimRqsr, lwhOr qy mulqwn iv`c 50 qoN 65 pRqISq sI [ jd ikpySwvr iv`c 93 pRqISq Aqy rwvlipMfI iv`c 85 pRqISq sI[ Bwvmu`TI Br is`KW ny 600 swlW dy rwj nUM qihs nihs krky r`K id`qw[brnz ilKdw hY ik bhuq hI G`t igxqI dy is`KW ny lMmy smyN leImugl bhuigxqI dy ielwikAW qy bhuq Swndwr, SwnSOkq Aqy cMgy

rwj pRbMD vwlw rwj kIqw[ ies rwj Bwg iv`c hrI isMG dw rol Aqykwrnwmy bhuq hI mh`qvpUrn sn[ ies dw nW hIro hox dy nwqy hIryvWg cmikAw[

kwdrXwr vI hrI isMG dI mihmW ieM\ gwauNdw hY[

by-bhuq hoXw hrI isMG dUlw, ijdHw nwm rOSn dUr dUr swry[id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwhW nUM KO& zrUr swry[rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgUM, hwqm qweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, swKI auh bulMd hjUr swry[ (2)

dws ny ipCly kuJ swlW dOrwn dyS-ivdyS iv`c bhuq swrIAWlwiebRyrIAW Aqy pusqkW sMbMDI lweIAW jw rhIAW numwieSW dI PyrIlweI Aqy inrIKx kIqw hY[ pr ies hTIly, CYl-CbIly, dUr-AMdySI,Adu`qI Aqy sMGrSmeI XoDy qy bhuq hI G`t ikqwbW dyKIAW[ mn iv`csoc pYdw hoeI ik ies is`K rwj dy QMMmH , prjw syvk, dwnSbMd AqycmqkwrI sKSIAq sMbMDI iliKAw jwvy qW ik vrqmwn Aqy AwauxvwlIAW pIVHIAW nUM ies au~dmI, mwxm`qy Aqy hoxhwr dI kOm Aqy dySpRqI kIqI Gwlxw Aqy kurbwnI dw igAwn hwsl ho sky[ sMn 2009iv`c fwktr vnIq nlUAw jo srdwr hrI isMG dI ku`l iv`coN hY nyAMgryzI iv`c bhuq hI Koj BrpUr ikqwb,"hrI isMG nlUAw, cYNpIAnAwP dI Kwlsw jI" ilKI hY[ pr ieh pusqk Awkwr iv`c v`fI AqykImq p`KoN vI mihMgI hox krky ho skdw hY Awm lokW dy h`QW iv`cnw jwvy[ pr dws nUM ieh ikqwb ilKx iv`c kwPI shwiek hoeI hY,ies qoN ielwvw dws ny hor bhuq swrIAW pusqkW, rswly, ilKwrIAWdy lyK, AKbwrW Aqy ieMtrnYt dI vI shwieqw ies pusqk dIsMpUrnqw leI leI[ iehnW dy prmwx ilKq iv`c vI Aqy AKIr qy,nwm vI pusqk prmwx sUcI iv`c AMikq hn[ BwvyN dws ieiqhwskwrnhIN, pI. AY~c. fI. q`k swieMs dI pVHweI kIqI pr gurU dI b^SI m`qAnuswr XoDy dy ieiqhws nUM srl pMjwbI mW bolI dI SbdwvlI 'c

(xiii) (xiv)

1

1

jIvn idRStISyir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy jnm qoN l`g pg

igAwrW swl ip`CoN pMjwb dI DrqI qy 1791 eIsvI iv`c mwqw DrmkOr dI ku`KoN srdwr gurdws isMG dy gRih gujrWvwlw ivKy ie`k bhuqhI nUrI ichry vwlw, hoxhwr, sujwn, DIrjvwn, qyj-prqwpI AqyAwqm q`q dw igAwqw p`uqr jnimAW ijs dw nwm hrI isMG r`iKAw[ieiqhwskwrW ny ipqw dw nwm srdwr guridAwl isMG iliKAw hY[pr vnIq nlUAw jo hrI isMG dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN hY ny AwpxI pusqkAMdr hirduAwr dy pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk hrI isMG dy ipqw dwnwm gurdws isMG iliKAw hY[ srdwr gurdws isMG Sukrc`kIAwimsl (Misal means a unit or a division or a brigade of sikhwarriors) dw kumydwn (kmWfr) sI[ Bwv aus ny bhuq swry jMgW-XuDWiv`c bhwdrI dy AdBuq jOhr idKw ky kumydwn dw mrqbw hwsl kIqwsI[ ipClIAW do pIVHIAW qoN hrI isMG dw prvwr ^wlsw &Oj iv`cSwml ho cu`ikAw sI[ ies dy dwdw jI srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l(ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr srdwr hirdws isMG) srdwr cVHq isMGAqy srdwr mhW isMG dy hm-rkwb rhy Aqy is`K pMQ dI Awn AqySwn leI aunHW BwrI m`lW mwrIAW[ qrIAW' 'coN aup`l goq iksy purKydy nW qoN AwrMB hoieAw sI ijs ny auq`m kMm leI kurbwnI id`qI sI[aus dI Xwd iv`c A&gwinsqwn ivKy ie`k p`Qr iSlwlyK mOjUd hY[mugl Aihmd Swh durwnI dy qkrIbn swry hmly iehnW dy isrW aup`rdI lMGy[ ieh 1762 eIsvI dy v`fy-G`lUGwry dOrwn ku`p-rhIVw,mlyrkotly kol golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[ lwflw hrIisMG Ajy s`q ku swl dw hI sI ik 1798 iv`c jMgI jrnYl dy ipqwsrdwr gurdws isMG cVHweI kr gey[ pqI dI mOq kwrn mwqw Drm

ilKx dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY[ ieiqhws dy nwl nwl ilKq nUM pRymAqy rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy kvIAW dIAW kivqwvW dyidRStWq vI id`qy gey hn[

dws pRoPYsr surjIq isMG jI dw kotwn kot DMnvwdI hY ijnHW nyies KrVy ƒ GoiKAw Aqy piVHAw[ pVHn auprMq ies sMbMDI Awpxyv`fmu`ly ivcwr mu`K bMd iv`c AMikq kIqy hn[ dws AwpxI supqnIsrdwrnI rwijMdr pwl kOr dw vI irxI hY ijs ny swry iviSAW ƒ pVHky soDW kIqIAW[ sRImqI srlw rwxI dw vI DMnvwd krn qoN nhIN rihskdw ijs ny keI vwr ies ikqwb dy KrVy ƒ tweIp kIqw[ bwr bwrGoKx auprMq vI ZlqIAW rih jWdIAW hn dws aunHW pRqI pwTkW qoNmuAwPI cwhuMdw hY[

hrBjn isMG syKoN (rItwierf)swbkw pRoPYsr qy ieMcwrj dwl sYkSn

pMjwb KyqIbwVI XUnIvristIluiDAwxw

kwlj rof dwKw, ijlHw luiDAwxw 141102 (pMjwb)email – sekhonhsd@yahoo.com

Pon 9463377009imqI : 22.2.2013

(xv)

1

1

jIvn idRStISyir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy jnm qoN l`g pg

igAwrW swl ip`CoN pMjwb dI DrqI qy 1791 eIsvI iv`c mwqw DrmkOr dI ku`KoN srdwr gurdws isMG dy gRih gujrWvwlw ivKy ie`k bhuqhI nUrI ichry vwlw, hoxhwr, sujwn, DIrjvwn, qyj-prqwpI AqyAwqm q`q dw igAwqw p`uqr jnimAW ijs dw nwm hrI isMG r`iKAw[ieiqhwskwrW ny ipqw dw nwm srdwr guridAwl isMG iliKAw hY[pr vnIq nlUAw jo hrI isMG dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN hY ny AwpxI pusqkAMdr hirduAwr dy pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk hrI isMG dy ipqw dwnwm gurdws isMG iliKAw hY[ srdwr gurdws isMG Sukrc`kIAwimsl (Misal means a unit or a division or a brigade of sikhwarriors) dw kumydwn (kmWfr) sI[ Bwv aus ny bhuq swry jMgW-XuDWiv`c bhwdrI dy AdBuq jOhr idKw ky kumydwn dw mrqbw hwsl kIqwsI[ ipClIAW do pIVHIAW qoN hrI isMG dw prvwr ^wlsw &Oj iv`cSwml ho cu`ikAw sI[ ies dy dwdw jI srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l(ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr srdwr hirdws isMG) srdwr cVHq isMGAqy srdwr mhW isMG dy hm-rkwb rhy Aqy is`K pMQ dI Awn AqySwn leI aunHW BwrI m`lW mwrIAW[ qrIAW' 'coN aup`l goq iksy purKydy nW qoN AwrMB hoieAw sI ijs ny auq`m kMm leI kurbwnI id`qI sI[aus dI Xwd iv`c A&gwinsqwn ivKy ie`k p`Qr iSlwlyK mOjUd hY[mugl Aihmd Swh durwnI dy qkrIbn swry hmly iehnW dy isrW aup`rdI lMGy[ ieh 1762 eIsvI dy v`fy-G`lUGwry dOrwn ku`p-rhIVw,mlyrkotly kol golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[ lwflw hrIisMG Ajy s`q ku swl dw hI sI ik 1798 iv`c jMgI jrnYl dy ipqwsrdwr gurdws isMG cVHweI kr gey[ pqI dI mOq kwrn mwqw Drm

ilKx dw Xqn kIqw igAw hY[ ieiqhws dy nwl nwl ilKq nUM pRymAqy rs BrI bnwaux leI gurbwxI Aqy kvIAW dIAW kivqwvW dyidRStWq vI id`qy gey hn[

dws pRoPYsr surjIq isMG jI dw kotwn kot DMnvwdI hY ijnHW nyies KrVy ƒ GoiKAw Aqy piVHAw[ pVHn auprMq ies sMbMDI Awpxyv`fmu`ly ivcwr mu`K bMd iv`c AMikq kIqy hn[ dws AwpxI supqnIsrdwrnI rwijMdr pwl kOr dw vI irxI hY ijs ny swry iviSAW ƒ pVHky soDW kIqIAW[ sRImqI srlw rwxI dw vI DMnvwd krn qoN nhIN rihskdw ijs ny keI vwr ies ikqwb dy KrVy ƒ tweIp kIqw[ bwr bwrGoKx auprMq vI ZlqIAW rih jWdIAW hn dws aunHW pRqI pwTkW qoNmuAwPI cwhuMdw hY[

hrBjn isMG syKoN (rItwierf)swbkw pRoPYsr qy ieMcwrj dwl sYkSn

pMjwb KyqIbwVI XUnIvristIluiDAwxw

kwlj rof dwKw, ijlHw luiDAwxw 141102 (pMjwb)email – sekhonhsd@yahoo.com

Pon 9463377009imqI : 22.2.2013

(xv)

kOr AOkV iv`c iGr geI[ Gr dy hwlqW nUM q`k ky mwqw Drm kOr dwBrw hrI isMG nUM AwpxI BYx smyq Awpxy ipMf lY igAw[ au`Qy hI hrIisMG viDAw PuilAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ aus smyN koeI nhIN sI jwxdwik s`q swlw inAwsrw ieh bwlk l`KW pRwxIAW dw Awsrw, inqwixAWdw qwx, inmwixAW dw mwx Aqy wlsw pMQ dI ie`k idn Swn bxygw[ies qoN vI v`D ky gurU ikRpw sdkw is`KI nUM cwr cMn lw ky ies dy JMfydUr dUr q`k Julweygw Aqy koih nUr vrgy hIry mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGnUM idvweygw[

kwdr dI kudrq bVI Ascrz, AlOikk, AdBu`q Aqy Adu`qIhY[ ies dy BydW bwry A`j q`k pUrn qOr qy koeI nhIN jwx sikAw[Akwl purK v`loN ByjIAW nUrwnI rUhW kdy kdweIN sMswr qy AwauNdIAWhn[ AYsIAW rUhW AMdr mwlk AYsI ivsmwdI klw pw ky Byjdw hY ijskwrn aunHW v`loN jIvn AMdr kIqy mhwn, v`fmuly Aqy cmqkwrI ikRSmyqy kwrnwmy Awp-muhwry pRgt ho jWdy hn[ lukweI AMdr aunHW dw qyj-prqwp sUrj dI inAweIN pRkwS ho jWdw hY[ ijs krky aunHW dI soBwAqy vifAweI nUM gwieAw jWdw hY[ aunHW dy au~qm gux, kilAwxkwrIsoc Aqy praupkwrqw vwlw rsqw lok-gQwvW Aqy ieiqhws bx kysMswr AMdr hIry dI inAweIN cmkdw hY[ auh gQwvW Aqy ieiqhwsdrpx rUp ho ky Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW qy nslW nUM shI qy s`cy mwrgqy qorn, ivl`Kx kwrnwmy krn Aqy AwpsI ipAwr Bwvnw pYdw krnleI auqSwhq krdw hY[ ie`k kvI ny TIk hI iliKAw hY:

hoqw hY kohy-dsq my pYdw kBI kBI[vuh mrd ijs kw &kr kry ^zP ko ngIN[

pwlx-poSx Aqy iv~idAk pRbMDbwlk hrI isMG Awpxy nwnky Gr rih ky viDAw Pu`ilAw,

piLAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ nwnky Gr vwilAW ny bVy cwA, mlwr AqyipAwr nwl Awpxy Bwxjy nUM r`iKAw[ ies dy Kwx leI cMgI Kurwk,

pihnx leI loV Anuswr bsqr, ksrq leI Xog smwn Aqy SsqrWAwid dw pRbMD kIqw[ aunHW simAW iv`c GrylU kMmW dy nwL nwL bcpniv`c hI gurU dI is`KI, hiQAwr clwaux, GoL krwaux, inSwnwbwzIAwid dw AiBAws krwieAw jWdw sI ikauNik muglW v`loN bwhrIhmly bwr bwr huMdy sn[ ie`k vwr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ie`kAMgryz A&sr ny is`KW dI bhwdrI, dlyrI Aqy AxK bwry puiCAw sI[au~qr iv`c mhwrwjy ny AwiKAw,"gurU ny is`K nUM guVHqI hI ie`k r`b qyBrosw krn Aqy sMq-ispwhI bxn dI id`qI hY[ is`K b`cy nUM pMj swldI aumr iv`c gurbwxI pVHn, kMT krn, GoV-svwrI Aqy qIr-AMdwzIisKwauxI SurU kr id`qI jWdI hY"[Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dy nwlrihx vwlw ilKwrI kwzI nUr dIn BwvyN QW QW qy is`KW nUM sg (ku`qy)ilKdw hY[ pr AwpxI ilKq iv`c is`KW dI vifAweI vI krdw hY Bwvs`c nUM s`c kihMdw hY[ kI kihMdw hY? 'jykr iksy ny Ssqr clwauxw,nyzwbwzI , g`qky-bwzI qy GoV-svwrI is`KxI hY auh iehnW qo is`Ky[qlvwr clwaux dw jo ikRSmw mYN jMg AMdr Awpxy A`KIN iehnW dwdyiKAw auh hor nhIN iksy dw dyiKAw[ pqw nhIN ieh v`l iehnW nyik`QoN is`Ky hn"[ ieM\ hrI isMG bcpn iv`c hI gurbwxI,qIr-AMdwzI,g`qky-bwzI, nyzy-bwzI, GoV-svwrI is`K igAw sI[ vYsy vI kudrqv`loN Dur drgwhoN ies nUM v`fy bl Aqy klw dI bKSS hoeI hoeI sI[

aunHW idnW iv`c pVHweI fyirAW dy mhMqW gurduAwirAW dy gRMQIAWjW inrmilAW dy AwSrmW iv`c rih rhy swDUAW v`loN hI krweI jWdIsI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk pMj swl dI aumrqoN pihlW hI hrI isMG gurmuKI (pMjwbI) pVHn pwieAw igAw qy PyrA`T ku swl dI aumr iv`c mOlvI pwsoN &wrsI pVHweI geI[ Awmirvwj Anuswr jpu jI, jwpu swihb, sÍ`Xy, cOpeI, AnMd swihb,rihrws qy kIrqn soihlw nUM Su`D aucwrn Aqy kMT krn qy zor id`qwjWdw sI[ auprMq pMj gRMQI , bweI vwrW, BgqW dI bwxI pVHw ky sRI gurUgRMQ swihb jI dI sMiQAw id`qI jWdI sI[ hrI isMG ny ikqnI pMjwbI,

32

kOr AOkV iv`c iGr geI[ Gr dy hwlqW nUM q`k ky mwqw Drm kOr dwBrw hrI isMG nUM AwpxI BYx smyq Awpxy ipMf lY igAw[ au`Qy hI hrIisMG viDAw PuilAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ aus smyN koeI nhIN sI jwxdwik s`q swlw inAwsrw ieh bwlk l`KW pRwxIAW dw Awsrw, inqwixAWdw qwx, inmwixAW dw mwx Aqy wlsw pMQ dI ie`k idn Swn bxygw[ies qoN vI v`D ky gurU ikRpw sdkw is`KI nUM cwr cMn lw ky ies dy JMfydUr dUr q`k Julweygw Aqy koih nUr vrgy hIry mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGnUM idvweygw[

kwdr dI kudrq bVI Ascrz, AlOikk, AdBu`q Aqy Adu`qIhY[ ies dy BydW bwry A`j q`k pUrn qOr qy koeI nhIN jwx sikAw[Akwl purK v`loN ByjIAW nUrwnI rUhW kdy kdweIN sMswr qy AwauNdIAWhn[ AYsIAW rUhW AMdr mwlk AYsI ivsmwdI klw pw ky Byjdw hY ijskwrn aunHW v`loN jIvn AMdr kIqy mhwn, v`fmuly Aqy cmqkwrI ikRSmyqy kwrnwmy Awp-muhwry pRgt ho jWdy hn[ lukweI AMdr aunHW dw qyj-prqwp sUrj dI inAweIN pRkwS ho jWdw hY[ ijs krky aunHW dI soBwAqy vifAweI nUM gwieAw jWdw hY[ aunHW dy au~qm gux, kilAwxkwrIsoc Aqy praupkwrqw vwlw rsqw lok-gQwvW Aqy ieiqhws bx kysMswr AMdr hIry dI inAweIN cmkdw hY[ auh gQwvW Aqy ieiqhwsdrpx rUp ho ky Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW qy nslW nUM shI qy s`cy mwrgqy qorn, ivl`Kx kwrnwmy krn Aqy AwpsI ipAwr Bwvnw pYdw krnleI auqSwhq krdw hY[ ie`k kvI ny TIk hI iliKAw hY:

hoqw hY kohy-dsq my pYdw kBI kBI[vuh mrd ijs kw &kr kry ^zP ko ngIN[

pwlx-poSx Aqy iv~idAk pRbMDbwlk hrI isMG Awpxy nwnky Gr rih ky viDAw Pu`ilAw,

piLAw Aqy juAwn hoieAw[ nwnky Gr vwilAW ny bVy cwA, mlwr AqyipAwr nwl Awpxy Bwxjy nUM r`iKAw[ ies dy Kwx leI cMgI Kurwk,

pihnx leI loV Anuswr bsqr, ksrq leI Xog smwn Aqy SsqrWAwid dw pRbMD kIqw[ aunHW simAW iv`c GrylU kMmW dy nwL nwL bcpniv`c hI gurU dI is`KI, hiQAwr clwaux, GoL krwaux, inSwnwbwzIAwid dw AiBAws krwieAw jWdw sI ikauNik muglW v`loN bwhrIhmly bwr bwr huMdy sn[ ie`k vwr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM ie`kAMgryz A&sr ny is`KW dI bhwdrI, dlyrI Aqy AxK bwry puiCAw sI[au~qr iv`c mhwrwjy ny AwiKAw,"gurU ny is`K nUM guVHqI hI ie`k r`b qyBrosw krn Aqy sMq-ispwhI bxn dI id`qI hY[ is`K b`cy nUM pMj swldI aumr iv`c gurbwxI pVHn, kMT krn, GoV-svwrI Aqy qIr-AMdwzIisKwauxI SurU kr id`qI jWdI hY"[Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dy nwlrihx vwlw ilKwrI kwzI nUr dIn BwvyN QW QW qy is`KW nUM sg (ku`qy)ilKdw hY[ pr AwpxI ilKq iv`c is`KW dI vifAweI vI krdw hY Bwvs`c nUM s`c kihMdw hY[ kI kihMdw hY? 'jykr iksy ny Ssqr clwauxw,nyzwbwzI , g`qky-bwzI qy GoV-svwrI is`KxI hY auh iehnW qo is`Ky[qlvwr clwaux dw jo ikRSmw mYN jMg AMdr Awpxy A`KIN iehnW dwdyiKAw auh hor nhIN iksy dw dyiKAw[ pqw nhIN ieh v`l iehnW nyik`QoN is`Ky hn"[ ieM\ hrI isMG bcpn iv`c hI gurbwxI,qIr-AMdwzI,g`qky-bwzI, nyzy-bwzI, GoV-svwrI is`K igAw sI[ vYsy vI kudrqv`loN Dur drgwhoN ies nUM v`fy bl Aqy klw dI bKSS hoeI hoeI sI[

aunHW idnW iv`c pVHweI fyirAW dy mhMqW gurduAwirAW dy gRMQIAWjW inrmilAW dy AwSrmW iv`c rih rhy swDUAW v`loN hI krweI jWdIsI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk pMj swl dI aumrqoN pihlW hI hrI isMG gurmuKI (pMjwbI) pVHn pwieAw igAw qy PyrA`T ku swl dI aumr iv`c mOlvI pwsoN &wrsI pVHweI geI[ Awmirvwj Anuswr jpu jI, jwpu swihb, sÍ`Xy, cOpeI, AnMd swihb,rihrws qy kIrqn soihlw nUM Su`D aucwrn Aqy kMT krn qy zor id`qwjWdw sI[ auprMq pMj gRMQI , bweI vwrW, BgqW dI bwxI pVHw ky sRI gurUgRMQ swihb jI dI sMiQAw id`qI jWdI sI[ hrI isMG ny ikqnI pMjwbI,

32

aurdU, &wrsI pVHI ies bwry ilKqI q`Q bhuqy mOjUd nhIN sn[ vnIqnlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk 'hrI isMG nlvw, cYNpIAn Aw& wlsw jI'iv`c AMikq kIqw hY ik hrI isMG &wrsI qy gurmuKI qoN ielwvw pKqUnWdI BwSw pSqo vI jwxdw sI[ jgq pRis`D XwqrU bYrn hugl ny Awpxy's&rnwmy' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG nlvw PwrsI iv`c A`q drjydw inpuMn hY Aqy bVI qyzI nwl PwrsI ilKdw qy boldw hY[ aus dy mUMhoNpSqo sux ky vI lok AcMBk ho jWdy hn[

bYrn hugl ieh vI ilKdw hY ik sMn 1833 iv`c iSmlwg`lbwq smyN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ivlIAm bYNitk nUM imly qWimlxI smyN ijs ijs A&sr nwl qy gvrnr jnrl nwl aunHWg`lbwq kIqI auh swry hI Awp dI isAwxp, au~cI bu`DI Aqy KulHysuBwA qoN bhuq hYrwn Aqy cikRq hoey[ iehnW dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnIdI pwilsI vwk&IAq Aqy gupq kwrnwimAW sMbMDI jwxkwrI qoNAMgryz APsrW nUM bVI Ascrjqw hoeI sI[

pMifq iSv nrYx ilKdw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG dy drbwr iv`c sB qoN v`D sUrmw Aqy cMgw ivdvwnsrdwr sI[

AMimRqpwn krnwAMimRq dw Bwv hY Amr kr dyx vwlw rs[ ies nUM Awby-hXwq

(Amr kr dyx vwlw pwxI) jW phul vI AwiKAw jWdw hY[ AMimRq klwie`k AYsI mhwn SkqI hY ijs nwl bMdw ivDwn iv`c rih ky gurU dyisDWq nUM Apxw lYNdw hY[ ieh isDWq SYqwn mn nUM ivSy-ivkwrW qoNhoV ky kyvl s`c dy rsqy qy hI nhIN qordw sgoN aus nUM BgqI dy mwrgqy clw ky pRBU joq nwl joV idMdw hY[ AMimRq dI krwmwqI SkqI mnu`KnUM inrBau, inrvYr Aqy AYsw srbbIr bxw idMdI hY ik auh hr AOkVdw ft ky bVI dlyrI, bIrqw Aqy bhwdrI nwl mukwblw krn leIiqAwr ho jWdw hY[

sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny 1469 qoN is`KI dw inrml pMQclwieAw[ gurU nwnk joq ny dsvyN jwmy iv`c phuMc ky 1699 dIivswKI nUM KMfy-bwty dI phul iqAwr krky pMj ipAwirAW nUM AMimRqpwnkrw ky ^wlsw sjwieAw Aqy aunHW pwsoN Awp vI AMimRq Ck ky 'isMG'dw drjw pRwpq kIqw[ sMswr AMdr ieh sB qoN v`KrI iksm dw mhwnienklwb sI ijs AMdr hr pRwxI nUM brwbr dw h`k Aqy iensw&,Dwrimk AwzwdI, smwijk BweIcwry dI bhwlI, srb`q dw Blw, s``cdI soc qy pihrw dyx leI mIrI-pIrI ArQwq sMq-ispwhI dw isDWq,grIb dI r`iKAw, jrvwxy dI B`iKAw, Awp jIau qy dUijAW nUM su`KI-sWdI ijaux idau Aqy nw fro nw hI iksy nUM frwau dI pRyrnw sI[ ieM\sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI dy imSn dI pUrqI leIAqy ienswn nUM nmUny dw mrd bnwaux leI ^wlsw pRgt krky nvWienklwb ilAWdw[ BweI gurdws jI dUjy ny AwpxI vwr AMdr rcid`qw:

gur br Akwl ky hukm isauN aupijE ibigAwnw[qb sihjy ricE Kwlsw swbq mrdwnw[ (vwr 42)

ieslwm Drm dI ie`k rvwieq hdIsW (ieslwm prMprw iv`ckurwn qoN bwAd hdIsW nUM mwnqw pRwpq hY) Anuswr Kudw nUM Awdmbnwaux leI 230 swl dw smW l`igAw[ jd Awdm iqAwr ho igAwqW Kudw ny dyviqAW nUM ies Awdm A`gy isr Jukwaux leI ikhw[ kihMdyhn dyviqAW ny qW ieh g`l mMn ky Awdm A`gy isr Jukw id`qw prSYqwn ienkwrI ho gey[ auprMq SYqwn qy Awdm dI jMg jwrI rhI[ gurUklgIDr pwqSwh nUM vI ienswn nUM ^wlsw bnwaux leI 230 swl(1469 qoN 1699) dw smW l`igAw[ ^wlsy dI swjnw jnm suhylw,gurU dw cylw, hlymI rwj dI bhwlI, sMqW dI rKvwlI qy duStW dImMdhwlI pRqI ie`k kRWqI sI[ gurU klgIDr dy drbwrI kvI sYnwpqIdy bol hn:

54

aurdU, &wrsI pVHI ies bwry ilKqI q`Q bhuqy mOjUd nhIN sn[ vnIqnlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk 'hrI isMG nlvw, cYNpIAn Aw& wlsw jI'iv`c AMikq kIqw hY ik hrI isMG &wrsI qy gurmuKI qoN ielwvw pKqUnWdI BwSw pSqo vI jwxdw sI[ jgq pRis`D XwqrU bYrn hugl ny Awpxy's&rnwmy' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG nlvw PwrsI iv`c A`q drjydw inpuMn hY Aqy bVI qyzI nwl PwrsI ilKdw qy boldw hY[ aus dy mUMhoNpSqo sux ky vI lok AcMBk ho jWdy hn[

bYrn hugl ieh vI ilKdw hY ik sMn 1833 iv`c iSmlwg`lbwq smyN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ivlIAm bYNitk nUM imly qWimlxI smyN ijs ijs A&sr nwl qy gvrnr jnrl nwl aunHWg`lbwq kIqI auh swry hI Awp dI isAwxp, au~cI bu`DI Aqy KulHysuBwA qoN bhuq hYrwn Aqy cikRq hoey[ iehnW dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnIdI pwilsI vwk&IAq Aqy gupq kwrnwimAW sMbMDI jwxkwrI qoNAMgryz APsrW nUM bVI Ascrjqw hoeI sI[

pMifq iSv nrYx ilKdw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG dy drbwr iv`c sB qoN v`D sUrmw Aqy cMgw ivdvwnsrdwr sI[

AMimRqpwn krnwAMimRq dw Bwv hY Amr kr dyx vwlw rs[ ies nUM Awby-hXwq

(Amr kr dyx vwlw pwxI) jW phul vI AwiKAw jWdw hY[ AMimRq klwie`k AYsI mhwn SkqI hY ijs nwl bMdw ivDwn iv`c rih ky gurU dyisDWq nUM Apxw lYNdw hY[ ieh isDWq SYqwn mn nUM ivSy-ivkwrW qoNhoV ky kyvl s`c dy rsqy qy hI nhIN qordw sgoN aus nUM BgqI dy mwrgqy clw ky pRBU joq nwl joV idMdw hY[ AMimRq dI krwmwqI SkqI mnu`KnUM inrBau, inrvYr Aqy AYsw srbbIr bxw idMdI hY ik auh hr AOkVdw ft ky bVI dlyrI, bIrqw Aqy bhwdrI nwl mukwblw krn leIiqAwr ho jWdw hY[

sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny 1469 qoN is`KI dw inrml pMQclwieAw[ gurU nwnk joq ny dsvyN jwmy iv`c phuMc ky 1699 dIivswKI nUM KMfy-bwty dI phul iqAwr krky pMj ipAwirAW nUM AMimRqpwnkrw ky ^wlsw sjwieAw Aqy aunHW pwsoN Awp vI AMimRq Ck ky 'isMG'dw drjw pRwpq kIqw[ sMswr AMdr ieh sB qoN v`KrI iksm dw mhwnienklwb sI ijs AMdr hr pRwxI nUM brwbr dw h`k Aqy iensw&,Dwrimk AwzwdI, smwijk BweIcwry dI bhwlI, srb`q dw Blw, s``cdI soc qy pihrw dyx leI mIrI-pIrI ArQwq sMq-ispwhI dw isDWq,grIb dI r`iKAw, jrvwxy dI B`iKAw, Awp jIau qy dUijAW nUM su`KI-sWdI ijaux idau Aqy nw fro nw hI iksy nUM frwau dI pRyrnw sI[ ieM\sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI dy imSn dI pUrqI leIAqy ienswn nUM nmUny dw mrd bnwaux leI ^wlsw pRgt krky nvWienklwb ilAWdw[ BweI gurdws jI dUjy ny AwpxI vwr AMdr rcid`qw:

gur br Akwl ky hukm isauN aupijE ibigAwnw[qb sihjy ricE Kwlsw swbq mrdwnw[ (vwr 42)

ieslwm Drm dI ie`k rvwieq hdIsW (ieslwm prMprw iv`ckurwn qoN bwAd hdIsW nUM mwnqw pRwpq hY) Anuswr Kudw nUM Awdmbnwaux leI 230 swl dw smW l`igAw[ jd Awdm iqAwr ho igAwqW Kudw ny dyviqAW nUM ies Awdm A`gy isr Jukwaux leI ikhw[ kihMdyhn dyviqAW ny qW ieh g`l mMn ky Awdm A`gy isr Jukw id`qw prSYqwn ienkwrI ho gey[ auprMq SYqwn qy Awdm dI jMg jwrI rhI[ gurUklgIDr pwqSwh nUM vI ienswn nUM ^wlsw bnwaux leI 230 swl(1469 qoN 1699) dw smW l`igAw[ ^wlsy dI swjnw jnm suhylw,gurU dw cylw, hlymI rwj dI bhwlI, sMqW dI rKvwlI qy duStW dImMdhwlI pRqI ie`k kRWqI sI[ gurU klgIDr dy drbwrI kvI sYnwpqIdy bol hn:

54

Asur isMGwrby ko durjn ky mwrby ko,sMkt invwrby ko ^wlsw bnwXo hY[

dunIAW AMdr ies auprMq cwr v`fy ienklwbW (brqwnIAW,&rWs, rUs qy AmrIkw) dw ieiqhwsk izkr AwauNdw hY pr iehienklwb suAwrQ BrpUr, rwjnIqk, AwriQk qy smwijk msilAWnwl l`dy hox krky KUn-Krwby, dMgy-Pswd, lu`t-mwr Aqy iDM|ojorIvwly sn[ pr ^wlsy dI swjnw iehnW g`lW qoN rihq sI[ lYinn ny1917 iv`c kimaUinst pwrtI dI sQwpnw ^wlsy dI swjnw qoNqkrIbn 218 swl bwAd kIqI[ ies bwry lYinn ny dwAvw kIqw ikieh kRWqI mnu`K jwqI leI soSilst (smwjvwdI) isDWqW qy inrBrsMswr AMdr pihlI Gtnw hY[ pr 1952 iv`c jgq pRis`Dieiqhwskwr Awrnlt twienbI ny Awpxy mhW gRMQ (History of theWord) iv`c inrxw kIqw hY ik lYinn dI kimaUinst pwrtI dwpUrvj gurU goibMd isMG dw ^wlsw hY Aqy ieh pwrtI sMBv auqpqIdI pdvI dI AiDkwrI nhIN[

ivswKI dw purb ihMdusqwn AMdr purwqn smyN qoN mnwieAwjWdw hY[ ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr sMn 1801 dI ivswKI vwlw idnSyir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy hrI isMG leI bhuqmh`qvpUrn sI ikauNik ies idn ie`kI swl dy rxjIq isMG nUMsrkwr dw iKqwb ArQwq is`K rwj dI slqnq hwsl hoeI jd ikds swlw hrI isMG ny aus idn KMfy dI phul (AMimRq) CkI sI[ BwvisMG sj ky srdwrI dI pdvI hwsl kIqI ijhVI sMswrI bwdSwhI(rwj iqlk) qoN vI aup`r hY[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI bhuq suMdrkib`q ricAw :

dsvyN brs iv`c phul lIqI KMfy vwlI,CikAw AMimRq KuS hoNvdI lukweI sI[XwrvyN brs svwrI KUB krn l`gw,

Syr vW\UM g`jy iv`c kuvwq ielwhI sI[bwrvyN brs rIq PVI srdwrW vwlI,qyrvyN brs bwxI sB ic`q AweI sI[cODvyN brs ic`q kry KMfw Pyrny nUM,sIqw rwm r`qI jo nsIbW vwlI CweI sI[

bsMq dy myly qy zwhrI ikRSmymhwrwjw rxjIq isMG b`icAW nwl bhuq ipAwr krdw sI Aqy

nOjuAwnW dy krq`bW nUM dyKx iv`c bhuq idlcspI lYNdw sI[ hoxhwr,suGV , KUbsUrq Aqy gMBIr DIrj vwly is`K nO-inhwlW dI ijsmwnIqwkq prK ky aunHW nUM wlsw &Oj iv`c BrqI kr lYNdw sI[ ies prKleI bsMq pMcmI 1805 nUM is`K rwj dI rwjDwnI lwhOr ivKy dsidn dw mylw AwXoijq kIqw igAw sI[ ies iv`c pMjwb Br qoN v`fIigxqI iv`c nOjuAwn sUrmy Awpxy jOhr idKw ky ienwm hwsl kr rhysn[ ie`k idn Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp iehnW bhwdrW dy jOhr bYTy q`krhy sn ik srdwr gurdws isMG aup`l dy spUq srdwr hrI isMG ijsdw drSnI ichrw gorw-inSoh, nYx-nkS iq`Ky, ijsm au~cw qy fIl-fOl vwlw, srIr lckdwr qy PurqIlw Aqy ichrw roAb-dwb vwlw sIny qIr-AMdwzI, inSwnybwzI, GoV-svwrI Awid dy kmwl Bry jOhridKwey ik mhwrwjw swihb dyK ky dMg rih gey[ ies dy bulMd hOsly,hunr, qy Ssqr Asqr dI jMgI iv`idAw qoN pRBwvSwlI ho ky hrI isMGnUM B`j ky glv`kVI iv`c lY ilAw[ g`lbwq dOrwn ies dy im`Ty pRym Brybol, idmwgI sUJ-bUJ qy au~cw-sucw Awcrn dyK ky Bry drbwr AMdrKuSI KuSI Awpxy gl 'coN lwh ky v`fmulw sunihrI kMTw hrI isMG dy gliv`c pw id`qw[ nwl hI hukm kr ky vjIrW nUM kih id`qw ik A`j qoNieh lVkw myrw iKdmqgwr (AMg r`iKAk) hovygw[

76

Asur isMGwrby ko durjn ky mwrby ko,sMkt invwrby ko ^wlsw bnwXo hY[

dunIAW AMdr ies auprMq cwr v`fy ienklwbW (brqwnIAW,&rWs, rUs qy AmrIkw) dw ieiqhwsk izkr AwauNdw hY pr iehienklwb suAwrQ BrpUr, rwjnIqk, AwriQk qy smwijk msilAWnwl l`dy hox krky KUn-Krwby, dMgy-Pswd, lu`t-mwr Aqy iDM|ojorIvwly sn[ pr ^wlsy dI swjnw iehnW g`lW qoN rihq sI[ lYinn ny1917 iv`c kimaUinst pwrtI dI sQwpnw ^wlsy dI swjnw qoNqkrIbn 218 swl bwAd kIqI[ ies bwry lYinn ny dwAvw kIqw ikieh kRWqI mnu`K jwqI leI soSilst (smwjvwdI) isDWqW qy inrBrsMswr AMdr pihlI Gtnw hY[ pr 1952 iv`c jgq pRis`Dieiqhwskwr Awrnlt twienbI ny Awpxy mhW gRMQ (History of theWord) iv`c inrxw kIqw hY ik lYinn dI kimaUinst pwrtI dwpUrvj gurU goibMd isMG dw ^wlsw hY Aqy ieh pwrtI sMBv auqpqIdI pdvI dI AiDkwrI nhIN[

ivswKI dw purb ihMdusqwn AMdr purwqn smyN qoN mnwieAwjWdw hY[ ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr sMn 1801 dI ivswKI vwlw idnSyir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy hrI isMG leI bhuqmh`qvpUrn sI ikauNik ies idn ie`kI swl dy rxjIq isMG nUMsrkwr dw iKqwb ArQwq is`K rwj dI slqnq hwsl hoeI jd ikds swlw hrI isMG ny aus idn KMfy dI phul (AMimRq) CkI sI[ BwvisMG sj ky srdwrI dI pdvI hwsl kIqI ijhVI sMswrI bwdSwhI(rwj iqlk) qoN vI aup`r hY[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI bhuq suMdrkib`q ricAw :

dsvyN brs iv`c phul lIqI KMfy vwlI,CikAw AMimRq KuS hoNvdI lukweI sI[XwrvyN brs svwrI KUB krn l`gw,

Syr vW\UM g`jy iv`c kuvwq ielwhI sI[bwrvyN brs rIq PVI srdwrW vwlI,qyrvyN brs bwxI sB ic`q AweI sI[cODvyN brs ic`q kry KMfw Pyrny nUM,sIqw rwm r`qI jo nsIbW vwlI CweI sI[

bsMq dy myly qy zwhrI ikRSmymhwrwjw rxjIq isMG b`icAW nwl bhuq ipAwr krdw sI Aqy

nOjuAwnW dy krq`bW nUM dyKx iv`c bhuq idlcspI lYNdw sI[ hoxhwr,suGV , KUbsUrq Aqy gMBIr DIrj vwly is`K nO-inhwlW dI ijsmwnIqwkq prK ky aunHW nUM wlsw &Oj iv`c BrqI kr lYNdw sI[ ies prKleI bsMq pMcmI 1805 nUM is`K rwj dI rwjDwnI lwhOr ivKy dsidn dw mylw AwXoijq kIqw igAw sI[ ies iv`c pMjwb Br qoN v`fIigxqI iv`c nOjuAwn sUrmy Awpxy jOhr idKw ky ienwm hwsl kr rhysn[ ie`k idn Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp iehnW bhwdrW dy jOhr bYTy q`krhy sn ik srdwr gurdws isMG aup`l dy spUq srdwr hrI isMG ijsdw drSnI ichrw gorw-inSoh, nYx-nkS iq`Ky, ijsm au~cw qy fIl-fOl vwlw, srIr lckdwr qy PurqIlw Aqy ichrw roAb-dwb vwlw sIny qIr-AMdwzI, inSwnybwzI, GoV-svwrI Awid dy kmwl Bry jOhridKwey ik mhwrwjw swihb dyK ky dMg rih gey[ ies dy bulMd hOsly,hunr, qy Ssqr Asqr dI jMgI iv`idAw qoN pRBwvSwlI ho ky hrI isMGnUM B`j ky glv`kVI iv`c lY ilAw[ g`lbwq dOrwn ies dy im`Ty pRym Brybol, idmwgI sUJ-bUJ qy au~cw-sucw Awcrn dyK ky Bry drbwr AMdrKuSI KuSI Awpxy gl 'coN lwh ky v`fmulw sunihrI kMTw hrI isMG dy gliv`c pw id`qw[ nwl hI hukm kr ky vjIrW nUM kih id`qw ik A`j qoNieh lVkw myrw iKdmqgwr (AMg r`iKAk) hovygw[

76

ikrpwn-bwzI iv`c inpuMnqwhrI isMG ikrpwn clwaux iv`c A`q drzy dw inpuMn, ausqwd

Aqy PurqIlw sI[ ie`k vwr ie`k AMgryz ny ies nUM ikrpwn clwauxsMbMDI AwpxI klw idKwaux leI AwiKAw[ vnIq nlUAw dI ilKqmuqwibk srdwr ikrpwn pkV ky mMjy qy bYT igAw[ mMjy hyT pkiVAwhoieAw kW C`ifAw[ auprMq mMjyy dy Awly-duAwly ieqnI qyzI nwlikrpwn vgweI ik kW nUM kw&I smW mMjy qoN bwhr nhIN inklx id`qw[ies g`l qoN ihswb lwieAw jw skdw hY ik auh ikrpwn dw pRdrSnkYsw hovygw ikauNik kW bhuq hI cqur Aqy qyz-aufwr jwnvr hY[ hrIisMG dI ies kwrwgrI, klw Aqy hunr nUM dyK AMgryz nUM bhuq AcMBwhoieAw[

nlUey dw iKqwbpMdrW brs dI aumry hI hrI isMG ny Syr nUM mwrn krky 'nlUAw'

dw iKqwb hwsl kIqw[ lqIP Anuswr Syr dw iKqwb aus ienswn nUMhI id`qw jWdw sI ijhVw koeI swhsI kMm kry ArQwq Syr dw mukwblwkr sky[ mhWBwrq dI gwQw Anuswr rwjw nl Awpxy smyN dw mhWdwnI, nwmI Aqy AduqI sUrbIr sI[ pUrbI rwjsQwn Aqy p`CmI au~qrprdyS dy j`t 'Folw' nwm dw bIr-kwiv bhuq ipAwr nwl gwauNdy sn[smW pw ky ieh kwiv pMjwb iv`c vI pRc`lq ho igAw[ ies kwiv dySbdW iv`c drz sI ik SWqIvx dy jMgl iv`c rwjw nl ny Awpxy ipqwnUM Syr dy mUMhoN bcw ilAw sI[ iesy qrHW jMgl iv`c ie`k vwr iSkwrKyfx smyN hrI isMG qy Acwnk Syr ny hmlw kr id`qw[ pr roSnidmwg Aqy Syr idl hrI isMG ny qlvwr nwl Syr dy do toty kr id`qy[lok gwQw Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny AwpxI A`KIN ieh Ajbnzwrw q`ikAw[ mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG kol qyzI nwl Aw ky AwiKAw,"vwh myry rwjw nl, vwh"[ AiqAMq KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG

nUM glv`kVI 'c ilAw Aqy nwl dy isMGW nUM AwiKAw, "ieh myrw nlUAwhY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG dy nwm nwl 'nlUAw' sdw leI pY igAw[

srdwr hzUr ny ausy smyN drbwrI icqRkwr pMifq ibhwrI lwljo Syr mwrn dy mOky smyN mOjUd sI, nUM hukm id`qw ik hwlwq nUM q`k kyhrI isMG nlUey dI Syr nUM mwrn dI qsvIr bxwau[ icqRkwr ny suMdricqR bxwey ijhVy mhwrwjy Aqy isMG nUM ByNt kIqy[ ienHW iv`coN ie`kicqR srdwr hrI isMG nlUey ny bYrn hUgl nUM 8 jnvrI 1821 nUMid`qw, ijs nUM dyK auh bVw hYrwn qy pRsMn hoieAw[ hUgl dI AwpxIilKq ieM\ hY:

I surprised him by knowledge whence he had gained theapplellation of Nalva, and of his having cloven the head of atiger who had already seized him as its prep. He told the Diwanto bring some drawings and gave use his portrait, in the actkilling the beast (Travels in Kashmir & the Punjab by BaronC. Hugal Page 234).

mOlwnw Aihmd dIn AwpxI pusqk, 'muk`ml qwrIK kSmIr'iv`c ilKdw hY, "nlvw dI vjw qsmIAw ky muq`Alk mShUr hYikauNik rwjw 'nl' zmwnw kdIm my eyk bhwdr Ar sujwq rwjw Qw'[logNo ny hrI isMG ko 'nl' sy 'nlvw' bxw dIAw[ nlvw sy murwd 'Syrko mwrny vwlw' Xw 'Syr A&gwn' hY[

imstr AYn. ky. isnhw AwpxI ilKq 'qwrIK' iv`c ilKdw hYik srdwr hrI isMG 'nlvw' aup nwm ies leI pRis`D ho igAw ikaus ny Syr nUM h`QW nwl mroV ky mwr su`itAw sI[

According to Vigne (1842) young Hari Singh was sepa-rated from his companions in the jungle and was found justas he destroyed a tiger with his sword.

98

ikrpwn-bwzI iv`c inpuMnqwhrI isMG ikrpwn clwaux iv`c A`q drzy dw inpuMn, ausqwd

Aqy PurqIlw sI[ ie`k vwr ie`k AMgryz ny ies nUM ikrpwn clwauxsMbMDI AwpxI klw idKwaux leI AwiKAw[ vnIq nlUAw dI ilKqmuqwibk srdwr ikrpwn pkV ky mMjy qy bYT igAw[ mMjy hyT pkiVAwhoieAw kW C`ifAw[ auprMq mMjyy dy Awly-duAwly ieqnI qyzI nwlikrpwn vgweI ik kW nUM kw&I smW mMjy qoN bwhr nhIN inklx id`qw[ies g`l qoN ihswb lwieAw jw skdw hY ik auh ikrpwn dw pRdrSnkYsw hovygw ikauNik kW bhuq hI cqur Aqy qyz-aufwr jwnvr hY[ hrIisMG dI ies kwrwgrI, klw Aqy hunr nUM dyK AMgryz nUM bhuq AcMBwhoieAw[

nlUey dw iKqwbpMdrW brs dI aumry hI hrI isMG ny Syr nUM mwrn krky 'nlUAw'

dw iKqwb hwsl kIqw[ lqIP Anuswr Syr dw iKqwb aus ienswn nUMhI id`qw jWdw sI ijhVw koeI swhsI kMm kry ArQwq Syr dw mukwblwkr sky[ mhWBwrq dI gwQw Anuswr rwjw nl Awpxy smyN dw mhWdwnI, nwmI Aqy AduqI sUrbIr sI[ pUrbI rwjsQwn Aqy p`CmI au~qrprdyS dy j`t 'Folw' nwm dw bIr-kwiv bhuq ipAwr nwl gwauNdy sn[smW pw ky ieh kwiv pMjwb iv`c vI pRc`lq ho igAw[ ies kwiv dySbdW iv`c drz sI ik SWqIvx dy jMgl iv`c rwjw nl ny Awpxy ipqwnUM Syr dy mUMhoN bcw ilAw sI[ iesy qrHW jMgl iv`c ie`k vwr iSkwrKyfx smyN hrI isMG qy Acwnk Syr ny hmlw kr id`qw[ pr roSnidmwg Aqy Syr idl hrI isMG ny qlvwr nwl Syr dy do toty kr id`qy[lok gwQw Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny AwpxI A`KIN ieh Ajbnzwrw q`ikAw[ mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG kol qyzI nwl Aw ky AwiKAw,"vwh myry rwjw nl, vwh"[ AiqAMq KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny hrI isMG

nUM glv`kVI 'c ilAw Aqy nwl dy isMGW nUM AwiKAw, "ieh myrw nlUAwhY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG dy nwm nwl 'nlUAw' sdw leI pY igAw[

srdwr hzUr ny ausy smyN drbwrI icqRkwr pMifq ibhwrI lwljo Syr mwrn dy mOky smyN mOjUd sI, nUM hukm id`qw ik hwlwq nUM q`k kyhrI isMG nlUey dI Syr nUM mwrn dI qsvIr bxwau[ icqRkwr ny suMdricqR bxwey ijhVy mhwrwjy Aqy isMG nUM ByNt kIqy[ ienHW iv`coN ie`kicqR srdwr hrI isMG nlUey ny bYrn hUgl nUM 8 jnvrI 1821 nUMid`qw, ijs nUM dyK auh bVw hYrwn qy pRsMn hoieAw[ hUgl dI AwpxIilKq ieM\ hY:

I surprised him by knowledge whence he had gained theapplellation of Nalva, and of his having cloven the head of atiger who had already seized him as its prep. He told the Diwanto bring some drawings and gave use his portrait, in the actkilling the beast (Travels in Kashmir & the Punjab by BaronC. Hugal Page 234).

mOlwnw Aihmd dIn AwpxI pusqk, 'muk`ml qwrIK kSmIr'iv`c ilKdw hY, "nlvw dI vjw qsmIAw ky muq`Alk mShUr hYikauNik rwjw 'nl' zmwnw kdIm my eyk bhwdr Ar sujwq rwjw Qw'[logNo ny hrI isMG ko 'nl' sy 'nlvw' bxw dIAw[ nlvw sy murwd 'Syrko mwrny vwlw' Xw 'Syr A&gwn' hY[

imstr AYn. ky. isnhw AwpxI ilKq 'qwrIK' iv`c ilKdw hYik srdwr hrI isMG 'nlvw' aup nwm ies leI pRis`D ho igAw ikaus ny Syr nUM h`QW nwl mroV ky mwr su`itAw sI[

According to Vigne (1842) young Hari Singh was sepa-rated from his companions in the jungle and was found justas he destroyed a tiger with his sword.

98

Bwv-ivjn (1842) iv`c ilKdw hY ik nOzuAwn hrI isMGjMgl iv`c Awpxy swQIAW qoN v`K ho igAw sI[ auhnW swQIAW ny iesnUM AwpxI qlvwr nwl Syr nUM ^qm krdy dyiKAw[

ircrf tYNpl v`loN ilKI pusqk 'Legends of the Punjab'iv`c AMikq hY ik BwvyN 'nl' Aqy Syr' ivckwr koeI sMbMD nhIN prikauNik nl ny Syr nUM mwr id`qw sI[ ies leI lokW ny Syr mwrn vwlynUM 'nl' AwKxw SurU kr id`qw sI[

srdwr dI pdvIsrdwr Sbd 'sr' Aqy dwr dy sMjog qoN bixAw hY[ 'sr dw Bwv

hY AxK r`Kxw[ 'dwr' Sbd sUlI leI vI vriqAw jWdw hY[ so srdwrdw ArQ hY auh ienswn ijhVw AxK dI ^wqr sUlI qy cVHn dIihMmq r`Kdw hovy[ ie`k kvI ny srdwr dI prIBwSw nUM kwiv rUp iv`cAMikq kIqw hY:idl-b-idldwr bdyh, qw qo idldwr SvI[sr bsr dwr binh, qw qo srdwr SvI[

Bwv auh bMdw ijhVw Awpxy ipAwry nUM idl ByNt kr dvy[ AYsIhwlq iv`c auh ipAwry dy smwn ho jWdw hY[ ArQwq jo Awpxy ieStdy hukm iv`c cldw hoieAw Awpxw isr aus A`gy ByNt kr dvy aus nUMsrdwr kihMdy hn[ BweI nMd lwl goieAw jI ilKdy hn ik srdwrbxn jW khwaux dI KyfH g`lW bwqW dI nhIN, isr DV dI bwzI lwauxvwlI hY[ auh AwpxI ie`k gzl iv`c AMikq krdy hn:

AY bPzl goieAw! E mz`n dm[Ko pw inh`d drI rwh, AW rW ik sr n bwSd[

ArQ-AY goieAw! qUM g`pW nw mwr[ gurU nwl lwey ieSk dwhMkwr nw kr, ikauNik ies rwh qy pYr r`Kx vwly nUM AwpxI qlI qysIs itkwauxw pYNdw hY[

ie`k gwQw Anuswr jdoN bwbr ny eymnwbwd Sihr qy hmlw kIqwqW hmly auprMq l`uitAw mwl aus dy ispwhIAW ny gTVIAW 'c bMnHilAw[ kudrqI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI vI au~Qy sn[ iehnW nUM Aqy BweImrdwny qy BweI bwly nUM pkV ilAw[ pkV ky gurU nwnk dyv jI AqyBweI bwly dy isr qy bMnyH mwl dIAW gTVIAW itkw id`qIAW Aqy BweImrdwny nUM GoVw pkVw id`qw[ GoVw pkVwaux smyN ispwhIAW nyAwiKAw, "ies GoVy dI lgwm nI C`fxI[ jykr GoVw dOV igAw qW qyrwisr klm kr idAWgy[" jdoN ieh qury jWdy sn qW gurU swihb nyAwiKAw,"BweI mrdwny rbwb vjw bwxI AweI hY[" BweI mrdwnwkihMdw,"s`cy pwqSwh! mYN rbwb vjwvW ik GoVy dI lgwm PVW, bwbrdy ispwhI dw hukm s^q hY ik jy GoVw dOV igAw qW myrw isrv`iFAw jwxw hY[ g`l kI AwpW ij`Qy vI jWdy hW isr v`Fx vwlIAWg`lW hI huMdIAW hn[" gurU jI ny AwiKAw, "BweI mrdwny! s`c dIAwvwz bulMd krn leI isr qlI qy r`Kxw pYNdw hY[ srdwrI vI isrdyx nwl hI imldI hY[ ieh jo is`K pMQ SurU kr rhy hW ies iv`c g`lhI isr dyx qoN SurU hoxI hY"[ PV rbwb, C`f GoVy dI lgwm Aqy r`bnUM Xwd kr"[ aus smyN siqgurW Sbd aucwrn kIqw:

eyqI mwr peI kurlwxY qYN kI drdu n AwieAw] (360)

ie`k hor kvI dy srdwr sMbMDI suMdr bol hn:

kry jo PUl kI rKSw, ausI ko Kwr kihqy hYN[bdl fwly jo ienswn ko, ausy ipAwr kihqy hYN[suxo auh dunIAW vwlo, mYN quJ ko s`c kihqw hUMN[jo sr ko dwr py r`K dy, ausy srdwr kihqy hYN[

BweI kwnH isMG nwBw ny Awpxy Sbd koS iv`c srdwr dI sMgXwpRDwn, muKIAw qy iSromxI ilKI hY[ srdwr dI pRIBwSw dws ny AwpxIpusqk 'gurmiq mwrg Aqy swfw s`iBAwcwr' iv`c KolH ky ibAwn kIqIhY Aqy srdwr Sbd dy inkws qy ivkws bwry lMbI gwQw ibAwn kIqI

1110

Bwv-ivjn (1842) iv`c ilKdw hY ik nOzuAwn hrI isMGjMgl iv`c Awpxy swQIAW qoN v`K ho igAw sI[ auhnW swQIAW ny iesnUM AwpxI qlvwr nwl Syr nUM ^qm krdy dyiKAw[

ircrf tYNpl v`loN ilKI pusqk 'Legends of the Punjab'iv`c AMikq hY ik BwvyN 'nl' Aqy Syr' ivckwr koeI sMbMD nhIN prikauNik nl ny Syr nUM mwr id`qw sI[ ies leI lokW ny Syr mwrn vwlynUM 'nl' AwKxw SurU kr id`qw sI[

srdwr dI pdvIsrdwr Sbd 'sr' Aqy dwr dy sMjog qoN bixAw hY[ 'sr dw Bwv

hY AxK r`Kxw[ 'dwr' Sbd sUlI leI vI vriqAw jWdw hY[ so srdwrdw ArQ hY auh ienswn ijhVw AxK dI ^wqr sUlI qy cVHn dIihMmq r`Kdw hovy[ ie`k kvI ny srdwr dI prIBwSw nUM kwiv rUp iv`cAMikq kIqw hY:idl-b-idldwr bdyh, qw qo idldwr SvI[sr bsr dwr binh, qw qo srdwr SvI[

Bwv auh bMdw ijhVw Awpxy ipAwry nUM idl ByNt kr dvy[ AYsIhwlq iv`c auh ipAwry dy smwn ho jWdw hY[ ArQwq jo Awpxy ieStdy hukm iv`c cldw hoieAw Awpxw isr aus A`gy ByNt kr dvy aus nUMsrdwr kihMdy hn[ BweI nMd lwl goieAw jI ilKdy hn ik srdwrbxn jW khwaux dI KyfH g`lW bwqW dI nhIN, isr DV dI bwzI lwauxvwlI hY[ auh AwpxI ie`k gzl iv`c AMikq krdy hn:

AY bPzl goieAw! E mz`n dm[Ko pw inh`d drI rwh, AW rW ik sr n bwSd[

ArQ-AY goieAw! qUM g`pW nw mwr[ gurU nwl lwey ieSk dwhMkwr nw kr, ikauNik ies rwh qy pYr r`Kx vwly nUM AwpxI qlI qysIs itkwauxw pYNdw hY[

ie`k gwQw Anuswr jdoN bwbr ny eymnwbwd Sihr qy hmlw kIqwqW hmly auprMq l`uitAw mwl aus dy ispwhIAW ny gTVIAW 'c bMnHilAw[ kudrqI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI vI au~Qy sn[ iehnW nUM Aqy BweImrdwny qy BweI bwly nUM pkV ilAw[ pkV ky gurU nwnk dyv jI AqyBweI bwly dy isr qy bMnyH mwl dIAW gTVIAW itkw id`qIAW Aqy BweImrdwny nUM GoVw pkVw id`qw[ GoVw pkVwaux smyN ispwhIAW nyAwiKAw, "ies GoVy dI lgwm nI C`fxI[ jykr GoVw dOV igAw qW qyrwisr klm kr idAWgy[" jdoN ieh qury jWdy sn qW gurU swihb nyAwiKAw,"BweI mrdwny rbwb vjw bwxI AweI hY[" BweI mrdwnwkihMdw,"s`cy pwqSwh! mYN rbwb vjwvW ik GoVy dI lgwm PVW, bwbrdy ispwhI dw hukm s^q hY ik jy GoVw dOV igAw qW myrw isrv`iFAw jwxw hY[ g`l kI AwpW ij`Qy vI jWdy hW isr v`Fx vwlIAWg`lW hI huMdIAW hn[" gurU jI ny AwiKAw, "BweI mrdwny! s`c dIAwvwz bulMd krn leI isr qlI qy r`Kxw pYNdw hY[ srdwrI vI isrdyx nwl hI imldI hY[ ieh jo is`K pMQ SurU kr rhy hW ies iv`c g`lhI isr dyx qoN SurU hoxI hY"[ PV rbwb, C`f GoVy dI lgwm Aqy r`bnUM Xwd kr"[ aus smyN siqgurW Sbd aucwrn kIqw:

eyqI mwr peI kurlwxY qYN kI drdu n AwieAw] (360)

ie`k hor kvI dy srdwr sMbMDI suMdr bol hn:

kry jo PUl kI rKSw, ausI ko Kwr kihqy hYN[bdl fwly jo ienswn ko, ausy ipAwr kihqy hYN[suxo auh dunIAW vwlo, mYN quJ ko s`c kihqw hUMN[jo sr ko dwr py r`K dy, ausy srdwr kihqy hYN[

BweI kwnH isMG nwBw ny Awpxy Sbd koS iv`c srdwr dI sMgXwpRDwn, muKIAw qy iSromxI ilKI hY[ srdwr dI pRIBwSw dws ny AwpxIpusqk 'gurmiq mwrg Aqy swfw s`iBAwcwr' iv`c KolH ky ibAwn kIqIhY Aqy srdwr Sbd dy inkws qy ivkws bwry lMbI gwQw ibAwn kIqI

1110

hY[ ieQy qW kyvl tUk mwqR hI iliKAw hY ikauNik 1804 dI ivswKInUM hrI isMG nlUAw nUM &Oj dy srdwr dw pd pRwpq hoieAw sI[

v`fI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l ieh hY ik kyvl pMdrW swl dI AwXUiv`c AwpxI jwn nUM zoKm iv`c pw ky dlyrI nwl Syr nUM mwr dyxw iesqoN v`fI sUrmgqI ienswn iv`c hor kI ho skdI hY? sUrmy dI pihlIXogqw hI hOslw hY[ ieh hOslw hI pRBU dI pRym rUpI BgqI AYsI SkqIhY ijhVI buzidlI dUr krky &rz, nyknIqI, shI PYsly, idRVqw qynmk-hlwlI nUM jnm idMdI hY[ hOsly vgYr isAwxp qy cqrweIPlhIx ho jWdI hY[ sUrmy dI soc Awpxy inSwny pRqI KulH-idlI vwlI,sw&, gOrvmeI qy BY-rihq huMdI hY[ sUrmw jIvn dy sB su`K, ieCwvWqy vwSnwvW iqAwg ky izMdgI nUM ^qry iv`c pw ky inSwny dI pUrqIkrdw hY[ sUrmy dI bhwdrI hor vI cmk pYNdI hY jd auh aupkwrqwvl pYr itkwauNdw hY, h`k, s`c, iensw& Kwqr jUJdw hY, Drm pwldwhY, duSt gwldw hY Aqy jwn qy KyfH ky kOm qy dyS nUM iSMgwrdw hY[ AslsUrmw auhI huMdw hY ijhVw inmkI iv`c Aw ky vYrI nUM vI muAwP kridMdw hY[ pr ieh swrI KyfH pRBU pRIq mMfl dI hY jo pRBU dI ikRpw sdkwaupjdI hY[ ies dI aupj smyN bMdy dy mn AMdr ArSI qy PrSI nwdv`jxy SurU ho jWdy hn pr sB kuJ krn krwaux vwlw auh prmySr hY[gurbwxI dy bol hn:

khu mwnKu qy ikAw hoie AwvY] jo iqsu BwvY soeI krwvY]Aiq sUrw jy koaU khwvY]pRB kI klw ibnw kh DwvY] (282)

dIvwn Amr nwQ dI ilKq 'zPrnwmw rxjIq isMG' AnuswrhrI isMG qoN iKdmqgwrI (AYNfIkwrw) dw Ahudw Cufw ky srdwrI dwmrqbw bKS id`qw qy A`T sO svwr qy pYdl sYnw dw A&sr Qwp kyiezq A&zweI kIqI[ ieQoN srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dw &OjI jIvnAwrMB hoieAw[

vnIq nlUAw ny vI iliKAw hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny1808 dI ivswKI AMimRqsr mnweI[ ies idn iklHw BMgIAW qy BwrIie`kT hoieAw[ mhwrwjw ny nOjuAwn hrI isMG dI blvwnqw nUM mu`KrKidAW aus nUM Syr idl wlsw &Oj dw muKI Qwp id`qw[ ausy idn 36swlw dysw isMG mjITIAw nUM 400 svwrW Aqy jTyry inhwl isMGAtwrIvwly nUM 500 svwrW dw muKIAw QwipAw[ dyKx vwlI AjIb g`lieh hY ik pMdrW swl dI CotI aumr iv`c koeI byimswl Xogqw AqyAduqI guxW vwlw hI &OjI srdwr bxn dw Ahudw pRwpq kr skdw hY[

bulMdI qy au~cy AhudyijauN ijauN nlUey srdwr dI aumr juAwnI vl geI aus dw k`d-

kwT vDdw igAw[ bhuqy ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr aus dw k`d s`q Pu`tdy l`g pg, srIr guMdvW, CwqI cOVI, bwhW lMbIAW ichrw nUrI qy dgdg krdw sI[ pRis`D smkwlI lyKk hmIdu`lw SwhwbwdI (kSmIrI) dykQn Anuswr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw SkloN sohxw, idl dw dlyr,Syr mrd, AwlI vkwr, lwswnI SKSIAq dw mwilk, hwiqm vrgwsKI, Swh mOSIrvW jyhw munisP, imzwj, mulkI isAwsIAq iv`c pUrIqrHW mwihr qy Adu`qI ruAbdwb dw vwlI sI[ ijs kwrx aus dISuhrq dIAW DuMmW nw kyvl kwbl q`k hI, sgoN APgwinsqwn dy hrykielwky iv`c peIAW hoeIAW sn (Akbr nwmw kSmIrI)[

kihMdy hn ik ie`k &rWsIsI A&sr nlUey srdwr nUM aus dyd&qr iv`c pihlI vwr imilAw[ hrI isMG dw husnl crwg dw dgdg krdw ichrw muhrw dyK ky Gbrwht iv`c Aw igAw[ srdwr nypu`iCAw kI kwrn hY quhwfy ichry qy ieqnI Gbrwht ikauN hY? ausny au~qr id`qw, "srdwr swihb! jykr quhwfy jlwau vrgy ichry Aqyblvwn srIr vwly nwl kdy mYdwny jMg iv`c t`kr l`g jwvy qW dyK kyhI Qr Qr kMbxI iCVnI suBwvk g`l hY[ ijs qrHW sUrj dy swmHxy

1312

hY[ ieQy qW kyvl tUk mwqR hI iliKAw hY ikauNik 1804 dI ivswKInUM hrI isMG nlUAw nUM &Oj dy srdwr dw pd pRwpq hoieAw sI[

v`fI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l ieh hY ik kyvl pMdrW swl dI AwXUiv`c AwpxI jwn nUM zoKm iv`c pw ky dlyrI nwl Syr nUM mwr dyxw iesqoN v`fI sUrmgqI ienswn iv`c hor kI ho skdI hY? sUrmy dI pihlIXogqw hI hOslw hY[ ieh hOslw hI pRBU dI pRym rUpI BgqI AYsI SkqIhY ijhVI buzidlI dUr krky &rz, nyknIqI, shI PYsly, idRVqw qynmk-hlwlI nUM jnm idMdI hY[ hOsly vgYr isAwxp qy cqrweIPlhIx ho jWdI hY[ sUrmy dI soc Awpxy inSwny pRqI KulH-idlI vwlI,sw&, gOrvmeI qy BY-rihq huMdI hY[ sUrmw jIvn dy sB su`K, ieCwvWqy vwSnwvW iqAwg ky izMdgI nUM ^qry iv`c pw ky inSwny dI pUrqIkrdw hY[ sUrmy dI bhwdrI hor vI cmk pYNdI hY jd auh aupkwrqwvl pYr itkwauNdw hY, h`k, s`c, iensw& Kwqr jUJdw hY, Drm pwldwhY, duSt gwldw hY Aqy jwn qy KyfH ky kOm qy dyS nUM iSMgwrdw hY[ AslsUrmw auhI huMdw hY ijhVw inmkI iv`c Aw ky vYrI nUM vI muAwP kridMdw hY[ pr ieh swrI KyfH pRBU pRIq mMfl dI hY jo pRBU dI ikRpw sdkwaupjdI hY[ ies dI aupj smyN bMdy dy mn AMdr ArSI qy PrSI nwdv`jxy SurU ho jWdy hn pr sB kuJ krn krwaux vwlw auh prmySr hY[gurbwxI dy bol hn:

khu mwnKu qy ikAw hoie AwvY] jo iqsu BwvY soeI krwvY]Aiq sUrw jy koaU khwvY]pRB kI klw ibnw kh DwvY] (282)

dIvwn Amr nwQ dI ilKq 'zPrnwmw rxjIq isMG' AnuswrhrI isMG qoN iKdmqgwrI (AYNfIkwrw) dw Ahudw Cufw ky srdwrI dwmrqbw bKS id`qw qy A`T sO svwr qy pYdl sYnw dw A&sr Qwp kyiezq A&zweI kIqI[ ieQoN srdwr hrI isMG nlUey dw &OjI jIvnAwrMB hoieAw[

vnIq nlUAw ny vI iliKAw hY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny1808 dI ivswKI AMimRqsr mnweI[ ies idn iklHw BMgIAW qy BwrIie`kT hoieAw[ mhwrwjw ny nOjuAwn hrI isMG dI blvwnqw nUM mu`KrKidAW aus nUM Syr idl wlsw &Oj dw muKI Qwp id`qw[ ausy idn 36swlw dysw isMG mjITIAw nUM 400 svwrW Aqy jTyry inhwl isMGAtwrIvwly nUM 500 svwrW dw muKIAw QwipAw[ dyKx vwlI AjIb g`lieh hY ik pMdrW swl dI CotI aumr iv`c koeI byimswl Xogqw AqyAduqI guxW vwlw hI &OjI srdwr bxn dw Ahudw pRwpq kr skdw hY[

bulMdI qy au~cy AhudyijauN ijauN nlUey srdwr dI aumr juAwnI vl geI aus dw k`d-

kwT vDdw igAw[ bhuqy ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr aus dw k`d s`q Pu`tdy l`g pg, srIr guMdvW, CwqI cOVI, bwhW lMbIAW ichrw nUrI qy dgdg krdw sI[ pRis`D smkwlI lyKk hmIdu`lw SwhwbwdI (kSmIrI) dykQn Anuswr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw SkloN sohxw, idl dw dlyr,Syr mrd, AwlI vkwr, lwswnI SKSIAq dw mwilk, hwiqm vrgwsKI, Swh mOSIrvW jyhw munisP, imzwj, mulkI isAwsIAq iv`c pUrIqrHW mwihr qy Adu`qI ruAbdwb dw vwlI sI[ ijs kwrx aus dISuhrq dIAW DuMmW nw kyvl kwbl q`k hI, sgoN APgwinsqwn dy hrykielwky iv`c peIAW hoeIAW sn (Akbr nwmw kSmIrI)[

kihMdy hn ik ie`k &rWsIsI A&sr nlUey srdwr nUM aus dyd&qr iv`c pihlI vwr imilAw[ hrI isMG dw husnl crwg dw dgdg krdw ichrw muhrw dyK ky Gbrwht iv`c Aw igAw[ srdwr nypu`iCAw kI kwrn hY quhwfy ichry qy ieqnI Gbrwht ikauN hY? ausny au~qr id`qw, "srdwr swihb! jykr quhwfy jlwau vrgy ichry Aqyblvwn srIr vwly nwl kdy mYdwny jMg iv`c t`kr l`g jwvy qW dyK kyhI Qr Qr kMbxI iCVnI suBwvk g`l hY[ ijs qrHW sUrj dy swmHxy

1312

A`KW KolH ky lgwqwr KVHnw muSkl huMdw hY ausy qrHW mYnUM quhwfy jmwlrUpI husn nUM dyK ky mihsUs hoieAw hY"[

pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik APgwinsqwn dw Adu`qIbhwdr XoDw muhMmd AjIz Kwn sMn 1823 eIsvI iv`c KySgI dymYdwn iv`c jd hrI isMG nlvy nwl do cwr h`Q hoieAw qW A`KWimlwaux dI dyr sI ik bwrkzeI ^wn pr srdwr jI dw AYsw roAbCwieAw auh mYdwn iv`c ie`k pl leI BI hor nw Tihr sikAw[ ijQyAwp dy dbdby dw ieh hwl sI aus dy nwl isAwxp qy sMjIdgI vIieMnI vDI hoeI sI ik Awpxw nmUnw auh Awp hI sn[

sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI lwhOr kcihrIAMdr hrI isMG nlUey vrgw hor koeI srdwr nmk hlwl nhIN sI[hrI isMG mwno Arjn sI Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ikRSn smwnijvyN ik mhwBwrq iv`c pRmu`K sKSIAqW ikRSn qy Arjn sn["Arjun had gained victory everywhere on account of the co-operation of Sri Krishan ji" hrI isMG aurP kwdrXwr AwpxIpihlI SIhrPI iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dI vifAweI ieM\ gwauNdw hY:

sy-swAbqI sux ky bhwdrW dI, idl pING dw AYS hulwirAW iv`c[rUh KuSI dy nwl vsl krdw, AwSk msq ijaux ipAwirAW iv`c[rxjIq isMG srdwr dy APsrW nUM, ifTw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW ivc[kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

hrI isMG v`fy qoN v`fy sUrmyN dI llkwr nUM cxOqI idMdw sI[ ij~DrnUM vI cVHweI krdw sI Syr vW|UM BbkW mwrdw jWdw sI[ solW swl dIaumr iv`c hI ksUr dI jMg smyN hrI isMG ny gwzI pTwxW dy AYsy C`kyCufwey ik jMgy mYdwn nUM C`f ky ij`Dr nUM dyiKAw jwnW bcwaux leI B`jinkly[ nlUey dI Syr-idl rjmYNt dy isMGW ny n`Ty jWdy bhwdr nvwbkuqbdIn nUM pkV ky muSkW iv`c jkV ilAw[ ies nvwb ny ihMdU Aqyis`KW dy ielwky AMdr jo vDIkIAW kIqIAW sn qy kr irhw sI , auh

bhuq hI idl kMbwaU Aqy dihlwaU sn[ iehnW muglW dy v`fy vfyryipSOr qoN bwbr dI &Oj nwl ihMdusqwn qy hmly vkq Awey sn Aqyv`fIAW jwgIrW dy mwlk hox kr ky prjw qy vDIkIAW kr rhy sn[iehnW ny ^wlsy dI vD rhI qwkq nUM dyK ky is`KW dw nwmo-inSwnimtwaux leI v`fI qzvIj GVI sI[ ies g`l dw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUMjd pqw l`igAw qW iehnW nUM smJwaux leI srdwr &qih isMGkwilAW vwlw Aqy &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nUM ByijAw[ pr ieh hMkwrI,ivkwrI Aqy durwcwrI m`Cry hoey nw tly[ iehnW dI BYVI soc nUMsrdwr &qih isMG Aqy &kIr qoN sux ky Aqy &kIr jI nwl bdslUkIqy kubcn bolx krky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny wlsw &Oj nUM ksUr v`l kUckrn dw hukm dy id`qw sI[ ies DUAW Dwr jMg iv`c KwlseI &OjWny &qih pweI[ muSkW 'c jkVy hoey nvwb kuqbdIn nUM jd mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG A`gy pyS kIqw igAw qW Syir -ey-pMjwb ny hukm id`qw,nvwb Kwn dIAW muSkW KolH idau ieh bhwdr sUrmw hY[ ies nUMmwirAw nhIN sgoN Prwk idl mhwrwjy ny jwgIr dy ky pRvwr smyqsqluj qoN pwr mmdot ielwky iv`c 22 ipMf Aqy 52 hzwr rupeyswlwnw Awmdn dw prgnw dy ky pIVIHE-dr-pIVHI bKS id`qI[ bwbwpRym isMG hoqI mrdwn dI ilKq Anuswr ieh jwgIr A`j q`k iesGrwxy kol hY[

ieM\ ksUr dw ielwkw 28 PrvrI 1806 nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`cSwml ho igAw[ srdwr inhwl isMG jI AtwrI vwly nUM jo ies muihMmdy mu`K pRbMDk sn, ieh ielwkw sMBwl ky ^wlsw &OjW ij`q ky DONsyvjwauNdIAW lwhOr pujIAW[ gurU klgIDr ny bicqR nwtk ivc iliKAwhY ik ksUr qy lwhOr Sihr sRI rwm cMdR jI dy pu`qrW ny vswey sn:

qhI iqnY bwDy duie purvw] eyk ksUr duqIAw lwhurvw]

brqwnIAW dy ihstorIAn igRPn Aqy mYsI ny 1909 iv`ciliKAw ik hrI isMG nUM ksUr dI jMg iv`c bhwdrI bdly jwgIr

1514

A`KW KolH ky lgwqwr KVHnw muSkl huMdw hY ausy qrHW mYnUM quhwfy jmwlrUpI husn nUM dyK ky mihsUs hoieAw hY"[

pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik APgwinsqwn dw Adu`qIbhwdr XoDw muhMmd AjIz Kwn sMn 1823 eIsvI iv`c KySgI dymYdwn iv`c jd hrI isMG nlvy nwl do cwr h`Q hoieAw qW A`KWimlwaux dI dyr sI ik bwrkzeI ^wn pr srdwr jI dw AYsw roAbCwieAw auh mYdwn iv`c ie`k pl leI BI hor nw Tihr sikAw[ ijQyAwp dy dbdby dw ieh hwl sI aus dy nwl isAwxp qy sMjIdgI vIieMnI vDI hoeI sI ik Awpxw nmUnw auh Awp hI sn[

sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI lwhOr kcihrIAMdr hrI isMG nlUey vrgw hor koeI srdwr nmk hlwl nhIN sI[hrI isMG mwno Arjn sI Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ikRSn smwnijvyN ik mhwBwrq iv`c pRmu`K sKSIAqW ikRSn qy Arjn sn["Arjun had gained victory everywhere on account of the co-operation of Sri Krishan ji" hrI isMG aurP kwdrXwr AwpxIpihlI SIhrPI iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dI vifAweI ieM\ gwauNdw hY:

sy-swAbqI sux ky bhwdrW dI, idl pING dw AYS hulwirAW iv`c[rUh KuSI dy nwl vsl krdw, AwSk msq ijaux ipAwirAW iv`c[rxjIq isMG srdwr dy APsrW nUM, ifTw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW ivc[kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

hrI isMG v`fy qoN v`fy sUrmyN dI llkwr nUM cxOqI idMdw sI[ ij~DrnUM vI cVHweI krdw sI Syr vW|UM BbkW mwrdw jWdw sI[ solW swl dIaumr iv`c hI ksUr dI jMg smyN hrI isMG ny gwzI pTwxW dy AYsy C`kyCufwey ik jMgy mYdwn nUM C`f ky ij`Dr nUM dyiKAw jwnW bcwaux leI B`jinkly[ nlUey dI Syr-idl rjmYNt dy isMGW ny n`Ty jWdy bhwdr nvwbkuqbdIn nUM pkV ky muSkW iv`c jkV ilAw[ ies nvwb ny ihMdU Aqyis`KW dy ielwky AMdr jo vDIkIAW kIqIAW sn qy kr irhw sI , auh

bhuq hI idl kMbwaU Aqy dihlwaU sn[ iehnW muglW dy v`fy vfyryipSOr qoN bwbr dI &Oj nwl ihMdusqwn qy hmly vkq Awey sn Aqyv`fIAW jwgIrW dy mwlk hox kr ky prjw qy vDIkIAW kr rhy sn[iehnW ny ^wlsy dI vD rhI qwkq nUM dyK ky is`KW dw nwmo-inSwnimtwaux leI v`fI qzvIj GVI sI[ ies g`l dw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUMjd pqw l`igAw qW iehnW nUM smJwaux leI srdwr &qih isMGkwilAW vwlw Aqy &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nUM ByijAw[ pr ieh hMkwrI,ivkwrI Aqy durwcwrI m`Cry hoey nw tly[ iehnW dI BYVI soc nUMsrdwr &qih isMG Aqy &kIr qoN sux ky Aqy &kIr jI nwl bdslUkIqy kubcn bolx krky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny wlsw &Oj nUM ksUr v`l kUckrn dw hukm dy id`qw sI[ ies DUAW Dwr jMg iv`c KwlseI &OjWny &qih pweI[ muSkW 'c jkVy hoey nvwb kuqbdIn nUM jd mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG A`gy pyS kIqw igAw qW Syir -ey-pMjwb ny hukm id`qw,nvwb Kwn dIAW muSkW KolH idau ieh bhwdr sUrmw hY[ ies nUMmwirAw nhIN sgoN Prwk idl mhwrwjy ny jwgIr dy ky pRvwr smyqsqluj qoN pwr mmdot ielwky iv`c 22 ipMf Aqy 52 hzwr rupeyswlwnw Awmdn dw prgnw dy ky pIVIHE-dr-pIVHI bKS id`qI[ bwbwpRym isMG hoqI mrdwn dI ilKq Anuswr ieh jwgIr A`j q`k iesGrwxy kol hY[

ieM\ ksUr dw ielwkw 28 PrvrI 1806 nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`cSwml ho igAw[ srdwr inhwl isMG jI AtwrI vwly nUM jo ies muihMmdy mu`K pRbMDk sn, ieh ielwkw sMBwl ky ^wlsw &OjW ij`q ky DONsyvjwauNdIAW lwhOr pujIAW[ gurU klgIDr ny bicqR nwtk ivc iliKAwhY ik ksUr qy lwhOr Sihr sRI rwm cMdR jI dy pu`qrW ny vswey sn:

qhI iqnY bwDy duie purvw] eyk ksUr duqIAw lwhurvw]

brqwnIAW dy ihstorIAn igRPn Aqy mYsI ny 1909 iv`ciliKAw ik hrI isMG nUM ksUr dI jMg iv`c bhwdrI bdly jwgIr

1514

pRwpq hoeI[ mYkwilP ny vI 1909 iv`c ilKI pusqk 'The SikhReligion' iv`c iliKAw ik ksUr iv`c pTwxW dI &qih qy sRI gurUAmr dws jI dy khy hoey Sbd , "swfy syvk ie`k idn SYhnSwhhoxgy[ ie`k is`K rwjw ksUr dw s`qwDwrI hovygw"[ ie`k solW swlW dyn`Fy ny pUry kr idKwey[

ispwh-slwr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw dw &OjI jIvn 1804iv`c GoV svwr qy pYdl rjmYNt nwl SurU hoieAw[ pr 1807 iv`cies iv`c hwQI, aUT Awid Swml krky do btwlIAnW (&OjI dsqy)bxw id`qIAW[ sIqw rwm kohlI Anuswr ie`k dsqy iv`c 632 AwdmIAqy dUjy iv`c 910 AwdmI sn[ srdwr hrI isMG vwlI pltn i`v`c632 'coN 576 lVwkU Aqy 56 shwiek ijvyN ik JMfw brdwr, gRMQIisMG, GiVAwlI (tweIm kIpr) , KlwsIz (tYNt ip`cr), hlky luhwr,qrKwx Awid sn[ pihlW pihl is`K sYnkW dI vrdI ic`ty rMg dIsI[ pr Pyr PrWsIsI A&srW nwl slwh mSvrw kr ky vrdI iv`cjwkt lwl rMg dI, pqlUn nIlI Aqy CwqI qy ic`ty jW kwly rMg dI p`tIvwlI bxweI geI[ v`K v`K AhuidAW dI pCwx leI sunihrI Dwgw,vDIAw iksm dI PIqI, sunihrI Aqy cWdI rMgI forI jW sunihrIJwlr kmIz qy lgweI jWdI sI[

jrnYlI ruqbw&Oj AMdr jrnYl dw ruqbw sB qoN SRomxI hY[ ieh ruqbw iksy

ruhwnI BrpUr SKSIAq Aqy gYbI qwkq vwly nUM hI pRwpq huMdw hY[mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr AMdr hrI isMG ny ieh Ahudw AwpxyblbUqy qy pRwpq kIqw ArQwq i^dmqgwr qoN srdwr, srdwr qoNispwh-slwr, ispwh-slwr qoN gvrnr qy gvrnr qoN jrnYlI hwslkIqI[ wlsw rwj AMdr BwvyN hor vI jrnYl sn pr jo cwr cMn iesXoDy ny lwey auh horW qoN inAwry sn ArQwq ^wlsw pMQ dw hMs hoinbiVAw[ ies dy kIqy cmqkwrI ikRSmy, jMgW-Xu`DW iv`c idKweI

sUrbIrqw Aqy au~cw-su`cw Awcrn sMswr AMdr ieauN cmk irhw hYijvy pMCIAW iv`c mor SoBnIk huMdw hY, qwirAW iv`c DrU qwrw soBdw hYAqy hIirAW iv`c koihnUr hIry dI bu`kq hY[

bIrqw jW bhwdrI mnu`KI jIvn dy AnykW guxW dI Kwn hY, iehBWq-suBWq, rMg-brMgy, tihk-mihk qy KSbU nwl Bry Pu`lW dyguldsqy dI inAweIN hY[ ijvyN sony dy ikxky im`tI iv`c pey soonwkhwauNdy hn Aqy cmkdy hn iesy qrHW bIrqw dy gux kwrn sUry kOmIisqwry, cwnx munwry qy lukweI leI ipAwry Aqy siqkwry bx jWdyhn[ sUrmy AMdr bIrqw pRym, sbr, sMqoK, syvw, s`c Awid guxW dIsMjog huuMdI hY[ ieh ruhwnIAq dw isKr mMnI geI hY Aqy SIl,dieAw, Drm, DIrj qy igAwn dy QMmHW qy KVHdI hY[ sUrmw srIr dImOq qoN nhIN frdw zmIr dy mrn qoN frdw hY[ aus dI inrml socKulH-idlI dw sbUq huMdI hY qy buzidlI nyVy qyVy nhIN Fu`kdI[ ijvyN sonydI Su`Dqw A`g 'c pw ky prKI jWdI hY iqvyN sUrmy dI prK musIbq dIB`TI iv`c pw ky prKI jWdI hY[ gurbwxI dy vI bol hn:

sUrw so pihcwnIey jo lrY dIn ky hyq]purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU n CwfY Kyq] (1105)

sB qoN pihlW aus AMdr lIfriSp (AgvweI) dw gux hoxwzrUrI hY[ ArQwq ijhVw Awpxy swQI ispwhIAW dI imQy inSwny dIpUrqI leI A`gy l`g ky qury, aunHW leI loV Anuswr shUlqW dw pRbMDAqy AnukUl vwqwvrn auswry qy kwnUMn Aqy ivDwn nUM sKqI nwl lwgUkrn dI smrQw rKy[ ies qoN ielwvw suAwrQ hIxqw, dlyrI, blvwnqw,qVk-BVk, juAwb-dyhI, nyk-nIqI Aqy svY-BrosgI vI ie`k auq`mjrnYl dy Kws gux mMny gey hn[

sMswr AMdr BwvyN AnykW jrnYl pYdw hoey pr srdwr hrI isMGnlvw vrgw bw-kmwl, pRqIvwn, nIqIvwn, bw-imswl, TwT-bwTvwlw qy pRsMsk koeI ivrlw hI lBygw[ srdwr nlvw ikauNik zmIr,

1716

pRwpq hoeI[ mYkwilP ny vI 1909 iv`c ilKI pusqk 'The SikhReligion' iv`c iliKAw ik ksUr iv`c pTwxW dI &qih qy sRI gurUAmr dws jI dy khy hoey Sbd , "swfy syvk ie`k idn SYhnSwhhoxgy[ ie`k is`K rwjw ksUr dw s`qwDwrI hovygw"[ ie`k solW swlW dyn`Fy ny pUry kr idKwey[

ispwh-slwr srdwr hrI isMG nlvw dw &OjI jIvn 1804iv`c GoV svwr qy pYdl rjmYNt nwl SurU hoieAw[ pr 1807 iv`cies iv`c hwQI, aUT Awid Swml krky do btwlIAnW (&OjI dsqy)bxw id`qIAW[ sIqw rwm kohlI Anuswr ie`k dsqy iv`c 632 AwdmIAqy dUjy iv`c 910 AwdmI sn[ srdwr hrI isMG vwlI pltn i`v`c632 'coN 576 lVwkU Aqy 56 shwiek ijvyN ik JMfw brdwr, gRMQIisMG, GiVAwlI (tweIm kIpr) , KlwsIz (tYNt ip`cr), hlky luhwr,qrKwx Awid sn[ pihlW pihl is`K sYnkW dI vrdI ic`ty rMg dIsI[ pr Pyr PrWsIsI A&srW nwl slwh mSvrw kr ky vrdI iv`cjwkt lwl rMg dI, pqlUn nIlI Aqy CwqI qy ic`ty jW kwly rMg dI p`tIvwlI bxweI geI[ v`K v`K AhuidAW dI pCwx leI sunihrI Dwgw,vDIAw iksm dI PIqI, sunihrI Aqy cWdI rMgI forI jW sunihrIJwlr kmIz qy lgweI jWdI sI[

jrnYlI ruqbw&Oj AMdr jrnYl dw ruqbw sB qoN SRomxI hY[ ieh ruqbw iksy

ruhwnI BrpUr SKSIAq Aqy gYbI qwkq vwly nUM hI pRwpq huMdw hY[mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr AMdr hrI isMG ny ieh Ahudw AwpxyblbUqy qy pRwpq kIqw ArQwq i^dmqgwr qoN srdwr, srdwr qoNispwh-slwr, ispwh-slwr qoN gvrnr qy gvrnr qoN jrnYlI hwslkIqI[ wlsw rwj AMdr BwvyN hor vI jrnYl sn pr jo cwr cMn iesXoDy ny lwey auh horW qoN inAwry sn ArQwq ^wlsw pMQ dw hMs hoinbiVAw[ ies dy kIqy cmqkwrI ikRSmy, jMgW-Xu`DW iv`c idKweI

sUrbIrqw Aqy au~cw-su`cw Awcrn sMswr AMdr ieauN cmk irhw hYijvy pMCIAW iv`c mor SoBnIk huMdw hY, qwirAW iv`c DrU qwrw soBdw hYAqy hIirAW iv`c koihnUr hIry dI bu`kq hY[

bIrqw jW bhwdrI mnu`KI jIvn dy AnykW guxW dI Kwn hY, iehBWq-suBWq, rMg-brMgy, tihk-mihk qy KSbU nwl Bry Pu`lW dyguldsqy dI inAweIN hY[ ijvyN sony dy ikxky im`tI iv`c pey soonwkhwauNdy hn Aqy cmkdy hn iesy qrHW bIrqw dy gux kwrn sUry kOmIisqwry, cwnx munwry qy lukweI leI ipAwry Aqy siqkwry bx jWdyhn[ sUrmy AMdr bIrqw pRym, sbr, sMqoK, syvw, s`c Awid guxW dIsMjog huuMdI hY[ ieh ruhwnIAq dw isKr mMnI geI hY Aqy SIl,dieAw, Drm, DIrj qy igAwn dy QMmHW qy KVHdI hY[ sUrmw srIr dImOq qoN nhIN frdw zmIr dy mrn qoN frdw hY[ aus dI inrml socKulH-idlI dw sbUq huMdI hY qy buzidlI nyVy qyVy nhIN Fu`kdI[ ijvyN sonydI Su`Dqw A`g 'c pw ky prKI jWdI hY iqvyN sUrmy dI prK musIbq dIB`TI iv`c pw ky prKI jWdI hY[ gurbwxI dy vI bol hn:

sUrw so pihcwnIey jo lrY dIn ky hyq]purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU n CwfY Kyq] (1105)

sB qoN pihlW aus AMdr lIfriSp (AgvweI) dw gux hoxwzrUrI hY[ ArQwq ijhVw Awpxy swQI ispwhIAW dI imQy inSwny dIpUrqI leI A`gy l`g ky qury, aunHW leI loV Anuswr shUlqW dw pRbMDAqy AnukUl vwqwvrn auswry qy kwnUMn Aqy ivDwn nUM sKqI nwl lwgUkrn dI smrQw rKy[ ies qoN ielwvw suAwrQ hIxqw, dlyrI, blvwnqw,qVk-BVk, juAwb-dyhI, nyk-nIqI Aqy svY-BrosgI vI ie`k auq`mjrnYl dy Kws gux mMny gey hn[

sMswr AMdr BwvyN AnykW jrnYl pYdw hoey pr srdwr hrI isMGnlvw vrgw bw-kmwl, pRqIvwn, nIqIvwn, bw-imswl, TwT-bwTvwlw qy pRsMsk koeI ivrlw hI lBygw[ srdwr nlvw ikauNik zmIr,

1716

SmSIr, qkbIr Aqy qkdIr dw DnI sI ies leI aus ny Xug pltwaUkwrnwmy krky mhwn s&lqw hwsl kIqI[ iehnW guxW krky krm,cwl-Fwl, bol-cwl qy rwj pRbMD dIAW bwrIkIAW bwry auh v`fI sUJ-bUJ rKdw sI[ ies qoN ielwvw SsqrW-AsqrW qy GoiVAW dI pCwxdw vI pUrw pwrKU sI Aqy jMgW-Xu`DW dy qOr-qrIikAW qy pihlUAW qoNmwhr sI[ ies leI is`K ieiqhwskwrW ny hI nhIN blik horW ny vIjrnYl hrI isMG dI BwrI pRsMsw kIqI hY[

aunIvIN sdI iv`c 1887 dy brqwnIAW qoN Cpdy spqwihkAKbwr Tit-Bits jo imstr lInwrf krUkMb dI AYfItrI hyT hrsincrvwr v`fI igxqI iv`c Cpdw sI ny dunIAW dy jrnYlW dIbhwdrI dw bhuq hI ghu nwl qulnwqimk ivSlySx kIqw Aqy AKIrieh incoV k`iFAw ik sMswr dw sB qoN v`D sPl jrnYl kOx hoieAwhY? Some people might think that Napoleon was a great Gen-eral. Some might name Marshal Hindenburgh, Lord Kichner,General Karozey or Duke of Willington etc. And some goingfurther might say Halaku Khan, Genghis Khan, Changez Khan,Richard or Allaudin etc. But let me tell you that in the Northof India a General of the name of Hari Singh Nalwa of theSikh prevailed. Had he lived longer and had the sources andartillery of the British, he would have conquered most of Asiaand Europe.

Bwv ArQ-koeI qW inpolIAn dw nwm lYxgy ik auh mhwnjrnYl sI, koeI mwrSl hYfnbrg, lwrf ikcnr, jnrl krobzy,fXUk AwP vwilMgtn Awid dw nwm lYxgy[ keI horW dw nwm lYxgyijvyN hlwkU wn, jYNigs Kwn, cMgyz Kwn, ircrf qy AlwaudIn[ prmYN quhwnUM d`sW ik auq`rI Bwrq iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw nwm dw is`KjrnYl bhuq hI hoxhwr Aqy v`fy bl vwlw hoieAw hY[ jykr auh lMmysmyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw Aqy aus kol brqwnIAW dI &Oj vrgy swDn

Aqy qopKwnw huMdw qW auh eySIAw Aqy XUrp dw bhuq swrw ielwkwhiQAw skdw sI[

aus AMgryz ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik ie`k mwmUlI igxqI dI &Oznwl aus ny APgwinsqwn jYsy mulk nUM sr kIqw Aqy APgwnW au~qyAYsw is`kw jmwieAw jo ies dI hoxhwrqw dI gvwhI Brdw hY[APgwinsqwn auh mulk hY ijs iv`c iqMn vwr AMgryz &OjW dw KUnfuilHAw pr Pyr vI auh au~Qy Amn-kwnUMn bhwl nhIN kr skIAW,hwlW ik auhnW kol v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj Aqy zMgI swzo-smwn sI[hrI isMG nlUey ny swbq kr id`qw ik is`K kOm dunIAW dI bhwdr qylVwkU kOm hY[ ies kOm dy idlW AMdr gurU vsdw hY Aqy ieh gurUdI is`iKAw Aqy aupdyS dy DwrnI hn[

hrI isMG nlUAw srdwr dw db dbw, KO& Aqy DWk pTwxW dyidlW AMdr AYsw bYT igAw sI ijvyN b`krI Syr qoN frdI hY[ ies nUMdyKdy hI swry pTwxW dy ichry pIly P`k vrgy Aqy mUMh su`k jWdy sn[pTwxIAW Awpxy b`icAW nUM jdoN auh AVI krdy sn, roxo nhIN sI htdyjW kihxw nhIN sI mMndy qW ieh kihky frwauNdIAW sn, 'hrIAwrWGly' Bwv hrIAw (hrI isMG) Aw igAw hY cu`p kro Aqy kihxw mMnlau[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI vI iliKAw hY:

iksy jy pTwx dw puqr nhIN cup kry, AwauNdw hrI isMG khyN au~cI sy pukwr ky[ausy vyly jwn hwvw huMdI aus bwlky dI, lvy gl Gut bwqW kry hauNky mwr ky[Pwqy hoey isMG dy pTwx Ajy qIk Xwro, mUDy ho ky sONdy BwvyN dyK lau ivcwr ky[sIqw rwm nwm srdwr dw AzreIl, AwK dy pTwx dyKw hm ny suDwr ky[

ieiqhwsk q`Q ieh drswauNdy hn ik hrI isMG nlUAw dy ie`khukm ny APgwnW nUM slvwr pihnwaux leI mjbUr kr id`qw[ hukmsI, "AY A&gwno! jykr quhwfy iv`c koeI dm jW AxK hY qW is`K &OjWdw jMgy mYdwn iv`c mukwblw kro nhIN qW slvwrW pihn lvo[ ikauNikmYnUM jMg AMdr APgwn bMidAW Aqy iesqrIAW iv`c koeI &rk nhIN

1918

SmSIr, qkbIr Aqy qkdIr dw DnI sI ies leI aus ny Xug pltwaUkwrnwmy krky mhwn s&lqw hwsl kIqI[ iehnW guxW krky krm,cwl-Fwl, bol-cwl qy rwj pRbMD dIAW bwrIkIAW bwry auh v`fI sUJ-bUJ rKdw sI[ ies qoN ielwvw SsqrW-AsqrW qy GoiVAW dI pCwxdw vI pUrw pwrKU sI Aqy jMgW-Xu`DW dy qOr-qrIikAW qy pihlUAW qoNmwhr sI[ ies leI is`K ieiqhwskwrW ny hI nhIN blik horW ny vIjrnYl hrI isMG dI BwrI pRsMsw kIqI hY[

aunIvIN sdI iv`c 1887 dy brqwnIAW qoN Cpdy spqwihkAKbwr Tit-Bits jo imstr lInwrf krUkMb dI AYfItrI hyT hrsincrvwr v`fI igxqI iv`c Cpdw sI ny dunIAW dy jrnYlW dIbhwdrI dw bhuq hI ghu nwl qulnwqimk ivSlySx kIqw Aqy AKIrieh incoV k`iFAw ik sMswr dw sB qoN v`D sPl jrnYl kOx hoieAwhY? Some people might think that Napoleon was a great Gen-eral. Some might name Marshal Hindenburgh, Lord Kichner,General Karozey or Duke of Willington etc. And some goingfurther might say Halaku Khan, Genghis Khan, Changez Khan,Richard or Allaudin etc. But let me tell you that in the Northof India a General of the name of Hari Singh Nalwa of theSikh prevailed. Had he lived longer and had the sources andartillery of the British, he would have conquered most of Asiaand Europe.

Bwv ArQ-koeI qW inpolIAn dw nwm lYxgy ik auh mhwnjrnYl sI, koeI mwrSl hYfnbrg, lwrf ikcnr, jnrl krobzy,fXUk AwP vwilMgtn Awid dw nwm lYxgy[ keI horW dw nwm lYxgyijvyN hlwkU wn, jYNigs Kwn, cMgyz Kwn, ircrf qy AlwaudIn[ prmYN quhwnUM d`sW ik auq`rI Bwrq iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw nwm dw is`KjrnYl bhuq hI hoxhwr Aqy v`fy bl vwlw hoieAw hY[ jykr auh lMmysmyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw Aqy aus kol brqwnIAW dI &Oj vrgy swDn

Aqy qopKwnw huMdw qW auh eySIAw Aqy XUrp dw bhuq swrw ielwkwhiQAw skdw sI[

aus AMgryz ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik ie`k mwmUlI igxqI dI &Oznwl aus ny APgwinsqwn jYsy mulk nUM sr kIqw Aqy APgwnW au~qyAYsw is`kw jmwieAw jo ies dI hoxhwrqw dI gvwhI Brdw hY[APgwinsqwn auh mulk hY ijs iv`c iqMn vwr AMgryz &OjW dw KUnfuilHAw pr Pyr vI auh au~Qy Amn-kwnUMn bhwl nhIN kr skIAW,hwlW ik auhnW kol v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj Aqy zMgI swzo-smwn sI[hrI isMG nlUey ny swbq kr id`qw ik is`K kOm dunIAW dI bhwdr qylVwkU kOm hY[ ies kOm dy idlW AMdr gurU vsdw hY Aqy ieh gurUdI is`iKAw Aqy aupdyS dy DwrnI hn[

hrI isMG nlUAw srdwr dw db dbw, KO& Aqy DWk pTwxW dyidlW AMdr AYsw bYT igAw sI ijvyN b`krI Syr qoN frdI hY[ ies nUMdyKdy hI swry pTwxW dy ichry pIly P`k vrgy Aqy mUMh su`k jWdy sn[pTwxIAW Awpxy b`icAW nUM jdoN auh AVI krdy sn, roxo nhIN sI htdyjW kihxw nhIN sI mMndy qW ieh kihky frwauNdIAW sn, 'hrIAwrWGly' Bwv hrIAw (hrI isMG) Aw igAw hY cu`p kro Aqy kihxw mMnlau[ sIqw rwm ny ies sMbMDI vI iliKAw hY:

iksy jy pTwx dw puqr nhIN cup kry, AwauNdw hrI isMG khyN au~cI sy pukwr ky[ausy vyly jwn hwvw huMdI aus bwlky dI, lvy gl Gut bwqW kry hauNky mwr ky[Pwqy hoey isMG dy pTwx Ajy qIk Xwro, mUDy ho ky sONdy BwvyN dyK lau ivcwr ky[sIqw rwm nwm srdwr dw AzreIl, AwK dy pTwx dyKw hm ny suDwr ky[

ieiqhwsk q`Q ieh drswauNdy hn ik hrI isMG nlUAw dy ie`khukm ny APgwnW nUM slvwr pihnwaux leI mjbUr kr id`qw[ hukmsI, "AY A&gwno! jykr quhwfy iv`c koeI dm jW AxK hY qW is`K &OjWdw jMgy mYdwn iv`c mukwblw kro nhIN qW slvwrW pihn lvo[ ikauNikmYnUM jMg AMdr APgwn bMidAW Aqy iesqrIAW iv`c koeI &rk nhIN

1918

l`igAw Aqy ijs qrHW iesqrIAW slvwr pihndIAW hn qusIN vIpihno[ ieM\ is`K jrnYl dw hukm mMn ky muglW ny slvwrW pwauxIAWSurU kr id`qIAW[

vnIq nlvw ny vI AwpxI pusqk dy 264 pMny qy iliKAw hY ikdrSnI ifaufI AMimRqsr kol BweI imlKw isMG ny mYnUM ieh g`l d`sIik hrI isMG nlvw ny pTwxW nUM ieh slwh id`qI ik ijhVy pTwxslvwrW pihn lYxgy auhnW qy is`K hmlw nhIN krngy[ ikauNikslvwrW iesqrIAW pihndIAW hn Aqy isK; bcy, iesqrIAW, ibmwrWjW kmzor bu`iFAW qy kdy hmlw nhIN krdy[ hrI isMG dw ieh suJwAmMn ky vI bhuqy pTwx slvwrW pihnx l`g pey sn[ auprMq lMbwkmIz Aqy slvwr 'pTwxI sUt' PYSn bx igAw[

srdwr mihqwb isMG jo lMfn ivKy tYksI clwauNdw hY ny 12AkqUbr 2008 nUM ie`k bhuq hI idlcsp Kbr srdwr hrI isMGnlUey sMbMDI ieMtrnY~t qy pweI hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik ies idndupihr dy FweI vjy sn, APgwinsqwn dw ie`k tYksI frweIvr jomyrw im`qr hY aus ny mYnUM d`isAw, "srdwr jI! mYN ieh g`l AwpxyqwlIbwn BrwvW qoN kMnI suxI hY ik ip~Cy jhy jdoN qwlIbwn ihMdUAW,is`KW, iesweIAW dy Dwrimk AsQwnW nUM brbwd kr rhy sn qW ie~kidn auh jdoN hrI isMG nlUAw dy nW qy bxy gurduAwry kol phuMcy qy ausnUM Fwhux dI Xojnw bxweI qW bwhr hrI isMG nlUAw dw nwm pVH kydihl gey[ aus dy AMdr nhIN vVy Aqy nw hI nukswn phuMcwieAw"[Bwv muglW leI hrI isMG dw nwm Ajy q`k vI haUAw bixAw hoieAwhY[

cwlclnbMdy dw au~cw Awcrn jIvn dw au~qm nmUnw ArQwq au~cy jIvn

dI inSwnI huMdI hY nw ik au~cw A~hudw, bhuqw Dn mwl jW pRis`DI

gurbwxI dy vI bol hn:

schu aurY sBu ko aupir scu Awcwru ](62)

ivdvwnW dw ivcwr hY ik cMgy Awcwr leI au~dm, gMBIrqw AqyswP idl hoxw bhuq zrUrI hY pr ieh iqMny gux iksy twvyN twvyN bMdyiv`c hI hMudy hn[

iebrwhm ilMkn Anuswr A character is a tree and reputa-tion like its shadow.

Bwv cwl cln ie`k ibRC dI inAweIN hY jd ik pRis`DI aus dICW vWg[

According to Joel Halwas-A character is like a whitepaper, if once blotted it can hardly ever be made to appearwhite as before.

Bwv cwlcln ic`ty kwgz dI inAweIN huMdw hY[ ijvyN ic`ty kwgzqy D`bw l`g jwvy aus nUM pihlW vrgw ic`tw nhIN kIqw jw skdw iesyqrHW cwlcln qy l`igAw D`bw kdy im`t nhIN skdw[

hrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy qwx jYsw AnUTw jrnYl dunIAW dyieiqhws AMdr koeI twvW hI imlygw ijs ny QoVHy smyN AMdr v`fI DWkjmweI[ pMjwb dw ieh mhwn spUq is`KW dy sunihrI ieiqhws AMdrAYsI Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw jo rihMdI dunIAW q`k Xwd rhygI[

vnIq nlUAw jo inaUro sweIkwlojI dI pI. AY~c. fI. hY[ ijsny AwksPorf XUnIvristI XU. ky. dw kwmn vYlQ skwlriSp 1986iv`c hwsl kIqw Aqy XU. AY~s. ey. myrIlYNf (nySnl ieMstIicaUt AwPmYNtl hYlQ) dw PulbrweIt skwlriSp ij`iqAw, ds swl id`lIXUnIvristI Aqy QweIlYNf iv`c Psychology pVHweI Aqy hrI isMGnlUAw dI kul iv`coN hY, ny AMgryjI iv`c 'Hari Singh Nalwa Cham-pion of the Khalsa Ji (1791-1837) bwry bhuq hI fUMGI Koj krky

2120

l`igAw Aqy ijs qrHW iesqrIAW slvwr pihndIAW hn qusIN vIpihno[ ieM\ is`K jrnYl dw hukm mMn ky muglW ny slvwrW pwauxIAWSurU kr id`qIAW[

vnIq nlvw ny vI AwpxI pusqk dy 264 pMny qy iliKAw hY ikdrSnI ifaufI AMimRqsr kol BweI imlKw isMG ny mYnUM ieh g`l d`sIik hrI isMG nlvw ny pTwxW nUM ieh slwh id`qI ik ijhVy pTwxslvwrW pihn lYxgy auhnW qy is`K hmlw nhIN krngy[ ikauNikslvwrW iesqrIAW pihndIAW hn Aqy isK; bcy, iesqrIAW, ibmwrWjW kmzor bu`iFAW qy kdy hmlw nhIN krdy[ hrI isMG dw ieh suJwAmMn ky vI bhuqy pTwx slvwrW pihnx l`g pey sn[ auprMq lMbwkmIz Aqy slvwr 'pTwxI sUt' PYSn bx igAw[

srdwr mihqwb isMG jo lMfn ivKy tYksI clwauNdw hY ny 12AkqUbr 2008 nUM ie`k bhuq hI idlcsp Kbr srdwr hrI isMGnlUey sMbMDI ieMtrnY~t qy pweI hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik ies idndupihr dy FweI vjy sn, APgwinsqwn dw ie`k tYksI frweIvr jomyrw im`qr hY aus ny mYnUM d`isAw, "srdwr jI! mYN ieh g`l AwpxyqwlIbwn BrwvW qoN kMnI suxI hY ik ip~Cy jhy jdoN qwlIbwn ihMdUAW,is`KW, iesweIAW dy Dwrimk AsQwnW nUM brbwd kr rhy sn qW ie~kidn auh jdoN hrI isMG nlUAw dy nW qy bxy gurduAwry kol phuMcy qy ausnUM Fwhux dI Xojnw bxweI qW bwhr hrI isMG nlUAw dw nwm pVH kydihl gey[ aus dy AMdr nhIN vVy Aqy nw hI nukswn phuMcwieAw"[Bwv muglW leI hrI isMG dw nwm Ajy q`k vI haUAw bixAw hoieAwhY[

cwlclnbMdy dw au~cw Awcrn jIvn dw au~qm nmUnw ArQwq au~cy jIvn

dI inSwnI huMdI hY nw ik au~cw A~hudw, bhuqw Dn mwl jW pRis`DI

gurbwxI dy vI bol hn:

schu aurY sBu ko aupir scu Awcwru ](62)

ivdvwnW dw ivcwr hY ik cMgy Awcwr leI au~dm, gMBIrqw AqyswP idl hoxw bhuq zrUrI hY pr ieh iqMny gux iksy twvyN twvyN bMdyiv`c hI hMudy hn[

iebrwhm ilMkn Anuswr A character is a tree and reputa-tion like its shadow.

Bwv cwl cln ie`k ibRC dI inAweIN hY jd ik pRis`DI aus dICW vWg[

According to Joel Halwas-A character is like a whitepaper, if once blotted it can hardly ever be made to appearwhite as before.

Bwv cwlcln ic`ty kwgz dI inAweIN huMdw hY[ ijvyN ic`ty kwgzqy D`bw l`g jwvy aus nUM pihlW vrgw ic`tw nhIN kIqw jw skdw iesyqrHW cwlcln qy l`igAw D`bw kdy im`t nhIN skdw[

hrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy qwx jYsw AnUTw jrnYl dunIAW dyieiqhws AMdr koeI twvW hI imlygw ijs ny QoVHy smyN AMdr v`fI DWkjmweI[ pMjwb dw ieh mhwn spUq is`KW dy sunihrI ieiqhws AMdrAYsI Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw jo rihMdI dunIAW q`k Xwd rhygI[

vnIq nlUAw jo inaUro sweIkwlojI dI pI. AY~c. fI. hY[ ijsny AwksPorf XUnIvristI XU. ky. dw kwmn vYlQ skwlriSp 1986iv`c hwsl kIqw Aqy XU. AY~s. ey. myrIlYNf (nySnl ieMstIicaUt AwPmYNtl hYlQ) dw PulbrweIt skwlriSp ij`iqAw, ds swl id`lIXUnIvristI Aqy QweIlYNf iv`c Psychology pVHweI Aqy hrI isMGnlUAw dI kul iv`coN hY, ny AMgryjI iv`c 'Hari Singh Nalwa Cham-pion of the Khalsa Ji (1791-1837) bwry bhuq hI fUMGI Koj krky

2120

ivsqwr pUrbk ikqwb 2010 iv`c ilKI aus iv`c mu`K qOr qy iehq`qswr id`qw hY:

'srkwr ^wlsw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj sqluj qoN lY kyihMdU kuS trWs-ieMfs phwVIAW q`k PYilAw hoieAw sI[ ies rwjAMdr hrI isMG nlvw 'kmWfr ien-cIP' sI[ ies srdwr dI v`fIGwl-kmweI sdkw Aqy ^wlsw &Oj dy Awsry muglW dy 800 swl qoNcl rhy rwj dIAW jVHW put idqIAW[ muglW dy rwj AMdr ihMdusqwnIAWdI jo lut-^sut , mwr-DwV Aqy iesqrIAW qy jo iDM|ojorI qy blwqkwrho rhy sn auh ibAwn krn qoN bwhr dI g`l sI Aqy d`rw-KYbr rwhINmugl inJ`k ho ky dwKl huMdy sn[ hrI isMG nlvw ny jmrOd qy kbzwkr ky Ybr d`ry dw rsqw sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ ipClIAW do sdIAWqoN brqwnIAW, rUs Aqy AmrIkw APgwinsqwn dy iK`qy nUM sr krnleI zor lw rhy hn pr kwmXwb qW kI hoxw sI BwrI nukswn krvwcu`ky hn[ Ajy q`k kyvl hrI isMG nlvw hI kwmXwb hoieAw sIikauNik auh swrI izMdgI ^wlsw sj ky sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dyAsUlW qy c`ilAw sI[ gurmiq mirXwdw iv`c prp`k hox krky hrIisMG nlUey dw cwlcln pUrn qOr qy bydwg sI[ Awm qW kI jMg dydOrwn vI is`K sYinkW nUM aus ny hukm kIqw hoieAw sI ik iesqrI qynw vwr krnw hY qy nw aus dI iezq nUM h`Q pwauxw hY[ gurU swihbwndy aupdyS Anuswr auh sYinkW nUMM prweI iesqrI dy sMg qoN vrzdw sIAqy AwKdw sI ik kwm bMdy dy jq, sq qy pq nUM hMq kr idMdw hY[auh ieh vI kihMdw sI ik is`K dw &rz hY iesqrI dI ie~zq nUMbxwauxw qy hr p`KoN aus dw siqkwr krnw[ gurU jI dy bol hmySw XwdrKo:

pr nwrI ky syj BUl supny BI n jhIE]

Awpxy jIvn kwl iv`c nlUey srdwr ny byAMq AOrqW nUM muglWv`loN kIqI jw rhI bypqI qoN bcwieAw Aqy Awpxw ikrdwr au~cw

r`iKAw[ pr pwTkW leI ie`Qy do GtnwvW ibAwn kIqIAW jw rhIAWhn[

vwrqw hY ik p`CmI pMjwb dy ipSOr ielwky dy srh`dI ipMf qoNie`k ihMdU prvwr Awpxy lVky nUM ivAwh ky folw iljw irhw sI[ rsqyiv`c fwkU pTwxW ny aunHW pwsoN kImqI vsqW qy gihxw-g`tw lut ilAwAqy ivAwh ky ilAWdI lVkI nUM vI D`ky nwl Aphrn kr ilAw[byvsI kwrn, kmzor idl Aqy Ssqr hIn hox kr ky ieh GtnwvwprI[ aus ielwky iv`c kudrqI hrI isMG gvrnr sI[ lwVw qy ausdy mwipAW ny ies vwrdwq dI Skwieq hrI isMG pws jw kIqI[jrnYl ny kcihrI lgweI aunHW dI sB g`l bwq suxI Aqy hukm kIqwik ies lVky (lwVy) nUM kYdI bxw lau, ieh AwpxI pqnI nUM bcw nhINsikAw[ suxvweI smyN aunHW fwkUAW dy bMdy ies vwrdwq dI suxweI ghunwl sux Aqy q`k rhy sn ik jrnYl kI PYslw krdw hY[ jdoN fwkUAWdy bMidAW ny &Yslw suixAW qW aunHW dy ichirAW qy KuSI Aw geI[ &Yslyvkq hrI isMG AwpxIAW qyz pr dbIAW A`KW nwl Awly-duAwly ghunwl dyK irhw sI[ aus ny dyiKAw ijhVy do bMdy &Ysly nUM sux ky KuSIiv`c Pu`ly nhIN sI smw rhy ieh kwrw iehnW dw hI hY[ auh do bMdy qWPYslw sux ky vwho dwhI Awpxy itkwxy v`l c`l pey ijQy ivAWDVlVkI kwbU kr ky lkoeI hoeI sI[ hrI isMG ny ispwhIAW nUM hukm kIqwik ie`ky dm auDr jwau ijDr ieh do bMdy gey hn[ jdoN iehnWsMdyhI bMidAW ny jw ky jrnYl dy &Ysly dw sMdyS Awpxy nwl dy bMidAWnUM suxwieAw qW auh KuSIAW mnwaux l`gy[ A`jy ieh DwVvI KuSIAW hImnw rhy sn ik is`K ispwhI phuMc gey[ iehnW nUM szwvW dy ky folwCufw ilAwey Aqy lu`itAw smwn vI vwps lY Awey[

jdoN lwVy nUM kYd 'coN k`F ky Aqy ilAWdI lwVI nUM srdwr dy A`gypyS kIqw qW nlUey srdwr ny lVkI qoN aus dw nW p`uiCAw, auq`r iv`caus ny ikhw, "srdwrw! mYN qW frI hoeI Awpxw nW vI Bu`l geI hW!qUM hI mYnUM bcwaux vwlw hY, b`s hux qyrI Srn iv`c hW[ AgoN srdwr

2322

ivsqwr pUrbk ikqwb 2010 iv`c ilKI aus iv`c mu`K qOr qy iehq`qswr id`qw hY:

'srkwr ^wlsw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw rwj sqluj qoN lY kyihMdU kuS trWs-ieMfs phwVIAW q`k PYilAw hoieAw sI[ ies rwjAMdr hrI isMG nlvw 'kmWfr ien-cIP' sI[ ies srdwr dI v`fIGwl-kmweI sdkw Aqy ^wlsw &Oj dy Awsry muglW dy 800 swl qoNcl rhy rwj dIAW jVHW put idqIAW[ muglW dy rwj AMdr ihMdusqwnIAWdI jo lut-^sut , mwr-DwV Aqy iesqrIAW qy jo iDM|ojorI qy blwqkwrho rhy sn auh ibAwn krn qoN bwhr dI g`l sI Aqy d`rw-KYbr rwhINmugl inJ`k ho ky dwKl huMdy sn[ hrI isMG nlvw ny jmrOd qy kbzwkr ky Ybr d`ry dw rsqw sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ ipClIAW do sdIAWqoN brqwnIAW, rUs Aqy AmrIkw APgwinsqwn dy iK`qy nUM sr krnleI zor lw rhy hn pr kwmXwb qW kI hoxw sI BwrI nukswn krvwcu`ky hn[ Ajy q`k kyvl hrI isMG nlvw hI kwmXwb hoieAw sIikauNik auh swrI izMdgI ^wlsw sj ky sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dyAsUlW qy c`ilAw sI[ gurmiq mirXwdw iv`c prp`k hox krky hrIisMG nlUey dw cwlcln pUrn qOr qy bydwg sI[ Awm qW kI jMg dydOrwn vI is`K sYinkW nUM aus ny hukm kIqw hoieAw sI ik iesqrI qynw vwr krnw hY qy nw aus dI iezq nUM h`Q pwauxw hY[ gurU swihbwndy aupdyS Anuswr auh sYinkW nUMM prweI iesqrI dy sMg qoN vrzdw sIAqy AwKdw sI ik kwm bMdy dy jq, sq qy pq nUM hMq kr idMdw hY[auh ieh vI kihMdw sI ik is`K dw &rz hY iesqrI dI ie~zq nUMbxwauxw qy hr p`KoN aus dw siqkwr krnw[ gurU jI dy bol hmySw XwdrKo:

pr nwrI ky syj BUl supny BI n jhIE]

Awpxy jIvn kwl iv`c nlUey srdwr ny byAMq AOrqW nUM muglWv`loN kIqI jw rhI bypqI qoN bcwieAw Aqy Awpxw ikrdwr au~cw

r`iKAw[ pr pwTkW leI ie`Qy do GtnwvW ibAwn kIqIAW jw rhIAWhn[

vwrqw hY ik p`CmI pMjwb dy ipSOr ielwky dy srh`dI ipMf qoNie`k ihMdU prvwr Awpxy lVky nUM ivAwh ky folw iljw irhw sI[ rsqyiv`c fwkU pTwxW ny aunHW pwsoN kImqI vsqW qy gihxw-g`tw lut ilAwAqy ivAwh ky ilAWdI lVkI nUM vI D`ky nwl Aphrn kr ilAw[byvsI kwrn, kmzor idl Aqy Ssqr hIn hox kr ky ieh GtnwvwprI[ aus ielwky iv`c kudrqI hrI isMG gvrnr sI[ lwVw qy ausdy mwipAW ny ies vwrdwq dI Skwieq hrI isMG pws jw kIqI[jrnYl ny kcihrI lgweI aunHW dI sB g`l bwq suxI Aqy hukm kIqwik ies lVky (lwVy) nUM kYdI bxw lau, ieh AwpxI pqnI nUM bcw nhINsikAw[ suxvweI smyN aunHW fwkUAW dy bMdy ies vwrdwq dI suxweI ghunwl sux Aqy q`k rhy sn ik jrnYl kI PYslw krdw hY[ jdoN fwkUAWdy bMidAW ny &Yslw suixAW qW aunHW dy ichirAW qy KuSI Aw geI[ &Yslyvkq hrI isMG AwpxIAW qyz pr dbIAW A`KW nwl Awly-duAwly ghunwl dyK irhw sI[ aus ny dyiKAw ijhVy do bMdy &Ysly nUM sux ky KuSIiv`c Pu`ly nhIN sI smw rhy ieh kwrw iehnW dw hI hY[ auh do bMdy qWPYslw sux ky vwho dwhI Awpxy itkwxy v`l c`l pey ijQy ivAWDVlVkI kwbU kr ky lkoeI hoeI sI[ hrI isMG ny ispwhIAW nUM hukm kIqwik ie`ky dm auDr jwau ijDr ieh do bMdy gey hn[ jdoN iehnWsMdyhI bMidAW ny jw ky jrnYl dy &Ysly dw sMdyS Awpxy nwl dy bMidAWnUM suxwieAw qW auh KuSIAW mnwaux l`gy[ A`jy ieh DwVvI KuSIAW hImnw rhy sn ik is`K ispwhI phuMc gey[ iehnW nUM szwvW dy ky folwCufw ilAwey Aqy lu`itAw smwn vI vwps lY Awey[

jdoN lwVy nUM kYd 'coN k`F ky Aqy ilAWdI lwVI nUM srdwr dy A`gypyS kIqw qW nlUey srdwr ny lVkI qoN aus dw nW p`uiCAw, auq`r iv`caus ny ikhw, "srdwrw! mYN qW frI hoeI Awpxw nW vI Bu`l geI hW!qUM hI mYnUM bcwaux vwlw hY, b`s hux qyrI Srn iv`c hW[ AgoN srdwr

2322

ny lVky Aqy lVkI qoN aunHW dI ieCw bwry puiCAw qW dohW ny ikhw, "swnUMqusIN Awpxy pMQ iv`c Swml kr lau[ AsIN is`K bx ky jIvn ijauxwhY qy is`KI iv`c hI mrnw hY"[auprMq iehnW nUM AMimRq Ckw ky wlswpMMQ iv`c Swml kr ilAw Aqy bIbI dw nW 'swrMgq kOr' r`iKAw[

hrI isMG nlUAw bhuq hI rihqvwn is`K sI Aqy bhuq hI au~cy-su`cy cwlcln dw mwlk sI[ Agr koeI nlUey dy Awcrn bwry jwxnwcwhuMdw hY qW bIbI bwno dI swKI zrUr pVHy[ ieh bwno ie`k bhuq hIsuMdr mugl muitAwr sI[ srdwr hrI isMG jI APgwinsqwn iv`cjmrOd dy AsQwn qy &Oj smyq ie`k tYNt iv`c ibrwjmwn sn[ iesdy mn iv`c ie`Cw jwgI ik jykr myry bhwdr hrI isMG qoN pu`qr jnmyqW auh vI ies jYsw XoDw ho skdw hY ijhVw dunIAW qy myrw nwm au~cwkr skdw hY[ ie`k idn ieh pu`CdI pu`CdI aus jgHw jw phMucI ij`QynlUey dw invws sI[ sur`iKAw qy KVHy sYink ny bwno nUM puiCAw , "qUM iksnUM imlxw hY"? aus ny ikhw, "mYN quhwfy srdwr nUM imlxw hY"[ sYinkny srdwr nlUey nUM d`isAw ik quhwnUM ie`k bIbI imlxw cwhuMdI hY[

srdwr swihb ny kih id`qw ik auh iml skdI hY[ ieM\iejwzq imlx qy auh knwq dy AMdr clI geI[ hrI isMG ny ies qoNnW pqw Aqy aus kol Awaux dw kwrn pu`iCAw[ A`goN bwno ny AwiKAw,"srdwr jI! hr koeI quhwfI soBw gw irhw hY[ qusIN mhwn hI nhIN bVydlyr, bhwdr Aqy hoxhwr XoDy hoN[ mYN Ajy AxivAwhI hW[ myrI idlIie`Cw hY ik myry quhwfy vrgw puqr jnmy"[ srdwr hrI isMG BwvyN iesdI Bwvnw nUM BWp igAw sI pr AwiKAw, "pu`qrI! Kudw qyrI idlI mMgnUM zrUr pUrI krygw[ aus A`gy Arz kirAw kr"[ bwno iPr bolI,"srdwr jI! mYN qW quhwfy rwhIN pu`qr cwhuMdI hW"[ au~qr iv`c nlUAwswihb kihMdy, "pu`qrI mYN qW ivAwihAw hoieAw hW Aqy myry DIAWpu`qr hn[ mYN qyry nwl ivAwh nhIN kr skdw[ mYN qW gurU nwnk dwis`K hW[ gurU jI ny is`KW nUM iesqrI dw siqkwr krn leI aupdySid`qw hY nw ik blwqkwr leI[ jo qUM kih rhI hY auh au~kw hI AsMBv

hY"[ ieh sux ky bwno dIAW A`KW Br AweIAW qy rox vwlI hwlq hogeI[ kuJ smW soc ky bolI, "is`Kw! mYN suixAw hY ik gurU nwnk bVwmhwn hY qy bKSSW dw Gr hY Aqy aus dy Gr qoN kdy koeI KwlI nhINmuiVAw[ pr qUM gurU dw is`K hox dy nwqy mYnUM KwlI hI vwps Byj irhwhYN"[ srdwr nlUey ny iPr AwiKAw , "pu`qrI! qUM mYnUM hI Awpxw pu`qrsmJ Aqy mYN qYnUM A`j qoN mW kih ky bulwieAw krWgw"[ bwno kihMdI,srdwr jI! "mYN is`KW dy au~cy cwlcln bwry suxdI sW pr qUM qW prp`KhI drsw id`qw hY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG bwno nUM mW kihky bulwauNdwirhw Aqy bwno aus nUM puqr kih ky bulwauNdI sI[ so ieh hY gurU dy is`Kdw cwlcln [ gurbwxI AYsy is`KW bwry kih rhI hY:

nwnk soihwgx kw ikAw ichn hYAMdir scu muKu aujlw KsmY mwih smwie] (185)

nwm dw is`kwrwj Bwg clwaux leI Dn dI v`fI zrUrq huMdI hY[ srkwrW ieh

is`ky rwjy, rwxIAW jW dyS dy mhwn ivAkqIAW dy nW qy clwauNdIAWhn[ ieh is`ky iksy ws rwj dI bwdSwhI dw icMnH huMdy hn[ pRym isMGhoqI mrdwn AwpxI pusqk iv`c ilKdy hn ik wlsw rwj smyN iehsB qoN pihlw mOkw sI ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN Purmwn jwrI krky srdwr hrI isMG dy nW qy kSmIr iv`c is`kw (zrb) clwaux dwmhwn AiDkwr bKS id`qw[ ies Purmwn rwhIN srdwr hrI isMG dIiezq Aqy bhwdrI nUM v`fw mwx bKiSAw[ hor qW hor mhwrwjwswihb ny Awpxy ijauNdy jIA kMvr nO inhwl nUM C`f ky hor iksy nUM iehmwx nhIN sI id`qw[ ies qoN pihlW ^wlsw rwj smyN bwbw bMdw isMGbhwdr ny nwnk SwhI is`kw jwrI kIqw sI[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001 Aqy2004 iv`c Sikh Coinage Symbol of Sikh Sovereignty sMbMDIbVw ivsQwr nwl iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdy hn ik kSmIr iv`c wlswrwj smyN ibkrmI sMmq 1876 (sMn 1819) nUM srdwr hrI isMG

2524

ny lVky Aqy lVkI qoN aunHW dI ieCw bwry puiCAw qW dohW ny ikhw, "swnUMqusIN Awpxy pMQ iv`c Swml kr lau[ AsIN is`K bx ky jIvn ijauxwhY qy is`KI iv`c hI mrnw hY"[auprMq iehnW nUM AMimRq Ckw ky wlswpMMQ iv`c Swml kr ilAw Aqy bIbI dw nW 'swrMgq kOr' r`iKAw[

hrI isMG nlUAw bhuq hI rihqvwn is`K sI Aqy bhuq hI au~cy-su`cy cwlcln dw mwlk sI[ Agr koeI nlUey dy Awcrn bwry jwxnwcwhuMdw hY qW bIbI bwno dI swKI zrUr pVHy[ ieh bwno ie`k bhuq hIsuMdr mugl muitAwr sI[ srdwr hrI isMG jI APgwinsqwn iv`cjmrOd dy AsQwn qy &Oj smyq ie`k tYNt iv`c ibrwjmwn sn[ iesdy mn iv`c ie`Cw jwgI ik jykr myry bhwdr hrI isMG qoN pu`qr jnmyqW auh vI ies jYsw XoDw ho skdw hY ijhVw dunIAW qy myrw nwm au~cwkr skdw hY[ ie`k idn ieh pu`CdI pu`CdI aus jgHw jw phMucI ij`QynlUey dw invws sI[ sur`iKAw qy KVHy sYink ny bwno nUM puiCAw , "qUM iksnUM imlxw hY"? aus ny ikhw, "mYN quhwfy srdwr nUM imlxw hY"[ sYinkny srdwr nlUey nUM d`isAw ik quhwnUM ie`k bIbI imlxw cwhuMdI hY[

srdwr swihb ny kih id`qw ik auh iml skdI hY[ ieM\iejwzq imlx qy auh knwq dy AMdr clI geI[ hrI isMG ny ies qoNnW pqw Aqy aus kol Awaux dw kwrn pu`iCAw[ A`goN bwno ny AwiKAw,"srdwr jI! hr koeI quhwfI soBw gw irhw hY[ qusIN mhwn hI nhIN bVydlyr, bhwdr Aqy hoxhwr XoDy hoN[ mYN Ajy AxivAwhI hW[ myrI idlIie`Cw hY ik myry quhwfy vrgw puqr jnmy"[ srdwr hrI isMG BwvyN iesdI Bwvnw nUM BWp igAw sI pr AwiKAw, "pu`qrI! Kudw qyrI idlI mMgnUM zrUr pUrI krygw[ aus A`gy Arz kirAw kr"[ bwno iPr bolI,"srdwr jI! mYN qW quhwfy rwhIN pu`qr cwhuMdI hW"[ au~qr iv`c nlUAwswihb kihMdy, "pu`qrI mYN qW ivAwihAw hoieAw hW Aqy myry DIAWpu`qr hn[ mYN qyry nwl ivAwh nhIN kr skdw[ mYN qW gurU nwnk dwis`K hW[ gurU jI ny is`KW nUM iesqrI dw siqkwr krn leI aupdySid`qw hY nw ik blwqkwr leI[ jo qUM kih rhI hY auh au~kw hI AsMBv

hY"[ ieh sux ky bwno dIAW A`KW Br AweIAW qy rox vwlI hwlq hogeI[ kuJ smW soc ky bolI, "is`Kw! mYN suixAw hY ik gurU nwnk bVwmhwn hY qy bKSSW dw Gr hY Aqy aus dy Gr qoN kdy koeI KwlI nhINmuiVAw[ pr qUM gurU dw is`K hox dy nwqy mYnUM KwlI hI vwps Byj irhwhYN"[ srdwr nlUey ny iPr AwiKAw , "pu`qrI! qUM mYnUM hI Awpxw pu`qrsmJ Aqy mYN qYnUM A`j qoN mW kih ky bulwieAw krWgw"[ bwno kihMdI,srdwr jI! "mYN is`KW dy au~cy cwlcln bwry suxdI sW pr qUM qW prp`KhI drsw id`qw hY"[ ies auprMq hrI isMG bwno nUM mW kihky bulwauNdwirhw Aqy bwno aus nUM puqr kih ky bulwauNdI sI[ so ieh hY gurU dy is`Kdw cwlcln [ gurbwxI AYsy is`KW bwry kih rhI hY:

nwnk soihwgx kw ikAw ichn hYAMdir scu muKu aujlw KsmY mwih smwie] (185)

nwm dw is`kwrwj Bwg clwaux leI Dn dI v`fI zrUrq huMdI hY[ srkwrW ieh

is`ky rwjy, rwxIAW jW dyS dy mhwn ivAkqIAW dy nW qy clwauNdIAWhn[ ieh is`ky iksy ws rwj dI bwdSwhI dw icMnH huMdy hn[ pRym isMGhoqI mrdwn AwpxI pusqk iv`c ilKdy hn ik wlsw rwj smyN iehsB qoN pihlw mOkw sI ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN Purmwn jwrI krky srdwr hrI isMG dy nW qy kSmIr iv`c is`kw (zrb) clwaux dwmhwn AiDkwr bKS id`qw[ ies Purmwn rwhIN srdwr hrI isMG dIiezq Aqy bhwdrI nUM v`fw mwx bKiSAw[ hor qW hor mhwrwjwswihb ny Awpxy ijauNdy jIA kMvr nO inhwl nUM C`f ky hor iksy nUM iehmwx nhIN sI id`qw[ ies qoN pihlW ^wlsw rwj smyN bwbw bMdw isMGbhwdr ny nwnk SwhI is`kw jwrI kIqw sI[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001 Aqy2004 iv`c Sikh Coinage Symbol of Sikh Sovereignty sMbMDIbVw ivsQwr nwl iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdy hn ik kSmIr iv`c wlswrwj smyN ibkrmI sMmq 1876 (sMn 1819) nUM srdwr hrI isMG

2524

nlUAw gvrnr dy nW hyT pihlI vwr ieh is`kw jwrI hoxw ijs nUM'hrI isMGIAw' ruipAw kihMdy sn bhuq hI mhq`qv pUrn Gtnw sI[

hrI isMG nlUAw dI inmrqw dyKo jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb v`loNiehnW nUM Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI krn dw Purmwn imilAw qW au~qriv`c srdwr swihb ny bVw DMnvwd kIqw[ ieh vI iliKAw ik is`kwqW sRI hzUr dy nwm qy hI soBdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw ny hrI isMG dIilAwkq, kurbwnI, ivSwl idlI Aqy inrmwxqw nUM jwx ky AiDkwrid`qw ik qusIN Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI kro[ ieM\ srkwr dw hukm mMnky is`kw cwlU kIqw ijs dy ie`k pwsy 'sRI Akwl shwie' Aqy sMmq1876 aukirAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy 'hir' qy ies dy hyT 'XkruipAw' drj sI (qvwrIK ipSwvr, sPw 905; sr vwltr lwrYNsdI vYlI Aw& kSmIr, sPw 234; mukMml qvwrIK kSmIr s&w 17)

aus smyN kSmIr iv`c v`K v`K iksm dy is`ky c`l rhy sn Aqyieh v`K v`K simAW qy srkwrW v`loN clwey hoey sn[ hrI isMG dyrupey iv`c ds mwSy wls cWdI sI Aqy ies dI kImq A&gwnW v`loNjwrI kIqy Aqy jbr Kwn v`loN kwbl dy iv`c c`l rhy rupey dy brwbrsI[ mOlwnw muhMmd dIn ny ies dI kImq A`T Awny ilKI hY Aqy iehruipAw kSmIr iv`c 1892 q`k bhuq QwvW qy mOjUd sI[ sr lYpligRPn ny, reIsn-pMjwb sPw 181 iv`c AMikq kIqw ik hrI isMGIAwruipAw jo kSmIr iv`c jwrI kIqw pMjwb iv`c vI 1890 q`k Awmcldw sI[ cWdI dy is`ky qoN Cu`t qWby dw is`kw vI 'hrI isMGIAw' pYswkhwauNdw sI[ vnIq nlUAw Anuswr keI is`ikAW qy gurmuKI iv`c'hrI' dyvnwgrI iv`c 'hir jI' jW 'aum SRI' auk`irAw hoieAw sI[ Kryqy Koty rupey dI pCwx leI vI ies iv`c ^ws inSwn sI[ gnySI lwlny 1846 iv`c qwrIK -ey-pMjwb-ey-kSmIr iv`c iliKAw hY ik iehis`ky clwaux nwl wlsw rwj dI Awmdn iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw hY[

so AYsy nwiek, sUrbIr, audwric`q, gOrvmeI Aqy mwx m`qy XoDydy guxW dw ieiqhwskwrW ny srvyKx, inrIKx Aqy prIKx kr ky ies

nUM bVI mhwnqw id`qI hY[ iksy ny ies nUM 'mUrq Aw& ^wlsw AOP dIis`K AYmpwier' iks ny tYrr Pwr A&gwn, 'iksy ny cYNpIAn Aw& dI^wlsw', 'vuAwies Aw& dI isKs', '^wlsw rwj dw QMmH' qy 'Kwlsw'rwj' dw hIrw AwiKAw hY[ kwdrXwr ny hrI isMG srdwr dI isPqieM\ kIqI hY:

rxjIq isMG srdwr dy AwSkW nUM, if`Tw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW iv`c[kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

gurU dw AinMn is`Ksrdwr swihb dIAW rgW iv`c is`KI BrI peI sI[ auh ikhw

krdy sI ik is`KI dy shwry hI mYN jIvn jwc is`KI hY Aqy hr vkqgurU myry AMg sMg rihMdw hY[ ieh srIrk bl, buD Aqy klw myry au~oprgurU dI bKSS hY[ 'is`K' Sbd pr hrI isMG nUM ieqnw P^r sI ikis`K gurU dI is`iKAw qy jykr c`ly qW izMdgI iv`c aus nUM iksy iksmdw fr, BYA, icMqw sog, rog Awid nhIN ivAwp skdw Aqy nw hImwieAw dI Gwt Aw skdI hY[ pMQk Aqy Dwrimk pRym myry AMdr gurUny pYdw kIqw hoieAw hY[ ieh g`lW aunHW dIAW kihx mwqR nhIN sn sgoNkrnI pRDwn sn[

srdwr hrI isMG gurbwxI dw in`qnymI Aqy pRymI sI ijs kwrnaus dw ihrdw hlymI BirAw sI[ hrI isMG jMg dy mYdwn AMdr vIgurbwxI pVHdw sI Aqy Akwl purK dI kIrqI mu`K qoN aucwrn krdwsI[ ieh g`l aunHW dy ie`k icqR qoN zwhr ho rhI hY (jo sMpUrn nhIN)sunihrI p`qry qy aukirAw hoieAw hY Aqy aus aupr dyv nwgrI BwSwiv`c hrI isMG nlUAw iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ies icqR iv`c jo 1840

iv`c iksy ny bxwieAw iv`c hrI isMG dy ie`k h`Q 'c mwlw, dUjy h`Q'c ikrpwn Aqy ip`T qy Fwl idKweI hoeI hY[

gurbwxI pRqI SrDw, Bwvnw Aqy pVHn smyN iekwgrqw sMbMDI vI

2726

nlUAw gvrnr dy nW hyT pihlI vwr ieh is`kw jwrI hoxw ijs nUM'hrI isMGIAw' ruipAw kihMdy sn bhuq hI mhq`qv pUrn Gtnw sI[

hrI isMG nlUAw dI inmrqw dyKo jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb v`loNiehnW nUM Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI krn dw Purmwn imilAw qW au~qriv`c srdwr swihb ny bVw DMnvwd kIqw[ ieh vI iliKAw ik is`kwqW sRI hzUr dy nwm qy hI soBdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw ny hrI isMG dIilAwkq, kurbwnI, ivSwl idlI Aqy inrmwxqw nUM jwx ky AiDkwrid`qw ik qusIN Awpxy nW qy is`kw jwrI kro[ ieM\ srkwr dw hukm mMnky is`kw cwlU kIqw ijs dy ie`k pwsy 'sRI Akwl shwie' Aqy sMmq1876 aukirAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsy 'hir' qy ies dy hyT 'XkruipAw' drj sI (qvwrIK ipSwvr, sPw 905; sr vwltr lwrYNsdI vYlI Aw& kSmIr, sPw 234; mukMml qvwrIK kSmIr s&w 17)

aus smyN kSmIr iv`c v`K v`K iksm dy is`ky c`l rhy sn Aqyieh v`K v`K simAW qy srkwrW v`loN clwey hoey sn[ hrI isMG dyrupey iv`c ds mwSy wls cWdI sI Aqy ies dI kImq A&gwnW v`loNjwrI kIqy Aqy jbr Kwn v`loN kwbl dy iv`c c`l rhy rupey dy brwbrsI[ mOlwnw muhMmd dIn ny ies dI kImq A`T Awny ilKI hY Aqy iehruipAw kSmIr iv`c 1892 q`k bhuq QwvW qy mOjUd sI[ sr lYpligRPn ny, reIsn-pMjwb sPw 181 iv`c AMikq kIqw ik hrI isMGIAwruipAw jo kSmIr iv`c jwrI kIqw pMjwb iv`c vI 1890 q`k Awmcldw sI[ cWdI dy is`ky qoN Cu`t qWby dw is`kw vI 'hrI isMGIAw' pYswkhwauNdw sI[ vnIq nlUAw Anuswr keI is`ikAW qy gurmuKI iv`c'hrI' dyvnwgrI iv`c 'hir jI' jW 'aum SRI' auk`irAw hoieAw sI[ Kryqy Koty rupey dI pCwx leI vI ies iv`c ^ws inSwn sI[ gnySI lwlny 1846 iv`c qwrIK -ey-pMjwb-ey-kSmIr iv`c iliKAw hY ik iehis`ky clwaux nwl wlsw rwj dI Awmdn iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw hY[

so AYsy nwiek, sUrbIr, audwric`q, gOrvmeI Aqy mwx m`qy XoDydy guxW dw ieiqhwskwrW ny srvyKx, inrIKx Aqy prIKx kr ky ies

nUM bVI mhwnqw id`qI hY[ iksy ny ies nUM 'mUrq Aw& ^wlsw AOP dIis`K AYmpwier' iks ny tYrr Pwr A&gwn, 'iksy ny cYNpIAn Aw& dI^wlsw', 'vuAwies Aw& dI isKs', '^wlsw rwj dw QMmH' qy 'Kwlsw'rwj' dw hIrw AwiKAw hY[ kwdrXwr ny hrI isMG srdwr dI isPqieM\ kIqI hY:

rxjIq isMG srdwr dy AwSkW nUM, if`Tw nzr mYN pw ky swirAW iv`c[kwdrXwr bhwdrW iv`c cmky, hrI isMG ijauN cMn isqwirAW iv`c[

gurU dw AinMn is`Ksrdwr swihb dIAW rgW iv`c is`KI BrI peI sI[ auh ikhw

krdy sI ik is`KI dy shwry hI mYN jIvn jwc is`KI hY Aqy hr vkqgurU myry AMg sMg rihMdw hY[ ieh srIrk bl, buD Aqy klw myry au~oprgurU dI bKSS hY[ 'is`K' Sbd pr hrI isMG nUM ieqnw P^r sI ikis`K gurU dI is`iKAw qy jykr c`ly qW izMdgI iv`c aus nUM iksy iksmdw fr, BYA, icMqw sog, rog Awid nhIN ivAwp skdw Aqy nw hImwieAw dI Gwt Aw skdI hY[ pMQk Aqy Dwrimk pRym myry AMdr gurUny pYdw kIqw hoieAw hY[ ieh g`lW aunHW dIAW kihx mwqR nhIN sn sgoNkrnI pRDwn sn[

srdwr hrI isMG gurbwxI dw in`qnymI Aqy pRymI sI ijs kwrnaus dw ihrdw hlymI BirAw sI[ hrI isMG jMg dy mYdwn AMdr vIgurbwxI pVHdw sI Aqy Akwl purK dI kIrqI mu`K qoN aucwrn krdwsI[ ieh g`l aunHW dy ie`k icqR qoN zwhr ho rhI hY (jo sMpUrn nhIN)sunihrI p`qry qy aukirAw hoieAw hY Aqy aus aupr dyv nwgrI BwSwiv`c hrI isMG nlUAw iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ies icqR iv`c jo 1840

iv`c iksy ny bxwieAw iv`c hrI isMG dy ie`k h`Q 'c mwlw, dUjy h`Q'c ikrpwn Aqy ip`T qy Fwl idKweI hoeI hY[

gurbwxI pRqI SrDw, Bwvnw Aqy pVHn smyN iekwgrqw sMbMDI vI

2726

ie`k gwQw drswauNdI hY ik ie`k vwr Drmswlw iv`c Swm smyN jdoNsrdwr swihb rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI qW Acwnk qurkWdI &Oj ny hmlw kr id`qw[ ies hmly nUM aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhrisMG ny roikAw pr srdwr hrI isMG pwT dI sMpUrnqw kr ky AqyArdws ip`CoN hI Drmswlw qoN bwhr Awey[

14 mwrc 1832 dI g`l hY ik sr AlYgzYNfr bwrns hrIisMG nlUey nUM Atk ivKy imilAw[ auh Awpxy s&rnwmy (BarnesTravels into Bukhara Voluma II, page 66) ivc ilKdw hY ik hrIisMG ny mYnUM bhuq ipAwr idKwieAw Aqy sohxI mihmwn invwzIkIqI[ aunHW ie`k idn Atk dirAw qoN pwr jwxw sI qy mYnUM vI nwljwx leI ikhw[ AsIN GoiVAW qy svwr ho gey qy jdoN dirAw pwsphuMcy qW pwxI pUry vyg iv`c c`l irhw sI Aqy au~cIAW au~cIAW pwxIdIAW C`lW idKweI dy rhIAW sn[ mYN ieh iBAwnk idRS dyK ky vwpsmuVn dw ierwdw bxw ilAw[ bwrns dI ilKq hY:

We were shocked at the catastrophe and proposed toreturn , but the chief (Hari Singh) would not listen to it. Hegave a laugh, and said, "What is the use of (Sikh) if he cannotpass the Attock (Indus)"? The Principal branch, however, wasstill in our front; and I only agreed to cross if the horse menwere left behind. "Leave my guard, "impossible but we didleave it, and safely passed the ford…..

Bwv ibpqw BirAw idRS dyK ky jdoN mYN ip`Cy muVn bwry ikhw qWieh sux ky swfw muKI hrI isMG h`s ipAw Aqy swfI g`l nhIN suxI[aus ny AwiKAw, "auh is`K kwhdw jykr auh Atk dirAw pwr nhINkr skdw[ dirAw swfy swmHxy sI[ KYr mYN ies Srq qy dirAw pwrkrn leI sihmq ho igAw jykr hor GoV svwr BIV BVkw nhINkrngy[ myrI g`l mMn ky mYnUM ip`Cy ibTw ky srdwr dirAw pwr krigAw[

bwrns ny ieh vI iliKAw ik dirAw dI pihlI C`l qW AsINsu`KIN sWdI pwr kr gey[ pr AglI C`l pwr krn smyN ie`k duKdweIGtnw vwpr geI[ kuJ hor muswPr jo aus ielwky dy sn swnUM dyK kydirAw iv`c GoiVAW qy Aw vVy[ swfy dyKdy dyKdy aunHW s`q bMidAW 'coNpMj bMdy pwxI dI qyz C`l iv`c ruVH gey[ bwkI dy do bVI muSkl nwlbcy[ bwrns ieh vI ilKdw hY ik ieh idRS dyK ky mYN BYBIq ho igAwAqy myry srIr nUM kMbxI iCV geI[ A`gy AsIN hor v`fw ih`sw Ajy pwrkrnw sI[ mYN srdwr nUM ikhw ik cMgI g`l hY AwpW ip`Cy muV c`lIey[A`goN hrI isMG boilAw, "is`K kdy ip`Cy nhIN muVdw hmySw AwpxyinSwny v`l A`gy nUM v`Ddw hY[ ieh qW srdwr hrI isMG dI ie`k vMngImwqR jIvn dI Gtnw hY pr pqw nI ies qoN vI Kqrnwk GtnwvW ik`Qyik`Qy vwprIAW hoxgIAW[ ieh Gtnw srdwr dI dlyrI, idRVqw AqyidlI qwkq nUM pRgt krdI hY[ Bwv auh krnI Aqy idl dw pUrw sUrwsI[

srdwr nUM AnykW s&lqwvW kwrn mhwrwjw swihb v`loN bhuqjwgIrW, pdwrQW Aqy Dn mwl pRwpq hoieAw sI[ pr is`K hox dy nwqyauh ies Kzwny nUM 'gurU nwnk dw Kzwnw' hI kihMdy sI[ pRym isMG jIhoqI mrdwn vwilAW dI ilKq Anuswr hrI isMG ies Kzwny bwryiehI kihMdw sI, "ieh Kzwnw gurU nwnk dyv jI dw hY Aqy kuMjI hrIisMG dy h`Q hY[ myrw qW ies iv`c kuJ BI nhIN"[ so hrI isMG ny qn,mn qy Dn gurU nUM Arpn kIqw hoieAw sI[ sMswrI mirXwdw inBwauxleI aus ny Syir-ey-pMjwb dy hr hukm qy Pul cVHwey Aqy inrMkwrI hoxdy nwqy ie`k inrMkwr dI mnOq kIqI[ iehI Asl is`K dIAW inSwnIAWhn[ kOfIAW nUM hIirAW iv`c Aqy TIkrIAW nUM ngIinAW iv`c bdl dyxvwlw sUrmw kdy kdWeI sMswrI mMc qy pYdw huMdw hY[ aus dI kIqI GwlkmweI ieqnI Ak`Q huMdI hY ijhVI kQn krnI kTn hI nhIN, bliknw-muSikl huMdI hY[ Aijhy sUrmy bwry DnI rwm cwiqRk ilKdy hn:

z`rw z`rw qyrw nUro nUr hY, nwm qyrw j`g qy mShUr hY[

2928

ie`k gwQw drswauNdI hY ik ie`k vwr Drmswlw iv`c Swm smyN jdoNsrdwr swihb rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI qW Acwnk qurkWdI &Oj ny hmlw kr id`qw[ ies hmly nUM aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhrisMG ny roikAw pr srdwr hrI isMG pwT dI sMpUrnqw kr ky AqyArdws ip`CoN hI Drmswlw qoN bwhr Awey[

14 mwrc 1832 dI g`l hY ik sr AlYgzYNfr bwrns hrIisMG nlUey nUM Atk ivKy imilAw[ auh Awpxy s&rnwmy (BarnesTravels into Bukhara Voluma II, page 66) ivc ilKdw hY ik hrIisMG ny mYnUM bhuq ipAwr idKwieAw Aqy sohxI mihmwn invwzIkIqI[ aunHW ie`k idn Atk dirAw qoN pwr jwxw sI qy mYnUM vI nwljwx leI ikhw[ AsIN GoiVAW qy svwr ho gey qy jdoN dirAw pwsphuMcy qW pwxI pUry vyg iv`c c`l irhw sI Aqy au~cIAW au~cIAW pwxIdIAW C`lW idKweI dy rhIAW sn[ mYN ieh iBAwnk idRS dyK ky vwpsmuVn dw ierwdw bxw ilAw[ bwrns dI ilKq hY:

We were shocked at the catastrophe and proposed toreturn , but the chief (Hari Singh) would not listen to it. Hegave a laugh, and said, "What is the use of (Sikh) if he cannotpass the Attock (Indus)"? The Principal branch, however, wasstill in our front; and I only agreed to cross if the horse menwere left behind. "Leave my guard, "impossible but we didleave it, and safely passed the ford…..

Bwv ibpqw BirAw idRS dyK ky jdoN mYN ip`Cy muVn bwry ikhw qWieh sux ky swfw muKI hrI isMG h`s ipAw Aqy swfI g`l nhIN suxI[aus ny AwiKAw, "auh is`K kwhdw jykr auh Atk dirAw pwr nhINkr skdw[ dirAw swfy swmHxy sI[ KYr mYN ies Srq qy dirAw pwrkrn leI sihmq ho igAw jykr hor GoV svwr BIV BVkw nhINkrngy[ myrI g`l mMn ky mYnUM ip`Cy ibTw ky srdwr dirAw pwr krigAw[

bwrns ny ieh vI iliKAw ik dirAw dI pihlI C`l qW AsINsu`KIN sWdI pwr kr gey[ pr AglI C`l pwr krn smyN ie`k duKdweIGtnw vwpr geI[ kuJ hor muswPr jo aus ielwky dy sn swnUM dyK kydirAw iv`c GoiVAW qy Aw vVy[ swfy dyKdy dyKdy aunHW s`q bMidAW 'coNpMj bMdy pwxI dI qyz C`l iv`c ruVH gey[ bwkI dy do bVI muSkl nwlbcy[ bwrns ieh vI ilKdw hY ik ieh idRS dyK ky mYN BYBIq ho igAwAqy myry srIr nUM kMbxI iCV geI[ A`gy AsIN hor v`fw ih`sw Ajy pwrkrnw sI[ mYN srdwr nUM ikhw ik cMgI g`l hY AwpW ip`Cy muV c`lIey[A`goN hrI isMG boilAw, "is`K kdy ip`Cy nhIN muVdw hmySw AwpxyinSwny v`l A`gy nUM v`Ddw hY[ ieh qW srdwr hrI isMG dI ie`k vMngImwqR jIvn dI Gtnw hY pr pqw nI ies qoN vI Kqrnwk GtnwvW ik`Qyik`Qy vwprIAW hoxgIAW[ ieh Gtnw srdwr dI dlyrI, idRVqw AqyidlI qwkq nUM pRgt krdI hY[ Bwv auh krnI Aqy idl dw pUrw sUrwsI[

srdwr nUM AnykW s&lqwvW kwrn mhwrwjw swihb v`loN bhuqjwgIrW, pdwrQW Aqy Dn mwl pRwpq hoieAw sI[ pr is`K hox dy nwqyauh ies Kzwny nUM 'gurU nwnk dw Kzwnw' hI kihMdy sI[ pRym isMG jIhoqI mrdwn vwilAW dI ilKq Anuswr hrI isMG ies Kzwny bwryiehI kihMdw sI, "ieh Kzwnw gurU nwnk dyv jI dw hY Aqy kuMjI hrIisMG dy h`Q hY[ myrw qW ies iv`c kuJ BI nhIN"[ so hrI isMG ny qn,mn qy Dn gurU nUM Arpn kIqw hoieAw sI[ sMswrI mirXwdw inBwauxleI aus ny Syir-ey-pMjwb dy hr hukm qy Pul cVHwey Aqy inrMkwrI hoxdy nwqy ie`k inrMkwr dI mnOq kIqI[ iehI Asl is`K dIAW inSwnIAWhn[ kOfIAW nUM hIirAW iv`c Aqy TIkrIAW nUM ngIinAW iv`c bdl dyxvwlw sUrmw kdy kdWeI sMswrI mMc qy pYdw huMdw hY[ aus dI kIqI GwlkmweI ieqnI Ak`Q huMdI hY ijhVI kQn krnI kTn hI nhIN, bliknw-muSikl huMdI hY[ Aijhy sUrmy bwry DnI rwm cwiqRk ilKdy hn:

z`rw z`rw qyrw nUro nUr hY, nwm qyrw j`g qy mShUr hY[

2928

2

mulqwn dI jMgmulqwn pwiksqwn dy pMjwb dw bhuq purwxw Sihr hY[ ieh

Jnwb dirAw dy d`KxI kMFy qy siQ`q hY Aqy lhOr qoN 221 mIl dUrhY[ pihly pihl ies dw nW mulw sQwn sI jo ik ipCoN mulqwnpur vjoNjwixAw jwx l`gw[ ie`Qy ie`k purwqn mMdr sI ijs iv`c ihMdU BrwsUrj dyvqy dI pUjw krdy sn[ bwrns ilKdw hY ik mulqwn dIAW cwrcIzW DUV, grmI, mMgqy Aqy kbrsqwn bhuq mShUr hn[ grmI ru`qiv`c qwpmwn 54 ifgrI sYNtIgRyf q`k phuMc jWdw hY[ muglW dy rwjsmyN bMgwl qoN kwbl q`k dy vpwrk rsqy iv`c mulqwn Sihr sB qoNmu`K sI[ ieh Sihr rySmI kpVy leI vI pRis`D sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIqisMG drbwrIAW jW ivdySIAW leI rySm dy suMdr qy kImqI isrpwaumulqwn qoN mMgwauNdw sI[

mulqwn dy rwijAW, vzIrW bwry qW kihxw hI sI kI ie`QoN dy qWpIr, PkIr vI bVy hMkwrI, ivkwrI qy mkwrI sn[ ieh Sihr sUPIsMqW dw gVH sI Aqy ieh krwmwqW idKw ky prjw nUM Brmw ky lu`t rhysn[ iehnW nUM is`Dy rsqy qy pwaux leI jdoN sRI gurU nwnk dyv jImulqwn phuMcy qW iehnW gurU jI nUM bVy nwtkI FMg nwl ie`QoN jldIcly jwx leI AwiKAw[ BweI gurdws jI AwpxI vwr iv`c ies bwryilKdy hn :

myilE bwbw auiTAw mlqwny dI jwriq jweI[AgoN pIr mulqwn dy duD ktorw Br ly AweI[bwby kF kr bgl qy cMbylI duiD ivic imlweI[ijau swgr ivic gMg smweI[ (vwr 1, pwauVI 44)

Bwv iSvrwq dy myly iv`coN is`DW nwl g`lbwq krn ip`CoN gurU jImulqwn phuMcy[ PkIr jwx ky mulqwn dy pIrW ny gurU jI A`gy du`D dw

lbw lb BirAw ktorw ilAw r`iKAw ijs dw Bwv sI ik nwnk ie`QyqW A`gy hI pIr bhuq hn Aqy qyry leI ie`Qy koeI jgHw nhIN[ gurU jIny vI ieSwry nwl smJwaux leI duD dy Bry ktory qy cMbylI dw Pul itkwid`qw Aqy smJwieAw ik pIro ijs qrHW du`D Bry ktory qy ies Pu`lr`Kx nwl du`D nhIN fu`ilAw ies qrHW swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfwkwrobwr nhIN rukygw[ AsIN qW ie`k s`cy A`lw dw nwm prjw nUM jpwauxAwey hW[ ijvyN gMgw dw pwxI smuMdr iv`c pYx nwl smuMdr dw kuJ nhINivgVdw swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfw vI kuJ nhIN ivgVygw[

sMn 1799 iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM rwj Bwg dI pRwpqIhoeI[ rwj Bwg dI pRwpqI auprMq mhwrwjw ny mulqwn dy nvwb muz`Pr^wn nwl sMDI Aihdnwmw iliKAw ik qusIN Syir-ey-pMjwb dI srkwrdy v&wdwr rhoNgy, srkwr dy iksy vI ivroDI nwl nw sMbMD rKoNgy nwaus nUM pnwh dyvoNgy Aqy bwzguzwrI sxy swlwnw nzrwnw srkwrI^zwny iv`c smyN isr ByjoNgy[ pr Koty idl Aqy hMkwrI durwcwrI muz`&rKwn ny ies Aihmdnwmy dIAW swrIAW SrqW AKo-proKy krky srkwrdy ivroDI Aihmd Kwn isAwl rweIs JMg nUM Awpxy kol pnwh id`qIAqy lMby smyN qoN bwzguzwrI nzrwnw vI nw ByijAw[ mhwrwjy nUM iehpqw l`gx qy ik ies ny ksUr dy kuqbdIn nUM h`lw-SyrI dy ky srkwrivru`D bgwvq krn leI aukswieAw hY[ mulqwn dy nvwb dy srkwrivroDI pYNqVy q`k ky jnvrI 1810 nUM srkwr ny srdwrW dI sBwbulweI Aqy mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dw &Yslw ilAw[ auprMq Syir-ey-pMjwb dI kmwn hyT isMGW dI &Oj qopKwny smyq 24 PrvrI nUM mulqwnkol pu`j geI[ ie`Qy phuMc ky mhwrwjy ny srdwr &qih isMG nUM nvwbkol eylcI dy qOr qy ByijAw ik auh jW qW nzrwnw srkwr nUM dy dvynhIN qW jMg leI iqAwr rhy[ pr ies ny eylcI nUM koeI p`lw nwPVwieAw[ sgoN iklHy iv`c swl Br dw rwSn vgYrw jmHw kr ky wlsw&Oj nwl m`Qw lwauxw cwihAw[

3130

2

mulqwn dI jMgmulqwn pwiksqwn dy pMjwb dw bhuq purwxw Sihr hY[ ieh

Jnwb dirAw dy d`KxI kMFy qy siQ`q hY Aqy lhOr qoN 221 mIl dUrhY[ pihly pihl ies dw nW mulw sQwn sI jo ik ipCoN mulqwnpur vjoNjwixAw jwx l`gw[ ie`Qy ie`k purwqn mMdr sI ijs iv`c ihMdU BrwsUrj dyvqy dI pUjw krdy sn[ bwrns ilKdw hY ik mulqwn dIAW cwrcIzW DUV, grmI, mMgqy Aqy kbrsqwn bhuq mShUr hn[ grmI ru`qiv`c qwpmwn 54 ifgrI sYNtIgRyf q`k phuMc jWdw hY[ muglW dy rwjsmyN bMgwl qoN kwbl q`k dy vpwrk rsqy iv`c mulqwn Sihr sB qoNmu`K sI[ ieh Sihr rySmI kpVy leI vI pRis`D sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIqisMG drbwrIAW jW ivdySIAW leI rySm dy suMdr qy kImqI isrpwaumulqwn qoN mMgwauNdw sI[

mulqwn dy rwijAW, vzIrW bwry qW kihxw hI sI kI ie`QoN dy qWpIr, PkIr vI bVy hMkwrI, ivkwrI qy mkwrI sn[ ieh Sihr sUPIsMqW dw gVH sI Aqy ieh krwmwqW idKw ky prjw nUM Brmw ky lu`t rhysn[ iehnW nUM is`Dy rsqy qy pwaux leI jdoN sRI gurU nwnk dyv jImulqwn phuMcy qW iehnW gurU jI nUM bVy nwtkI FMg nwl ie`QoN jldIcly jwx leI AwiKAw[ BweI gurdws jI AwpxI vwr iv`c ies bwryilKdy hn :

myilE bwbw auiTAw mlqwny dI jwriq jweI[AgoN pIr mulqwn dy duD ktorw Br ly AweI[bwby kF kr bgl qy cMbylI duiD ivic imlweI[ijau swgr ivic gMg smweI[ (vwr 1, pwauVI 44)

Bwv iSvrwq dy myly iv`coN is`DW nwl g`lbwq krn ip`CoN gurU jImulqwn phuMcy[ PkIr jwx ky mulqwn dy pIrW ny gurU jI A`gy du`D dw

lbw lb BirAw ktorw ilAw r`iKAw ijs dw Bwv sI ik nwnk ie`QyqW A`gy hI pIr bhuq hn Aqy qyry leI ie`Qy koeI jgHw nhIN[ gurU jIny vI ieSwry nwl smJwaux leI duD dy Bry ktory qy cMbylI dw Pul itkwid`qw Aqy smJwieAw ik pIro ijs qrHW du`D Bry ktory qy ies Pu`lr`Kx nwl du`D nhIN fu`ilAw ies qrHW swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfwkwrobwr nhIN rukygw[ AsIN qW ie`k s`cy A`lw dw nwm prjw nUM jpwauxAwey hW[ ijvyN gMgw dw pwxI smuMdr iv`c pYx nwl smuMdr dw kuJ nhINivgVdw swfy ie`Qy Awaux nwl quhwfw vI kuJ nhIN ivgVygw[

sMn 1799 iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM rwj Bwg dI pRwpqIhoeI[ rwj Bwg dI pRwpqI auprMq mhwrwjw ny mulqwn dy nvwb muz`Pr^wn nwl sMDI Aihdnwmw iliKAw ik qusIN Syir-ey-pMjwb dI srkwrdy v&wdwr rhoNgy, srkwr dy iksy vI ivroDI nwl nw sMbMD rKoNgy nwaus nUM pnwh dyvoNgy Aqy bwzguzwrI sxy swlwnw nzrwnw srkwrI^zwny iv`c smyN isr ByjoNgy[ pr Koty idl Aqy hMkwrI durwcwrI muz`&rKwn ny ies Aihmdnwmy dIAW swrIAW SrqW AKo-proKy krky srkwrdy ivroDI Aihmd Kwn isAwl rweIs JMg nUM Awpxy kol pnwh id`qIAqy lMby smyN qoN bwzguzwrI nzrwnw vI nw ByijAw[ mhwrwjy nUM iehpqw l`gx qy ik ies ny ksUr dy kuqbdIn nUM h`lw-SyrI dy ky srkwrivru`D bgwvq krn leI aukswieAw hY[ mulqwn dy nvwb dy srkwrivroDI pYNqVy q`k ky jnvrI 1810 nUM srkwr ny srdwrW dI sBwbulweI Aqy mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dw &Yslw ilAw[ auprMq Syir-ey-pMjwb dI kmwn hyT isMGW dI &Oj qopKwny smyq 24 PrvrI nUM mulqwnkol pu`j geI[ ie`Qy phuMc ky mhwrwjy ny srdwr &qih isMG nUM nvwbkol eylcI dy qOr qy ByijAw ik auh jW qW nzrwnw srkwr nUM dy dvynhIN qW jMg leI iqAwr rhy[ pr ies ny eylcI nUM koeI p`lw nwPVwieAw[ sgoN iklHy iv`c swl Br dw rwSn vgYrw jmHw kr ky wlsw&Oj nwl m`Qw lwauxw cwihAw[

3130

nvwb dy BYVy Aqy ivroDI kwrnwmy dyK ky wlsw &Oj ny mulqwnSihr Gyr ky kbzy ivc kr ilAw[ muzPr Kwn ny mulqwn dy iklHy ivcvV ky qopW dy goilAW dy mUMh wlsw &OjW v`l KolH id`qy[ keI idn jMgc`lI qy isMGW dw kwPI nukswn hoieAw[ mulqwn dw ieh iklHw sMn1640 iv`c bwdSwh Swh jhwn dy pu`qr Sihzwdw murwd bKS nybxwieAw sI[ ieiqhws AMdr ieh iklHw ihMd dy mShUr p`ikAW qymu`K ikilHAW iv`c igixAw jWdw sI[ isMGW ny iklHy qy zordwr hmlykIqy pr pikAweI kr ky Aqy drvwizAW qy cMgy mwrky dIAW qopWbIVIAW hox krky AMdr nw vV sky[ lVweI lMbI Aqy vDyry nukswnhuMdw dyK mhwrwjy ny Awpxy bhwdrW A`gy pukwr kIqI, "isMGo! huxkurbwnI dw smW Aw igAw hY[ mYN nI cwhuMdw myry XoDy ies qrHW mOq dymUMh iv`c peI jwx[ hux ijqnw icr brUd dIAW surMgW iklHy dIAW kMDWiv`c nhIN ivCONdy Aqy kMDW nhIN qoVdy AMdr jwxw A`q muSkl hY[im`qro kOx kOx jwn dyx nUM iqAwr hY? mYN Kud quhwfy nwl ies kMm iv`cih`sw lvWgw, mrn dI prvwh nhIN"[ ieh suxn dI dyr sI ik sBqoN pihlW hrI isMG nlUAw dOV ky mhwrwjy dy A`gy Aw Kloqw Aqy Adbnwl AwiKAw, "hzUr! mYN ieh &rz pUrw krWgw pr quhwnUM ies kMmnhIN jwx dyxw[ quhwfI kOm nUM v`fI loV hY"[ ies dy nwl hI srdwrinhwl isMG AtwrI vwlw Aqy srdwr Aqr isMG vrgy Syir-ey-idlsUrmy mhwrwjw swmHxy kurbwnI leI Aw Kloqy[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwnny iehnW sUrimAW dI igxqI 75 ilKI hY[

ieh AxKI sUry brUd vgYrw lY ky 'vwihgurU jI kw ^wlsw,vwihgurU jI kI &qih'] dy jYkwry gjwauNdy ibjlI dI kVk vWg iklHydI dIvwr kol phuMcy[ ieh dyK ky nvwb dIAW &OjW ny iehnW qy golIAWvrswauxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW[ pr ieh XoDy golIAW dI buCwV iv`csurMgW ivCwauNdy rhy Aqy keI mOq dy mUMh 'c cly gey[ AKIr AwpxwkMm pUrw krky jd brUd dy plIiqAW nUM A`g lgweI qW iklHy dI kMDiv`c brUd Ptx kwrn pwV ipAw idKweI id`qw Awly duAwly DUMAW qy

im`tI G`tw cVH igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG, inhwl isMG Aqy Aqr isMGikauNik ieh kMD dy nzdIk sn iehnW qy kMD dw mlbw Aw ifigAwAqy P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg pey[ kMD iv`c pwV ipAw dyK ky nvwbdy &OjIAW ny iehnW v`l A`g nwl bldIAW hWfIAW sutIAW[ jdoN rswlydy isMGW ny ieh srdwr if`gy pey dyKy Aqy iehnW kol A`g dIAW lwtWdyKIAW qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW iehnW nUM bwhr k`Fx dI ihMmqkIqI[ ies smyN q`k hrI isMG Aqy nwl dy isMG burI qrHW P`tV ho cukysn[ A`g l`gx kwrx srIr vI Juls gey[ kYNp q`k phuMcidAW mhwnsUrmw srdwr Aqr isMG DwrI pRwx iqAwg cu`ky sn[ hrI isMG smyqbhuq sUrmy bysurq sn[ dUjy pwsy ^wlsw &OjW golIAW cldIAW iv`ckMD dy pwV rwhIN iklHy iv`c jw cVHIAW[ isMGW dIAW qlvwrW hnyrIvWgUM SUkdIAW Aqy gwty lhuMdIAW dyK qurk Qr Qr kMbx l`g gey[AwKIr hiQAwr su`t ky hwr kbUl kr leI[ nvwb muz`&r Kwn nUMisMGW ny pkV ilAw[

auDr Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMG Aqy inhwlisMG AtwrI vwly dI hwlq bhuq hI gMBIr hY mhwrwjw swihb nyAzIz-aud-dIn Aqy vYdW nUM iehnW dy P`tW qy mrHm p`tI krn leIhukm id`qw[ vYdW ny srdwr dI nwjuk hwlq dyK ky jdoN bcx dI nwaumId mhwrwjy nUM d`sI qW auh ieqnw mwXUs hoieAw ik A`goN bolx dIihMmq vI nw rhI[ pr :

ijs dw sws n kwFq Awp] iqs ko dy kr rwKY hwiQ]

kuJ idnW ip`CoN ijauN hI ieh isrVI, isdkI Aqy SkqISwlIsUrmy TIk hoxy SurU ho gey mhwrwjy qy Cwey gmW dy b`dl vI au~f gey[aus prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iPr pUrI ishqXwbI Aqy AwrwmleI iehnW nUM lwhOr dy v`fy s&wKwny iv`c phuMcwaux leI qwkIdkIqI[ ies auprMq mhwrwjy ny mUMh nvwb mu~z&r wn v`l kIqw[ ijsnUM isMGW ny pkV ky kYdI bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ ijs smyN ies nUM

3332

nvwb dy BYVy Aqy ivroDI kwrnwmy dyK ky wlsw &Oj ny mulqwnSihr Gyr ky kbzy ivc kr ilAw[ muzPr Kwn ny mulqwn dy iklHy ivcvV ky qopW dy goilAW dy mUMh wlsw &OjW v`l KolH id`qy[ keI idn jMgc`lI qy isMGW dw kwPI nukswn hoieAw[ mulqwn dw ieh iklHw sMn1640 iv`c bwdSwh Swh jhwn dy pu`qr Sihzwdw murwd bKS nybxwieAw sI[ ieiqhws AMdr ieh iklHw ihMd dy mShUr p`ikAW qymu`K ikilHAW iv`c igixAw jWdw sI[ isMGW ny iklHy qy zordwr hmlykIqy pr pikAweI kr ky Aqy drvwizAW qy cMgy mwrky dIAW qopWbIVIAW hox krky AMdr nw vV sky[ lVweI lMbI Aqy vDyry nukswnhuMdw dyK mhwrwjy ny Awpxy bhwdrW A`gy pukwr kIqI, "isMGo! huxkurbwnI dw smW Aw igAw hY[ mYN nI cwhuMdw myry XoDy ies qrHW mOq dymUMh iv`c peI jwx[ hux ijqnw icr brUd dIAW surMgW iklHy dIAW kMDWiv`c nhIN ivCONdy Aqy kMDW nhIN qoVdy AMdr jwxw A`q muSkl hY[im`qro kOx kOx jwn dyx nUM iqAwr hY? mYN Kud quhwfy nwl ies kMm iv`cih`sw lvWgw, mrn dI prvwh nhIN"[ ieh suxn dI dyr sI ik sBqoN pihlW hrI isMG nlUAw dOV ky mhwrwjy dy A`gy Aw Kloqw Aqy Adbnwl AwiKAw, "hzUr! mYN ieh &rz pUrw krWgw pr quhwnUM ies kMmnhIN jwx dyxw[ quhwfI kOm nUM v`fI loV hY"[ ies dy nwl hI srdwrinhwl isMG AtwrI vwlw Aqy srdwr Aqr isMG vrgy Syir-ey-idlsUrmy mhwrwjw swmHxy kurbwnI leI Aw Kloqy[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwnny iehnW sUrimAW dI igxqI 75 ilKI hY[

ieh AxKI sUry brUd vgYrw lY ky 'vwihgurU jI kw ^wlsw,vwihgurU jI kI &qih'] dy jYkwry gjwauNdy ibjlI dI kVk vWg iklHydI dIvwr kol phuMcy[ ieh dyK ky nvwb dIAW &OjW ny iehnW qy golIAWvrswauxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW[ pr ieh XoDy golIAW dI buCwV iv`csurMgW ivCwauNdy rhy Aqy keI mOq dy mUMh 'c cly gey[ AKIr AwpxwkMm pUrw krky jd brUd dy plIiqAW nUM A`g lgweI qW iklHy dI kMDiv`c brUd Ptx kwrn pwV ipAw idKweI id`qw Awly duAwly DUMAW qy

im`tI G`tw cVH igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG, inhwl isMG Aqy Aqr isMGikauNik ieh kMD dy nzdIk sn iehnW qy kMD dw mlbw Aw ifigAwAqy P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg pey[ kMD iv`c pwV ipAw dyK ky nvwbdy &OjIAW ny iehnW v`l A`g nwl bldIAW hWfIAW sutIAW[ jdoN rswlydy isMGW ny ieh srdwr if`gy pey dyKy Aqy iehnW kol A`g dIAW lwtWdyKIAW qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW iehnW nUM bwhr k`Fx dI ihMmqkIqI[ ies smyN q`k hrI isMG Aqy nwl dy isMG burI qrHW P`tV ho cukysn[ A`g l`gx kwrx srIr vI Juls gey[ kYNp q`k phuMcidAW mhwnsUrmw srdwr Aqr isMG DwrI pRwx iqAwg cu`ky sn[ hrI isMG smyqbhuq sUrmy bysurq sn[ dUjy pwsy ^wlsw &OjW golIAW cldIAW iv`ckMD dy pwV rwhIN iklHy iv`c jw cVHIAW[ isMGW dIAW qlvwrW hnyrIvWgUM SUkdIAW Aqy gwty lhuMdIAW dyK qurk Qr Qr kMbx l`g gey[AwKIr hiQAwr su`t ky hwr kbUl kr leI[ nvwb muz`&r Kwn nUMisMGW ny pkV ilAw[

auDr Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMG Aqy inhwlisMG AtwrI vwly dI hwlq bhuq hI gMBIr hY mhwrwjw swihb nyAzIz-aud-dIn Aqy vYdW nUM iehnW dy P`tW qy mrHm p`tI krn leIhukm id`qw[ vYdW ny srdwr dI nwjuk hwlq dyK ky jdoN bcx dI nwaumId mhwrwjy nUM d`sI qW auh ieqnw mwXUs hoieAw ik A`goN bolx dIihMmq vI nw rhI[ pr :

ijs dw sws n kwFq Awp] iqs ko dy kr rwKY hwiQ]

kuJ idnW ip`CoN ijauN hI ieh isrVI, isdkI Aqy SkqISwlIsUrmy TIk hoxy SurU ho gey mhwrwjy qy Cwey gmW dy b`dl vI au~f gey[aus prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iPr pUrI ishqXwbI Aqy AwrwmleI iehnW nUM lwhOr dy v`fy s&wKwny iv`c phuMcwaux leI qwkIdkIqI[ ies auprMq mhwrwjy ny mUMh nvwb mu~z&r wn v`l kIqw[ ijsnUM isMGW ny pkV ky kYdI bxwieAw hoieAw sI[ ijs smyN ies nUM

3332

srkwr A`gy pyS kIqw ies dy h`Q joVy hoey sn Aqy srIr kMb irhwsI[ rodyN kurlwauNdy ny AwpxI ic`tI dwVHI PV ky AwiKAw, "SihnSwh!mYQoN v`fI Bul hoeI hY[ mYN quhwfy nwl kIqy vwAdy A`KoN-proKy kr id`qy,mYN v`fw DRoh kmwieAw hY Awp nwl m`Qw lw ky[ ikrpw kro myrI jwnbKS idau[ mYN bwjguzwrI, nzrwnw qy qwvwn jMg sB kuJ dy idAWgwAqy A`goN qoN AijhI glqI nhIN krWgw"[ mhwrwjy ny ies dIAWlylVIAW sux ky Awpxy nrm suBwA Anuswr kyvl muAw& hI nhIN kIqwsgoN nvwbI bKS ky mulqwn dw cMgI qrHW rwj-pRbMD krn leIAwiKAw[

mhwrwjy ny mulqwn dI ij`q dI KuSI iv`c BwrI drbwr AwXojqkIqw[ ies iv`c isr DV dI bwzI lwaux vwly ShId Aqy P`tV is`KWdI mihmW gwien kIqI, aunHW dy prvwrW nUM pYnSnW qy jwgIrWbKSIAW[ srdwr hrI isMG dI idKweI mhwn dlyrI bdly ivSySDMnvwd kIqw igAw, 20 hzwr rupey slwnw jwgIr id`qI[ KuSI iv`cAw ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny sony dIAW mohrW hrI isMG dy isr qoN dIvwrIAW[ sIqw rwm ny ies smyN dw nzwrw kwiv rUp iv`c ieM\ iliKAwhY:

qb mhwrwj QwpI dyn hrI isMG qweIN,inmk hlwlI AYsw sUrmw nw kweI hY[vwr ky k`Fy mohrW su`t idMdy sIs au~qoN,ihrdy ky bIc KuSI jweI nw smweI hY[

im`Ty itvwxy aup`r &qihieiqhwsk gwQw muqwbk 1690 iv`c mIr Aihmd Kwn ny ies

jgHw qy ie`k KUh KudvwieAw sI ijs dw pwxI kudrqI im`Tw pwieAwigAw jd ik Awly duAwly dy ielwky dw pwxI Kwrw sI[ itvwxy goq dypirvwr ieQy rihx krky ies jgHw dw nW im`Tw itvwxw pY igAw[

^wlsw rwj dy smyN itvwixAW dy AwgU Aihmd Xwr Kwn qy aus dybMidAW ny AYsI bdmwSI, by-slUkI Aqy byiezqI ieQoN dI prjw AqyDIAW BYxW dI krnI SurU kr id`qI[ ijs dIAW KbrW Syir-ey-pMjwbnUM idn-bidn phuMcidAW sn[ ies cu`kI A`q nUM ^qm krn leIsrkwr ny hrI isMG nUM hukm id`qw[ nlUey ny 7 PrvrI 1812 nUM im`Tyitvwxy v`l &Oj smyq kUc kIqw[ A`gy m`Cry hoey itvwxy Aihmd Xwr^wn dI AgvweI hyT wlsw &Oj nwl do h`Q krn leI ft gey[ hrIisMG ny iehnW nUM lVweI nw krn leI AwiKAw pr ieh nw tly[srdwrdI Amn Amwn krn dI ApIl qy dlIl r`d krky iehnw Ssqr c`kley[ ie`k idn Gmswx dI jMg hoeI v`fw nukswn krwky iehnw eInmMn ky im`Ty itvwxy dI gVHI KwlHI kr id`qI[ Swm nUM wlseI JMfy gVHIqy JUl gey[

au~c dy pIrW dI suDweIau~c dy pIr ieslwm AMdr Kudw dI BgqI krn vwly DrmI purS

igxy jWdy sn[ BweI vIr isMG jI Anuswr iehnW dw v`fkw gurU nwnkdyv jI nUM m`ky iv`c imilAw sI qy gurU dy hukm sdkw kyswDwrI sn[ieh Awm krky kwly jW nIly kpVy pihndy sn[ au~c dy pIr nUM ivSySkrky cwr bMdy plMG qy ibTw ky iljWdy sn Aqy ie`k bMdw ip`Cy ip`Cycldw hoieAw cOr krdw jWdw sI[ gurU klgIDr vI mwCIvwVy qoN au~cdy pIr bx ky inkly sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG iehnW dw bhuqsiqkwr krdw sI ikauNik gurU Gr dy ieh prm pRymI sn[ pr iehnWiv`coN hI gYlwnI s`Xd muglIAw nUM srkwr v`loN jwgIrW imlx kwrnieh AKOqI au~c dy pIr gYr muslmwnW nwl kyvl iGRxw hI nhIN snkrdy sgoN auhnW qy vDIkIAW, lutmwr qy BwrI AiqAwcwr krn l`gy[ieiqhwsk pVcol Anuswr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik iehihMdU nUM dyK ky Awpxy mUMh qy kpVw pw lYNdy sn jW lMGy jWdy ihMdU qy QukidMdy sn[ jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM iehnw dy kukrmW bwry pqw l`igAwqW auhnW nUM AprwD krn qoN bwr bwr vrijAw pr ieh nw hty[

3534

srkwr A`gy pyS kIqw ies dy h`Q joVy hoey sn Aqy srIr kMb irhwsI[ rodyN kurlwauNdy ny AwpxI ic`tI dwVHI PV ky AwiKAw, "SihnSwh!mYQoN v`fI Bul hoeI hY[ mYN quhwfy nwl kIqy vwAdy A`KoN-proKy kr id`qy,mYN v`fw DRoh kmwieAw hY Awp nwl m`Qw lw ky[ ikrpw kro myrI jwnbKS idau[ mYN bwjguzwrI, nzrwnw qy qwvwn jMg sB kuJ dy idAWgwAqy A`goN qoN AijhI glqI nhIN krWgw"[ mhwrwjy ny ies dIAWlylVIAW sux ky Awpxy nrm suBwA Anuswr kyvl muAw& hI nhIN kIqwsgoN nvwbI bKS ky mulqwn dw cMgI qrHW rwj-pRbMD krn leIAwiKAw[

mhwrwjy ny mulqwn dI ij`q dI KuSI iv`c BwrI drbwr AwXojqkIqw[ ies iv`c isr DV dI bwzI lwaux vwly ShId Aqy P`tV is`KWdI mihmW gwien kIqI, aunHW dy prvwrW nUM pYnSnW qy jwgIrWbKSIAW[ srdwr hrI isMG dI idKweI mhwn dlyrI bdly ivSySDMnvwd kIqw igAw, 20 hzwr rupey slwnw jwgIr id`qI[ KuSI iv`cAw ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny sony dIAW mohrW hrI isMG dy isr qoN dIvwrIAW[ sIqw rwm ny ies smyN dw nzwrw kwiv rUp iv`c ieM\ iliKAwhY:

qb mhwrwj QwpI dyn hrI isMG qweIN,inmk hlwlI AYsw sUrmw nw kweI hY[vwr ky k`Fy mohrW su`t idMdy sIs au~qoN,ihrdy ky bIc KuSI jweI nw smweI hY[

im`Ty itvwxy aup`r &qihieiqhwsk gwQw muqwbk 1690 iv`c mIr Aihmd Kwn ny ies

jgHw qy ie`k KUh KudvwieAw sI ijs dw pwxI kudrqI im`Tw pwieAwigAw jd ik Awly duAwly dy ielwky dw pwxI Kwrw sI[ itvwxy goq dypirvwr ieQy rihx krky ies jgHw dw nW im`Tw itvwxw pY igAw[

^wlsw rwj dy smyN itvwixAW dy AwgU Aihmd Xwr Kwn qy aus dybMidAW ny AYsI bdmwSI, by-slUkI Aqy byiezqI ieQoN dI prjw AqyDIAW BYxW dI krnI SurU kr id`qI[ ijs dIAW KbrW Syir-ey-pMjwbnUM idn-bidn phuMcidAW sn[ ies cu`kI A`q nUM ^qm krn leIsrkwr ny hrI isMG nUM hukm id`qw[ nlUey ny 7 PrvrI 1812 nUM im`Tyitvwxy v`l &Oj smyq kUc kIqw[ A`gy m`Cry hoey itvwxy Aihmd Xwr^wn dI AgvweI hyT wlsw &Oj nwl do h`Q krn leI ft gey[ hrIisMG ny iehnW nUM lVweI nw krn leI AwiKAw pr ieh nw tly[srdwrdI Amn Amwn krn dI ApIl qy dlIl r`d krky iehnw Ssqr c`kley[ ie`k idn Gmswx dI jMg hoeI v`fw nukswn krwky iehnw eInmMn ky im`Ty itvwxy dI gVHI KwlHI kr id`qI[ Swm nUM wlseI JMfy gVHIqy JUl gey[

au~c dy pIrW dI suDweIau~c dy pIr ieslwm AMdr Kudw dI BgqI krn vwly DrmI purS

igxy jWdy sn[ BweI vIr isMG jI Anuswr iehnW dw v`fkw gurU nwnkdyv jI nUM m`ky iv`c imilAw sI qy gurU dy hukm sdkw kyswDwrI sn[ieh Awm krky kwly jW nIly kpVy pihndy sn[ au~c dy pIr nUM ivSySkrky cwr bMdy plMG qy ibTw ky iljWdy sn Aqy ie`k bMdw ip`Cy ip`Cycldw hoieAw cOr krdw jWdw sI[ gurU klgIDr vI mwCIvwVy qoN au~cdy pIr bx ky inkly sn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG iehnW dw bhuqsiqkwr krdw sI ikauNik gurU Gr dy ieh prm pRymI sn[ pr iehnWiv`coN hI gYlwnI s`Xd muglIAw nUM srkwr v`loN jwgIrW imlx kwrnieh AKOqI au~c dy pIr gYr muslmwnW nwl kyvl iGRxw hI nhIN snkrdy sgoN auhnW qy vDIkIAW, lutmwr qy BwrI AiqAwcwr krn l`gy[ieiqhwsk pVcol Anuswr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik iehihMdU nUM dyK ky Awpxy mUMh qy kpVw pw lYNdy sn jW lMGy jWdy ihMdU qy QukidMdy sn[ jdoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM iehnw dy kukrmW bwry pqw l`igAwqW auhnW nUM AprwD krn qoN bwr bwr vrijAw pr ieh nw hty[

3534

mhwrwjw ny srdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG jo im`Tyitvwxy qoN ^wlsy dI ij`q dy fMky vjw ky Aw rhy sn rsqy iv`c rihrhy au~c dy pIrW dI suDweI leI hukm ByijAw[ iehnW srdwrW nysrkwr dw hukm pgwaux leI iehnW au~c dy pIrW qy Dwvw bolid`qw[ isMGW dI &Oj A`gy iehnW gofy tyk id`qy Aqy jwn bKSI leImUMh iv`c Gwh lY ky ^wlsy dy drbwr iv`c hwzr hoey[ ilKqI qOr qymMinAw ik AsIN Awaux vwly smyN iv`c lwhOr drbwr dy hukm iv`cclWgy Aqy nwl hI glqIAW dw 25 hjwr rupey jurmwnw vI id`qw[iehnW dI suDweI leI hrI isMG v`loN idKweI bhwdrI bwry srdwrdl isMG ny mhwrwjy nUM jdoN d`isAw qW rxjIq isMG ny srdwr dIbhuq SlwGw kIqI[ sIqw rwm ny srdwr dI bhwdrI qy qyz-qrwridmwg dy A`gy Jukdy qurkW bwry bVy joSIly Sbd Awpxy kwiv iv`cilKy hn:

h`Q joV kihMdy lkIrW nwl k`F n`k dy,lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI A`lw pwk dI hY,KWvdy sugMDW kurwn pey c`k dysIqw rwm m`c geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI,mwr mwr musly aufwey vWg P`k dy[

koihnUr hIrw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dvwauxwkoihnUr hIrw 106 kYryt (37 gRwm) dw sI ijs nUM aurdU Aqy

&wrsI iv`c roSnI dy prbq nwl jwixAw jWdw sI[ dunIAW AMdr iesdy qul hor koeI hIrw nhIN hY[ ieiqhwskwrW muqwbk ieh hIrw AWDrwpRdyS 'c gol kuMfw dIAW KwxW 'coN pRwpq hoieAw sI[ ieh bhuq hIkImqI hIrw muglW, mrwiTAW dy h`QW 'coN huMdw hoieAw mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG kol 1813 iv`c phuMc igAw[ pr ^wlsw rwj dy pqnmgroN brqwnvI srkwr dy h`Q Aw igAw[ auhnW mrhUm rwxI dy qwjdw ih`sw bnwaux leI ies nUM k`t ky 105 kYryt (31.6 gRwm) bxwid`qw[ ie`k AMdwjy muqwbk ies dw mu`l 10 Arb pONf qoN vI v`D hY[

ieh hIrw kwbl dy rwjy Swh sujwA qoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imilAwsI[ bwrkzeI srdwr &qih Kwn vzIr dw zor vDx kr ky SwhmihmUd ny Awpxy Coty BweI Swh sujwA nUM g`dIE lwh id`qw sI[ SwhsujwA SwhI prvwr smyq mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI Srn Aw igAw[pr idl-idmwg iv`c rwj Bwg dI iK`c kwrn kSmIr dy hwkm A~qwmuhMmd ^wn dI m`dd nwl ieh ipSwvr qy kwbj ho igAw[ ipSwvrqoN c`l ky ies ny Swh mihmUd nUM iSkSq dy ky A&gwinsqwn qy kbzwkr ilAw[ Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dI sMqwn hox dy bwvjUd Swh sujwAAwpxy bwrkzeI BrwvW dy A`XwSI, md-msqI Aqy BYVIAW krqUqWkwrn bhuqw icr rwj nw kr sikAw[ mihmUd Swh ny Swh sujwA nUMAYsI BWj id`qI ik ieh jwn bcwA ky kSmIr phuMc igAw[ SwhsujwA dI bygm ny ieh fr mihsUs kr ky ik kSmIr dw hwkm A`qwmuhMmd ^wn Swh mihmUd dy kihx qy aus dy Swh nUM mrvw nw dvySyir-ey-pMjwb nUM jw imlI[ mhwrwjy pws iesny Arz kIqI ik ayhAwpxI &Oj Byj ky kSmIr dy hwkm qoN Cufw ky Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr lYAwaux qy auh koihnUr hIrw ByNt kr dvygI[

mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr nlvw nUM kSmIr qy cVHweI krn leIhukm id`qw Aqy Swh sujwA nUM A`qw muhMmd ^wn dy bMdI^wny 'coN shIslwmq Cufw ky ilAwaux leI AwiKAw[ iehnI idnI vzIr-&qihKwn vI srkwr nUM ^wlsw drbwr iv`c Aw imilAw[ aus ny AwiKAwik mYN kSmIr dI lu`t coN nO l`K rupey quhwnUM dyvWgw[ AwpW iek`TycVHweI krIey[ ieM\ dohW &OjW ny sWJI cVHweI kIqI Aqy kSmIr qy jwDwvw boilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn cwhuMdw sI ik ikvyN nw ikvy SwhsujwA myry h`Q Aw jwvy Aqy ^wlsw &Oj nUM vwAdw kIqw Dn vI nWdvW[ sujwn hrI isMG nlUey ny dUjy srdwrW nwl iml ky bVI smJdwrIAqy PurqI nwl Swh sujwA nUM Cufw ilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn lu`t dwswrw mwl lY ky kwbl nUM qur igAw Aqy Awpxy Brw AzIm ^wn nUMkSmIr dw sUbydwr Qwp igAw[

3736

mhwrwjw ny srdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG jo im`Tyitvwxy qoN ^wlsy dI ij`q dy fMky vjw ky Aw rhy sn rsqy iv`c rihrhy au~c dy pIrW dI suDweI leI hukm ByijAw[ iehnW srdwrW nysrkwr dw hukm pgwaux leI iehnW au~c dy pIrW qy Dwvw bolid`qw[ isMGW dI &Oj A`gy iehnW gofy tyk id`qy Aqy jwn bKSI leImUMh iv`c Gwh lY ky ^wlsy dy drbwr iv`c hwzr hoey[ ilKqI qOr qymMinAw ik AsIN Awaux vwly smyN iv`c lwhOr drbwr dy hukm iv`cclWgy Aqy nwl hI glqIAW dw 25 hjwr rupey jurmwnw vI id`qw[iehnW dI suDweI leI hrI isMG v`loN idKweI bhwdrI bwry srdwrdl isMG ny mhwrwjy nUM jdoN d`isAw qW rxjIq isMG ny srdwr dIbhuq SlwGw kIqI[ sIqw rwm ny srdwr dI bhwdrI qy qyz-qrwridmwg dy A`gy Jukdy qurkW bwry bVy joSIly Sbd Awpxy kwiv iv`cilKy hn:

h`Q joV kihMdy lkIrW nwl k`F n`k dy,lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI A`lw pwk dI hY,KWvdy sugMDW kurwn pey c`k dysIqw rwm m`c geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI,mwr mwr musly aufwey vWg P`k dy[

koihnUr hIrw Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dvwauxwkoihnUr hIrw 106 kYryt (37 gRwm) dw sI ijs nUM aurdU Aqy

&wrsI iv`c roSnI dy prbq nwl jwixAw jWdw sI[ dunIAW AMdr iesdy qul hor koeI hIrw nhIN hY[ ieiqhwskwrW muqwbk ieh hIrw AWDrwpRdyS 'c gol kuMfw dIAW KwxW 'coN pRwpq hoieAw sI[ ieh bhuq hIkImqI hIrw muglW, mrwiTAW dy h`QW 'coN huMdw hoieAw mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG kol 1813 iv`c phuMc igAw[ pr ^wlsw rwj dy pqnmgroN brqwnvI srkwr dy h`Q Aw igAw[ auhnW mrhUm rwxI dy qwjdw ih`sw bnwaux leI ies nUM k`t ky 105 kYryt (31.6 gRwm) bxwid`qw[ ie`k AMdwjy muqwbk ies dw mu`l 10 Arb pONf qoN vI v`D hY[

ieh hIrw kwbl dy rwjy Swh sujwA qoN Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imilAwsI[ bwrkzeI srdwr &qih Kwn vzIr dw zor vDx kr ky SwhmihmUd ny Awpxy Coty BweI Swh sujwA nUM g`dIE lwh id`qw sI[ SwhsujwA SwhI prvwr smyq mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI Srn Aw igAw[pr idl-idmwg iv`c rwj Bwg dI iK`c kwrn kSmIr dy hwkm A~qwmuhMmd ^wn dI m`dd nwl ieh ipSwvr qy kwbj ho igAw[ ipSwvrqoN c`l ky ies ny Swh mihmUd nUM iSkSq dy ky A&gwinsqwn qy kbzwkr ilAw[ Aihmd Swh AbdwlI dI sMqwn hox dy bwvjUd Swh sujwAAwpxy bwrkzeI BrwvW dy A`XwSI, md-msqI Aqy BYVIAW krqUqWkwrn bhuqw icr rwj nw kr sikAw[ mihmUd Swh ny Swh sujwA nUMAYsI BWj id`qI ik ieh jwn bcwA ky kSmIr phuMc igAw[ SwhsujwA dI bygm ny ieh fr mihsUs kr ky ik kSmIr dw hwkm A`qwmuhMmd ^wn Swh mihmUd dy kihx qy aus dy Swh nUM mrvw nw dvySyir-ey-pMjwb nUM jw imlI[ mhwrwjy pws iesny Arz kIqI ik ayhAwpxI &Oj Byj ky kSmIr dy hwkm qoN Cufw ky Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr lYAwaux qy auh koihnUr hIrw ByNt kr dvygI[

mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr nlvw nUM kSmIr qy cVHweI krn leIhukm id`qw Aqy Swh sujwA nUM A`qw muhMmd ^wn dy bMdI^wny 'coN shIslwmq Cufw ky ilAwaux leI AwiKAw[ iehnI idnI vzIr-&qihKwn vI srkwr nUM ^wlsw drbwr iv`c Aw imilAw[ aus ny AwiKAwik mYN kSmIr dI lu`t coN nO l`K rupey quhwnUM dyvWgw[ AwpW iek`TycVHweI krIey[ ieM\ dohW &OjW ny sWJI cVHweI kIqI Aqy kSmIr qy jwDwvw boilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn cwhuMdw sI ik ikvyN nw ikvy SwhsujwA myry h`Q Aw jwvy Aqy ^wlsw &Oj nUM vwAdw kIqw Dn vI nWdvW[ sujwn hrI isMG nlUey ny dUjy srdwrW nwl iml ky bVI smJdwrIAqy PurqI nwl Swh sujwA nUM Cufw ilAw[ vzIr &qih ^wn lu`t dwswrw mwl lY ky kwbl nUM qur igAw Aqy Awpxy Brw AzIm ^wn nUMkSmIr dw sUbydwr Qwp igAw[

3736

srdwr hrI isMG ny Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr drbwr iv`c phuMcwid`qw[ mhwrwjy v`loN ij`q dIAW BwrI KuSIAW mnweIAW geIAW[ SwhsujwA dw vI cMgw suAwgq krky aus nUM aus dI bygm pws mubwrkhvylI iv`c phuMcw id`qw[ BwvyN bygm Aqy Swh sujwA ny koihnUr hIrwdyx qoN twl-mtol kIqw pr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ih`k dy zor nwlies nUM kwbU kr ilAw[ qkrIbn 26 swl (1813-1839) q`k iehhIrw mhwrwjy kol irhw[ jdoN 1839 iv`c mhwrwjy ny Awpxw AMqlwsmW nyVy AwauNdw dyiKAw qW koihnUr nUM jgn nwQ mMdr (auVIsw) dynW qy vsIAq (willed) krvw id`qw sI[ pr ^wlsw rwj qy kwbU pwky eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI ny lwhOr dy ^wlsw qoSyKwny iv`coN hor bhu-mulIAW vsqW smyq koihnUr hIrw vI curw ilAw[ ieM\ AMgryz srkwrny mhwrwjy dI soc pUrI nw hox id`qI[

Atk dy iklHy aup`r kwbz hoxwAtk dw ielwkw purwqn smyN AMdr gMDrv dy nW nwl jwixAw

jWdw sI[ ijvyN ijvyN s`iBAqw iv`c qbdIlI AweI rwijAW dy rwjbdly ies dw nW vI bdldw igAw[ kwbl dirAw, kwbl(APgwinsqwn dw Sihr) dy p`CmI pwsy qoN SurU ho ky 435 mIl dIdUrI qy Atk jw ky qm ho jWdw hY Aqy isMD iv`c jw pYNdw hY[ purwxysimAW AMdr ies dirAw nUM isMDU AwiKAw jWdw sI[ grIk iv`c iesnUM isnQU, romn iv`c isMXoj kihMdy hn pr cInI lyKkW ny ies nUM isnqUiliKAw hY jd ik eIrwnI Awb-ey-isMD Aqy plInI ieMfs ilKdw hY[ies dirAw pwr krn smyN &OjW nUM jW XwqrUAW nUM rukxw pYNdw sI[ikauNik Atk dw Bwv hI hY 'rukxw'[ ieh Sbd pihlI vwr 'AweInyAkbrI' iv`c vriqAw igAw Aqy Akbr bwdSwh ny ies dw nwmAtk r`iKAw[ Akbr ny 1581 iv`c au~cI jgHw qy ie`k bhuq hImjbUq, AwlISwn Aqy v`fy Awkwr dw iklHw bxwieAw ijs dw nW vIAtk r`iKAw[ APgwinsqwn dIAW &OjW dw ihMMdusqwn AMdr dwKly

leI mwno ieh muK duAwr sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyN ies iklyHau~pr jhwn dwd wn dw kbzw sI[ mhwrwjy dI buDI bhuq qIKx Aqysoc-dUr idRStI vwlI sI[ srdwrW nwl soc ivcwr kr ky srkwr nyikhw ik ijqnw icr q`k AwpW Atk dy iklyH qy kbzw nhIN kr lYNdyauqnW icr APgwnW nUM pMjwb AMdr dwKl hox qoN rok nhIN skWgy AqypMjwb iv`c Amn-Amwn vI auqnw icr nhIN ho skdw[ ieM\ Akl qoNkMm lYNidAW mhwrwjy ny Atk iklHy qy kbzw krn leI dIvwn mohkmcMd Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nlUey nUM bIVw cu`kx leI AwiKAw[

hukm imlx dI dyr sI ik wlsw &OjW hrI isMG dI kmwn hyTbVy zor Aqy Sor nwl Atk v`l nUM cVHIAW ijhlm dirAw pwr kr kyieh pMjw swihb qoN huMdIAW hoeIAW brhwn dy mYdwn iv`c phuMcgeIAW[ auDroN bhwdr &qih ^wn vzIr Awpxy BweI infr dosqmuhMmd ^wn nUM nwl lY ky 15 hzwr A&gwnW nwl hzro dy lwgySmSbwd dy mYdwn iv`c Aw fitAw[

DONisAW dI gUMj nwl 12 julweI 1813 nUM svyry hI jMg AwrMBho geI[ qopW idAW goilAW Aqy bMdUkW dIAW c`l rhIAW qVw-qVgolIAW nwl jMgy mYdwn DUMAw Dwr ho igAw[ sUrimAW v`loN cwry pwsymwr lau mwr lau dI Awvwj suxweI dyx l`gI[ ijauN ijauN Dup kVkxl`gI iqvyN iqvyN jMg AMdr grmI vD rhI sI[ dohW pwisAW dy P`tVpey sUrmy pwxI dI pukwr kr rhy sn Aqy v`fy P`t l`gx kwrn koeIhwey hwey AwK irhw sI qy koeI pRwx iqAwg irhw sI[ swrw idn lohyqy lohw KVkdw irhw Aqy idn dy CpwA nwl lVweI bMd hox dw ibglv`j igAw[

rwq ho geI jo vI Kwx nUM imilAw Kw ky Q`ky tu`ty keI DrqI qyhI lyt gey, keI GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW qy hI sONA gey pr hrI isMGAqy mohkm cMd muKI srdwrW nUM ie`kTy kr ky dUjy idn hox vwlI jMgdIAW skImW bnwaux 'c ju`t gey[ inSwnw ie`ko hI hY[ iklHy qy kwbzikvyN hoxw hY? mrn dI mnW iv`c koeI prvwh nhIN sI[ phu-Putwlw

3938

srdwr hrI isMG ny Swh sujwA nUM lwhOr drbwr iv`c phuMcwid`qw[ mhwrwjy v`loN ij`q dIAW BwrI KuSIAW mnweIAW geIAW[ SwhsujwA dw vI cMgw suAwgq krky aus nUM aus dI bygm pws mubwrkhvylI iv`c phuMcw id`qw[ BwvyN bygm Aqy Swh sujwA ny koihnUr hIrwdyx qoN twl-mtol kIqw pr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ih`k dy zor nwlies nUM kwbU kr ilAw[ qkrIbn 26 swl (1813-1839) q`k iehhIrw mhwrwjy kol irhw[ jdoN 1839 iv`c mhwrwjy ny Awpxw AMqlwsmW nyVy AwauNdw dyiKAw qW koihnUr nUM jgn nwQ mMdr (auVIsw) dynW qy vsIAq (willed) krvw id`qw sI[ pr ^wlsw rwj qy kwbU pwky eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI ny lwhOr dy ^wlsw qoSyKwny iv`coN hor bhu-mulIAW vsqW smyq koihnUr hIrw vI curw ilAw[ ieM\ AMgryz srkwrny mhwrwjy dI soc pUrI nw hox id`qI[

Atk dy iklHy aup`r kwbz hoxwAtk dw ielwkw purwqn smyN AMdr gMDrv dy nW nwl jwixAw

jWdw sI[ ijvyN ijvyN s`iBAqw iv`c qbdIlI AweI rwijAW dy rwjbdly ies dw nW vI bdldw igAw[ kwbl dirAw, kwbl(APgwinsqwn dw Sihr) dy p`CmI pwsy qoN SurU ho ky 435 mIl dIdUrI qy Atk jw ky qm ho jWdw hY Aqy isMD iv`c jw pYNdw hY[ purwxysimAW AMdr ies dirAw nUM isMDU AwiKAw jWdw sI[ grIk iv`c iesnUM isnQU, romn iv`c isMXoj kihMdy hn pr cInI lyKkW ny ies nUM isnqUiliKAw hY jd ik eIrwnI Awb-ey-isMD Aqy plInI ieMfs ilKdw hY[ies dirAw pwr krn smyN &OjW nUM jW XwqrUAW nUM rukxw pYNdw sI[ikauNik Atk dw Bwv hI hY 'rukxw'[ ieh Sbd pihlI vwr 'AweInyAkbrI' iv`c vriqAw igAw Aqy Akbr bwdSwh ny ies dw nwmAtk r`iKAw[ Akbr ny 1581 iv`c au~cI jgHw qy ie`k bhuq hImjbUq, AwlISwn Aqy v`fy Awkwr dw iklHw bxwieAw ijs dw nW vIAtk r`iKAw[ APgwinsqwn dIAW &OjW dw ihMMdusqwn AMdr dwKly

leI mwno ieh muK duAwr sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy smyN ies iklyHau~pr jhwn dwd wn dw kbzw sI[ mhwrwjy dI buDI bhuq qIKx Aqysoc-dUr idRStI vwlI sI[ srdwrW nwl soc ivcwr kr ky srkwr nyikhw ik ijqnw icr q`k AwpW Atk dy iklyH qy kbzw nhIN kr lYNdyauqnW icr APgwnW nUM pMjwb AMdr dwKl hox qoN rok nhIN skWgy AqypMjwb iv`c Amn-Amwn vI auqnw icr nhIN ho skdw[ ieM\ Akl qoNkMm lYNidAW mhwrwjy ny Atk iklHy qy kbzw krn leI dIvwn mohkmcMd Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nlUey nUM bIVw cu`kx leI AwiKAw[

hukm imlx dI dyr sI ik wlsw &OjW hrI isMG dI kmwn hyTbVy zor Aqy Sor nwl Atk v`l nUM cVHIAW ijhlm dirAw pwr kr kyieh pMjw swihb qoN huMdIAW hoeIAW brhwn dy mYdwn iv`c phuMcgeIAW[ auDroN bhwdr &qih ^wn vzIr Awpxy BweI infr dosqmuhMmd ^wn nUM nwl lY ky 15 hzwr A&gwnW nwl hzro dy lwgySmSbwd dy mYdwn iv`c Aw fitAw[

DONisAW dI gUMj nwl 12 julweI 1813 nUM svyry hI jMg AwrMBho geI[ qopW idAW goilAW Aqy bMdUkW dIAW c`l rhIAW qVw-qVgolIAW nwl jMgy mYdwn DUMAw Dwr ho igAw[ sUrimAW v`loN cwry pwsymwr lau mwr lau dI Awvwj suxweI dyx l`gI[ ijauN ijauN Dup kVkxl`gI iqvyN iqvyN jMg AMdr grmI vD rhI sI[ dohW pwisAW dy P`tVpey sUrmy pwxI dI pukwr kr rhy sn Aqy v`fy P`t l`gx kwrn koeIhwey hwey AwK irhw sI qy koeI pRwx iqAwg irhw sI[ swrw idn lohyqy lohw KVkdw irhw Aqy idn dy CpwA nwl lVweI bMd hox dw ibglv`j igAw[

rwq ho geI jo vI Kwx nUM imilAw Kw ky Q`ky tu`ty keI DrqI qyhI lyt gey, keI GoiVAW dIAW kwTIAW qy hI sONA gey pr hrI isMGAqy mohkm cMd muKI srdwrW nUM ie`kTy kr ky dUjy idn hox vwlI jMgdIAW skImW bnwaux 'c ju`t gey[ inSwnw ie`ko hI hY[ iklHy qy kwbzikvyN hoxw hY? mrn dI mnW iv`c koeI prvwh nhIN sI[ phu-Putwlw

3938

hoieAw, isMG au~Ty, bwxI pVHI Aqy isMGW dI cVHdI klw Aqy ik`lHy aup`r&qih pwaux leI Ardws kIqI[ sUrj cVHidAW hI gwzI AlI AlIkr ky isMGW qy tut pey isMG vI boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl dy jYkwrygjwauNdy AsmwnI ibjlI vWg mugl &OjW qy jw vrHy[ mro jW A`gy vDoisMGW leI nlUey dw Purmwn sI[ srdwr nLUAw Awp vYrI dy dlW vlpwxI dy hVH vWg A`gy vD irhw sI[ ies izMdgI mOq dy svwl iv`cdohW dlW dy sUrmy koeI ksr bwkI nhIN sI Cf rhy[ pr rbI Bwxw AYswvriqAw ik isMGW dy zoS A`gy muglW dy hoS au~f gey[ wlsy dw plVwBwrI pY igAw[ srdwr jsvMq isMG mokl ny dosq muhMmd Kwn qy AYsIqlvwr clweI ik ieh GoVy qoN ifg ipAw[ ieh smJ ky ik KwnmwirAw igAw hY mugl &Oj mYdwn C`f ky jMgy mYdwn 'coN B`jx l`gI[ ausysmyN srdwr hrI isMG sYinkW smyq Atk iklHy vl qyzI nwl viDAw[isMGW nUM J`KV dI qrHW vD dy dyK ky iklHy iv`c mOjUd A&gwnW dy qoqyau~f gey Aqy ieh jwnW bcwaux leI qoiqAW vWg ibnw mukwbly iklHy'coN au~f inkly[ srdwr nlUey ny iklHy qy kbzw kr ky wlseI JMfy Julwid`qy[ A&gwnW au~qy ^wlsy dI ieh pihlI Aqy mu`K &qih sI[

ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c lwhOr, AMimRqsr Aqy btwlw AwidSihrW iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srkwr ny srdwrW Aqy sYinkW nUMies ij`q kwrn v`fIAW jwgIrW, iK`lqW Aqy Dn dI bKiSS kIqI[s`Xd muhMmd lqI& ny 'History of the Punjab' iv`c pMnw 397 qyiliKAw hY ik ies ij`q dy idn qoN APgwnW dy idlW AMdr wlsy dIbhwdrI dw AYsw is`kw bYTw ik A`gy nUM ^wlsw sdw leI A`gy vDdwigAw[

rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dI ij`qvzIr &qih ^wn rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dy ielwikAW iv`c reIsW

nUM is`K rwj ivru`D auksw irhw sI[ lokW nUM lu`tx leI ies ny corW,fwkUAW Aqy T`gW nUM vI KulH id`qI hoeI sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM

&qih wn v`loN krweI jw rhI mwr-DwV Aqy lu`t-Ksu`t dIAW brWidn-bidn phuMc rhIAW sn[ iehnW dI suDweI leI srkwr v`loNsrdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, dIvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr dl isMG nUM&Oj dy ky ByijAw[ rwjOrI dy rwjw Agr ^wn ny lwlc dI cwl ADInhrI isMG nUM KihVw C`fx leI AwiKAw[ pr srdwr nlUAw AYsy lwlciv`c Psx vwly nhIN sn[ nlUey dI scweI vwlI nIqI nUM BWp ky Agr^wn mOq qoN frdw mihl mwVIAW C`f ky iq`qr ho igAw[ is`K &Oj nyrwjOrI Sihr lu`itAw, aus dy mihl Fwh id`qy[ ies auprMq iBMbr nUMkbzy iv`c kIqw[ lutyirAW nUM krVIAW sjwvW id`qIAW Aqy Awauxvwly smyN AMdr bMdy bxn leI AwiKAw[ KUMKwr rweIsW nUM kYdI bxw kylwhOr Byj id`qw[

mulqwn ^wlsw rwj ADIn krnwmulqwn dw nvwb muz`&r j&r bVy cMcl suBwA vwlw sI[ sMn

1802 qoN 1819 dirimAwn ies ny s`q vwr Awpxy kIqy vwAidAWnUM qoiVAw[ iehnW 16 swlW dOrwn is`KW v`loN mulqwn qy s`q hmly(1802, 1805, 1807, 1810, 1812, 1816 Aqy 1817 iv`c)hoey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c is`K &Oj dw jwnI nukswn kwPI hoieAw prmom idl mhwrwjw bwr bwr nvwb nUM bKSdy rhy[ jdoN 1819 iv`cmulqwn dw mwmlw ivcwrn leI lwhOr ivKy drbwr hoieAw qW sBmuKI srdwrW ny nvwb dy vqIry nUM mwVw AwiKAw[ keIAW ny ie`QoN q`kAwK id`qw ik kuqy dI pUC vWg nvwb ny is`Dw nhIN hoxw[ bwr bwr blwmulqwn qoN AwauNdI hY Aqy AnykW jwnW lY lYNdI hY[ auhnW mulqwn dwtYNtw sdw leI mukwaux leI srkwr nUM AwiKAw[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny &Yslw kr id`qw ik mulqwn qy cVHweIkIqI jwvy[ srdwr hrI isMG dI kmWf Q`ly AkwlI PUlw isMG, dIvwnmoqI rwm, srdwr &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, srdwr dl isMG Aqyimsr dIvwn cMd nUM &Oj dy ky Byjx dw hukm hoieAw (&qih nwmw gurU

4140

hoieAw, isMG au~Ty, bwxI pVHI Aqy isMGW dI cVHdI klw Aqy ik`lHy aup`r&qih pwaux leI Ardws kIqI[ sUrj cVHidAW hI gwzI AlI AlIkr ky isMGW qy tut pey isMG vI boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl dy jYkwrygjwauNdy AsmwnI ibjlI vWg mugl &OjW qy jw vrHy[ mro jW A`gy vDoisMGW leI nlUey dw Purmwn sI[ srdwr nLUAw Awp vYrI dy dlW vlpwxI dy hVH vWg A`gy vD irhw sI[ ies izMdgI mOq dy svwl iv`cdohW dlW dy sUrmy koeI ksr bwkI nhIN sI Cf rhy[ pr rbI Bwxw AYswvriqAw ik isMGW dy zoS A`gy muglW dy hoS au~f gey[ wlsy dw plVwBwrI pY igAw[ srdwr jsvMq isMG mokl ny dosq muhMmd Kwn qy AYsIqlvwr clweI ik ieh GoVy qoN ifg ipAw[ ieh smJ ky ik KwnmwirAw igAw hY mugl &Oj mYdwn C`f ky jMgy mYdwn 'coN B`jx l`gI[ ausysmyN srdwr hrI isMG sYinkW smyq Atk iklHy vl qyzI nwl viDAw[isMGW nUM J`KV dI qrHW vD dy dyK ky iklHy iv`c mOjUd A&gwnW dy qoqyau~f gey Aqy ieh jwnW bcwaux leI qoiqAW vWg ibnw mukwbly iklHy'coN au~f inkly[ srdwr nlUey ny iklHy qy kbzw kr ky wlseI JMfy Julwid`qy[ A&gwnW au~qy ^wlsy dI ieh pihlI Aqy mu`K &qih sI[

ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c lwhOr, AMimRqsr Aqy btwlw AwidSihrW iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srkwr ny srdwrW Aqy sYinkW nUMies ij`q kwrn v`fIAW jwgIrW, iK`lqW Aqy Dn dI bKiSS kIqI[s`Xd muhMmd lqI& ny 'History of the Punjab' iv`c pMnw 397 qyiliKAw hY ik ies ij`q dy idn qoN APgwnW dy idlW AMdr wlsy dIbhwdrI dw AYsw is`kw bYTw ik A`gy nUM ^wlsw sdw leI A`gy vDdwigAw[

rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dI ij`qvzIr &qih ^wn rwjOrI Aqy iBMbr dy ielwikAW iv`c reIsW

nUM is`K rwj ivru`D auksw irhw sI[ lokW nUM lu`tx leI ies ny corW,fwkUAW Aqy T`gW nUM vI KulH id`qI hoeI sI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM

&qih wn v`loN krweI jw rhI mwr-DwV Aqy lu`t-Ksu`t dIAW brWidn-bidn phuMc rhIAW sn[ iehnW dI suDweI leI srkwr v`loNsrdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, dIvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr dl isMG nUM&Oj dy ky ByijAw[ rwjOrI dy rwjw Agr ^wn ny lwlc dI cwl ADInhrI isMG nUM KihVw C`fx leI AwiKAw[ pr srdwr nlUAw AYsy lwlciv`c Psx vwly nhIN sn[ nlUey dI scweI vwlI nIqI nUM BWp ky Agr^wn mOq qoN frdw mihl mwVIAW C`f ky iq`qr ho igAw[ is`K &Oj nyrwjOrI Sihr lu`itAw, aus dy mihl Fwh id`qy[ ies auprMq iBMbr nUMkbzy iv`c kIqw[ lutyirAW nUM krVIAW sjwvW id`qIAW Aqy Awauxvwly smyN AMdr bMdy bxn leI AwiKAw[ KUMKwr rweIsW nUM kYdI bxw kylwhOr Byj id`qw[

mulqwn ^wlsw rwj ADIn krnwmulqwn dw nvwb muz`&r j&r bVy cMcl suBwA vwlw sI[ sMn

1802 qoN 1819 dirimAwn ies ny s`q vwr Awpxy kIqy vwAidAWnUM qoiVAw[ iehnW 16 swlW dOrwn is`KW v`loN mulqwn qy s`q hmly(1802, 1805, 1807, 1810, 1812, 1816 Aqy 1817 iv`c)hoey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c is`K &Oj dw jwnI nukswn kwPI hoieAw prmom idl mhwrwjw bwr bwr nvwb nUM bKSdy rhy[ jdoN 1819 iv`cmulqwn dw mwmlw ivcwrn leI lwhOr ivKy drbwr hoieAw qW sBmuKI srdwrW ny nvwb dy vqIry nUM mwVw AwiKAw[ keIAW ny ie`QoN q`kAwK id`qw ik kuqy dI pUC vWg nvwb ny is`Dw nhIN hoxw[ bwr bwr blwmulqwn qoN AwauNdI hY Aqy AnykW jwnW lY lYNdI hY[ auhnW mulqwn dwtYNtw sdw leI mukwaux leI srkwr nUM AwiKAw[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny &Yslw kr id`qw ik mulqwn qy cVHweIkIqI jwvy[ srdwr hrI isMG dI kmWf Q`ly AkwlI PUlw isMG, dIvwnmoqI rwm, srdwr &qih isMG AwhlUvwlIAw, srdwr dl isMG Aqyimsr dIvwn cMd nUM &Oj dy ky Byjx dw hukm hoieAw (&qih nwmw gurU

4140

^wlsw jI, ikRq gxyS dws ipMgl 1952)[ srdwr hrI isMG aunHINidnIN AtkoN pwr A&gwnW dI suDweI ivc ligAw hoieAw sI[ mhwrwjwny ies muihMm iv`c Sihjwdw KVg isMG nUM vI 25 hzwr jMgI jvwnAqy qopKwnw lY ky Swml hox leI AwiKAw[ hrI isMG ny KUn-^rwbyqoN bcx leI Awpxy eylcI dIvwn BvwnI dws Aqy kwdr bKS Byjy[iehnW nvwb nUM AwiKAw ik auh sulwh-s&weI nwl mulqwn isMGW dyhvwly kr dyvy Aqy srkwr pwsoN jwgIr hwsl kr ky su`K-SWqI nwlAwpxw jIvn bqIq kry[ jykr ieh g`l mnzUr nhI qW lVweI leIiqAwr ho jwvy[ rwj Bwg dw mwlk mwieAw kwrn A`q dw AMnHw Aqybolw huMdw hY ijs kwrn auh iksy dI g`l nhIN suxdw Aqy hMkwr iv`cmsq huMdw hY[ vYsy vI khwvq hY 'lwqoN ky BUq bwqoN sy nhIN mwnqy'[ AYsylok 'fMfy dy Xwr' huMdy hn[ ieM\ ieh nvwb jdoN bwr bwr smJwauxqy vI nhIN smiJAw qW Sihzwdw KVk isMG ny ^wlsw &Oj nUM iqMnih`isAw iv`c vMf ky mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dI ivauNq bxweI[ ie`kpwsy Sihzwdw Awp qy dIvwn cMd, ivckwr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAwAqy dUjy pwsy srdwr &qih isMG, srdwr DMnw isMG Aqy srdwr SwmisMG AtwrI[

pihly h`ly iv`c hI srdwr &qih isMG dy dsqy ny mwmUlI Jptnwl kwnHgVH iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw[ auDr srdwr hrI isMG nygwzIAW qy AYsw Dwvw boilAw ik iehnW A`gy koeI nhIN AV sikAw[muj`Pr gVH dy iklHydwr nUM kwbU kr ky &qih hwsl kr leI[ srdwrWny nvwb nUM iPr smJOqy leI ApIl kIqI ik qUM jwgIr hwsl kr kyjMg nUM twl dy qWik sUrimAW dw KUn AMjweIN nw fulHy[ pr s`Xd muhMmdlqI& ny ; History of the Punjab dy pMnw 411 qy iliKAw ik GumMfInvwb ny sulwh-s&weI vwlI g`l ie`k BI nw mMnI[ ies leI lwcwrIv`s ho ky ^wlsy nUM jMg dw ibgl vjwauxw ipAw[

5 PrvrI 1818 vwly idn sUrj cVHn qoN pihlW hI mulqwnSihr nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ ies dIAW kMDW BMnx leI golwbwrI AwrMB

id`qI[ iklHy AMdr nvwb dy gwjI vI pUrI swvDwnI vrqx l`gy[ ij`Qyikqy kMD tutdI sI auh borIAW nwl surwK ie`ky dm Br idMdy sn[ cOQyidn ^wlsw &Oj lwhOrI drvwjw qoVn iv`c s&l ho geI[ srdwrnlvy dw dsqw pwxI dy hVH vWg Sihr 'c jw viVAw[ nvwb dI &Ojny qkVw mukwblw kIqw[ BwvyN A&gwn srIrW dy qkVy Aqy k`dwvr snpr joS, sMjm Aqy swhshIx sn[ieh r`iKAk dy qOr qy lV rhy snjd ik isMG hmlwvr vjoN auqSwh iv`c Aw ky jUJ rhy sn[ CykVisMGW ny kwPI ktw-v`FI ip`CoN Sihr qy kbzw jmw ilAw[ pr nvwbmuj`&r ^wn gwzIAW nUM lY ky mulqwn dy iklHy iv`c jw viVAw[ 8&rvrI nUM srdwrW ny slwh mSvry ip`CoN iklHy nUM Gyr ilAw[ ieh iklHwihMd dy mShUr p`ikAw ikilHAW iv`coN ie`k nwmI iklHw mMinAw jWdw sI[ies dIAW dIvwrW 40 Put au~cIAW Aqy 6 Put cOVIAW sn[ iklHy AMdrAMn pwxI vI nvwb ny bhuq jmHw kIqw hoieAw sI[ iklHy aup`r bIVIAWqopW vI AwlHw drzy dIAW qy dUr q`k mwr krn vwlIAW sn[ ies leIiklHy nUM sr krnw koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ isMG iklHy dy shI itkwixAWqy in`q golwbwrI krdy rhy[ Gyry nUM 3 mhIny dw smW bIq igAw[ grmIru`q kwrn hYzy dI bImwrI vI &Oj iv`c PYl geI[

2 jUn vwly idn 80 GMitAW dI lgwqwr bMbwrI mgroN, AwiKriklHy dI dIvwr iv`c v`fy mGory ho gey[ gulwm ijlwnI jo gwzIAW dwjwsUs sI aus ny AwpxI pusqk 'jMgy-mulwnw' iv`c ies nUM lUM kMfy KVHykrn vwlw swkw iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik is`KW dIAW qopW nyi^zrI gyt nyVy qbwhI mcweI hoeI sI[ kMD qoVn leI isrP QoVHy hIgoilAW dI hor loV sI ik Acwnk qop dw ie`k phIAw tu`t igAw qyqop nwkwrw ho geI[ qop nUM TIk krn leI kwPI smyN dI loV sI praus smyN ie`k ie`k imMt Aqy ie`k ie`k golw bVI kImq rKdw sI[ qopkol Sor m`cx kwrn gulwm ijlwnI dyKx Aw igAw ik rOlw ikauN pYirhw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik qop kmWfr au~cI au~cI kih irhw sI ikjy kMm &qih krnw hY qW ie`ko hI cwrw hY ik tu`ty phIey dI QW iek`lw

4342

^wlsw jI, ikRq gxyS dws ipMgl 1952)[ srdwr hrI isMG aunHINidnIN AtkoN pwr A&gwnW dI suDweI ivc ligAw hoieAw sI[ mhwrwjwny ies muihMm iv`c Sihjwdw KVg isMG nUM vI 25 hzwr jMgI jvwnAqy qopKwnw lY ky Swml hox leI AwiKAw[ hrI isMG ny KUn-^rwbyqoN bcx leI Awpxy eylcI dIvwn BvwnI dws Aqy kwdr bKS Byjy[iehnW nvwb nUM AwiKAw ik auh sulwh-s&weI nwl mulqwn isMGW dyhvwly kr dyvy Aqy srkwr pwsoN jwgIr hwsl kr ky su`K-SWqI nwlAwpxw jIvn bqIq kry[ jykr ieh g`l mnzUr nhI qW lVweI leIiqAwr ho jwvy[ rwj Bwg dw mwlk mwieAw kwrn A`q dw AMnHw Aqybolw huMdw hY ijs kwrn auh iksy dI g`l nhIN suxdw Aqy hMkwr iv`cmsq huMdw hY[ vYsy vI khwvq hY 'lwqoN ky BUq bwqoN sy nhIN mwnqy'[ AYsylok 'fMfy dy Xwr' huMdy hn[ ieM\ ieh nvwb jdoN bwr bwr smJwauxqy vI nhIN smiJAw qW Sihzwdw KVk isMG ny ^wlsw &Oj nUM iqMnih`isAw iv`c vMf ky mulqwn qy cVHweI krn dI ivauNq bxweI[ ie`kpwsy Sihzwdw Awp qy dIvwn cMd, ivckwr srdwr hrI isMG nlUAwAqy dUjy pwsy srdwr &qih isMG, srdwr DMnw isMG Aqy srdwr SwmisMG AtwrI[

pihly h`ly iv`c hI srdwr &qih isMG dy dsqy ny mwmUlI Jptnwl kwnHgVH iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw[ auDr srdwr hrI isMG nygwzIAW qy AYsw Dwvw boilAw ik iehnW A`gy koeI nhIN AV sikAw[muj`Pr gVH dy iklHydwr nUM kwbU kr ky &qih hwsl kr leI[ srdwrWny nvwb nUM iPr smJOqy leI ApIl kIqI ik qUM jwgIr hwsl kr kyjMg nUM twl dy qWik sUrimAW dw KUn AMjweIN nw fulHy[ pr s`Xd muhMmdlqI& ny ; History of the Punjab dy pMnw 411 qy iliKAw ik GumMfInvwb ny sulwh-s&weI vwlI g`l ie`k BI nw mMnI[ ies leI lwcwrIv`s ho ky ^wlsy nUM jMg dw ibgl vjwauxw ipAw[

5 PrvrI 1818 vwly idn sUrj cVHn qoN pihlW hI mulqwnSihr nUM Gyrw pw ilAw[ ies dIAW kMDW BMnx leI golwbwrI AwrMB

id`qI[ iklHy AMdr nvwb dy gwjI vI pUrI swvDwnI vrqx l`gy[ ij`Qyikqy kMD tutdI sI auh borIAW nwl surwK ie`ky dm Br idMdy sn[ cOQyidn ^wlsw &Oj lwhOrI drvwjw qoVn iv`c s&l ho geI[ srdwrnlvy dw dsqw pwxI dy hVH vWg Sihr 'c jw viVAw[ nvwb dI &Ojny qkVw mukwblw kIqw[ BwvyN A&gwn srIrW dy qkVy Aqy k`dwvr snpr joS, sMjm Aqy swhshIx sn[ieh r`iKAk dy qOr qy lV rhy snjd ik isMG hmlwvr vjoN auqSwh iv`c Aw ky jUJ rhy sn[ CykVisMGW ny kwPI ktw-v`FI ip`CoN Sihr qy kbzw jmw ilAw[ pr nvwbmuj`&r ^wn gwzIAW nUM lY ky mulqwn dy iklHy iv`c jw viVAw[ 8&rvrI nUM srdwrW ny slwh mSvry ip`CoN iklHy nUM Gyr ilAw[ ieh iklHwihMd dy mShUr p`ikAw ikilHAW iv`coN ie`k nwmI iklHw mMinAw jWdw sI[ies dIAW dIvwrW 40 Put au~cIAW Aqy 6 Put cOVIAW sn[ iklHy AMdrAMn pwxI vI nvwb ny bhuq jmHw kIqw hoieAw sI[ iklHy aup`r bIVIAWqopW vI AwlHw drzy dIAW qy dUr q`k mwr krn vwlIAW sn[ ies leIiklHy nUM sr krnw koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ isMG iklHy dy shI itkwixAWqy in`q golwbwrI krdy rhy[ Gyry nUM 3 mhIny dw smW bIq igAw[ grmIru`q kwrn hYzy dI bImwrI vI &Oj iv`c PYl geI[

2 jUn vwly idn 80 GMitAW dI lgwqwr bMbwrI mgroN, AwiKriklHy dI dIvwr iv`c v`fy mGory ho gey[ gulwm ijlwnI jo gwzIAW dwjwsUs sI aus ny AwpxI pusqk 'jMgy-mulwnw' iv`c ies nUM lUM kMfy KVHykrn vwlw swkw iliKAw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik is`KW dIAW qopW nyi^zrI gyt nyVy qbwhI mcweI hoeI sI[ kMD qoVn leI isrP QoVHy hIgoilAW dI hor loV sI ik Acwnk qop dw ie`k phIAw tu`t igAw qyqop nwkwrw ho geI[ qop nUM TIk krn leI kwPI smyN dI loV sI praus smyN ie`k ie`k imMt Aqy ie`k ie`k golw bVI kImq rKdw sI[ qopkol Sor m`cx kwrn gulwm ijlwnI dyKx Aw igAw ik rOlw ikauN pYirhw hY[ auh ilKdw hY ik qop kmWfr au~cI au~cI kih irhw sI ikjy kMm &qih krnw hY qW ie`ko hI cwrw hY ik tu`ty phIey dI QW iek`lw

4342

iek`lw isMG Aw ky moFw dvy[ sB qoN pihlW ieh kMm mYN krWgw[kmWfr dy kihx qy isMGW dI kqwr l`g geI[ ijlwnI ilKdw hY ikieh dyK ky mYN hYrwn ho igAw[ soicAw pqw nhIN isMGW nUM ienHW dy gurUny kI CkwieAw hoieAw hY ik ieh mrn qoN rqI Br vI nhIN frdy[ myrydyKdy dyKdy sB qoN pihlW kmWfr ny qop dy tu`ty phIey vwly pwsy moFwid`qw[ ie`k is`K ny qop clweI qy ijvyN hI golw inkl ky kMD iv`c jwv`ijAw kmWfr vI nwl hI ShId ho igAw[ ieM\ igAwrW isMGShIdIAW pw gey[ ieh kMD pwV ky hI hty[ A`gy c`l ky ieh ilKdwhY ik ieh swkw dyK ky myrw idl ih`l igAw ik ikvyN iehnW ny jwnWvwrIAW[ pRBwvq ho ky mYnUM vI joS AwieAw ik mYN vI qop Q`ly moFw dvWpr soicAw jykr mYN vI ShId ho igAw qW ies idl-ivMnvyN swky nUMdunIAW swmHxy hor kOx r`Kygw[ is`KW dI kurbwnI dI ieh byimswlkhwxI hY[

ieh jMg kwPI lMbI hox kr ky ^wlsy dI pq nUM bcwaux leIAkwlI PUlw isMG vI kOmI ipAwr sdkw mulqwn phuMc igAw sI[ijauN hI iklHy dI dIvwr iv`c pwV ipAw ieh kOmI prvwnw Aqygurmiq dw dIvwnw isMGW nUM nwl lY mwro mwr krdw iklHy AMdr jwviVAw[ iklHy AMdr Awhmo-swhmxy dI h`QopweI dI lVweI hox krkyieqnw BwrI KUn-Krwbw hoieAw ijhVw keI swl lokW dI Xwd bixAwirhw[ sUrmy srdwr hrI isMG Aqy dUjy isrk`F srdwrW ny gwzIAW dyC`ky Cufw id`qy[ ies ktw v`FI iv`c nvwb muj`Pr wn sxy aus dy pMjpuq mwry gey Aqy bwkI dy iqMn puqr sr&rwz wn, zulPkwr Kwn AqyAmIr KW bcy jo 300 A&gwnW smyq isMGW ny kYdI bxw ley[ ies jMgiv`c 12 hjwr A&gwn Aqy 4 hjwr dy krIb isMG mwry gey[

auprMq mulqwn nUM KUb lu`itAw[ kMvr KVk isMG ny ij`q ip`CoNiklHy iv`c dwKl ho ky nkdI Dn, sonw, cWdI hor kImqI mwl jo SwhI^jwny coN h`Q l`igAw aus dI sWB sMBwl kr ky lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[nvwb dI hIry jVq qlvwr Aqy Fwl DMnw isMG dy h`Q AweI sI[ jdoN

ies ny ieh mhwrwjw swihb nUM pyS kIqI qW aus ny ieh dovyN vsqWAqy pMj hzwr rupey bhwdrI bdly DMnw isMG nUM bKS id`qy[ ies jMgdI ij`q auprMq srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI jwgIr dUxI kr id`qI[

mugl ieiqhwskwrW dIAW ilKqW muqwbk, "rxjIq isMG dI&Oj mulqwn qoN ip`Cy D`kI jwxI sI jykr PUlw isMG ie`k pwgl AkwlI,ihMmq kr ky (kMD dy) aus mory iv`coN j`Qw lY ky AMdr nw jw vVdw[

lY&tInYt krnl gulcrn isMG ny Awpxy ie`k lyK jo 'sIs-gMj'id`lI dy rswly 1984 iv`c 'mw: rxjIq isMG dw mulqwn &qih krnwpMnw 73-96 qy iliKAw hY"? ies lVweI qoN swbq huMdw hY ik ie`knIvIN p`Dr dI isKlweI vwlIO Aqy AnuSwSn hIn &Oj ie`k fisplnvwlI Aqy byhqr isKlweI Aqy AwXojq &Oj dw mukwblw nhIN krskdI[ Dwrimk jnUMn &wiedymMd huMdw hY, pr ieh fispln, cMgIisKlweI Aqy ivauNqbMdI dy Gwty nUM kdI vI pUrw nhIN kr skdw[ prlwiek, inpuMn Aqy idRV lIfriSp cMgy is`ty pYdw krdI hY[

aunHW ieh vI iliKAw ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ie`k bhuq hISkqISwlI, sw& idl, sucyq, sMjmI Aqy skImI rwjw sI[ gulwm,ijlwnI dw iliKAw ik`sw ies g`l dI gvwhI Brdw hY ik is`KIsiprt kwrn is`K &Oj dy hOsly hmySw cVHdI klw vwly rihMdy sn[

mulqwn dI ij`q bVI hI mh`qv pUrn sI[ ies nwl is`K rwjAtk qoN lY ky d`Kx iv`c pMj nd dirAw q`k jw imilAw[ pMjwb iv`cA&gwnW dI qwkq dw Bog pY igAw[ ies ij`q ny isMD leI rwh KolHid`qw[ ies nwl kMDwr qoN mulqwn huMdw hoieAw id`lI nUM jWdw rsqw joqjwrq p`KoN pRis`D sI, is`K rwj dy ADIn ho igAw[ sIqw rwm kohlIAnuswr ies ij`q kwrn lwhOr dy Kzwny iv`c 680975 rupey swlwnwdw vwDw ho igAw sI[

4544

iek`lw isMG Aw ky moFw dvy[ sB qoN pihlW ieh kMm mYN krWgw[kmWfr dy kihx qy isMGW dI kqwr l`g geI[ ijlwnI ilKdw hY ikieh dyK ky mYN hYrwn ho igAw[ soicAw pqw nhIN isMGW nUM ienHW dy gurUny kI CkwieAw hoieAw hY ik ieh mrn qoN rqI Br vI nhIN frdy[ myrydyKdy dyKdy sB qoN pihlW kmWfr ny qop dy tu`ty phIey vwly pwsy moFwid`qw[ ie`k is`K ny qop clweI qy ijvyN hI golw inkl ky kMD iv`c jwv`ijAw kmWfr vI nwl hI ShId ho igAw[ ieM\ igAwrW isMGShIdIAW pw gey[ ieh kMD pwV ky hI hty[ A`gy c`l ky ieh ilKdwhY ik ieh swkw dyK ky myrw idl ih`l igAw ik ikvyN iehnW ny jwnWvwrIAW[ pRBwvq ho ky mYnUM vI joS AwieAw ik mYN vI qop Q`ly moFw dvWpr soicAw jykr mYN vI ShId ho igAw qW ies idl-ivMnvyN swky nUMdunIAW swmHxy hor kOx r`Kygw[ is`KW dI kurbwnI dI ieh byimswlkhwxI hY[

ieh jMg kwPI lMbI hox kr ky ^wlsy dI pq nUM bcwaux leIAkwlI PUlw isMG vI kOmI ipAwr sdkw mulqwn phuMc igAw sI[ijauN hI iklHy dI dIvwr iv`c pwV ipAw ieh kOmI prvwnw Aqygurmiq dw dIvwnw isMGW nUM nwl lY mwro mwr krdw iklHy AMdr jwviVAw[ iklHy AMdr Awhmo-swhmxy dI h`QopweI dI lVweI hox krkyieqnw BwrI KUn-Krwbw hoieAw ijhVw keI swl lokW dI Xwd bixAwirhw[ sUrmy srdwr hrI isMG Aqy dUjy isrk`F srdwrW ny gwzIAW dyC`ky Cufw id`qy[ ies ktw v`FI iv`c nvwb muj`Pr wn sxy aus dy pMjpuq mwry gey Aqy bwkI dy iqMn puqr sr&rwz wn, zulPkwr Kwn AqyAmIr KW bcy jo 300 A&gwnW smyq isMGW ny kYdI bxw ley[ ies jMgiv`c 12 hjwr A&gwn Aqy 4 hjwr dy krIb isMG mwry gey[

auprMq mulqwn nUM KUb lu`itAw[ kMvr KVk isMG ny ij`q ip`CoNiklHy iv`c dwKl ho ky nkdI Dn, sonw, cWdI hor kImqI mwl jo SwhI^jwny coN h`Q l`igAw aus dI sWB sMBwl kr ky lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[nvwb dI hIry jVq qlvwr Aqy Fwl DMnw isMG dy h`Q AweI sI[ jdoN

ies ny ieh mhwrwjw swihb nUM pyS kIqI qW aus ny ieh dovyN vsqWAqy pMj hzwr rupey bhwdrI bdly DMnw isMG nUM bKS id`qy[ ies jMgdI ij`q auprMq srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI jwgIr dUxI kr id`qI[

mugl ieiqhwskwrW dIAW ilKqW muqwbk, "rxjIq isMG dI&Oj mulqwn qoN ip`Cy D`kI jwxI sI jykr PUlw isMG ie`k pwgl AkwlI,ihMmq kr ky (kMD dy) aus mory iv`coN j`Qw lY ky AMdr nw jw vVdw[

lY&tInYt krnl gulcrn isMG ny Awpxy ie`k lyK jo 'sIs-gMj'id`lI dy rswly 1984 iv`c 'mw: rxjIq isMG dw mulqwn &qih krnwpMnw 73-96 qy iliKAw hY"? ies lVweI qoN swbq huMdw hY ik ie`knIvIN p`Dr dI isKlweI vwlIO Aqy AnuSwSn hIn &Oj ie`k fisplnvwlI Aqy byhqr isKlweI Aqy AwXojq &Oj dw mukwblw nhIN krskdI[ Dwrimk jnUMn &wiedymMd huMdw hY, pr ieh fispln, cMgIisKlweI Aqy ivauNqbMdI dy Gwty nUM kdI vI pUrw nhIN kr skdw[ prlwiek, inpuMn Aqy idRV lIfriSp cMgy is`ty pYdw krdI hY[

aunHW ieh vI iliKAw ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ie`k bhuq hISkqISwlI, sw& idl, sucyq, sMjmI Aqy skImI rwjw sI[ gulwm,ijlwnI dw iliKAw ik`sw ies g`l dI gvwhI Brdw hY ik is`KIsiprt kwrn is`K &Oj dy hOsly hmySw cVHdI klw vwly rihMdy sn[

mulqwn dI ij`q bVI hI mh`qv pUrn sI[ ies nwl is`K rwjAtk qoN lY ky d`Kx iv`c pMj nd dirAw q`k jw imilAw[ pMjwb iv`cA&gwnW dI qwkq dw Bog pY igAw[ ies ij`q ny isMD leI rwh KolHid`qw[ ies nwl kMDwr qoN mulqwn huMdw hoieAw id`lI nUM jWdw rsqw joqjwrq p`KoN pRis`D sI, is`K rwj dy ADIn ho igAw[ sIqw rwm kohlIAnuswr ies ij`q kwrn lwhOr dy Kzwny iv`c 680975 rupey swlwnwdw vwDw ho igAw sI[

4544

3

kSmIr dy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrIsMsikRq iv`c kSmIr do SbdW kw+SmIr dw sMjog hY['kw' dw

Bwv hY pwxI Aqy 'SmIr' KuSk DrqI nUM kihMdy hn[ kSmIr dI DrqIbhuq au~cI nIvIN hY Aqy ivckwr ijhlm dirAw vgdw hY[ ieiqhwsAMdr ieh vrxn hY ik ie`Qy mrIcI dy puqr kSXp nwmI irSI ny qpkIqw[ ies ny bwrwmUly pws ie`k phwV iv`coN rsqw bxvw ky sqIsrdw pwxI pMjwb v`l vgw id`qw[ ieh vg irhw pwxI pihlW 'kwsUr'Aqy ip`CoN ijhlm nwm nwl jwixAw jwx l`gw[ sqIsr ie`k JIl sIijhVI 56 koh lMmI Aqy 16 koh cOVI sI Aqy ieh cwry qrPoN phwVWnwl iGrI hoeI sI[

mhW Bwrq iv`c drj hY ik pihly pihl ie`Qy kMbojW ny rwjkIqw[ aus auprMq hor rwjy hoey Aqy cODvIN sdI iv`c pihlW musilmpKqUn rwjw Swm-au-dIn Swh mIr hoieAw[ cIn dy XwqrI hIvnsWg (ihaUn sWg) ny 1631 iv`c kSmIr dy s&r smyN ies nUMikAwSImIl iliKAw hY[ iq`bqI lok ies nUM Kwsl (br&wnI phwV)kihMdy hn[ rwj 'qrMgnI' dw lyKk sRI Xuq klhx ilKdw hY ikkSmIr auh dyS hY, ijs nUM sUrj dyvqw AwpxIAW suhwvxIAW ikrnWAqy im`TI-im`TI Du`p nwl rOxk bKSdw hY[ ieh irKIAW dI qp BUmIAqy ivdvwnW dw su`K invws hY[ ies dy au~qr v`l nwgw prbq26620 Pu`t au~cw hY qy pUrb v`l hrmuK prbq snmu`K idKweI idMdwhY[ d`Kx v`l Amr nwQ phwV 17800 Pu`t au~cw hY Aqy iesy qrHWp`Cm v`l pIr pMjwl 15000 Pu`t au~cw hY[

jhWgIr bwdSwh qozky bwbrI iv`c AwpxI klm nwl ilKdwhY ,"kSmIr ie`k bwg hY pr auh bwg ijs iv`c sdw bhwr rihMdIhY ....bwdSwhW dI p`q vDwx vwlw dyS hY Aqy drvySW leI iekWq

AsQwn hY[ bwdSwh jhWgIr ny kSmIr bwry AmIr Kusro (kvI) dySbd duhrwey :

Agr iPrdOs br rU ey zmIn Asq, hmy Asq hmy Asq E hmy Asq[

Bwv jykr koeI DrqI qy svrg hY auh ieh jgHw hY[

kSmIr dI GwtI kudrq dy nzwirAW, mnmohxy idRSW, idl-iK`cvyN jl-JrinAW, hry-Bry mYdwnW, vMn-suvMny Pu`lW dI tihk-mihk qy muskwn nwl BrpUr hY[ ie`Qy dIAW GwtIAW au~cy au~cy ibRCW,bwgW, inrml jl qy br& nwl l`dIAW hoeIAW bhuq hI suMdr rmxIkAqy cmk dmk vwlIAW hn[ pr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn vwly ilKdyhn ik ieh auh dyv-lok Aqy PirSiqAW dy invws vwlI DrqIbykdirAW dy h`Q Aw ky surg qoN Gor nrk Aqy PulvwVI qoN mswx BUmIdy rUp iv`c bdl geI[ ijauN hI ies DrqI qy A&gwnW dw kbjwhoieAw Aqy 1752 iv`c Aihmd Swh durwnI ny ies nUM AwpxIslqnq AMdr ADIn kIqw[ auprMq iehnW by-qrs, by-drd, by-kdry Aqy by-iensw& zwlmW ny nwdr Swh dy kqlyAwm nUM vI mwmUlIkrwr id`qw[jrvwxy Asd^wn bwry ilKqW drswauNdIAW hn ik iehpSU ibrqI vwlw do do ihMdUAW dIAW ip`TW joV ky qy r`isAW nwl aunHWnUM nrV ky fUMGy pwxI iv`c sutvw idMdw jdoN auh ivcwry bcx leI h`QpYr mwrdy qW iKV iKV krky h`sdw sI Aqy kihMdw sI ieh kI qmwSwkr rhy hn? ieh aunHW nUM auyqnw icr KuSI KuSI q`kdw rihMdw ijqnwicr aunHW dy jIvn dw dIvw gu`l nhIN sI ho jWdw[ ies ny hukm krid`qw ik koeI ihMdU isr qy p`g nhIN bMnH skdw Aqy nw hI pYNrI ju`qIpihn skdw hY[ ihMdUAW dI ip`T qy cVH ky A&gwnW v`loN svwrI krnIAwm g`l sI[ ieh g`l sr vwltr lwrMs ny 'dI vYlI AwP kSmIr'dy pMnw 198 qy ilKI hY[

mOlwxw muhMmd dIn qvwrIK kSmIr dI hU bhU drd khwxI ieM\ibAwn krdy hn :

4746

3

kSmIr dy hzwry dIAW ij`qW Aqy gvrnrIsMsikRq iv`c kSmIr do SbdW kw+SmIr dw sMjog hY['kw' dw

Bwv hY pwxI Aqy 'SmIr' KuSk DrqI nUM kihMdy hn[ kSmIr dI DrqIbhuq au~cI nIvIN hY Aqy ivckwr ijhlm dirAw vgdw hY[ ieiqhwsAMdr ieh vrxn hY ik ie`Qy mrIcI dy puqr kSXp nwmI irSI ny qpkIqw[ ies ny bwrwmUly pws ie`k phwV iv`coN rsqw bxvw ky sqIsrdw pwxI pMjwb v`l vgw id`qw[ ieh vg irhw pwxI pihlW 'kwsUr'Aqy ip`CoN ijhlm nwm nwl jwixAw jwx l`gw[ sqIsr ie`k JIl sIijhVI 56 koh lMmI Aqy 16 koh cOVI sI Aqy ieh cwry qrPoN phwVWnwl iGrI hoeI sI[

mhW Bwrq iv`c drj hY ik pihly pihl ie`Qy kMbojW ny rwjkIqw[ aus auprMq hor rwjy hoey Aqy cODvIN sdI iv`c pihlW musilmpKqUn rwjw Swm-au-dIn Swh mIr hoieAw[ cIn dy XwqrI hIvnsWg (ihaUn sWg) ny 1631 iv`c kSmIr dy s&r smyN ies nUMikAwSImIl iliKAw hY[ iq`bqI lok ies nUM Kwsl (br&wnI phwV)kihMdy hn[ rwj 'qrMgnI' dw lyKk sRI Xuq klhx ilKdw hY ikkSmIr auh dyS hY, ijs nUM sUrj dyvqw AwpxIAW suhwvxIAW ikrnWAqy im`TI-im`TI Du`p nwl rOxk bKSdw hY[ ieh irKIAW dI qp BUmIAqy ivdvwnW dw su`K invws hY[ ies dy au~qr v`l nwgw prbq26620 Pu`t au~cw hY qy pUrb v`l hrmuK prbq snmu`K idKweI idMdwhY[ d`Kx v`l Amr nwQ phwV 17800 Pu`t au~cw hY Aqy iesy qrHWp`Cm v`l pIr pMjwl 15000 Pu`t au~cw hY[

jhWgIr bwdSwh qozky bwbrI iv`c AwpxI klm nwl ilKdwhY ,"kSmIr ie`k bwg hY pr auh bwg ijs iv`c sdw bhwr rihMdIhY ....bwdSwhW dI p`q vDwx vwlw dyS hY Aqy drvySW leI iekWq

AsQwn hY[ bwdSwh jhWgIr ny kSmIr bwry AmIr Kusro (kvI) dySbd duhrwey :

Agr iPrdOs br rU ey zmIn Asq, hmy Asq hmy Asq E hmy Asq[

Bwv jykr koeI DrqI qy svrg hY auh ieh jgHw hY[

kSmIr dI GwtI kudrq dy nzwirAW, mnmohxy idRSW, idl-iK`cvyN jl-JrinAW, hry-Bry mYdwnW, vMn-suvMny Pu`lW dI tihk-mihk qy muskwn nwl BrpUr hY[ ie`Qy dIAW GwtIAW au~cy au~cy ibRCW,bwgW, inrml jl qy br& nwl l`dIAW hoeIAW bhuq hI suMdr rmxIkAqy cmk dmk vwlIAW hn[ pr pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn vwly ilKdyhn ik ieh auh dyv-lok Aqy PirSiqAW dy invws vwlI DrqIbykdirAW dy h`Q Aw ky surg qoN Gor nrk Aqy PulvwVI qoN mswx BUmIdy rUp iv`c bdl geI[ ijauN hI ies DrqI qy A&gwnW dw kbjwhoieAw Aqy 1752 iv`c Aihmd Swh durwnI ny ies nUM AwpxIslqnq AMdr ADIn kIqw[ auprMq iehnW by-qrs, by-drd, by-kdry Aqy by-iensw& zwlmW ny nwdr Swh dy kqlyAwm nUM vI mwmUlIkrwr id`qw[jrvwxy Asd^wn bwry ilKqW drswauNdIAW hn ik iehpSU ibrqI vwlw do do ihMdUAW dIAW ip`TW joV ky qy r`isAW nwl aunHWnUM nrV ky fUMGy pwxI iv`c sutvw idMdw jdoN auh ivcwry bcx leI h`QpYr mwrdy qW iKV iKV krky h`sdw sI Aqy kihMdw sI ieh kI qmwSwkr rhy hn? ieh aunHW nUM auyqnw icr KuSI KuSI q`kdw rihMdw ijqnwicr aunHW dy jIvn dw dIvw gu`l nhIN sI ho jWdw[ ies ny hukm krid`qw ik koeI ihMdU isr qy p`g nhIN bMnH skdw Aqy nw hI pYNrI ju`qIpihn skdw hY[ ihMdUAW dI ip`T qy cVH ky A&gwnW v`loN svwrI krnIAwm g`l sI[ ieh g`l sr vwltr lwrMs ny 'dI vYlI AwP kSmIr'dy pMnw 198 qy ilKI hY[

mOlwxw muhMmd dIn qvwrIK kSmIr dI hU bhU drd khwxI ieM\ibAwn krdy hn :

4746

prsIdm Az KrwbIey gulSn z bwgbW[PgW kSId v gu&q ko AvgW ^rwb krd[Swmqy Aihmwl sy A&gwn hwkm ho gey[Awey Eu Avr qwly bydwr Apny so gey[

Bwv A&gwnW dIAW iGnwauxIAW, KO&nwk Aqy frwauxIAW hrkqWny AYsy idl ihlw id`qy ik mulk iv`c Sor Aqy qU&wn pYdw ho igAw[ij`Dr vI mYN dyKdw sI lokW (Kws kr ihMdUAW) dI Swmq AweI hoeIsI[ mUl rUp iv`c ieh mrdkuSI sI[

iehnW qoN ielwvW grIbW Aqy CotIAW zwqW vwilAW nUM D`ky nwlPV ky ieh A&gwn ibgwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy kMm bdly kuJ nhIN sIidMdy[ iehnW A&gwnW dy mohrIAW iv`coN A~qw muhmMd ieqnw nS`eIAqy ivS`eI sI ik AwpxI kwm vwSnw dI iqRpqI leI ies ny kUVkpt vwlIAW jnwnIAW r`KIAW hoeIAW sn[ auh dUr dUr q`k GuMmdIAWsn Aqy ijs Gr iv`c koeI suMdr qy juAwn nUMh DI dyKdIAW sn qW ausnUM A~qw muhmMd wn kol Dky nwl lY AwauNdIAW sn[ Gr vwly ivcwryroNdy kurlwauNdy rih jWdy sn Aqy iehnW dI &irAwd suxn vwlw koeInhIN sI[

ijvyN ik sRI gurU qyg bhwdr jI pws Awpxw Drm bcwaux leIkSmIrI PirAwdI bx ky AnMdpur swihb Awey sn iqvyN AiqAwcwrWnUM mu`K r`K ky kSmIr dw ie`k pqvMqw, sqvMqw bIrbl Dr nW dwDnwF pMifq Awpxw Bys bdl ky kSmIr qoN lwhOr mhwrwjw rxjIqisMG dy drbwr iv`c Aw hwzr hoieAw[ pr SmSyr isMG ASok ny iesdw nW pMifq bIrvr iliKAw hY, jo sUbw j`bwr wn dy ADIn sRI ngr(kSmIr) dw pRDwn mMqRI sI[ ies ny ro ro ky AiqAwcwrW dI drdnwkgwQw mhwrwjy A`gy h`Q joV ky suxweI[ ieh sB kuJ sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb dy rONgty KVHy ho gey Aqy kol bYTy srdwrW dw KUn aubwly Kwxl`igAw[ Blw gurU dy is`K ieh g`lW ikvyN jr skdy sn? bIrbl ny

AwiKAw, "rwjn ! kSmIr dy iesqRI purS duKI ihridAW nwl pRBUA`gy iehI bynqI krdy hn[ idvw XI XI[ is`K rwj qihq ikAwhW[Bwv hy Bgvwn! is`K rwj CyqI ieQy phuMc jwvy[

mhwrwjy ny bIrbl Dr dy drd Bry Sbd sux ky kSmIr qycVHweI krn leI iqAwrIAW AwrMBx dw hukm kIqw[ vYsy vI kSmIrijQy ihMdUAW Aqy boDIAW dw Dwrimk kyNdr irhw hY au~Qy iqMn gurUswihbwn gurU nwnk dyv jI, gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy gurU hirrwey jI ny crn pwey sn[ gurU qyg bhwdr jI ny ihMdUAW dy iqlk jMvUdI rwKI leI ijs dy ik auh DwrnI nhIN sn id`lI ivKy jw ky Shwdqid`qI sI[ mhInw vI ivswK dw sI Aqy ^wlsw swjnw idvs c`l rhysn[ ieh idn ^ws krky ^wlsy dy mnW AMdr gurU goibMd isMG jI dykhy bcn, 'inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN' dw Xu`D-nwd vjw idMdy hn[^wlsw ieh pRyrxw lY ky iksy qy vI peI BIV dyK ky iensw& AqysuqMrqw dI ^wqr rx-q`qy iv`c CwqI fwh ky jUJ pYNdw hY[ Bwv

jb Awb kI AauD inDwn bnY,Aq hI rx mih qb jUJ mro]

AijhI nykI Aqy bdI dI jMg AMdr prmwqmW vI pwpIAW nUMaunHW dy kIqy kukrmW qy pwpW dI szw idMdw hY Aqy DrmIAW dI jY jYkwr krwauNdw hY[ DrmI dw krm hY ik piq lhwaux nwloN mOq kbUlxwshI hY[ DrmI ho ky zulm zr lYxw ^wlsy dy nwm nUM klMkq krn dyqu`l hY[ gurbwxI dy bol hn:

syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145)jYkwr kIE DrmIAw kw pwpI ko dMf dIE]

^wlsw nwm hI mnu`KI Aqy r`bI pRym dw hY[ mnu`KI jzibAW dwpRgtwvw hY, sMGrSmeI Gol Aqy srb`q dy Bly dw pRqIk hY[ sIqw rwmdy kib`q Anuswr bIrbl Dr dy vihMdy nYxW ,coN nIr Aqy mu`KoN AlweyvYx sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM ieh AwiKAw:

4948

prsIdm Az KrwbIey gulSn z bwgbW[PgW kSId v gu&q ko AvgW ^rwb krd[Swmqy Aihmwl sy A&gwn hwkm ho gey[Awey Eu Avr qwly bydwr Apny so gey[

Bwv A&gwnW dIAW iGnwauxIAW, KO&nwk Aqy frwauxIAW hrkqWny AYsy idl ihlw id`qy ik mulk iv`c Sor Aqy qU&wn pYdw ho igAw[ij`Dr vI mYN dyKdw sI lokW (Kws kr ihMdUAW) dI Swmq AweI hoeIsI[ mUl rUp iv`c ieh mrdkuSI sI[

iehnW qoN ielwvW grIbW Aqy CotIAW zwqW vwilAW nUM D`ky nwlPV ky ieh A&gwn ibgwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy kMm bdly kuJ nhIN sIidMdy[ iehnW A&gwnW dy mohrIAW iv`coN A~qw muhmMd ieqnw nS`eIAqy ivS`eI sI ik AwpxI kwm vwSnw dI iqRpqI leI ies ny kUVkpt vwlIAW jnwnIAW r`KIAW hoeIAW sn[ auh dUr dUr q`k GuMmdIAWsn Aqy ijs Gr iv`c koeI suMdr qy juAwn nUMh DI dyKdIAW sn qW ausnUM A~qw muhmMd wn kol Dky nwl lY AwauNdIAW sn[ Gr vwly ivcwryroNdy kurlwauNdy rih jWdy sn Aqy iehnW dI &irAwd suxn vwlw koeInhIN sI[

ijvyN ik sRI gurU qyg bhwdr jI pws Awpxw Drm bcwaux leIkSmIrI PirAwdI bx ky AnMdpur swihb Awey sn iqvyN AiqAwcwrWnUM mu`K r`K ky kSmIr dw ie`k pqvMqw, sqvMqw bIrbl Dr nW dwDnwF pMifq Awpxw Bys bdl ky kSmIr qoN lwhOr mhwrwjw rxjIqisMG dy drbwr iv`c Aw hwzr hoieAw[ pr SmSyr isMG ASok ny iesdw nW pMifq bIrvr iliKAw hY, jo sUbw j`bwr wn dy ADIn sRI ngr(kSmIr) dw pRDwn mMqRI sI[ ies ny ro ro ky AiqAwcwrW dI drdnwkgwQw mhwrwjy A`gy h`Q joV ky suxweI[ ieh sB kuJ sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb dy rONgty KVHy ho gey Aqy kol bYTy srdwrW dw KUn aubwly Kwxl`igAw[ Blw gurU dy is`K ieh g`lW ikvyN jr skdy sn? bIrbl ny

AwiKAw, "rwjn ! kSmIr dy iesqRI purS duKI ihridAW nwl pRBUA`gy iehI bynqI krdy hn[ idvw XI XI[ is`K rwj qihq ikAwhW[Bwv hy Bgvwn! is`K rwj CyqI ieQy phuMc jwvy[

mhwrwjy ny bIrbl Dr dy drd Bry Sbd sux ky kSmIr qycVHweI krn leI iqAwrIAW AwrMBx dw hukm kIqw[ vYsy vI kSmIrijQy ihMdUAW Aqy boDIAW dw Dwrimk kyNdr irhw hY au~Qy iqMn gurUswihbwn gurU nwnk dyv jI, gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy gurU hirrwey jI ny crn pwey sn[ gurU qyg bhwdr jI ny ihMdUAW dy iqlk jMvUdI rwKI leI ijs dy ik auh DwrnI nhIN sn id`lI ivKy jw ky Shwdqid`qI sI[ mhInw vI ivswK dw sI Aqy ^wlsw swjnw idvs c`l rhysn[ ieh idn ^ws krky ^wlsy dy mnW AMdr gurU goibMd isMG jI dykhy bcn, 'inscY kr ApnI jIq kroN' dw Xu`D-nwd vjw idMdy hn[^wlsw ieh pRyrxw lY ky iksy qy vI peI BIV dyK ky iensw& AqysuqMrqw dI ^wqr rx-q`qy iv`c CwqI fwh ky jUJ pYNdw hY[ Bwv

jb Awb kI AauD inDwn bnY,Aq hI rx mih qb jUJ mro]

AijhI nykI Aqy bdI dI jMg AMdr prmwqmW vI pwpIAW nUMaunHW dy kIqy kukrmW qy pwpW dI szw idMdw hY Aqy DrmIAW dI jY jYkwr krwauNdw hY[ DrmI dw krm hY ik piq lhwaux nwloN mOq kbUlxwshI hY[ DrmI ho ky zulm zr lYxw ^wlsy dy nwm nUM klMkq krn dyqu`l hY[ gurbwxI dy bol hn:

syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145)jYkwr kIE DrmIAw kw pwpI ko dMf dIE]

^wlsw nwm hI mnu`KI Aqy r`bI pRym dw hY[ mnu`KI jzibAW dwpRgtwvw hY, sMGrSmeI Gol Aqy srb`q dy Bly dw pRqIk hY[ sIqw rwmdy kib`q Anuswr bIrbl Dr dy vihMdy nYxW ,coN nIr Aqy mu`KoN AlweyvYx sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM ieh AwiKAw:

4948

J`t srkwr &OjW kIqIAW iqAwr,mu`KoN ikhw bwr bwr hrI isMG ko vMgwr ky[sIqw rwm bwJ qyry hovxw nw kwj audY,kro bYTy rwj kSmIr Sihr mwr ky[

Syir-ey-pMjwb ny AwpxI ingrwnI hyT 30 hzwr &OjW nwllwhOr qoN kSmIr v`l kUc kIqw[ ies iv`c Sihzwdw KVg isMG,srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, AkwlI PUlw isMG, Swm isMG AtwrIvwlw,hukmw isMG icmnI , jvwlw isMG Awid muK srdwr sn[ ies qoN ibnW10 hzwr &Oj mhwrwjy ny Awpxy pws r`KI[ wlsw &Oj siq sRI Akwldy jYkwry gjwauNdI, ngwirAW qy cotW lwauNdI Aqy ByrIAW vjwauNdIc`lI qW 20 ApRYl 1819 nUM lwhOr qoN sI pr ies dI Dmk kSmIriv`c pYxI SurU ho geI sI[ &Oj dI cVHq sux ky iBMbr, rwjOrI Awid dyhwkm jwn bcwaux leI B`j inkly[ isMGW ny rwjOrI dy Agr Kwn nUMpkV ky mhwrwjy dy swmHxy pyS kIqw[ srkwr ny qrs Kw ky jwn hInhIN bKSI dubwrw rwjOrI dw rwj Bwg sB sMBwl id`qw[ ^wlsw &Ojbihrwm phuMcI pr A&gwnI &Ojdwr gVHI C`f ky sRI ngr v`l dOVigAw[ hwkm mIr muhMmd KW Aqy muhMmd AlI ny eIn mMn ky AwpxyAwp nUM KVg isMG dy hvwly kr id`qw[ Sihzwdy KVg isMG ny iehnWnUM muAwP kr ky iK`lqW b^SIAW[

puxC dy hwkm zbrdsq ^wn ny t`kr lYx leI qrweI iklHyiv`c jMgI iqAwrIAW AwrMB id`qIAW[ Aw rhI wlsw &Oj nUM rokx leIrsqy iv`c Bwry p`Qr sutvw id`qy Aqy dr^q ktvw ky su`t id`qy[srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy AkwlI PUulw isMG nUM ies g`l dI ^brphuMcI qW iehnW qyzI nwl Aw ky h`lw boilAw[ AgoN jbrdsq ^wnny vI s^q twkrw kIqw[ isMGW ny iklHy dw ie`k pwsw brUd nwl aufwid`qw Aqy joS iv`c Aw ky iklHy dy AMdr mukwblw kr rhy A&gwnW qytu`t pey[ qlvwrW, nyijAW qy BwilAW nwl jMm ky lVweI hoeI[ dohWqr&W dy kw&I sUrmy lVdy lVdy jwnW vwr gey[ Aw^Ir wlsw &Oj ny

iklHy qy kbzw kr ky kysrI inSwn Julw id`qy[ieh morcw ij`q ky &Ojbihrwm ij`Qy dw mOsm bVw suhwvnw sI vwps Aw geI[ ie`Qy Tihrky kuJ idn Awrwm kIqw Aqy Agly sMgrwm leI iqAwrI iv`FIikauNik kSmIr dy KwVkU hukmrwn bwrkzeIAW nwl m`Qw lwauxw sI[ieh kSmIr nUM AwpxI p`kI mlkIAq smJdy sn[ kSmIr dI suMdrqwkrky, vDIAw mOsm Aqy au~cIAW phwVIAW kwrn sur`iKAq hox krkymu`dqW qoN ieh jgHw bwdSwhW dI rxBUmI rhI hY[ mwro mwr krdIAW^wlsw &OjW Awaux dI ^br sux ky kSmIr dy hwkm muhmMd j`bwr^wn ny v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj iek`qr kr ky supeIAW (supn) dy mYdwniv`c twkry leI qopW bIV id`qIAW[ koh Drwl qy pIr pMjwl dIAWau~cIAW cotIAW dw rsqw bVw kTn sI[ wlsw &OzW 26 jUn nUM srweyielwhI puj geIAW[ srwey qoN kUc krky AhIrpur fyrw kIqw ij`QoN jMgdw mYdwn 5 koh qy sI[ A&gwn &Oj v`fI lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrIiv`c sI[ srdwrW nUM vI vYrI dI hr qzvIz dI sUh iml cu`kI sI[twkry leI iehnW &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAW iv`c vMf ky 3 julweI nUM 1819nUM svyr swr A&gwnW dy moricAW qy Dwvw jw boilAw[ A`goN A&gwnWny qopW dy goly dwg id`qy[ Gmswn dw Xu`D hox l`igAw[ dohW pwisAWqoN Ssqr KVk rhy sn Aqy sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho rhy sn[ AkwlI PUlwisMG dI tukVI dy swmHxy bhwdr Syr idl wn Awpxy Brw mIr AKorsm`d ^wn dy nwmI &OjIAW sxy Aw fitAw Aqy lVdw lVdw mwirAwigAw[ dUjy pwsy j`bwr wn ny hrI isMG nlvw qy qlvwr dw lMbw vwrkIqw[ nlvw ny PurqI nwl ieh vwr Fwl qy roikAw Aqy AwpxIqlvwr nwl j`bwr ^wn dw qlvwr nwl h`Q v`F id`qw[ ies hwlqiv`c auh jwn bcw ky n`s igAw[ rsqy iv`c muhmMd j`bwr ^wn nymYdwny-jMg AMdr Awpxy BrwvW nUM P`tV pey Aqy qVPdy dyiKAw qWieh jMg leI nw ruikAw Aqy A&gwinsqwn v`l inkl igAw[ ieM\hwkmW dy mrn Aqy dOVn krky &Oj ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy Aqy ^wlsydI ij`q hoeI[ ies ij`q nwl kSmIr iv`c qkrIbn pMj sO swl qoNlgwqwr c`l irhw ieslwmI rwj ^qm ho igAw[

5150

J`t srkwr &OjW kIqIAW iqAwr,mu`KoN ikhw bwr bwr hrI isMG ko vMgwr ky[sIqw rwm bwJ qyry hovxw nw kwj audY,kro bYTy rwj kSmIr Sihr mwr ky[

Syir-ey-pMjwb ny AwpxI ingrwnI hyT 30 hzwr &OjW nwllwhOr qoN kSmIr v`l kUc kIqw[ ies iv`c Sihzwdw KVg isMG,srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, AkwlI PUlw isMG, Swm isMG AtwrIvwlw,hukmw isMG icmnI , jvwlw isMG Awid muK srdwr sn[ ies qoN ibnW10 hzwr &Oj mhwrwjy ny Awpxy pws r`KI[ wlsw &Oj siq sRI Akwldy jYkwry gjwauNdI, ngwirAW qy cotW lwauNdI Aqy ByrIAW vjwauNdIc`lI qW 20 ApRYl 1819 nUM lwhOr qoN sI pr ies dI Dmk kSmIriv`c pYxI SurU ho geI sI[ &Oj dI cVHq sux ky iBMbr, rwjOrI Awid dyhwkm jwn bcwaux leI B`j inkly[ isMGW ny rwjOrI dy Agr Kwn nUMpkV ky mhwrwjy dy swmHxy pyS kIqw[ srkwr ny qrs Kw ky jwn hInhIN bKSI dubwrw rwjOrI dw rwj Bwg sB sMBwl id`qw[ ^wlsw &Ojbihrwm phuMcI pr A&gwnI &Ojdwr gVHI C`f ky sRI ngr v`l dOVigAw[ hwkm mIr muhMmd KW Aqy muhMmd AlI ny eIn mMn ky AwpxyAwp nUM KVg isMG dy hvwly kr id`qw[ Sihzwdy KVg isMG ny iehnWnUM muAwP kr ky iK`lqW b^SIAW[

puxC dy hwkm zbrdsq ^wn ny t`kr lYx leI qrweI iklHyiv`c jMgI iqAwrIAW AwrMB id`qIAW[ Aw rhI wlsw &Oj nUM rokx leIrsqy iv`c Bwry p`Qr sutvw id`qy Aqy dr^q ktvw ky su`t id`qy[srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy AkwlI PUulw isMG nUM ies g`l dI ^brphuMcI qW iehnW qyzI nwl Aw ky h`lw boilAw[ AgoN jbrdsq ^wnny vI s^q twkrw kIqw[ isMGW ny iklHy dw ie`k pwsw brUd nwl aufwid`qw Aqy joS iv`c Aw ky iklHy dy AMdr mukwblw kr rhy A&gwnW qytu`t pey[ qlvwrW, nyijAW qy BwilAW nwl jMm ky lVweI hoeI[ dohWqr&W dy kw&I sUrmy lVdy lVdy jwnW vwr gey[ Aw^Ir wlsw &Oj ny

iklHy qy kbzw kr ky kysrI inSwn Julw id`qy[ieh morcw ij`q ky &Ojbihrwm ij`Qy dw mOsm bVw suhwvnw sI vwps Aw geI[ ie`Qy Tihrky kuJ idn Awrwm kIqw Aqy Agly sMgrwm leI iqAwrI iv`FIikauNik kSmIr dy KwVkU hukmrwn bwrkzeIAW nwl m`Qw lwauxw sI[ieh kSmIr nUM AwpxI p`kI mlkIAq smJdy sn[ kSmIr dI suMdrqwkrky, vDIAw mOsm Aqy au~cIAW phwVIAW kwrn sur`iKAq hox krkymu`dqW qoN ieh jgHw bwdSwhW dI rxBUmI rhI hY[ mwro mwr krdIAW^wlsw &OjW Awaux dI ^br sux ky kSmIr dy hwkm muhmMd j`bwr^wn ny v`fI igxqI iv`c &Oj iek`qr kr ky supeIAW (supn) dy mYdwniv`c twkry leI qopW bIV id`qIAW[ koh Drwl qy pIr pMjwl dIAWau~cIAW cotIAW dw rsqw bVw kTn sI[ wlsw &OzW 26 jUn nUM srweyielwhI puj geIAW[ srwey qoN kUc krky AhIrpur fyrw kIqw ij`QoN jMgdw mYdwn 5 koh qy sI[ A&gwn &Oj v`fI lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrIiv`c sI[ srdwrW nUM vI vYrI dI hr qzvIz dI sUh iml cu`kI sI[twkry leI iehnW &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAW iv`c vMf ky 3 julweI nUM 1819nUM svyr swr A&gwnW dy moricAW qy Dwvw jw boilAw[ A`goN A&gwnWny qopW dy goly dwg id`qy[ Gmswn dw Xu`D hox l`igAw[ dohW pwisAWqoN Ssqr KVk rhy sn Aqy sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho rhy sn[ AkwlI PUlwisMG dI tukVI dy swmHxy bhwdr Syr idl wn Awpxy Brw mIr AKorsm`d ^wn dy nwmI &OjIAW sxy Aw fitAw Aqy lVdw lVdw mwirAwigAw[ dUjy pwsy j`bwr wn ny hrI isMG nlvw qy qlvwr dw lMbw vwrkIqw[ nlvw ny PurqI nwl ieh vwr Fwl qy roikAw Aqy AwpxIqlvwr nwl j`bwr ^wn dw qlvwr nwl h`Q v`F id`qw[ ies hwlqiv`c auh jwn bcw ky n`s igAw[ rsqy iv`c muhmMd j`bwr ^wn nymYdwny-jMg AMdr Awpxy BrwvW nUM P`tV pey Aqy qVPdy dyiKAw qWieh jMg leI nw ruikAw Aqy A&gwinsqwn v`l inkl igAw[ ieM\hwkmW dy mrn Aqy dOVn krky &Oj ny hiQAwr su`t id`qy Aqy ^wlsydI ij`q hoeI[ ies ij`q nwl kSmIr iv`c qkrIbn pMj sO swl qoNlgwqwr c`l irhw ieslwmI rwj ^qm ho igAw[

5150

ij`q dI KuSI iv`c DOisAW dI gUMj hyT ^wlseI inSwn Julwid`qy[ prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw igAw[A&gwnI &Oj dIAW 22 qopW,hzwrW bMdUkW, qlvwrW, Bwly, brCy, v`fI igxqI 'c hwQI Aqy GoVyAqy jKIry ^wlsy dy h`Q Awey[ ^wlsw &Oj sihzwdw KVg isMG dIkmwn hyT bVI Swno SOkq nwl 4 julweI 1819 nUM sRI ngr iv`cdupihr vyly dwKl hoeI[ Sihr 'c dwKly smyN A`gy A`gy ieh munwdIkrweI jw rhI sI ik koeI SihrI iblkul nw Gbrwey[ ^wlsw &OjWquhwfI jwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw leI bVIAW qkVIAW GwlxW Gwl kyAqy sUrimAW dIAW jwnW vwr ky ie`Qy phuMcIAW hn[ auDr sYinkW nUMvI s^q hukm kr id`qy ik koeI vI iksy SihrI v`l burI nzr nwlnw q`ky Aqy nw hI iksy dy Dn mwl nUM curwvy[ ies hukm qy s^qI nwlpihrw id`qw igAw Aqy ieh ieiqhwsk sYink prdrSn jo jlUs dISkl iv`c sI Awpxy AduqI jwho-jlwl idKwauNdw SWqI pUrbk Sihriv`c dI lMiGAw[ prjw ny vI bhuq grm joSI nwl idloN bVw BrmWsuAwgq kIqw[ AKIr Sihjwdw KVg isMG dw invws iklHw Syr gVHIiv`c krvwieAw igAw Aqy bwkI srdwrW Aqy sYinkW dy Tihrn leIXog pRbMD kIqy gey[

ies v`fI kwmXwbI dI br Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dyx leI hlkwrysrdwr jYml isMG lmtMgy (lMbIAW tMgW vwlw) nUM ByijAw igAw[ ijauNhI mhwrwjy ny ieh ^br suxI qW gd gd ho au~iTAw[ ies ij`q dwDMnvwd krn leI sRI AMimRqsr hirmMdr swihb phuMc ky nqmsqkhoey[ siqgurU dw l`K l`K Sukr kIqw Aqy gurU dIAW bKSIAW dwqW coNsvw l`K ruipAW dI sRI drbwr swihb jI qy sony dI syvw leI ArdwskrweI[ rwq nUM Sihr iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ hlkwry h`Q ilK kyByijAw ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy Swm isMG AtwrI vwly dIsYnw Byj ky lgdy h`Q muj`Prwbwd Aqy drbMD Awid dy prgxy &qihkrky kSmIr nwl imlwau[ sX`d lqI& Anuswr iehnW srdwrW nykrVIAW lVweIAW auprMq ieh ielwky &qih kr ley[ srkwr ny

pMifq bIrbl (bIrbr) nUM jwgIr bKSI Aqy kSmIr dy mwlIey coNl`g pg 53 l`K rupey (kSmIrI is`ky) id`qy[ ieh pRgtwvw munSIsohx lwl ny AwpxI ilKq 'vYlI AO& kSmIr' iv`c 199 s&y qy kIqwhY[

lwhOr vwpsI Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUMgvrnrI dyxw

kuJ smyN ipCoN hrI isMG nlUey dI fvIzn lwhOr phuMcI Aqy bwkI&Oj kSmIr 'c hI r`KI geI[ Swhdry dy lwgy Syir-ey-pMjwb AwpAihlkwrW smyq Awau Bgq leI phuMcy[ lwhOr phuMcx vwly rsqydulhn vWg sjwey gey[ srdwr nlUAw bhuq hI suMdr Aqy k`d kwTvwly sjwey hoey hwQI qy svwr sI[ mhwrwjw swihb vI nwl nwl hwQIqy c`l rhy sn[ lwhOr dy iklHy iv`c phuMcx qy qopW dI slwmI id`qIgeI[ Awsmwn 'boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl' dy jYkwirAW nwl gUMja~uiTAw Aqy rwq nUM dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ Agly idn hjUrI bwg iv`cBwrI drbwr sjwieAw igAw ijs AMdr kSmIr dy ivjyiqAW, ShIdWAqy P`tVW nUM bhumu`ly isropy, iK`lqW Aqy jwgIrW bKSIAW[ srdwrnlUey nUM DmnI dw ielwkw jwgIr vjoN id`qw igAw[ iesy idn dIvwnmoqI rwm nUM kSmIr dw pihlw gvrnr QwipAw igAw[

dIvwn moqI rwm mhwrwjw rxjIq swihb dw hukm brdwr, pUrwqwibAwdwr Aqy nyk krmcwrI sI[ ies ny kSmIr iv`c Xog pRbMDleI Aqy SWqI kwiem r`Kx leI isr qoV Xqn kIqy[ mMdBwgI Gtnwies nwl ieh vwprI ik ies dw pu`qr, gMdgVH ivKy, jo ik p`CmIkSmIr iv`c sI, ijmIdwrW dy AMdoln nUM dbwauNdw hoieAw mwirAwigAw[ dIvwn moqI rwm nUM l`gy ies v`fy D`ky kwrn aus dw idl tu`tigAw[ sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr dIvwn ny mhwrwjw nUM syvw mukq krnleI p`qr iliKAw[ vYsy vI izAwdw hI nrm idl krky moqI rwmkSmIr AMdr au~T rhy AMdolnW qy kwbU nw pw sikAw[ mhwrwjy v`loN

5352

ij`q dI KuSI iv`c DOisAW dI gUMj hyT ^wlseI inSwn Julwid`qy[ prmwqmw dw DMnvwd kIqw igAw[A&gwnI &Oj dIAW 22 qopW,hzwrW bMdUkW, qlvwrW, Bwly, brCy, v`fI igxqI 'c hwQI Aqy GoVyAqy jKIry ^wlsy dy h`Q Awey[ ^wlsw &Oj sihzwdw KVg isMG dIkmwn hyT bVI Swno SOkq nwl 4 julweI 1819 nUM sRI ngr iv`cdupihr vyly dwKl hoeI[ Sihr 'c dwKly smyN A`gy A`gy ieh munwdIkrweI jw rhI sI ik koeI SihrI iblkul nw Gbrwey[ ^wlsw &OjWquhwfI jwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw leI bVIAW qkVIAW GwlxW Gwl kyAqy sUrimAW dIAW jwnW vwr ky ie`Qy phuMcIAW hn[ auDr sYinkW nUMvI s^q hukm kr id`qy ik koeI vI iksy SihrI v`l burI nzr nwlnw q`ky Aqy nw hI iksy dy Dn mwl nUM curwvy[ ies hukm qy s^qI nwlpihrw id`qw igAw Aqy ieh ieiqhwsk sYink prdrSn jo jlUs dISkl iv`c sI Awpxy AduqI jwho-jlwl idKwauNdw SWqI pUrbk Sihriv`c dI lMiGAw[ prjw ny vI bhuq grm joSI nwl idloN bVw BrmWsuAwgq kIqw[ AKIr Sihjwdw KVg isMG dw invws iklHw Syr gVHIiv`c krvwieAw igAw Aqy bwkI srdwrW Aqy sYinkW dy Tihrn leIXog pRbMD kIqy gey[

ies v`fI kwmXwbI dI br Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM dyx leI hlkwrysrdwr jYml isMG lmtMgy (lMbIAW tMgW vwlw) nUM ByijAw igAw[ ijauNhI mhwrwjy ny ieh ^br suxI qW gd gd ho au~iTAw[ ies ij`q dwDMnvwd krn leI sRI AMimRqsr hirmMdr swihb phuMc ky nqmsqkhoey[ siqgurU dw l`K l`K Sukr kIqw Aqy gurU dIAW bKSIAW dwqW coNsvw l`K ruipAW dI sRI drbwr swihb jI qy sony dI syvw leI ArdwskrweI[ rwq nUM Sihr iv`c dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ hlkwry h`Q ilK kyByijAw ik srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Aqy Swm isMG AtwrI vwly dIsYnw Byj ky lgdy h`Q muj`Prwbwd Aqy drbMD Awid dy prgxy &qihkrky kSmIr nwl imlwau[ sX`d lqI& Anuswr iehnW srdwrW nykrVIAW lVweIAW auprMq ieh ielwky &qih kr ley[ srkwr ny

pMifq bIrbl (bIrbr) nUM jwgIr bKSI Aqy kSmIr dy mwlIey coNl`g pg 53 l`K rupey (kSmIrI is`ky) id`qy[ ieh pRgtwvw munSIsohx lwl ny AwpxI ilKq 'vYlI AO& kSmIr' iv`c 199 s&y qy kIqwhY[

lwhOr vwpsI Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUMgvrnrI dyxw

kuJ smyN ipCoN hrI isMG nlUey dI fvIzn lwhOr phuMcI Aqy bwkI&Oj kSmIr 'c hI r`KI geI[ Swhdry dy lwgy Syir-ey-pMjwb AwpAihlkwrW smyq Awau Bgq leI phuMcy[ lwhOr phuMcx vwly rsqydulhn vWg sjwey gey[ srdwr nlUAw bhuq hI suMdr Aqy k`d kwTvwly sjwey hoey hwQI qy svwr sI[ mhwrwjw swihb vI nwl nwl hwQIqy c`l rhy sn[ lwhOr dy iklHy iv`c phuMcx qy qopW dI slwmI id`qIgeI[ Awsmwn 'boly so inhwl, siq sRI Akwl' dy jYkwirAW nwl gUMja~uiTAw Aqy rwq nUM dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ Agly idn hjUrI bwg iv`cBwrI drbwr sjwieAw igAw ijs AMdr kSmIr dy ivjyiqAW, ShIdWAqy P`tVW nUM bhumu`ly isropy, iK`lqW Aqy jwgIrW bKSIAW[ srdwrnlUey nUM DmnI dw ielwkw jwgIr vjoN id`qw igAw[ iesy idn dIvwnmoqI rwm nUM kSmIr dw pihlw gvrnr QwipAw igAw[

dIvwn moqI rwm mhwrwjw rxjIq swihb dw hukm brdwr, pUrwqwibAwdwr Aqy nyk krmcwrI sI[ ies ny kSmIr iv`c Xog pRbMDleI Aqy SWqI kwiem r`Kx leI isr qoV Xqn kIqy[ mMdBwgI Gtnwies nwl ieh vwprI ik ies dw pu`qr, gMdgVH ivKy, jo ik p`CmIkSmIr iv`c sI, ijmIdwrW dy AMdoln nUM dbwauNdw hoieAw mwirAwigAw[ dIvwn moqI rwm nUM l`gy ies v`fy D`ky kwrn aus dw idl tu`tigAw[ sohx lwl sUrI Anuswr dIvwn ny mhwrwjw nUM syvw mukq krnleI p`qr iliKAw[ vYsy vI izAwdw hI nrm idl krky moqI rwmkSmIr AMdr au~T rhy AMdolnW qy kwbU nw pw sikAw[ mhwrwjy v`loN

5352

Byjy hoey AihlIey dIvwn dyvI dws ny vI AwpxI pVqwlIAw rIportiv`c drz kIqw ik "dIvwn moqI rwm nrm idl krky bdAmnI qykwbU nhIN pw sikAw, prjw dI guMJlI hoeI qwxI nUM sulJw nhIN sikAwijs kwrn by-ieMqzwmI dI h`d ho geI hY, ho skdw hY kSmIr iv`cAwaux vwly smyN AMdr koeI v`fI bgwvq Put pvy"[ ieh rIport pVHky mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM v`fI iK`lq bKSI AqykSmIr dI gvrnrI sMBwlx dy hukm kr id`qy[

kSmIr dw gvrnr hrI isMG nlUAwkSmIr dI ie`k qW irAwsq bhuq v`fI sI, dUjw ies dw

mwlIAw sB qoN v`D sI[ qIjw, ieh nvIN nvIN wlsw rwj iv`c SwmlhoeI sI[ cOQw, ie`Qy pVHy ilKy ihMdU ivdvwn rihx krky muglW nwliehnW dI dÍYS Bwvnw v`D sI Aqy pMjvW, lMby smyN qoN mugl hkUmqie`Qy hox krky mugl iksy hor dI ADIngI pRvwn nhIN sI krnwcwhuMdy[ iehnW g`lW nUM mu`K r`K ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ijhVw dUr-AMdySI,bw-^br Aqy swvDwn rwjw sI ny Akl qoN kMm lYNidAW &OjI jrnYlhrI isMG nlUey nUM gvrnr QwipAw qW ik ivgVy hoey hwlwqW nUM jldIkwbU kIqw jw sky[ ijaNu hI Syr idl, dlyr idl, ibbyk idl Aqy nykidl nvyN gvrnr dy qOr qy kSmIr phuMcx dI br suxI qW hMkwrI,bykwrI, qwnwSwh, bdmwS Aqy lutyirAW dy idl dihl gey[ 25Agsq 1820 nUM srdwr ny dIvwn moqI rwm nUM Pwrg kr ky kMm kwzsMBwl ilAw[

ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr kSmIrI lok ies g`l dy AwdI sn ikijhVw Swsk iehnW nwl nrmI vrqdw sI aus ivru`D ieh bgwvqkrdy sn Aqy s^qI krn vwly nUM zwlm qy &wlm kih ky BMfdy sn[nwl hI pihly SwSk dI vifAweI Aqy nvyN dI inMdw SurU kr idMdy sn[g`l kI hwkm dw tyFw-myFw nwm r`K ky aus nUM it`c smJdy sn[

so srdwr hrI isMG vrgw AxKIlw XoDw, DrmI bMdw hr ie`knwl ipAwr krn vwlw, iemwndwr, iensw&I Aqy nyk nIqIvwn prjwdy duKW nUM ikvyN shwr skdw sI? gvrnrI dI g`dI sMBwlidAW pihlwAYlwn ieh kIqw ik myry huMdy koeI vI bMdw hkUmq ivruD bgwvq nhINkr skdw, inrblW Aqy grIbW nUM Kwh-mKwh qMg nhIN kr skdw,bhU bytIAW dI bypqI nhIN kr skdw, hkUmq dy rwh iv`c AOkVW nIKVIAW kr skdw Aqy by-inXmIAW nI kr skdw[ mStMifAW, corW,T`gW, fwkUAW, lutyirAW Aqy qwnySwhW nUM AwiKAw jW qW bwj Aw jwaunhIN qW quhwfy nwl qkVy h`QIN dyiKAw jwvygw[ lwcwrI iv`c Aw kyswnUM s^qI nw vrqxI pY jwvy ikauNik h`QW bwJ krwirAW mMdy idlhox nw im`q['fMfw pIr huMdw hY ivgiVAW iqgiVAW dw' myrw imSnjMgl rwj nhIN hlymI rwj hY[

kSmIr dIAW mu`K sm`isAwvWgvrnrI kwrj sMBwlx smyN srdwr nlUey nUM hyT ilKIAW m`uK

sm`isAwvW dw swmHxw krnw ipAw:

1. kSmIr GwtI AMdr hYjy dI iBAwnk bImwrI &Yl geI ijs iv`c35 hzwr qoN v`D lok mr gey sn[

2. bwrwmUlw qy puxC dy ielwikAW AMdr bwgIAW v`loN bgwvq dwrwh PiVAw hoieAw sI[

3. lyh ldwK Aqy lwgly ielwikAW iv`c ByfW ijnHW qoN kImqI AqyvDIAw aun Aqy hor k`cw mwl pRwpq huMdw sI, bImwrI kwrnie`jVW dy ie`jV mwry gey[

4. ijhlm dirAw dy dohIN pwsIN vsx vwly K`Ky' Aqy b`by' AwpsIKihbwjI kwrn lVdy JgVdy sn[

5. A&gwnW dy p`KpwqI rwj kwrn Swl bnwaux qy vycx vwilAWdw kwrobwr idno idn Gt irhw sI ikauNik vpwrI kSmIr C`f

5554

Byjy hoey AihlIey dIvwn dyvI dws ny vI AwpxI pVqwlIAw rIportiv`c drz kIqw ik "dIvwn moqI rwm nrm idl krky bdAmnI qykwbU nhIN pw sikAw, prjw dI guMJlI hoeI qwxI nUM sulJw nhIN sikAwijs kwrn by-ieMqzwmI dI h`d ho geI hY, ho skdw hY kSmIr iv`cAwaux vwly smyN AMdr koeI v`fI bgwvq Put pvy"[ ieh rIport pVHky mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM v`fI iK`lq bKSI AqykSmIr dI gvrnrI sMBwlx dy hukm kr id`qy[

kSmIr dw gvrnr hrI isMG nlUAwkSmIr dI ie`k qW irAwsq bhuq v`fI sI, dUjw ies dw

mwlIAw sB qoN v`D sI[ qIjw, ieh nvIN nvIN wlsw rwj iv`c SwmlhoeI sI[ cOQw, ie`Qy pVHy ilKy ihMdU ivdvwn rihx krky muglW nwliehnW dI dÍYS Bwvnw v`D sI Aqy pMjvW, lMby smyN qoN mugl hkUmqie`Qy hox krky mugl iksy hor dI ADIngI pRvwn nhIN sI krnwcwhuMdy[ iehnW g`lW nUM mu`K r`K ky Syir-ey-pMjwb ijhVw dUr-AMdySI,bw-^br Aqy swvDwn rwjw sI ny Akl qoN kMm lYNidAW &OjI jrnYlhrI isMG nlUey nUM gvrnr QwipAw qW ik ivgVy hoey hwlwqW nUM jldIkwbU kIqw jw sky[ ijaNu hI Syr idl, dlyr idl, ibbyk idl Aqy nykidl nvyN gvrnr dy qOr qy kSmIr phuMcx dI br suxI qW hMkwrI,bykwrI, qwnwSwh, bdmwS Aqy lutyirAW dy idl dihl gey[ 25Agsq 1820 nUM srdwr ny dIvwn moqI rwm nUM Pwrg kr ky kMm kwzsMBwl ilAw[

ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr kSmIrI lok ies g`l dy AwdI sn ikijhVw Swsk iehnW nwl nrmI vrqdw sI aus ivru`D ieh bgwvqkrdy sn Aqy s^qI krn vwly nUM zwlm qy &wlm kih ky BMfdy sn[nwl hI pihly SwSk dI vifAweI Aqy nvyN dI inMdw SurU kr idMdy sn[g`l kI hwkm dw tyFw-myFw nwm r`K ky aus nUM it`c smJdy sn[

so srdwr hrI isMG vrgw AxKIlw XoDw, DrmI bMdw hr ie`knwl ipAwr krn vwlw, iemwndwr, iensw&I Aqy nyk nIqIvwn prjwdy duKW nUM ikvyN shwr skdw sI? gvrnrI dI g`dI sMBwlidAW pihlwAYlwn ieh kIqw ik myry huMdy koeI vI bMdw hkUmq ivruD bgwvq nhINkr skdw, inrblW Aqy grIbW nUM Kwh-mKwh qMg nhIN kr skdw,bhU bytIAW dI bypqI nhIN kr skdw, hkUmq dy rwh iv`c AOkVW nIKVIAW kr skdw Aqy by-inXmIAW nI kr skdw[ mStMifAW, corW,T`gW, fwkUAW, lutyirAW Aqy qwnySwhW nUM AwiKAw jW qW bwj Aw jwaunhIN qW quhwfy nwl qkVy h`QIN dyiKAw jwvygw[ lwcwrI iv`c Aw kyswnUM s^qI nw vrqxI pY jwvy ikauNik h`QW bwJ krwirAW mMdy idlhox nw im`q['fMfw pIr huMdw hY ivgiVAW iqgiVAW dw' myrw imSnjMgl rwj nhIN hlymI rwj hY[

kSmIr dIAW mu`K sm`isAwvWgvrnrI kwrj sMBwlx smyN srdwr nlUey nUM hyT ilKIAW m`uK

sm`isAwvW dw swmHxw krnw ipAw:

1. kSmIr GwtI AMdr hYjy dI iBAwnk bImwrI &Yl geI ijs iv`c35 hzwr qoN v`D lok mr gey sn[

2. bwrwmUlw qy puxC dy ielwikAW AMdr bwgIAW v`loN bgwvq dwrwh PiVAw hoieAw sI[

3. lyh ldwK Aqy lwgly ielwikAW iv`c ByfW ijnHW qoN kImqI AqyvDIAw aun Aqy hor k`cw mwl pRwpq huMdw sI, bImwrI kwrnie`jVW dy ie`jV mwry gey[

4. ijhlm dirAw dy dohIN pwsIN vsx vwly K`Ky' Aqy b`by' AwpsIKihbwjI kwrn lVdy JgVdy sn[

5. A&gwnW dy p`KpwqI rwj kwrn Swl bnwaux qy vycx vwilAWdw kwrobwr idno idn Gt irhw sI ikauNik vpwrI kSmIr C`f

5554

ky dUjIAW sur`iKAq QwvW qy cly gey sn[ bwrSW G`t hox kwrnAnwj dI ik`lq kwrn vI lok Gr bwr C`f ky hor QwvW qy jwvsy sn[

srdwr nlUey dw rwj pRbMDBwvyN kSmIr iv`c is`K rwj Awaux nwl lokW ny su`K dw swh

ilAw sI[ pr ipCly 500 swl dy mugl rwj Aqy 67 swl qoN c`l rhyA&gwnW dy rwj nwl juVy hoey 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' Ajy mnmwnIAW kr rhysn[ d`Kx qoN Awey bRwhmx kwly sn jd ik kSmIrI bRwhmxW dw rMgsw& (gorw ) sI[ iehnW iv`c vI kwly gory dw Byd Bwv jwrI sI[

K`Ky Aqy b`ibAW dI suDweIieh 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' kox sn? Asl iv`c ieh ihMdU jwqI dy

^`qrI Aqy bRwhmx sn[ muglW dI hkUmq dy julmW qoN frdy iehmuslmwn bx gey sn[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik Awpxyip`Cy dI Xwd nUM kwiem r`Kx leI qrIAW dy pihly A`Kr 'K' nUM lY kyiehnW ny AwpxI kOm dw nW 'K`Ky r`iKAw Aqy bRwhmxW ny iesy qrHWpihlW A`Kr 'b' lY ky Awpxy Awp nUM 'b`by' khwauxw SurU kr id`qw[iehnW iv`coN bhuqy qW hrI isMG dw nwm sux ky hI JgVy krno ht gey[pr bwrwmUly ielwky dy reIs Aqy ijhlm dy dohIN pwsy vsx vwly K`KyAqy b`by ijnHW dy AwgU rwjw gulwm AlI wn K`Kw Aqy zul&kwr wnb`bw sI Awpxy Awp nUM bVy K`bI KW khwauNdy sn[ moqI rwm gvrnrdy smyN Sry-Awm iehnW ny bdPYlI Aqy ASWqI &YlweI hoeI sI Aqymwmlw vI nhIN sI auqwirAw[ srkwr dy hukmW qoN vI AwkI sn[

srdwr nlUey dy Awp bwrwmUly phuMcx qy ieQoN dy hwkm qy lokieqny fr gey ik bhuiqAW ny ipClw rihMdw mwlIAw vI dy id`qw AqypMj rupey hr Gr vwly nUM l`igAw 'qwvwn jMg' vI jmHw krvw id`qw[

srkwr dw hr hukm mMnx leI vI iekrwr kIqw[ ies auprMq nlUAwswihb Kud srdwr tyk isMG Aqy srdwr hwkm isMG dIAW pltnWlY ky 'K`Ky', 'b`ibAW' dy ipMfW 'c jw phuMcy[ phu-Putwly hI iehnW dyhwkm su`qy pey hI d`b leyy[ iehnW nUM A`KW KolHx qy hI pqw l`igAwik swfy srHwxy do do isMG qlvwrW lihrweI KVHy hn[ hrI isMG dwhukm sI iksy qy vwr nhIN krnw[ isMGW ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdr,birAwV, bdmwS Aqy bl vwly smJ rhy AwgUAW rwjw gulwm AlIKwn qy zulPkwr Kwn dy byVIAW pw leIAW Aqy nlUey dy hukm Anuswrie`k qkVI gwrd hyT lwhOr ivKy mhwrwjy pws iBjvw id`qw[ bwkIAWnUM is`K hkUmq dy AsUlW muqwbk c`lx leI AwiKAw[ iehnW dyhiQAwr jbq kr ley Aqy mwlIAw vI augrwh ilAw[ ieM\ KUn-Krwby qoN ibnw sB hwlwq kwbU krn dI rIport jdoN srkwr pwsphuMcI qW Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srkwrI Purmwn rwhIN nlUey srdwr dIBwrI SwlwGw kIqI[ ielwky iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem hox nwl prjw'c vI KuSIAW Cw geIAW[

grIbW qoN vgwr krvwauxI bMd krweIieslwm Aqy A&gwn rwj dy AMdr ibnW imhnq dyx qoN D`ky

nwl vgwr krwauxw Awm pRc`lq sI Aqy byqrsI dI h`d sI[ hukmrwnlok Awpxy kMmW ijvyN ik iklHy bnwauxw, mh`l, msjdW, sVkW dysmwn dI FoAw-FuAweI Awid leI ipMfW 'coN qkVy qkVy bMidAW Kwskr grIb ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn SryxI dy SIAw pRvwrW iv`coN juAwnWnUM pkV ilAwauNdy sn[ lMby smyN qoN ies qrHW mzdUrI lYx qoN ibnW hIjykr koeI h`Q joV ky bMd-^lwsI mMgdw sI qW aus nUM kuitAw vI jWdwsI[

ieiqhwsk p`K drswauNdy hn ik ie`k vwr jdoN srdwr nlUAwielwky dw dOrw kr rhy sn qW aunHW kuJ bMidAW dy ku`t pYNdI dyKI qWauh ruk gey[ pu`iCAw,"iehnW nUM ikauN ku`itAw jw irhw hY? auq`r

5756

ky dUjIAW sur`iKAq QwvW qy cly gey sn[ bwrSW G`t hox kwrnAnwj dI ik`lq kwrn vI lok Gr bwr C`f ky hor QwvW qy jwvsy sn[

srdwr nlUey dw rwj pRbMDBwvyN kSmIr iv`c is`K rwj Awaux nwl lokW ny su`K dw swh

ilAw sI[ pr ipCly 500 swl dy mugl rwj Aqy 67 swl qoN c`l rhyA&gwnW dy rwj nwl juVy hoey 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' Ajy mnmwnIAW kr rhysn[ d`Kx qoN Awey bRwhmx kwly sn jd ik kSmIrI bRwhmxW dw rMgsw& (gorw ) sI[ iehnW iv`c vI kwly gory dw Byd Bwv jwrI sI[

K`Ky Aqy b`ibAW dI suDweIieh 'K`Ky' Aqy 'b`by' kox sn? Asl iv`c ieh ihMdU jwqI dy

^`qrI Aqy bRwhmx sn[ muglW dI hkUmq dy julmW qoN frdy iehmuslmwn bx gey sn[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik Awpxyip`Cy dI Xwd nUM kwiem r`Kx leI qrIAW dy pihly A`Kr 'K' nUM lY kyiehnW ny AwpxI kOm dw nW 'K`Ky r`iKAw Aqy bRwhmxW ny iesy qrHWpihlW A`Kr 'b' lY ky Awpxy Awp nUM 'b`by' khwauxw SurU kr id`qw[iehnW iv`coN bhuqy qW hrI isMG dw nwm sux ky hI JgVy krno ht gey[pr bwrwmUly ielwky dy reIs Aqy ijhlm dy dohIN pwsy vsx vwly K`KyAqy b`by ijnHW dy AwgU rwjw gulwm AlI wn K`Kw Aqy zul&kwr wnb`bw sI Awpxy Awp nUM bVy K`bI KW khwauNdy sn[ moqI rwm gvrnrdy smyN Sry-Awm iehnW ny bdPYlI Aqy ASWqI &YlweI hoeI sI Aqymwmlw vI nhIN sI auqwirAw[ srkwr dy hukmW qoN vI AwkI sn[

srdwr nlUey dy Awp bwrwmUly phuMcx qy ieQoN dy hwkm qy lokieqny fr gey ik bhuiqAW ny ipClw rihMdw mwlIAw vI dy id`qw AqypMj rupey hr Gr vwly nUM l`igAw 'qwvwn jMg' vI jmHw krvw id`qw[

srkwr dw hr hukm mMnx leI vI iekrwr kIqw[ ies auprMq nlUAwswihb Kud srdwr tyk isMG Aqy srdwr hwkm isMG dIAW pltnWlY ky 'K`Ky', 'b`ibAW' dy ipMfW 'c jw phuMcy[ phu-Putwly hI iehnW dyhwkm su`qy pey hI d`b leyy[ iehnW nUM A`KW KolHx qy hI pqw l`igAwik swfy srHwxy do do isMG qlvwrW lihrweI KVHy hn[ hrI isMG dwhukm sI iksy qy vwr nhIN krnw[ isMGW ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdr,birAwV, bdmwS Aqy bl vwly smJ rhy AwgUAW rwjw gulwm AlIKwn qy zulPkwr Kwn dy byVIAW pw leIAW Aqy nlUey dy hukm Anuswrie`k qkVI gwrd hyT lwhOr ivKy mhwrwjy pws iBjvw id`qw[ bwkIAWnUM is`K hkUmq dy AsUlW muqwbk c`lx leI AwiKAw[ iehnW dyhiQAwr jbq kr ley Aqy mwlIAw vI augrwh ilAw[ ieM\ KUn-Krwby qoN ibnw sB hwlwq kwbU krn dI rIport jdoN srkwr pwsphuMcI qW Syir-ey-pMjwb ny srkwrI Purmwn rwhIN nlUey srdwr dIBwrI SwlwGw kIqI[ ielwky iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem hox nwl prjw'c vI KuSIAW Cw geIAW[

grIbW qoN vgwr krvwauxI bMd krweIieslwm Aqy A&gwn rwj dy AMdr ibnW imhnq dyx qoN D`ky

nwl vgwr krwauxw Awm pRc`lq sI Aqy byqrsI dI h`d sI[ hukmrwnlok Awpxy kMmW ijvyN ik iklHy bnwauxw, mh`l, msjdW, sVkW dysmwn dI FoAw-FuAweI Awid leI ipMfW 'coN qkVy qkVy bMidAW Kwskr grIb ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn SryxI dy SIAw pRvwrW iv`coN juAwnWnUM pkV ilAwauNdy sn[ lMby smyN qoN ies qrHW mzdUrI lYx qoN ibnW hIjykr koeI h`Q joV ky bMd-^lwsI mMgdw sI qW aus nUM kuitAw vI jWdwsI[

ieiqhwsk p`K drswauNdy hn ik ie`k vwr jdoN srdwr nlUAwielwky dw dOrw kr rhy sn qW aunHW kuJ bMidAW dy ku`t pYNdI dyKI qWauh ruk gey[ pu`iCAw,"iehnW nUM ikauN ku`itAw jw irhw hY? auq`r

5756

imilAw,"ieh vgwrI lok hn Aqy Gr jwx leI kih rhy hn jdik Ajy kMm mukMml nhIN hoieAw"[ srdwr swihb dy mn AMdr is`KIisDWq Gul Gul ky vsy hoey sn[ is`K dy mn iv`c qW qrs huMdw hY auhbyqrs nhIN ho skdw[ ausy vkq srdwr nlUAw ny vgwrI dI ikirAwiblkul bMd krn leI AwiKAw[ A`gy qoN koeI AiDkwrI bMidAW nUMvgwr kwrn nw PVy[ srkwrI smwn dy FoAw-FuAweI dw kMm K`crWvgYrw nwl krvwau[ iPr vI ij`Qy mzdUrW jW kulIAW dI loV pvyauhnW nUM bxdI mzdUrI id`qI jwvy[ A`gy vwsqy myry kol vgwrI dI koeIiSkwieq nw Awvy[

Dwrimk AwzwdIDrm dw Bwv hY s`c ArQwq r`bI inXm jW kwnUMn [ Drm

dieAw dw pu`qr hY , dieAw qoN pYdw huMdw hY[ Bwv ijs ihrdy iv`cdieAw hY auQy Drm pRPul`q huMdw hY[ ivdvwnW dy kQn Anuswr s`c dypYr huMdy hn Aqy JUT dy pYr nhIN huMdy[ AslI DrmI bMdw s`c boldwhY, JUT nhIN boldw ikauNik aus iv`c mYN nhIN huMdI[ Drm dw mqlbhI hY, mYN nUM pry Drnw[ Drm bwry gurbwxI dy bol hn:

DOl Drmu dieAw kw pUq] sMqoK Qwip riKAw ijin sUiq] (5)bolIey sc Drm JUT n bolIey]

Drm 'coN sMqoK jnmdw hY[ sMqoK dw vwsw au~Qy huMdw hY ij`Qy mYNnw hovy[ pr sMswrI bMidAW ny mYN nUM A`gy r`K ky Awpxy Awpxy Drm bxwley hn Aqy iehnW nUM vpwr dw DMdw bxw ilAw Aqy srkwr dw AMgsmJ ilAw[ ijvyN ieslwm AMdr srkwrI hukmW Anuswr ihMdUAW nUMmuslmwn bnwaux leI iDM|ojorI vrqI geI[ kSmIr ikauNik ihMdUAWdw kyNdr sI, ies leI muglW Aqy A&gwnW ny ie`Qy A`iqAwcwr krky ihMdUAW nUM ieslwm AMdr ilAWdw Aqy iehnW dy bhuq swry mMdr vIFwh id`qy[ hrI isMG ny hr ie`k nUM Awpxy Drm iv`c p`ikAW rihx

leI hukm kIqw Aqy dUjy dy Drm nUM hwnI phuMcwaux qoN vrijAw[ihMdUAW pRqI Drm dI bhwlI dy Purmwn kwrn hr gopwl kOl (1883)dI ilKq Anuswr 40 hzwr ihMdUAW ijhVy D`ky nwl muslmwn bxweygey sn ny iPr ihMdU Drm Dwrn kr ilAw[ hor qW hor gvrnrswihb dy cMgy rwjnIqk Aqy AwriQk PYsilAW kwrn bhuq swry ihMdUAqy muslmwn is`K sj gey[

hrI isMG nlUAw ny ihMdU pMifqW nUM purwqn mMdr ijhVy ik muglWny Fwh id`qy sn Aqy aunHW dI jgHw msijdW auswr id`qIAW sn nUMdubwrw bnwaux dI jdoN g`l kIqI qW auhnW ieh suJwA Tukrw id`qw[kmzor idl hox kwrn fr gey ik ikqy muslmwn swfy ivru`D nw hojwx[ dUjw iehnW dy mn iv`c sI ik is`K rwj pqw nhIN ikMnw icrrhy[

hrI isMG ny gaU nUM ihMdU Drm AMdr piv`qr mMnx kwrn swrykSmIr iv`c gaU h`iqAw bMd krn dw vI hukm id`qw[ muslmwnikauNik gaU dw mws KuS ho ky KWdy hn ies leI aunHW kihxw SurU krid`qw ik kw&r (is`K gvrnr) ny ieh cMgI g`l nhIN kIqI[ iesbMdS nwl GwtI iv`c muslmwnW leI mIt dI Gwt vI ho geI pr iesdI pUrqI leI aunHW ByfW, b`krIAW Aqy m`CI dy mIt qy inrbwh krnwSurU kr id`qw[

hrI isMG ny hr Drm dy siqkwr v`l pUrw iDAwn id`qw[ fI.sI.Srmw (1983) ny iliKAw hY ik nLUAw ny muslmwnW nUM sRI ngr iv`chzrq bl Aqy mKdUm swihb piv`qr smwrkW bnwaux leI Dnid`qw[ gnySI lwl Awpxy kSmIr nwmy (1946) iv`c ilKdy hn ik^wlsw rwj AMdr kSmIr qoN AmrnwQ dI XwqRw qy jwx vwly qkrIbn400 bYrwgI swDUAW Aqy Cy hjwr dUjy XwqRIAW nUM rsqy iv`c mu&q BojnAqy do rupey pRqI swDU hr smyN id`qy jWdy sn[ pr AMgRzI rwj smyNhwkm ihMdU fogry, rwjw gulwb isMG ny ieh shUlq bMd kr id`qI sI[

5958

imilAw,"ieh vgwrI lok hn Aqy Gr jwx leI kih rhy hn jdik Ajy kMm mukMml nhIN hoieAw"[ srdwr swihb dy mn AMdr is`KIisDWq Gul Gul ky vsy hoey sn[ is`K dy mn iv`c qW qrs huMdw hY auhbyqrs nhIN ho skdw[ ausy vkq srdwr nlUAw ny vgwrI dI ikirAwiblkul bMd krn leI AwiKAw[ A`gy qoN koeI AiDkwrI bMidAW nUMvgwr kwrn nw PVy[ srkwrI smwn dy FoAw-FuAweI dw kMm K`crWvgYrw nwl krvwau[ iPr vI ij`Qy mzdUrW jW kulIAW dI loV pvyauhnW nUM bxdI mzdUrI id`qI jwvy[ A`gy vwsqy myry kol vgwrI dI koeIiSkwieq nw Awvy[

Dwrimk AwzwdIDrm dw Bwv hY s`c ArQwq r`bI inXm jW kwnUMn [ Drm

dieAw dw pu`qr hY , dieAw qoN pYdw huMdw hY[ Bwv ijs ihrdy iv`cdieAw hY auQy Drm pRPul`q huMdw hY[ ivdvwnW dy kQn Anuswr s`c dypYr huMdy hn Aqy JUT dy pYr nhIN huMdy[ AslI DrmI bMdw s`c boldwhY, JUT nhIN boldw ikauNik aus iv`c mYN nhIN huMdI[ Drm dw mqlbhI hY, mYN nUM pry Drnw[ Drm bwry gurbwxI dy bol hn:

DOl Drmu dieAw kw pUq] sMqoK Qwip riKAw ijin sUiq] (5)bolIey sc Drm JUT n bolIey]

Drm 'coN sMqoK jnmdw hY[ sMqoK dw vwsw au~Qy huMdw hY ij`Qy mYNnw hovy[ pr sMswrI bMidAW ny mYN nUM A`gy r`K ky Awpxy Awpxy Drm bxwley hn Aqy iehnW nUM vpwr dw DMdw bxw ilAw Aqy srkwr dw AMgsmJ ilAw[ ijvyN ieslwm AMdr srkwrI hukmW Anuswr ihMdUAW nUMmuslmwn bnwaux leI iDM|ojorI vrqI geI[ kSmIr ikauNik ihMdUAWdw kyNdr sI, ies leI muglW Aqy A&gwnW ny ie`Qy A`iqAwcwr krky ihMdUAW nUM ieslwm AMdr ilAWdw Aqy iehnW dy bhuq swry mMdr vIFwh id`qy[ hrI isMG ny hr ie`k nUM Awpxy Drm iv`c p`ikAW rihx

leI hukm kIqw Aqy dUjy dy Drm nUM hwnI phuMcwaux qoN vrijAw[ihMdUAW pRqI Drm dI bhwlI dy Purmwn kwrn hr gopwl kOl (1883)dI ilKq Anuswr 40 hzwr ihMdUAW ijhVy D`ky nwl muslmwn bxweygey sn ny iPr ihMdU Drm Dwrn kr ilAw[ hor qW hor gvrnrswihb dy cMgy rwjnIqk Aqy AwriQk PYsilAW kwrn bhuq swry ihMdUAqy muslmwn is`K sj gey[

hrI isMG nlUAw ny ihMdU pMifqW nUM purwqn mMdr ijhVy ik muglWny Fwh id`qy sn Aqy aunHW dI jgHw msijdW auswr id`qIAW sn nUMdubwrw bnwaux dI jdoN g`l kIqI qW auhnW ieh suJwA Tukrw id`qw[kmzor idl hox kwrn fr gey ik ikqy muslmwn swfy ivru`D nw hojwx[ dUjw iehnW dy mn iv`c sI ik is`K rwj pqw nhIN ikMnw icrrhy[

hrI isMG ny gaU nUM ihMdU Drm AMdr piv`qr mMnx kwrn swrykSmIr iv`c gaU h`iqAw bMd krn dw vI hukm id`qw[ muslmwnikauNik gaU dw mws KuS ho ky KWdy hn ies leI aunHW kihxw SurU krid`qw ik kw&r (is`K gvrnr) ny ieh cMgI g`l nhIN kIqI[ iesbMdS nwl GwtI iv`c muslmwnW leI mIt dI Gwt vI ho geI pr iesdI pUrqI leI aunHW ByfW, b`krIAW Aqy m`CI dy mIt qy inrbwh krnwSurU kr id`qw[

hrI isMG ny hr Drm dy siqkwr v`l pUrw iDAwn id`qw[ fI.sI.Srmw (1983) ny iliKAw hY ik nLUAw ny muslmwnW nUM sRI ngr iv`chzrq bl Aqy mKdUm swihb piv`qr smwrkW bnwaux leI Dnid`qw[ gnySI lwl Awpxy kSmIr nwmy (1946) iv`c ilKdy hn ik^wlsw rwj AMdr kSmIr qoN AmrnwQ dI XwqRw qy jwx vwly qkrIbn400 bYrwgI swDUAW Aqy Cy hjwr dUjy XwqRIAW nUM rsqy iv`c mu&q BojnAqy do rupey pRqI swDU hr smyN id`qy jWdy sn[ pr AMgRzI rwj smyNhwkm ihMdU fogry, rwjw gulwb isMG ny ieh shUlq bMd kr id`qI sI[

5958

nvyN is`ky Aqy v`ty clwauxyhrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN 14 iksmW dy is`ky kSmIr iv`c c`l

rhy sn[ iehnW au~qy clwaux vwilAW dy nwm v`Kry v`Kry sn Aqy hrie`k is`ky dI kImq vI klk`qy dy is`ky mukwbly v`KrI sI[ iehnWis`ikAW dy nW sn, ieskwrdo, ldwKI, rupeIAw hyrwqI, idnwr Awid[pr hrI isMG nW dw is`kw kSmIr 'c hI nhIN swry pMjwb AMdr lMbysmyN q`k c`ilAw[ hrI isMG dy is`ky clwaux Aqy c`lx sMbMDI pihlyAiDAwie iv`c KoHl ky vrnx kIqw igAw hY[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001Aqy 2004 iv`c is`K rwj dy is`ikAW sMbMDI AwpxIAW pusqkW iv`cbhuq KolH ky vrnx kIqw hY[ auh ieh ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG AwpxIgvrnrI smyN ieh is`ky cwlU nhIN kr sikAw[ ies dw kwrn iehhovygw ik tkswl iv`c is`ky GVn leI auhnW dI bxqr vgYrw leIhukm id`qw jWdw hY jo srkwr v`loN dy id`qw igAw hovygw pr is`ikAWdI iqAwrI leI smW l`igAw hovygw[ ikauNik srdwr nlUAw svw kuswl hI kSmIr dy gvrnr rhy sn Aqy aunHW dy nwm dy is`ky bwzwrivc auhnW dI gvrnrI qoN ipCy Awey[ ieQy ieh gl vI bVI idlcsphY ik auhnW ip`CoN hor bhuq gvrnr Awey pr hrI isMGIAw is`kwpMjwb iv`c 70 swl qoN v`D smW cldw irhw[ ies is`ky dy c`lx nwlkSmIr dy srkwrI jwny iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw[ ieh is`ky krwieAw,tYks Aqy v`Ko-v`Kry rIqI irvwjW Aqy cMUgI Awid leI vrqy jWdysn[ ie`k hor v`fI g`l ies is`ky dI ieh sI ik ies dI kImq AMgRyzsrkwr dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI dy clwey is`ky dy brwbr sI jd ikdUjy is`ikAW dI kImq G`t sI[

jdoN hrI isG ny gvrnrI dw Ahudw sMBwilAw qW aus smyNkSmIr AMdr c`l rhy v`ty Aqy hor imxqI dy pYmwny shI nhIN sn[nklI, Koty Awid is`ikAW kwrn ie`k qW srkwr nUM ivqI qOr qy kw&IGwtw pY irhw sI dUjw vpwrI Aqy dukwndwr prjw nwl hyrw PyrI krrhy sn[ pr srdwr nlUAw ny AwauNidAW hI imAwrI v`ty qy is`ky

clvw id`qy[ ij`Qy kSmIrI syr pihlW 14 CtWk dw sI auh 15 CtWkkrvwieAw[ hrI isMG dy clwey 92 rupieAw dw Bwr ie`k syr sI[ikauNik aunHW idnW 'c Kzwnw giDAW jW K`crW qy l`d ky ljWdy sn[imstr mUrkrO&t Aqy trYbYk dI 1841 lyKxI Anuswr hrI isMGIAwKrvwr is`ikAW dw ie`k gDy dw Bwr 96 syr sI[ ies nUM ie`k KrvwVjW Krvwr kihMdy sn[ gnySI lwl jI vI ilKdy hn ik kpVw, iGauAwid dI imxqI vI KrvwV iv`c cldI sI[ hrI isMG ny swry v`ty lohydy vrqx dw hukm id`qw ikauNik p`Qr dy v`itAW nwl hyrw PyrI huMdIsI[ Asl qol sn 17 qoly dw ie`k pweIAw jW pwau, 6 pwau jW fyFsyr dw 1 mnotw, 4 mnoitAW jW 16 syr dw 1 qrk, 16 qrk jW 96syr dw ie`k KrvwV[

ieMj hrI isMG nlUey dw nwm dUr-drwfy q`k pRis`D ho igAw[ieh is`ky brqwnIAW iv`c vI phuMc gey sn[ nySnl ArcIvj Aw&ieMfIAw (NAD Foreign Secret Consultation 1837) muqwbkmhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy pu`qr kMvr nO inhwl isMG dy ivAwhsmyN iehnW rupeIAW dy 11 QYly Br ky auhnW A&srW nUM id`qy ijhVybiritS kmWfr ien cI& dy nwl ivAwh smyN Awey sn[

KyqIbwVI suDwrA&gwn srkwr ny kSmIr dI KyqIbwVI dy suDwr 'c koeI

idlcspI nhIN sI leI[ zmInW vI v`fy v`fy jwgIrdwrW kol sn[ A`goNauh izmIdwrW nUM KyqI krn leI dy idMdy sn Aqy aunHW qoN mwlIAwaugrwhuMdy sn[ izmIdwr prweI zmIn smJ ky zmIn suDwr jW cMgI&slvwVI v`l bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sn idMdy[ KyqI vI brwnI sI[ jykrbwrS ho jWdI sI qW kuJ dwxy ho jWdy sn nhIN qW soky kwrn keI vwr&sl qbwh ho jWdI sI[ AYsI hwlq iv`c izmIdwrW dy isr qy grIbIdy b`dl mMflwauNdy sn pr srkwr dw iehnW v`l koeI iDAwn nhINsI[ &sl dI qbwhI kwrn jdNo izmIdwrW nUM hkUmq v`loN bIj id`qw

6160

nvyN is`ky Aqy v`ty clwauxyhrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN 14 iksmW dy is`ky kSmIr iv`c c`l

rhy sn[ iehnW au~qy clwaux vwilAW dy nwm v`Kry v`Kry sn Aqy hrie`k is`ky dI kImq vI klk`qy dy is`ky mukwbly v`KrI sI[ iehnWis`ikAW dy nW sn, ieskwrdo, ldwKI, rupeIAw hyrwqI, idnwr Awid[pr hrI isMG nW dw is`kw kSmIr 'c hI nhIN swry pMjwb AMdr lMbysmyN q`k c`ilAw[ hrI isMG dy is`ky clwaux Aqy c`lx sMbMDI pihlyAiDAwie iv`c KoHl ky vrnx kIqw igAw hY[ suirMdr isMG ny 2001Aqy 2004 iv`c is`K rwj dy is`ikAW sMbMDI AwpxIAW pusqkW iv`cbhuq KolH ky vrnx kIqw hY[ auh ieh ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG AwpxIgvrnrI smyN ieh is`ky cwlU nhIN kr sikAw[ ies dw kwrn iehhovygw ik tkswl iv`c is`ky GVn leI auhnW dI bxqr vgYrw leIhukm id`qw jWdw hY jo srkwr v`loN dy id`qw igAw hovygw pr is`ikAWdI iqAwrI leI smW l`igAw hovygw[ ikauNik srdwr nlUAw svw kuswl hI kSmIr dy gvrnr rhy sn Aqy aunHW dy nwm dy is`ky bwzwrivc auhnW dI gvrnrI qoN ipCy Awey[ ieQy ieh gl vI bVI idlcsphY ik auhnW ip`CoN hor bhuq gvrnr Awey pr hrI isMGIAw is`kwpMjwb iv`c 70 swl qoN v`D smW cldw irhw[ ies is`ky dy c`lx nwlkSmIr dy srkwrI jwny iv`c coKw vwDw hoieAw[ ieh is`ky krwieAw,tYks Aqy v`Ko-v`Kry rIqI irvwjW Aqy cMUgI Awid leI vrqy jWdysn[ ie`k hor v`fI g`l ies is`ky dI ieh sI ik ies dI kImq AMgRyzsrkwr dI eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI dy clwey is`ky dy brwbr sI jd ikdUjy is`ikAW dI kImq G`t sI[

jdoN hrI isG ny gvrnrI dw Ahudw sMBwilAw qW aus smyNkSmIr AMdr c`l rhy v`ty Aqy hor imxqI dy pYmwny shI nhIN sn[nklI, Koty Awid is`ikAW kwrn ie`k qW srkwr nUM ivqI qOr qy kw&IGwtw pY irhw sI dUjw vpwrI Aqy dukwndwr prjw nwl hyrw PyrI krrhy sn[ pr srdwr nlUAw ny AwauNidAW hI imAwrI v`ty qy is`ky

clvw id`qy[ ij`Qy kSmIrI syr pihlW 14 CtWk dw sI auh 15 CtWkkrvwieAw[ hrI isMG dy clwey 92 rupieAw dw Bwr ie`k syr sI[ikauNik aunHW idnW 'c Kzwnw giDAW jW K`crW qy l`d ky ljWdy sn[imstr mUrkrO&t Aqy trYbYk dI 1841 lyKxI Anuswr hrI isMGIAwKrvwr is`ikAW dw ie`k gDy dw Bwr 96 syr sI[ ies nUM ie`k KrvwVjW Krvwr kihMdy sn[ gnySI lwl jI vI ilKdy hn ik kpVw, iGauAwid dI imxqI vI KrvwV iv`c cldI sI[ hrI isMG ny swry v`ty lohydy vrqx dw hukm id`qw ikauNik p`Qr dy v`itAW nwl hyrw PyrI huMdIsI[ Asl qol sn 17 qoly dw ie`k pweIAw jW pwau, 6 pwau jW fyFsyr dw 1 mnotw, 4 mnoitAW jW 16 syr dw 1 qrk, 16 qrk jW 96syr dw ie`k KrvwV[

ieMj hrI isMG nlUey dw nwm dUr-drwfy q`k pRis`D ho igAw[ieh is`ky brqwnIAW iv`c vI phuMc gey sn[ nySnl ArcIvj Aw&ieMfIAw (NAD Foreign Secret Consultation 1837) muqwbkmhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy pu`qr kMvr nO inhwl isMG dy ivAwhsmyN iehnW rupeIAW dy 11 QYly Br ky auhnW A&srW nUM id`qy ijhVybiritS kmWfr ien cI& dy nwl ivAwh smyN Awey sn[

KyqIbwVI suDwrA&gwn srkwr ny kSmIr dI KyqIbwVI dy suDwr 'c koeI

idlcspI nhIN sI leI[ zmInW vI v`fy v`fy jwgIrdwrW kol sn[ A`goNauh izmIdwrW nUM KyqI krn leI dy idMdy sn Aqy aunHW qoN mwlIAwaugrwhuMdy sn[ izmIdwr prweI zmIn smJ ky zmIn suDwr jW cMgI&slvwVI v`l bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sn idMdy[ KyqI vI brwnI sI[ jykrbwrS ho jWdI sI qW kuJ dwxy ho jWdy sn nhIN qW soky kwrn keI vwr&sl qbwh ho jWdI sI[ AYsI hwlq iv`c izmIdwrW dy isr qy grIbIdy b`dl mMflwauNdy sn pr srkwr dw iehnW v`l koeI iDAwn nhINsI[ &sl dI qbwhI kwrn jdNo izmIdwrW nUM hkUmq v`loN bIj id`qw

6160

jWdw sI qW ie`k KrvwV bIj nwl do qrk (Cy syr dy qol dw ie`k qrkhuMdw hY) v`D ilAw jWdw sI[ ijs kwrn izmIdwrW dy p`ly QoVHy dwxy hIbcdy sn[

sMn 1819 iv`c hVHW dI mwr kwrn Dwn dI &sl qbwh hogeI[ izmIdwrW kol ibjweI leI bIj vI nhIN sI[ pr srdwr nlUAwny puxC, rwjOrI qy muj`Prwbwd qoN do hzwr KrvwV srkwrI jwny 'coNkFvw ky Dwn dw bIj 16 rupey pRqI KrvwV dI bjwey 3 rupey pRqIKrvwV vMifAw Aqy qrk lYxw vI ^qm krw id`qw[ ies shwieqwnwl ieh lwB hoieAw ik 1821 iv`c ipCly 12 swlW qoN v`D aupjhoeI Aqy Agly swlW 'c vDdI geI[ hor qW hor izmIdwrW qoN mwlIeydw lgwn vI qIjw ih`sw Gtw id`qw[ aupj smyN vwDy kwrn Aqy mwlIAwGtx kwrn izmIdwrW qy srkwr nUM lwB hoieAw[ ByfW, b`krIAW cwrnvwly AwjVIAW nUM vI ivqI shwieqw dyxI AwrMB kIqI[ ies qoN ielwvwA&gwnI hkUmq vloN aupj, mMgxI Aqy ivAwh qy lwieAw 'qorw tYks'vI sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ sB qoN mu`K PYslw ieh kIqw ik A&gwnIjwgIrdwrW dIAW zmInW nUM ^wlsw srkwr dI zmIn AYlwn id`qw[auprMq kSmIr dy ihMdUAW, muslmwnW Aqy is`KW qoN ies zmIn qy KyqIkrn dIAW dr^wsqW mMgIAW Aqy A&gwnI lokW nUM KyqI krn vwilAWnwl Kyq iv`c kMm krw ky gujwrw krn leI hukm kIqw[ nwl hI bhuqswrI zmIn jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly Aqy Bwg lYx vwly is`K &OjIAWnUM p`ky qOr qy kwSq krn leI dy id`qI[

hrI isMG ny kysr (sY&rn) dI KyqI nUM auqSwhq krn qy vIbhuq zor id`qw ikauNik ieiqhwsk p`KW Anuswr 90 qoN vI v`DbImwrIAW dy ielwj leI kysr vriqAw jWdw hY[ kysr ieqnw kImqIhY ijqnw ik sonw Aqy qoilAw vI rqIAW mwiSAW iv`c jWdw hY[purwqn gRMQW iv`c ies nUM 'kSmIr jnnI' iliKAw hY[ BwvyN eIrwn iv`cvI ies dI kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr auh kSmIrI kysr dy mukwblyGtIAw iksm dw sI[ kSmIr iv`c pwmpur dy Awly-duAwly ies dI

kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr jo kysr pwmpur qoN iqMn ku koh qy vwnqU iv`c&ldw hY auh bhuq hI vDIAw igixAw jWdw hY Aqy ies dy Pu`lW dIsugMDI bhuq dUr q`k mihsUs kIqI jWdI hY[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwnilKdy hn ik kysr dI sugMDI iv`c rihx vwly nUM jukwm Aqy isr drdnhIN huMdw[

iehnW guxW kwrn srdwr nlUAw ny pwmpur dy kysr augwauxvwly izmIdwrW dw iek`T kIqw Aqy auhnW nUM ies dI kwSq sMbMDI AwrhIAW AOkVW ijvyN ik srkwrI lgwn Aqy kysr dI corI Awid dUrkIqIAW[ ies dI kwSq vDwaux leI Awp kmytI dy srpRsq bxy[

kysr dw bUtw qkrIbn ie`k Pu`t au~cw huMdw hY Aqy hr twhxIqy cwr Pu`l lgdy hn[ hryk Pu`l iv`c iqMn prwg kx huMdy hn[ Pu`lWdw rMg BwvyN v`K-v`K huMdw hY pr kysrI rMg dy Pu`lW vwlI iksm bhuqguxkwrI huMdI hY[ kysr dw suAwd kuV`qx vwlw huMdw hY pr ivigAwnkKoj muqwbk ies iv``c 150 qoN v`D imSrq vsqUAW huMdIAW hn ijvyNkwrbohweIfRyt, KurwkI rySw, pRotIn, ivtwimn ey, QwieAwmIn,rweIboPlwivn, nwiesn, ivtwimn sI, kYlSIAm, lohw, mgnySIAm,&wsPors, putwSIAm, izMk, slynIAm, Polyt Awid[ kysr dI 100

gRwm mwqRw iv`c 310 ik`lo kYlrI qwkq huMdI hY[ nvIN Koj Anuswr iesiv`c kYNsr dI rokQwm dy Aqy AYNtIAwksIfYNt q`q mOjUd hn[ iehA`KW dI ingwh vI vDwauNdw hY[ ies dIAW p`qIAW dI vrqoN audwsIdUr kr idMdIAW hn[ bUitAW dy Pu`lW qoN kysr iek`Tw krnw bhuq hIimhnq vwlw Aqy isrVI kMm hY[ ies leI Krcw bhuq AwauNdw hYijs kwrn ies dI kImq v`D hY[

Swl audXog prPul`q krnwkSmIr dw muK audXog SwlW dI iqAwrI sI[ srkwr nUM ies DMdy

qoN v`fI Awmdn sI[ pr A&gwn srkwr ny ies audXog nUM wqmy v`lqor id`qw[ ie`k qW ByfW qy b`krIAW, ijnHW qoN SwlW leI vDIAw au~n

6362

jWdw sI qW ie`k KrvwV bIj nwl do qrk (Cy syr dy qol dw ie`k qrkhuMdw hY) v`D ilAw jWdw sI[ ijs kwrn izmIdwrW dy p`ly QoVHy dwxy hIbcdy sn[

sMn 1819 iv`c hVHW dI mwr kwrn Dwn dI &sl qbwh hogeI[ izmIdwrW kol ibjweI leI bIj vI nhIN sI[ pr srdwr nlUAwny puxC, rwjOrI qy muj`Prwbwd qoN do hzwr KrvwV srkwrI jwny 'coNkFvw ky Dwn dw bIj 16 rupey pRqI KrvwV dI bjwey 3 rupey pRqIKrvwV vMifAw Aqy qrk lYxw vI ^qm krw id`qw[ ies shwieqwnwl ieh lwB hoieAw ik 1821 iv`c ipCly 12 swlW qoN v`D aupjhoeI Aqy Agly swlW 'c vDdI geI[ hor qW hor izmIdwrW qoN mwlIeydw lgwn vI qIjw ih`sw Gtw id`qw[ aupj smyN vwDy kwrn Aqy mwlIAwGtx kwrn izmIdwrW qy srkwr nUM lwB hoieAw[ ByfW, b`krIAW cwrnvwly AwjVIAW nUM vI ivqI shwieqw dyxI AwrMB kIqI[ ies qoN ielwvwA&gwnI hkUmq vloN aupj, mMgxI Aqy ivAwh qy lwieAw 'qorw tYks'vI sdw leI bMd kr id`qw[ sB qoN mu`K PYslw ieh kIqw ik A&gwnIjwgIrdwrW dIAW zmInW nUM ^wlsw srkwr dI zmIn AYlwn id`qw[auprMq kSmIr dy ihMdUAW, muslmwnW Aqy is`KW qoN ies zmIn qy KyqIkrn dIAW dr^wsqW mMgIAW Aqy A&gwnI lokW nUM KyqI krn vwilAWnwl Kyq iv`c kMm krw ky gujwrw krn leI hukm kIqw[ nwl hI bhuqswrI zmIn jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly Aqy Bwg lYx vwly is`K &OjIAWnUM p`ky qOr qy kwSq krn leI dy id`qI[

hrI isMG ny kysr (sY&rn) dI KyqI nUM auqSwhq krn qy vIbhuq zor id`qw ikauNik ieiqhwsk p`KW Anuswr 90 qoN vI v`DbImwrIAW dy ielwj leI kysr vriqAw jWdw hY[ kysr ieqnw kImqIhY ijqnw ik sonw Aqy qoilAw vI rqIAW mwiSAW iv`c jWdw hY[purwqn gRMQW iv`c ies nUM 'kSmIr jnnI' iliKAw hY[ BwvyN eIrwn iv`cvI ies dI kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr auh kSmIrI kysr dy mukwblyGtIAw iksm dw sI[ kSmIr iv`c pwmpur dy Awly-duAwly ies dI

kwSq kIqI jWdI sI pr jo kysr pwmpur qoN iqMn ku koh qy vwnqU iv`c&ldw hY auh bhuq hI vDIAw igixAw jWdw hY Aqy ies dy Pu`lW dIsugMDI bhuq dUr q`k mihsUs kIqI jWdI hY[ pRym isMG hoqI mrdwnilKdy hn ik kysr dI sugMDI iv`c rihx vwly nUM jukwm Aqy isr drdnhIN huMdw[

iehnW guxW kwrn srdwr nlUAw ny pwmpur dy kysr augwauxvwly izmIdwrW dw iek`T kIqw Aqy auhnW nUM ies dI kwSq sMbMDI AwrhIAW AOkVW ijvyN ik srkwrI lgwn Aqy kysr dI corI Awid dUrkIqIAW[ ies dI kwSq vDwaux leI Awp kmytI dy srpRsq bxy[

kysr dw bUtw qkrIbn ie`k Pu`t au~cw huMdw hY Aqy hr twhxIqy cwr Pu`l lgdy hn[ hryk Pu`l iv`c iqMn prwg kx huMdy hn[ Pu`lWdw rMg BwvyN v`K-v`K huMdw hY pr kysrI rMg dy Pu`lW vwlI iksm bhuqguxkwrI huMdI hY[ kysr dw suAwd kuV`qx vwlw huMdw hY pr ivigAwnkKoj muqwbk ies iv``c 150 qoN v`D imSrq vsqUAW huMdIAW hn ijvyNkwrbohweIfRyt, KurwkI rySw, pRotIn, ivtwimn ey, QwieAwmIn,rweIboPlwivn, nwiesn, ivtwimn sI, kYlSIAm, lohw, mgnySIAm,&wsPors, putwSIAm, izMk, slynIAm, Polyt Awid[ kysr dI 100

gRwm mwqRw iv`c 310 ik`lo kYlrI qwkq huMdI hY[ nvIN Koj Anuswr iesiv`c kYNsr dI rokQwm dy Aqy AYNtIAwksIfYNt q`q mOjUd hn[ iehA`KW dI ingwh vI vDwauNdw hY[ ies dIAW p`qIAW dI vrqoN audwsIdUr kr idMdIAW hn[ bUitAW dy Pu`lW qoN kysr iek`Tw krnw bhuq hIimhnq vwlw Aqy isrVI kMm hY[ ies leI Krcw bhuq AwauNdw hYijs kwrn ies dI kImq v`D hY[

Swl audXog prPul`q krnwkSmIr dw muK audXog SwlW dI iqAwrI sI[ srkwr nUM ies DMdy

qoN v`fI Awmdn sI[ pr A&gwn srkwr ny ies audXog nUM wqmy v`lqor id`qw[ ie`k qW ByfW qy b`krIAW, ijnHW qoN SwlW leI vDIAw au~n

6362

pRwpq huMdI sI aunHW nUM pwlx vwilAW dI koeI shwieqw nhIN kIqI[dUjw, kSmIr dI au~n jo A&gwinsqwn ByjI jWdI sI aus dI kImq qy15 pRqISq ktOqI lw id`qI ijs kwrn au~n auqpwdkW nUM v`fw Gwtwho irhw sI[ qIjw, Swl audXog dI aun`qI leI Swl auqpwdkW leIkoeI srkwrI krzw Awid nw dyxw[

Swl audXog dI qr`kI leI srdwr nlUey ny qyzI nwl v`fy &Yslyley, ijvyN ByfW b`krIAW pwlx vwilAW dI hr p`KoN srkwrI shwieqwkrnw, A&gwinsqwn nUM KRId ky iljwx vwlI au~n qy l`gI 15 pRqISqktOqI Kqm krnw Aqy Swl audXog clwaux vwilAW nUM nkdI krzwdyxw Awid[ ie`s v`fy &Ysly nwl Swl vycx dw jo bwhrI vpwr kyvlAPgwnW dy h`Q iv`c sI auh is`KW, ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn vpwrIAW dyspurd kr id`qw[

mUrkrw&t Aqy trYbY`k (1841) dI ilKq Anuswr auprokqcMgy PYsilAW nwl Swl audXog iv`c v`fw vwDw hoieAw[ sMn 1820

iv`c 4 l`K kSmIrI rupey dy SwlW dw inrmwx hoieAw jo ik 40 l`Kklk`qw islIkw Aqy 5 l`K pONf dy brwbr sI[ Swl bnwaux leImwlkW ny 48 hzwr julwhy Aqy hzwrW hI kwimAW nUM ies ruzgwr qylwieAw hoieAw sI[

ieiqhwskwrW ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik kSmIr dy pwxI iv`ckudrqI bhuq v`fw gux hY ik ieh au~n nUM bhuq nrm Aqy grm bxwidMdw hY[ ijs kwrn ie`QoN dy SwlW dI iksm (quality) vDIAw hY[

kwgz dsqkwrI dI aun`qI krwauxwpihly pihl kSmIr AMdr kwgz dI dsqkwrI v`fy pYmwny qy

cldI sI[ ie`Qy dw kwgz vDIAw hox kwrn ies dI mMg dyS-ivdySAMdr kw&I sI[ srkwr nUM ies dy audXog qoN cMgI Awmdn huMdI sI[pr bwhrI hmilAW dI lu`t-Ksu`t ny ies DMdy nUM bhuq Korw lwieAw[

srdwr hrI isMG ny ies audXog nUM auqSwhq krn leI srkwrI^jwny 'coN kwgz dy im`l mwlkW nUM G`t ivAwj drW qy coKw DnauplBD krwieAw[ ie`QoN dy kwgz nUM pMjwb iv`c iv`krI leI KwspRbMD krvwey[ ^wlsw rwj smyN ie`Qy ijhVw kwgz iqAwr huMdw sIaus dy nW sn, Syr-jMgI, dwh-msqI, hsq-msqI, hrIrIAW, klmdwnIAwid[ klmdwnI kwgz, f`ibAW Aqy QwlIAW Awid bnwaux AqyinkwSI dy kMm leI kmwl Aqy mnmohxw huMdw sI[

ieM\ AwpxI gvrnrI smyN srdwr swihb ny kSmIr dI burIqrHW aulJI qwxI nUM suXog FMg nwl sulJwieAw[ iehnW dy rwj smyNkSmIrIAW ny suK dw swh ilAw, byAMq qr`kI kIqI, AwpsI BweIcwrwAqy ivrsw mzbUq kIqw ijs kwrn hrI isMG dw nW ie`Qy Aim`t CwpC`f igAw[ Syir-ey-pMjwb ny kSmIr iv`c Amn psMd hwlq, srkwrIKjwny dI Awmdn iv`c v`fw vwDw dyK Aqy wlsw rwj dIAW h`dW horvDwaux leI srdwr hrI isMG dw AiqAMq DMnvwd kIqw Aqy nwl hIhor zrUrI kMmW nUM nypry cwVHn leI vwps bulwaux leI s`dw p`qrByijAw[ pihly gvrnr dIvwn moqI rwm nUM dubwrw gvrnrI dy Ahudyqy lgw id`qw[ s`dw p`qr iv`c ieh vI drj sI ik dIvwn moqI rwmnUM Awp jI v`loN clweIAW nvIAW XojnwvW, kIqy suDwr Aqy gvrnrIkrn dy qOr qrIikAW bwry cMgI qrHW smJwky swnUM &Oj smyq KuSbU dymukwm Aw imlxw[ AsIN 10 nvMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr v`l cVHweI krnIhY[

nlvw dw kSmIr qoN muMGyr v`l mwrchrI isMG ny jwx qoN pihlW BwrI drbwr sjwieAw bVy ipAwr

Bry Aqy idl tuMbvyN SbdW nwl kSmIr dI prjw v`loN aunHW nUM id`qy mwxAqy siqkwr dw DMnvwd kIqw[ aunHW AwiKAw, "BwvyN myrw idl nhIN sIkrdw kSmIr vrgI suMdr jgHw nUM C`fx leI pr mYN srkwr dw hukmAwaux qy jw irhw hW[ qusIN Awaux vwly smyN AMdr dIvwn moqI rwm

6564

pRwpq huMdI sI aunHW nUM pwlx vwilAW dI koeI shwieqw nhIN kIqI[dUjw, kSmIr dI au~n jo A&gwinsqwn ByjI jWdI sI aus dI kImq qy15 pRqISq ktOqI lw id`qI ijs kwrn au~n auqpwdkW nUM v`fw Gwtwho irhw sI[ qIjw, Swl audXog dI aun`qI leI Swl auqpwdkW leIkoeI srkwrI krzw Awid nw dyxw[

Swl audXog dI qr`kI leI srdwr nlUey ny qyzI nwl v`fy &Yslyley, ijvyN ByfW b`krIAW pwlx vwilAW dI hr p`KoN srkwrI shwieqwkrnw, A&gwinsqwn nUM KRId ky iljwx vwlI au~n qy l`gI 15 pRqISqktOqI Kqm krnw Aqy Swl audXog clwaux vwilAW nUM nkdI krzwdyxw Awid[ ie`s v`fy &Ysly nwl Swl vycx dw jo bwhrI vpwr kyvlAPgwnW dy h`Q iv`c sI auh is`KW, ihMdUAW Aqy muslmwn vpwrIAW dyspurd kr id`qw[

mUrkrw&t Aqy trYbY`k (1841) dI ilKq Anuswr auprokqcMgy PYsilAW nwl Swl audXog iv`c v`fw vwDw hoieAw[ sMn 1820

iv`c 4 l`K kSmIrI rupey dy SwlW dw inrmwx hoieAw jo ik 40 l`Kklk`qw islIkw Aqy 5 l`K pONf dy brwbr sI[ Swl bnwaux leImwlkW ny 48 hzwr julwhy Aqy hzwrW hI kwimAW nUM ies ruzgwr qylwieAw hoieAw sI[

ieiqhwskwrW ny ieh vI iliKAw hY ik kSmIr dy pwxI iv`ckudrqI bhuq v`fw gux hY ik ieh au~n nUM bhuq nrm Aqy grm bxwidMdw hY[ ijs kwrn ie`QoN dy SwlW dI iksm (quality) vDIAw hY[

kwgz dsqkwrI dI aun`qI krwauxwpihly pihl kSmIr AMdr kwgz dI dsqkwrI v`fy pYmwny qy

cldI sI[ ie`Qy dw kwgz vDIAw hox kwrn ies dI mMg dyS-ivdySAMdr kw&I sI[ srkwr nUM ies dy audXog qoN cMgI Awmdn huMdI sI[pr bwhrI hmilAW dI lu`t-Ksu`t ny ies DMdy nUM bhuq Korw lwieAw[

srdwr hrI isMG ny ies audXog nUM auqSwhq krn leI srkwrI^jwny 'coN kwgz dy im`l mwlkW nUM G`t ivAwj drW qy coKw DnauplBD krwieAw[ ie`QoN dy kwgz nUM pMjwb iv`c iv`krI leI KwspRbMD krvwey[ ^wlsw rwj smyN ie`Qy ijhVw kwgz iqAwr huMdw sIaus dy nW sn, Syr-jMgI, dwh-msqI, hsq-msqI, hrIrIAW, klmdwnIAwid[ klmdwnI kwgz, f`ibAW Aqy QwlIAW Awid bnwaux AqyinkwSI dy kMm leI kmwl Aqy mnmohxw huMdw sI[

ieM\ AwpxI gvrnrI smyN srdwr swihb ny kSmIr dI burIqrHW aulJI qwxI nUM suXog FMg nwl sulJwieAw[ iehnW dy rwj smyNkSmIrIAW ny suK dw swh ilAw, byAMq qr`kI kIqI, AwpsI BweIcwrwAqy ivrsw mzbUq kIqw ijs kwrn hrI isMG dw nW ie`Qy Aim`t CwpC`f igAw[ Syir-ey-pMjwb ny kSmIr iv`c Amn psMd hwlq, srkwrIKjwny dI Awmdn iv`c v`fw vwDw dyK Aqy wlsw rwj dIAW h`dW horvDwaux leI srdwr hrI isMG dw AiqAMq DMnvwd kIqw Aqy nwl hIhor zrUrI kMmW nUM nypry cwVHn leI vwps bulwaux leI s`dw p`qrByijAw[ pihly gvrnr dIvwn moqI rwm nUM dubwrw gvrnrI dy Ahudyqy lgw id`qw[ s`dw p`qr iv`c ieh vI drj sI ik dIvwn moqI rwmnUM Awp jI v`loN clweIAW nvIAW XojnwvW, kIqy suDwr Aqy gvrnrIkrn dy qOr qrIikAW bwry cMgI qrHW smJwky swnUM &Oj smyq KuSbU dymukwm Aw imlxw[ AsIN 10 nvMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr v`l cVHweI krnIhY[

nlvw dw kSmIr qoN muMGyr v`l mwrchrI isMG ny jwx qoN pihlW BwrI drbwr sjwieAw bVy ipAwr

Bry Aqy idl tuMbvyN SbdW nwl kSmIr dI prjw v`loN aunHW nUM id`qy mwxAqy siqkwr dw DMnvwd kIqw[ aunHW AwiKAw, "BwvyN myrw idl nhIN sIkrdw kSmIr vrgI suMdr jgHw nUM C`fx leI pr mYN srkwr dw hukmAwaux qy jw irhw hW[ qusIN Awaux vwly smyN AMdr dIvwn moqI rwm

6564

nwl aus qrHW dw vrqwv krnw ijs qrHW myry nwl kIqw hY[ ikrpwkrky kSmIr dI qr`kI nUM mu`K r`Kxw"[

ijs idn 6 nvMbr 1821 nUM mhwn jrnYl ny kSmIr qoN cwlypwey ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr auh nzwrw idl nUM DUA pwaux vwlw sI[kUc krn smyN v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty hoey lokW ny rsqy dy dohIN pwsINKlo ky A`QrU BrIAW A`KW nwl srdwr nUM ivdwiegI id`qI[ AsmwnngwirAW dI gUMj nwl Aqy jYkwirAW dI jY jY kwr nwl gUMj irhw sI[

^wlsw &Oj ijs dI igxqI qkrIbn 7 hjwr sI jdoN gVHIhbIbulw dy rsqy pKlI dy mYdwn iv`c pu`jI qW pqw l`igAw ik hzwrydy jdUnW Aqy iqnwvlIAW ny 30 hzwr lSkr iek`Tw krky wlsy dwrsqw rok ilAw hY Aqy lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrI kr leI hY[ jdoNsrdwr nlUAw nUM ieh ^br imlI qW auhnW Awpxy kuJ eylcI jdUnWAqy iqnwvlIAW nUM ieh d`sx leI p`qr ilK Byjy ik AsIN qW mWglIdy ielwky iv`c dI lMGxw hI hY ies leI lVweI nUM iqAwgo Aqy Kwh-mKwh lhU nw foilHAw jwvy[ pr ieh hYNkVbwz, BYVy Aqy AVbYVy gwzInw tly Aqy nwkwbMdI pUry zor Sor nwl kr leI[ iehnW dy mnW iv`cbhuqI igxqI dw, qwkq dw Aqy lu`tI hoeI Dn dOlq dw gumwn sI[

AYsy hwlwq jdoN srdwr nlUey ny q`ky qW ie`ky dm wlsw &Oj nUMiqMn BwgW 'c vMf ky hmlw kr id`qw[ A`goN joSIly Aqy Awpxy Awp nUMv`fy bhwdr khwaux vwly ieh iqnwvlI wlsw &Oj qy tu`t pey[ qVwqV golIAW c`lx l`gIAW, qlvwrW dI kVw kV krn l`gI Aqy iBVdyhoey sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho ky DrqI qy if`gx l`gy[

jMgy mYdwn iv`c gwjIAW nUM KMiBAW dI qrHW fty dyK ky srdwrmyG isMG rUsw isMGW smyq bVI inrBYqw nwl A`gy viDAw Aqy gwzIAWdw gVH qoV id`qw[ mWglI dy nwky qy loQW dy Fyr l`g gey[ lVdw lVdwBweI rUsw golIAW l`gx nwl pRwx iqAwg igAw[ pr ies dI dlyrIAqy h`lw SyrI ny jMg iv`c ieqnI hnyrI ilAw id`qI ik isMGW ny mWglI

dy cSimAW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ sUrj Asq hox q`k mYdwn wlsy dyh`Q Aw igAw[ rwq pYx qy lVweI ruk geI[ Agly idn ieh gwzI hwrpRvwn kr ky dono h`Q joV ky jwn b^SI leI hrI isMG A`gy pyS hoey[ieM\ iehnW hMkwrIAW ny bhuiqAW dIAW jwnW guAw leIAW[ Asl DnvI guAw ilAw Aqy byiezqI vI krweI[ hrI isMG ny qrs Kw ky jwnbKSI qW kr id`qI pr Awaux vwly smyN AMdr is`iKAw dyx leI iehSrq r`KI ik hr ie`k Gr 5 rupey jMg dMf dyvy qW iehnW jMg dMf^wlsy nUM dy ky KihVw CufwieAw[ pwxI dy cSmy lwgy ShIdW dw dwhsMskwr kIqw Aqy iqMn idn ie`Qy Awrwm kr ky &Oj ny A`gy cwly pwey[P`tV isMGW nUM mrHm p`tI leI pMjw swihb phuMcwieAw[

ieh mWglI hjwry dI rwjDwnI sI[ lVweI kwrn srihMd dIqrHW ies Sihr dy vsnIkW qy BwrI mwr peI sI Aqy smW pw ky SihraujV igAw[ mWglI dy KMfr 1970 q`k vI mOjUd sn[ jdoN 1822iv`c srdwr nlUAw hjwry dy gvrnr bxy qW mWglI dy aus cSmy kol,ij`Qy ShIdW dw sMskwr kIqw sI au~Qy suMdr Xwdgwr bxweI Aqy cSmynUM qlwA iv`c bdl id`qw[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr 1925 q`kieh jgHw TIk hwlq iv`c sI[ ie`Qy ivswKI dy idhwVy mylw lgdw sI[pr dyS dI vMf kwrn is`KW h`QoN ieh mhwn XwdW Ku`s geIAW[ is`KpMQ leI ieh vMf bhuq v`fw Gwtw swbq hoeI[ ^wlsw rwj dIrwjDwnI lwhOr hox krky mwno pwiksqwn ies rwj dw isr sI[

muMGyr qy cVHweImhwrwjy dy hukm Anuswr srdwr nlUAw &Oj smyq 28 nvMbr

1821 nUM KuSbU dy mYdwn qy phuMc gey[ slwh mSvry dOrwn Syir-ey-pMjwb ny AwiKAw ik muMGyr dy nvwb hw&z Aihmd wn dI socxI shInhIN[ ie`k qW ies ny itvwixAW dy AwgU jo hmySw AwpxI ivroDqwkrdw sI aus nUM Awpxy kol iklHw jMfvwlw iv`c pnwh id`qI sI[ dUjw,

6766

nwl aus qrHW dw vrqwv krnw ijs qrHW myry nwl kIqw hY[ ikrpwkrky kSmIr dI qr`kI nUM mu`K r`Kxw"[

ijs idn 6 nvMbr 1821 nUM mhwn jrnYl ny kSmIr qoN cwlypwey ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr auh nzwrw idl nUM DUA pwaux vwlw sI[kUc krn smyN v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty hoey lokW ny rsqy dy dohIN pwsINKlo ky A`QrU BrIAW A`KW nwl srdwr nUM ivdwiegI id`qI[ AsmwnngwirAW dI gUMj nwl Aqy jYkwirAW dI jY jY kwr nwl gUMj irhw sI[

^wlsw &Oj ijs dI igxqI qkrIbn 7 hjwr sI jdoN gVHIhbIbulw dy rsqy pKlI dy mYdwn iv`c pu`jI qW pqw l`igAw ik hzwrydy jdUnW Aqy iqnwvlIAW ny 30 hzwr lSkr iek`Tw krky wlsy dwrsqw rok ilAw hY Aqy lVweI leI pUrI iqAwrI kr leI hY[ jdoNsrdwr nlUAw nUM ieh ^br imlI qW auhnW Awpxy kuJ eylcI jdUnWAqy iqnwvlIAW nUM ieh d`sx leI p`qr ilK Byjy ik AsIN qW mWglIdy ielwky iv`c dI lMGxw hI hY ies leI lVweI nUM iqAwgo Aqy Kwh-mKwh lhU nw foilHAw jwvy[ pr ieh hYNkVbwz, BYVy Aqy AVbYVy gwzInw tly Aqy nwkwbMdI pUry zor Sor nwl kr leI[ iehnW dy mnW iv`cbhuqI igxqI dw, qwkq dw Aqy lu`tI hoeI Dn dOlq dw gumwn sI[

AYsy hwlwq jdoN srdwr nlUey ny q`ky qW ie`ky dm wlsw &Oj nUMiqMn BwgW 'c vMf ky hmlw kr id`qw[ A`goN joSIly Aqy Awpxy Awp nUMv`fy bhwdr khwaux vwly ieh iqnwvlI wlsw &Oj qy tu`t pey[ qVwqV golIAW c`lx l`gIAW, qlvwrW dI kVw kV krn l`gI Aqy iBVdyhoey sUrmy lhU-luhwn ho ky DrqI qy if`gx l`gy[

jMgy mYdwn iv`c gwjIAW nUM KMiBAW dI qrHW fty dyK ky srdwrmyG isMG rUsw isMGW smyq bVI inrBYqw nwl A`gy viDAw Aqy gwzIAWdw gVH qoV id`qw[ mWglI dy nwky qy loQW dy Fyr l`g gey[ lVdw lVdwBweI rUsw golIAW l`gx nwl pRwx iqAwg igAw[ pr ies dI dlyrIAqy h`lw SyrI ny jMg iv`c ieqnI hnyrI ilAw id`qI ik isMGW ny mWglI

dy cSimAW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ sUrj Asq hox q`k mYdwn wlsy dyh`Q Aw igAw[ rwq pYx qy lVweI ruk geI[ Agly idn ieh gwzI hwrpRvwn kr ky dono h`Q joV ky jwn b^SI leI hrI isMG A`gy pyS hoey[ieM\ iehnW hMkwrIAW ny bhuiqAW dIAW jwnW guAw leIAW[ Asl DnvI guAw ilAw Aqy byiezqI vI krweI[ hrI isMG ny qrs Kw ky jwnbKSI qW kr id`qI pr Awaux vwly smyN AMdr is`iKAw dyx leI iehSrq r`KI ik hr ie`k Gr 5 rupey jMg dMf dyvy qW iehnW jMg dMf^wlsy nUM dy ky KihVw CufwieAw[ pwxI dy cSmy lwgy ShIdW dw dwhsMskwr kIqw Aqy iqMn idn ie`Qy Awrwm kr ky &Oj ny A`gy cwly pwey[P`tV isMGW nUM mrHm p`tI leI pMjw swihb phuMcwieAw[

ieh mWglI hjwry dI rwjDwnI sI[ lVweI kwrn srihMd dIqrHW ies Sihr dy vsnIkW qy BwrI mwr peI sI Aqy smW pw ky SihraujV igAw[ mWglI dy KMfr 1970 q`k vI mOjUd sn[ jdoN 1822iv`c srdwr nlUAw hjwry dy gvrnr bxy qW mWglI dy aus cSmy kol,ij`Qy ShIdW dw sMskwr kIqw sI au~Qy suMdr Xwdgwr bxweI Aqy cSmynUM qlwA iv`c bdl id`qw[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr 1925 q`kieh jgHw TIk hwlq iv`c sI[ ie`Qy ivswKI dy idhwVy mylw lgdw sI[pr dyS dI vMf kwrn is`KW h`QoN ieh mhwn XwdW Ku`s geIAW[ is`KpMQ leI ieh vMf bhuq v`fw Gwtw swbq hoeI[ ^wlsw rwj dIrwjDwnI lwhOr hox krky mwno pwiksqwn ies rwj dw isr sI[

muMGyr qy cVHweImhwrwjy dy hukm Anuswr srdwr nlUAw &Oj smyq 28 nvMbr

1821 nUM KuSbU dy mYdwn qy phuMc gey[ slwh mSvry dOrwn Syir-ey-pMjwb ny AwiKAw ik muMGyr dy nvwb hw&z Aihmd wn dI socxI shInhIN[ ie`k qW ies ny itvwixAW dy AwgU jo hmySw AwpxI ivroDqwkrdw sI aus nUM Awpxy kol iklHw jMfvwlw iv`c pnwh id`qI sI[ dUjw,

6766

AMdrKwqy ieh ^wlsw rwj dy ivru`D zihr augldw hY Aqy rozwnwA&gwinsqwn brW Byjdw hY[ ies leI muMGyr nUM &qih krnw zrUrIho igAw hY[

muMGyr Atk dirAw dy s`jy pwsy dUr q`k PYilAw hoieAw prgnwhY[ ielwkw ryqlw sI, AwvwjweI vI sVkW nw hox krky muSkl sIAqy v`fI g`l pwxI dw rsqy iv`c koeI pRbMD nhIN sI[ sur`iKAw p`KoNieh ielwkw bVw mjbUq sI ikauNik ies dy cwry pwsy bwrW iklHy snAqy pwxI iehnW ikilHAW dy ivckwr sI[ ies qoN vI v`fI muSkl iehsI ik nvwb ny 25 hjwr dy krIb bVy bl vwly juAwn &Oj iv`c r`Kyhoey sn[ iehnW kwrnW kr ky muMGyr nUM ij`qxw koeI Kwlw jI dw vwVwnhIN sI[

mhwrwjw vI ies soc dw mwlk sI ik ig`dV nUM mwrn leI SyrjYsI qwkq Aqy iqAwrI hoxI cwhIdI hY[ auprokq AOkVW nUM iDAwngocry r`K ky hI srkwr ny cotI dy jrnYl nUM bulwieAw sI[ wlsw &Ojny 3 dsMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr qy Dwvw boilAw[ srdwr hrI isMG nysrdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr KuSwl isMG nwl imlky Xu`D AwrMBid`qw[ iqMn idnW dI lhU folHvIN lVweI lV ky s`q ikilHAW qy kbzwkr ilAw[ nvwb dy juAwn vI bhwdrI nwl lVy ijs kr ky keI idnlohw KVikAw, goly Aqy golIAW clIAW[ AKIr muMGyr dw iklHw jo bhuqhI mjbUq sI auDr nUM isMG vDy[ jdoN dyiKAw ik drvwijAW qy s^qqkVweI hox krky iklHy AMdr jwxw muSkl hY qW hrI isMG ny iklHy dIkMD qopW nwl aufwaux dI skIm bxweI[ A`Dw idn goly dwgx auprMqijauN hI kMD if`gI hrI isMG Syr dI inAweIN dhwVdy XoiDAW smyqik`lHy AMdr ikrpwnW clwauNdy jw vVy[ A`goN nvwb vI juAwnW smyq ftigAw[ Gmswx dw jMg hoieAw Aqy CykV nvwb dy pYr au~KV gey[ mOqqoN frdw nvwb hrm iv`c jw viVAw[ bhwdr hrI isMG nyAwiKAw,"isMGo! hrm iv`c AwpW nhIN vVnw ikauNik au~Qy muglW dIAWbygmW, nUhW Aqy DIAW hn[ AKIr isMGW dw iklHy au~pr kbzw hoieAw

dyK nvwb bygmW sxy srdwr hrI isMG dI Srn iv`c Aw igAw Aqyjwn b^SI leI Arz kIqI[ nlUey srdwr ny iehnW nUM kuJ isMGW dIingrwnI hyT Syir-ey-pMjwb pws Byj id`qw[ s`Xd muhMmd lqI& dIilKq muqwbk dlyr mhwrwjy ny 20 dsMbr 1821 vwly idn nvwb nUMbhumu`lI iK`lq dy ky C`f id`qw[ Agly idn srdwr hrI isMG nwlslwh krky mhwrwjy ny srdwr Amr isMG nUM ie`Qy dw gvrnr lgwid`qw[ mhwrwjw swihb sxy srdwr hrI isMG, jnvrI 1822 nUMlwhOr phuMc gey[

srdwr nlUAw dI hzwry dy gvrnr vjoNinXukqI

hzwrw, ihmwlIAw prbq dIAW bwhrI Aqy A`D q`k PYlIAWphwVIAW dw jMkSn hY[ purwqn simAW AMdr ies nUM gMDwrw jWgMDrv dyS vI kihMdy sn[ ieh cMdr gupq morIey dI slqnq dwih`sw sI[ aus smyN ies nUM aurwsw AwKdy sn Aqy ieh boDIAW AqyihMdUAW dw muK Dwrimk kyNdr sI[ keI ieiqhwskwrW ny ies nUM aurgiliKAw hY[ cMdr gupq morIey dw poqw ASok vI ieQy dw gvrnr irhwhY[ auprMq rwjw rswlU ny vI ie`Qy rwj kIqw[ hIvn sWg ny ies nUMvUlwSI iliKAw hY[ jdoN 1399 iv`c AmIr qYmUr ihMdusqwn nUM l`ut kyvwps priqAw qW jWdy smyN ies ny ie`k hzwr qurk ie`Qy p`ky qOr qyr`Kx leI hukm id`qw[ ieM\ ies jgHw dw nW aus smyN qoN hzwrw pYigAw[ iqMn sdIAW ieh ielwkw qurkW dy kbzy hyT irhw[ pr ausip`CoN svwqIAW ny ies nUM &qih kr ilAw[ sMn 1752 iv`c AihmdSwh durwnI ny i`e`Qy Awpxy pYr jmw ley[ BWq BWq kOmW dy lok ie`Qyrihx krky AwpsI DVy bwzI, KihbwzI, fwkwznI, lu`t-Ksu`t AqyKUn-^rwbw zorW qy ho igAw[ swry hzwry iv`c bdAmnI krky lokW dwijauxw du`Br ho igAw sI[ AYsy hwlwq dyK ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGny AkqUbr 1818 iv`c qurk hwSm wn dI &irAwd qy srdwr m`Kx

6968

AMdrKwqy ieh ^wlsw rwj dy ivru`D zihr augldw hY Aqy rozwnwA&gwinsqwn brW Byjdw hY[ ies leI muMGyr nUM &qih krnw zrUrIho igAw hY[

muMGyr Atk dirAw dy s`jy pwsy dUr q`k PYilAw hoieAw prgnwhY[ ielwkw ryqlw sI, AwvwjweI vI sVkW nw hox krky muSkl sIAqy v`fI g`l pwxI dw rsqy iv`c koeI pRbMD nhIN sI[ sur`iKAw p`KoNieh ielwkw bVw mjbUq sI ikauNik ies dy cwry pwsy bwrW iklHy snAqy pwxI iehnW ikilHAW dy ivckwr sI[ ies qoN vI v`fI muSkl iehsI ik nvwb ny 25 hjwr dy krIb bVy bl vwly juAwn &Oj iv`c r`Kyhoey sn[ iehnW kwrnW kr ky muMGyr nUM ij`qxw koeI Kwlw jI dw vwVwnhIN sI[

mhwrwjw vI ies soc dw mwlk sI ik ig`dV nUM mwrn leI SyrjYsI qwkq Aqy iqAwrI hoxI cwhIdI hY[ auprokq AOkVW nUM iDAwngocry r`K ky hI srkwr ny cotI dy jrnYl nUM bulwieAw sI[ wlsw &Ojny 3 dsMbr 1821 nUM muMGyr qy Dwvw boilAw[ srdwr hrI isMG nysrdwr dl isMG Aqy srdwr KuSwl isMG nwl imlky Xu`D AwrMBid`qw[ iqMn idnW dI lhU folHvIN lVweI lV ky s`q ikilHAW qy kbzwkr ilAw[ nvwb dy juAwn vI bhwdrI nwl lVy ijs kr ky keI idnlohw KVikAw, goly Aqy golIAW clIAW[ AKIr muMGyr dw iklHw jo bhuqhI mjbUq sI auDr nUM isMG vDy[ jdoN dyiKAw ik drvwijAW qy s^qqkVweI hox krky iklHy AMdr jwxw muSkl hY qW hrI isMG ny iklHy dIkMD qopW nwl aufwaux dI skIm bxweI[ A`Dw idn goly dwgx auprMqijauN hI kMD if`gI hrI isMG Syr dI inAweIN dhwVdy XoiDAW smyqik`lHy AMdr ikrpwnW clwauNdy jw vVy[ A`goN nvwb vI juAwnW smyq ftigAw[ Gmswx dw jMg hoieAw Aqy CykV nvwb dy pYr au~KV gey[ mOqqoN frdw nvwb hrm iv`c jw viVAw[ bhwdr hrI isMG nyAwiKAw,"isMGo! hrm iv`c AwpW nhIN vVnw ikauNik au~Qy muglW dIAWbygmW, nUhW Aqy DIAW hn[ AKIr isMGW dw iklHy au~pr kbzw hoieAw

dyK nvwb bygmW sxy srdwr hrI isMG dI Srn iv`c Aw igAw Aqyjwn b^SI leI Arz kIqI[ nlUey srdwr ny iehnW nUM kuJ isMGW dIingrwnI hyT Syir-ey-pMjwb pws Byj id`qw[ s`Xd muhMmd lqI& dIilKq muqwbk dlyr mhwrwjy ny 20 dsMbr 1821 vwly idn nvwb nUMbhumu`lI iK`lq dy ky C`f id`qw[ Agly idn srdwr hrI isMG nwlslwh krky mhwrwjy ny srdwr Amr isMG nUM ie`Qy dw gvrnr lgwid`qw[ mhwrwjw swihb sxy srdwr hrI isMG, jnvrI 1822 nUMlwhOr phuMc gey[

srdwr nlUAw dI hzwry dy gvrnr vjoNinXukqI

hzwrw, ihmwlIAw prbq dIAW bwhrI Aqy A`D q`k PYlIAWphwVIAW dw jMkSn hY[ purwqn simAW AMdr ies nUM gMDwrw jWgMDrv dyS vI kihMdy sn[ ieh cMdr gupq morIey dI slqnq dwih`sw sI[ aus smyN ies nUM aurwsw AwKdy sn Aqy ieh boDIAW AqyihMdUAW dw muK Dwrimk kyNdr sI[ keI ieiqhwskwrW ny ies nUM aurgiliKAw hY[ cMdr gupq morIey dw poqw ASok vI ieQy dw gvrnr irhwhY[ auprMq rwjw rswlU ny vI ie`Qy rwj kIqw[ hIvn sWg ny ies nUMvUlwSI iliKAw hY[ jdoN 1399 iv`c AmIr qYmUr ihMdusqwn nUM l`ut kyvwps priqAw qW jWdy smyN ies ny ie`k hzwr qurk ie`Qy p`ky qOr qyr`Kx leI hukm id`qw[ ieM\ ies jgHw dw nW aus smyN qoN hzwrw pYigAw[ iqMn sdIAW ieh ielwkw qurkW dy kbzy hyT irhw[ pr ausip`CoN svwqIAW ny ies nUM &qih kr ilAw[ sMn 1752 iv`c AihmdSwh durwnI ny i`e`Qy Awpxy pYr jmw ley[ BWq BWq kOmW dy lok ie`Qyrihx krky AwpsI DVy bwzI, KihbwzI, fwkwznI, lu`t-Ksu`t AqyKUn-^rwbw zorW qy ho igAw[ swry hzwry iv`c bdAmnI krky lokW dwijauxw du`Br ho igAw sI[ AYsy hwlwq dyK ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGny AkqUbr 1818 iv`c qurk hwSm wn dI &irAwd qy srdwr m`Kx

6968

isMG rwvlipMfI nUM SwqI kwiem krn leI ByijAw sI[ kuJ smyN ip`CoNm`Kx isMG dw kql ho igAw[ ieh ^br sux ky Atk dw iklHydwrsrdwr hukmw isMG icmnI qyzI nwl wlsy dI m`dd leI hzwry phuMcigAw[ srdwr m`Kx isMG dy kwqlW nUM szwvW dy ky srdwr icmnIvwps Atk Aw igAw[ ie`Qy Aw ky hzwry dI swrI br lwhOr drbwrAMdr Byj id`qI[ lwhOr iv`c muMGyr dI ij`q dIAW Ajy KuSIAW mnweIAWjw rhIAW sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM br imlI ik A&gwn buriCAW nygvrnr Amr isMG klwn nUM mwr id`qw hY[ ies ^br dw mhwrwjwswihb nUM gihrw sdmw hoieAw[ ikauNik ie`k qW Amr isMG dw k`d-kwT bhuq sI, dUjw ieh mMinAw pRmMinAw dlyr sI Aqy qIjw rwj nIqIiv`c mwhr sI[

auprokq cMgy cMgy srdwrW nUM hzwry dy ielwky iv`c mwrn krkyAqy au~Qy dy hwkmW v`loN mwlIAw nw dyx kr ky srkwr ny lMbI socivcwr ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM 1822 dy SurU iv`c hjwry dw gvrnrQwp id`qw[ srdwr hrI isMG &Oj smyq 26 &rvrI 1822 nUM hzwryphuMc gey[ ie`Qy phuMc ky sB qoN pihlW srdwr Amr isMG dy kwqlWdw pqw krvw ky aunHW nUM pkiVAw[ iPr ielwky invwsIAW dw v`fwiek`T krvw ky iehnW nUM qop A`gy KVHw krky aufw id`qw[ ies szw dwAsr ieh hoieAw ik muV koeI bdmwS bdmwSI qy nw au~qirAw[ sMn1822 qoN 1837 q`k nlUAw srdwr hzwry dy gvrnr rhy pr iesdOrwn iksy mugl nUM srdwr jW ihMdU nUM qMg krn jW mwrn dI jur`AqnhIN sI peI hwlWik ielwky iv`c 95 pRqISq mugl sn jd ik gYrmuslmwnW 'coN isr& ie`k pRqISq hI is`KW dI AwbwdI sI[

srdwr hrI isMG ny pwKlI, smqUr, drbMd Awid QwvW qy vIAwpxw db dbw jmw ilAw[ bwhrI hmilAW qoN sur`iKAw leI keIikilHAW dI auswrI SurU krvw id`qI[ hjwry dy mYdwnI ielwky iv`c ijsnUM hjwry dw idl ikhw jWdw sI wlsw &Oj leI A`TvyN siqgurW dy nWqy hirikSn gVH iklHw auswirAw ijhVw qihsIl hrIpur iv`c hY[

ies iklHy dy lwgy hI hrIpur Sihr vswieAw[ bYrn hugl ilKdw hYik 1835 iv`c jdoN mYN hrIpur Sihr dyiKAw qW ies iv`c bhuqgihmw gihm sI[ hzwry ijhw mYN ieMnw Gu`g vsdw Sihr hor koeInhIN dyiKAw[

qwrIn Aqy bMbwz nUM v`fI SksqlwhOr drbwr v`loN 1823 iv`c srdwr nlvw nUM hrIpur qoN

A&gwn AzIm ^wn, ijhVw ik kwbl qoN cVHweI kr ky Aw irhw sInUM sbk isKwaux leI bulwieAw[ nlvw nUM gYrhwzr dyK ky muhMmd^wn ny ijhVw qwrInW dw muKI sI , ny hrI isMG dy sihkwrI srdwrAmr isMG nwl JgVw kr ky hmIrpur qy hmlw kr id`qw[ iehqwrIn bloicsqwn qoN kwPI smW pihlW Awey sn[ muhMmd wn AwpxyAwp nUM srdwrnI sdw kOr dw muqbMnw pu`qr khwauNdw sI[ AYsy hwlqdyK ky srkwr ny srdwr nlUAw qy AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM lwhOr qoN jldIkUc krky Atk phuMcx dw hukm id`qw[ iehnW &Oj smyq PrvrI1823 nUM Atk jw fyry lwey[ Atk dirAw pwr krn leI iehnWbyiVAW dw pRbMD kIqw Aqy Kwx pIx leI AMn pwxI iek`qr kIqw[

bwrkzeI Grwxy dw mhwn sUrbIr muhMmd AzIm ^wn ijs dwiskw A&gwinsqwn AMdr mMinAw jWdw sI Aqy pySwvr Awid ielwikAWdy bMdy ies dy sihm nwl Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ jdoN ies ny ^Ybr pwrkIqw qW ^br imlI ik swrw ipSwvr KwlI ipAw hY[ ieh g`l suxky ies dy hOsly hor bulMd ho gey[ ieh ies vwr is`KW nUM cMgw sbkisKwauxw cwhuMdw sI Aqy pUrI jMgI iqAwrI krky AwieAw sI[

ies ny v`fI sYnw smyq Awpxy BqIjy muhMmd zmwn qy &Iroz wnAqy p`uqr vws wn dI kmWf hyT wlsy nUM dirAw Atk dy pqn qyhI rokx dw Xqn kIqw[ Atk kol iehnW qopW bIV ky bhuq p`ky morcybxw ley[ wlsw &Oj ijs dI AgvweI srdwr hrI isMG Aqy Sihzwdw

7170

isMG rwvlipMfI nUM SwqI kwiem krn leI ByijAw sI[ kuJ smyN ip`CoNm`Kx isMG dw kql ho igAw[ ieh ^br sux ky Atk dw iklHydwrsrdwr hukmw isMG icmnI qyzI nwl wlsy dI m`dd leI hzwry phuMcigAw[ srdwr m`Kx isMG dy kwqlW nUM szwvW dy ky srdwr icmnIvwps Atk Aw igAw[ ie`Qy Aw ky hzwry dI swrI br lwhOr drbwrAMdr Byj id`qI[ lwhOr iv`c muMGyr dI ij`q dIAW Ajy KuSIAW mnweIAWjw rhIAW sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM br imlI ik A&gwn buriCAW nygvrnr Amr isMG klwn nUM mwr id`qw hY[ ies ^br dw mhwrwjwswihb nUM gihrw sdmw hoieAw[ ikauNik ie`k qW Amr isMG dw k`d-kwT bhuq sI, dUjw ieh mMinAw pRmMinAw dlyr sI Aqy qIjw rwj nIqIiv`c mwhr sI[

auprokq cMgy cMgy srdwrW nUM hzwry dy ielwky iv`c mwrn krkyAqy au~Qy dy hwkmW v`loN mwlIAw nw dyx kr ky srkwr ny lMbI socivcwr ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM 1822 dy SurU iv`c hjwry dw gvrnrQwp id`qw[ srdwr hrI isMG &Oj smyq 26 &rvrI 1822 nUM hzwryphuMc gey[ ie`Qy phuMc ky sB qoN pihlW srdwr Amr isMG dy kwqlWdw pqw krvw ky aunHW nUM pkiVAw[ iPr ielwky invwsIAW dw v`fwiek`T krvw ky iehnW nUM qop A`gy KVHw krky aufw id`qw[ ies szw dwAsr ieh hoieAw ik muV koeI bdmwS bdmwSI qy nw au~qirAw[ sMn1822 qoN 1837 q`k nlUAw srdwr hzwry dy gvrnr rhy pr iesdOrwn iksy mugl nUM srdwr jW ihMdU nUM qMg krn jW mwrn dI jur`AqnhIN sI peI hwlWik ielwky iv`c 95 pRqISq mugl sn jd ik gYrmuslmwnW 'coN isr& ie`k pRqISq hI is`KW dI AwbwdI sI[

srdwr hrI isMG ny pwKlI, smqUr, drbMd Awid QwvW qy vIAwpxw db dbw jmw ilAw[ bwhrI hmilAW qoN sur`iKAw leI keIikilHAW dI auswrI SurU krvw id`qI[ hjwry dy mYdwnI ielwky iv`c ijsnUM hjwry dw idl ikhw jWdw sI wlsw &Oj leI A`TvyN siqgurW dy nWqy hirikSn gVH iklHw auswirAw ijhVw qihsIl hrIpur iv`c hY[

ies iklHy dy lwgy hI hrIpur Sihr vswieAw[ bYrn hugl ilKdw hYik 1835 iv`c jdoN mYN hrIpur Sihr dyiKAw qW ies iv`c bhuqgihmw gihm sI[ hzwry ijhw mYN ieMnw Gu`g vsdw Sihr hor koeInhIN dyiKAw[

qwrIn Aqy bMbwz nUM v`fI SksqlwhOr drbwr v`loN 1823 iv`c srdwr nlvw nUM hrIpur qoN

A&gwn AzIm ^wn, ijhVw ik kwbl qoN cVHweI kr ky Aw irhw sInUM sbk isKwaux leI bulwieAw[ nlvw nUM gYrhwzr dyK ky muhMmd^wn ny ijhVw qwrInW dw muKI sI , ny hrI isMG dy sihkwrI srdwrAmr isMG nwl JgVw kr ky hmIrpur qy hmlw kr id`qw[ iehqwrIn bloicsqwn qoN kwPI smW pihlW Awey sn[ muhMmd wn AwpxyAwp nUM srdwrnI sdw kOr dw muqbMnw pu`qr khwauNdw sI[ AYsy hwlqdyK ky srkwr ny srdwr nlUAw qy AkwlI PUlw isMG nUM lwhOr qoN jldIkUc krky Atk phuMcx dw hukm id`qw[ iehnW &Oj smyq PrvrI1823 nUM Atk jw fyry lwey[ Atk dirAw pwr krn leI iehnWbyiVAW dw pRbMD kIqw Aqy Kwx pIx leI AMn pwxI iek`qr kIqw[

bwrkzeI Grwxy dw mhwn sUrbIr muhMmd AzIm ^wn ijs dwiskw A&gwinsqwn AMdr mMinAw jWdw sI Aqy pySwvr Awid ielwikAWdy bMdy ies dy sihm nwl Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ jdoN ies ny ^Ybr pwrkIqw qW ^br imlI ik swrw ipSwvr KwlI ipAw hY[ ieh g`l suxky ies dy hOsly hor bulMd ho gey[ ieh ies vwr is`KW nUM cMgw sbkisKwauxw cwhuMdw sI Aqy pUrI jMgI iqAwrI krky AwieAw sI[

ies ny v`fI sYnw smyq Awpxy BqIjy muhMmd zmwn qy &Iroz wnAqy p`uqr vws wn dI kmWf hyT wlsy nUM dirAw Atk dy pqn qyhI rokx dw Xqn kIqw[ Atk kol iehnW qopW bIV ky bhuq p`ky morcybxw ley[ wlsw &Oj ijs dI AgvweI srdwr hrI isMG Aqy Sihzwdw

7170

Syr isMG kr rhy sI hvw dy qyz vyg vWg Atk pwr kr gey AqygwzIAW nwl pMjw jw lwieAw[ dohW pwisAW dIAW &OjW dw Awhmoswhmxy BwrI ByV hoieAw[ DrqI qy loQW ivC geIAW, AnykW hIGwiel hoey qVP rhy sn pr sUrmy qno mno ie`k dUjy qy fwFy vwr krrhy sn[ gwzIAW dI &Oj dI igxqI ieiqhwskwrW ny ^wlsy dI &OjnwloN cwr guxw v`D ilKI hY[ iehnW Atk dy pu`l dy r`sy v`F ky pul^qm kr id`qw qW ik hor wlsw &Oj m`dd leI nw Aw jwvy[ SihjwdwSyr isMG Aqy srdwr nlvw BwvyN pUry qwx nwl mukwblw kr rhy snpr gwzIAW dI &Oj jo kIVI dy ktk vWg sI, ny wlsw sYnw dw kwPInukswn kIqw[ auDroN mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr PUlw isMG nUM m`ddleI ByijAw[ jdoN AkwlI PUlw isMG ny dyiKAw ik Atk dw pulgwzIAW ny qoV id`qw hY qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW GoVw Atk v`lTylH id`qw[ AkwlI jI vl dyK ky sYinkW ny vI dyr nhIN lweI dirAwpwr kr gey[ iehnW nUM dyK isMGW dy joS ny AYsw hulwrw KwDw ikgwzIAW aup`r mwno kihr tu`t ipAw[ iehnW jwnW bcwaux leI n`TB~j SurU kr id`qI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny iklHw jhWgIr qy kbzw krilAw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn ny mYdwny jMg 'coN dOV rhy sYinkW nUM p`qbcwaux leI A`lw dw vwsqw pwieAw pr jwn ipAwrI jwx ky auh nwruky[ iBAwnk jMg dI ^br sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp &Oj smyqnuSihry phuMc gey[ ieQy sUhIey ny ^br id`qI ik muhMmd AzIm ^wnny ip~Cy ht ky KySgI dy AsQwn qy morcy g`f ley hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwbny AkwlI PUlw isMG, srdwr hrI isMG, Sihzwdw KVk isMG nUM A`gyvDx leI ikhw[ A`gy jw ky AwpsI AYsw ByV hoieAw ik DrqI lhUnwl rMgI geI, Asmwn qopW dy goilAW Aqy DUV dy kxW nwl kwlw BUrwho igAw Aqy gzb dw Gmswn m`c igAw[ pr isMGW dy A`gy A&gwnWdI hwlq ieh ho geI jYsI hMsW A`gy ttIhrIAW dI huMdI hY[ muhMmdAzIm wn nUM rx q`qy 'coN dOVidAW dyK ky ispwhI vI rx C`fx l`gy[dOVy jWidAW ny ip`Cw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nW hI isMGW ny iehnW qy hmlw

kIqw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn AwpxI jwn bcw ky kwbl nhIN phuMcsikAw[ jMg iv`c hwr kwrn idl dw dOrw pYx nwl rsqy iv`c hI pRwxiqAwg igAw[^wlsw pMQ dw DrmI sUrmw AkwlI PUlw isMG Aqy horkeI srdwr ies jMg iv`c ShIdI gwny pw gey[

jMg dI &qih auprMq wlsw &Oj kuJ smW Awrwm krky mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nwl XUsPzeI, hsq ngr (Astngr) Aqy ipSwvr ielwikAW iv`c phuMcI ij`Qy pTwxW ny wlsw rwjdy AsUlW qy c`lx qy SWqI r`Kx dw pRx ilAw[ ies qoN ielwvw nzrwnyvI srkwr nUM ByNt kIqy[ srdwr nlUAw jI qkrIbn 7 mhIny ipSwvrhI rhy qWik ie`Qy Amn Amwn bhwl hovy, lokW nUM hr p`KoN rwhq imlyAqy srkwrI pRbMD Xog FMg nwl c`ly[ jdoN cwry pwsy SWqI ho geI qWsrkwr dy hukm Anuswr &Oj smyq srdwr swihb ipSwvr qoN hzwryv`l rvwnw hoey[

hzwry dy rsqy dIAW AOkVWie`k qW hzwry dw rsqw phwVI sI Aqy dUjw ie`Qy iBMn iBMn

kbIly rihMdy sn ijnHW dw kMm hI fwky mwrnw Aqy lut-mwr krnw sI[muglW Aqy A&gwnW dw lMby smyN qoN ie`Qy rwj rihx krky hr kbIlykol hiQAwrW, brUd Awid dy v`fy zKIry sn[ Awm lok qW ies rsqyv`l mUMh nhIN sI krdy[ jdoN iehnW nUM ^wlsw &Oj dI Awmd dw pqwl`igAw qW iehnW swry rsqy p`QrW, drKqW Awid nwl bMd kr id`qy[isMGW nUM lu`tx leI v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty ho ky hiQAwrW nwl lYsjMg leI iqAwr ho gey[

^wlsw AYsIAW rukwvtW dUr krdw A`gy viDAw[ iehnW nUM eylcIByj ky pMgw nw lYx Aqy dMgw nw krn leI bQyrw smJwieAw pr iehib&ry hoey nw tly[ ^wlsy nwl iehnW qkVI Jpt leI Aqy AwpxybwhUbl nUM bhwdrI nwl idKwieAw[ bhuq ktw v`F hoeI pr ^wlsw

7372

Syr isMG kr rhy sI hvw dy qyz vyg vWg Atk pwr kr gey AqygwzIAW nwl pMjw jw lwieAw[ dohW pwisAW dIAW &OjW dw Awhmoswhmxy BwrI ByV hoieAw[ DrqI qy loQW ivC geIAW, AnykW hIGwiel hoey qVP rhy sn pr sUrmy qno mno ie`k dUjy qy fwFy vwr krrhy sn[ gwzIAW dI &Oj dI igxqI ieiqhwskwrW ny ^wlsy dI &OjnwloN cwr guxw v`D ilKI hY[ iehnW Atk dy pu`l dy r`sy v`F ky pul^qm kr id`qw qW ik hor wlsw &Oj m`dd leI nw Aw jwvy[ SihjwdwSyr isMG Aqy srdwr nlvw BwvyN pUry qwx nwl mukwblw kr rhy snpr gwzIAW dI &Oj jo kIVI dy ktk vWg sI, ny wlsw sYnw dw kwPInukswn kIqw[ auDroN mhwrwjw swihb ny srdwr PUlw isMG nUM m`ddleI ByijAw[ jdoN AkwlI PUlw isMG ny dyiKAw ik Atk dw pulgwzIAW ny qoV id`qw hY qW mOq dI prvwh nw kridAW GoVw Atk v`lTylH id`qw[ AkwlI jI vl dyK ky sYinkW ny vI dyr nhIN lweI dirAwpwr kr gey[ iehnW nUM dyK isMGW dy joS ny AYsw hulwrw KwDw ikgwzIAW aup`r mwno kihr tu`t ipAw[ iehnW jwnW bcwaux leI n`TB~j SurU kr id`qI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny iklHw jhWgIr qy kbzw krilAw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn ny mYdwny jMg 'coN dOV rhy sYinkW nUM p`qbcwaux leI A`lw dw vwsqw pwieAw pr jwn ipAwrI jwx ky auh nwruky[ iBAwnk jMg dI ^br sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb Awp &Oj smyqnuSihry phuMc gey[ ieQy sUhIey ny ^br id`qI ik muhMmd AzIm ^wnny ip~Cy ht ky KySgI dy AsQwn qy morcy g`f ley hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwbny AkwlI PUlw isMG, srdwr hrI isMG, Sihzwdw KVk isMG nUM A`gyvDx leI ikhw[ A`gy jw ky AwpsI AYsw ByV hoieAw ik DrqI lhUnwl rMgI geI, Asmwn qopW dy goilAW Aqy DUV dy kxW nwl kwlw BUrwho igAw Aqy gzb dw Gmswn m`c igAw[ pr isMGW dy A`gy A&gwnWdI hwlq ieh ho geI jYsI hMsW A`gy ttIhrIAW dI huMdI hY[ muhMmdAzIm wn nUM rx q`qy 'coN dOVidAW dyK ky ispwhI vI rx C`fx l`gy[dOVy jWidAW ny ip`Cw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nW hI isMGW ny iehnW qy hmlw

kIqw[ muhMmd AzIm ^wn AwpxI jwn bcw ky kwbl nhIN phuMcsikAw[ jMg iv`c hwr kwrn idl dw dOrw pYx nwl rsqy iv`c hI pRwxiqAwg igAw[^wlsw pMQ dw DrmI sUrmw AkwlI PUlw isMG Aqy horkeI srdwr ies jMg iv`c ShIdI gwny pw gey[

jMg dI &qih auprMq wlsw &Oj kuJ smW Awrwm krky mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr hrI isMG nwl XUsPzeI, hsq ngr (Astngr) Aqy ipSwvr ielwikAW iv`c phuMcI ij`Qy pTwxW ny wlsw rwjdy AsUlW qy c`lx qy SWqI r`Kx dw pRx ilAw[ ies qoN ielwvw nzrwnyvI srkwr nUM ByNt kIqy[ srdwr nlUAw jI qkrIbn 7 mhIny ipSwvrhI rhy qWik ie`Qy Amn Amwn bhwl hovy, lokW nUM hr p`KoN rwhq imlyAqy srkwrI pRbMD Xog FMg nwl c`ly[ jdoN cwry pwsy SWqI ho geI qWsrkwr dy hukm Anuswr &Oj smyq srdwr swihb ipSwvr qoN hzwryv`l rvwnw hoey[

hzwry dy rsqy dIAW AOkVWie`k qW hzwry dw rsqw phwVI sI Aqy dUjw ie`Qy iBMn iBMn

kbIly rihMdy sn ijnHW dw kMm hI fwky mwrnw Aqy lut-mwr krnw sI[muglW Aqy A&gwnW dw lMby smyN qoN ie`Qy rwj rihx krky hr kbIlykol hiQAwrW, brUd Awid dy v`fy zKIry sn[ Awm lok qW ies rsqyv`l mUMh nhIN sI krdy[ jdoN iehnW nUM ^wlsw &Oj dI Awmd dw pqwl`igAw qW iehnW swry rsqy p`QrW, drKqW Awid nwl bMd kr id`qy[isMGW nUM lu`tx leI v`fI igxqI iv`c iek`Ty ho ky hiQAwrW nwl lYsjMg leI iqAwr ho gey[

^wlsw AYsIAW rukwvtW dUr krdw A`gy viDAw[ iehnW nUM eylcIByj ky pMgw nw lYx Aqy dMgw nw krn leI bQyrw smJwieAw pr iehib&ry hoey nw tly[ ^wlsy nwl iehnW qkVI Jpt leI Aqy AwpxybwhUbl nUM bhwdrI nwl idKwieAw[ bhuq ktw v`F hoeI pr ^wlsw

7372

&Oj lVdI lVdI A`gy lMG geI[ ijs rsqy hrI isMG jw rhy sI au~QyiehnW v`fy p`QrW hyT brUd BirAw hoieAw sI[ ies brUd nUM PtwauxleI pTwx luky hoey sn[ mOkw qwV ky iehnW plIiqAW nUM dwg id`qwijs kwrn v`fw Dmwkw hoieAw[ ies Dmwky nwl phwVI qoN v`fy v`fyp`Qr ruVH pey jo srdwr nlUAw Aqy aunHW nwl c`l rhy juAwnW nUM GVIsky phwVI dI K`f 'c ryVH ky lY gey[ nlUey srdwr nUM l`Bx leI srdwrswihb mhW isMG mIrpurIAw Aqy srdwr tyk isMG sUrimAW nUM nwllY ky swrI rwq Bwldy rhy pr koeI au~G su`G nw l`gI[ idn ciVHAwqW dyiKAw srdwr swihb ie`k drKq dy mu`F iv`c Psy hoey lhU nwll`Q-p`Q pey sn[ bVI muSkl nwl cu`k ky ilAWdw , mrHm p`tI kIqIpr srIr bhuq nFwl ho cu~kw sI[

dUjy idn srdwr mhW isMG ny nwVy ipMf qy h`lw boilAw, ijsnzdIk ieh Bwxw vwpirAw sI[ ipMf nUM lu`t ky A`g lgw id`qI[ ieM\duSmx dw nws krdy krdy isrIkot dy ielwky nUM sr kr ilAw[srdwr dy burI qrHW j^mI hox dI ^br jd Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imlIqW ie`ky dm iqAwrI krky hzwry vl nUM qur pey[ pr iehnW dy phuMcxq`k srdwr swihb TIk ho gey sn[ mhwrwjw swihb nUM nwl lY kynlUAw srdwr ny dUr dUr q`k GumwieAw iPrwieAw[ ie`QoN dw rwjpRbMD dyK ky srkwr AiqAMq KuS hoeI[

ie`Qy kuJ smyN leI srdwr swihb Awpxy Gr gujrW vwly GrylUkMmW nUM inptwaux cly gey[ jwx l`gy hzwry iv`c gvrnrI dw kMm-kwj Awpxy nwieb srdwr mhW isMG mIr purIey nUM sMBwl gey[ pr kuJsmW bwAd hzwry 'c hwlwq iPr AYsy ho gey ijvyN jdoN Syr jMgl iv`coNikqy aury pry cilAw jwvy qW dUjy jwnvr pUCW cu`k lYNdy hn[ muhMmd^wn qwrIn dy BqIjy ny isrIkot dy ielwky iv`c bgwvq kr id`qI[ieh br sux ky srdwr hzwry phuMc igAw[ bwgIAW dI suDweI leIisrIkot qy cVHweI kIqI[ Awm lokW nUM mrn qoN bcwaux leI ^wn dyBqIjy dosq Kwn nUM pkiVAw[ ies nUM srdwr ny pu`iCAw ik bgwvq

bdly qYnUM kI szw deIey? firAw hoieAw ieh kuJ nw boilAw[ srdwrjI ny is`K sYinkW nUM AwiKAw, "ies nUM A`j soc lYx idau, k`lH nUM iPrpyS kirau"[ wn srdwr dy jwho-jlwl Aqy roAb-dwb vwly ichrynUM q`k ky ieqnw dihl igAw ik ies ny rwq smyN zihr Kw ky Awqmh`iqAw kr leI[

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ny 1828 iv`c ktocIAW nUM Ajy kwbU hIkIqw sI ik pqw l`igAw s`Xd Aihmd jhwd dw nwm dy ky pTwxW nUMis`KW ivru`D BVkw irhw hY[ ieh brylI dw vsnIk sI Aqy 1786iv`c jnimAw sI[ m`ky-SrI& h`j qy jwx krky pTwxW dy idl AMdries dw bVw siqkwr sI[ieh kyvl s`Xd hI nhIN blik Awpxy AwpnUM pMj AwSw (Bwv auh s`Xd hY, hwjI hY, gwjI hY, KlIPw hY AqyjhwdI hY) khwauNdw sI[ ies ny is`KW dI qwkq dy ^wqmy leI bhuqswry ihMdusqwnI mOlvI vI ie`kTy kr ley[ iehnW mOlvIAW ny kwPI Dnmwl iek`Tw krky jhwd leI lokW nUM aukswieAw[ ieh vI sunyhy s`Xdq`k phuMcwey ik is`K rwj swnUM kMfy dI qrHW cuB irhw hY Aqy ieh kMfwk`Fx vgYr pTwx su`K dI nINd nhIN sON skdy[ ieh mujwihd AMgRyzIhkUmq dy ieSwry qy vI is`KW ivru`D pRcwr kr rhy sn[ AMdrKwqys~Xd ny ies jhwd leI Dn vI id`qw Aqy hiQAwr vI id`qy[

srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok AwpxI pusqk 'vIr nwiek hrIisMG nlvw' dy pMnw 64 qy ilKdy hn ik sqMbr 1910 iv`c mYN brylI(XU.pI.) dy keI QwvW qy igAw qW pqw l`igAw ik s`Xd Aihmd dyv`fy vfyry bwdSwh AOrMgzyb dy smyN nvwb vzIr wn sUbw srihMd dyADIn vfy kwzI sn[ iehnW sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dy Coty swihbzwidAWnUM ShId krn dw &qvw id`qw sI[ ip`CoN bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dycVHweI krn qy jd is`KW ny srihMd dI ie`t nwl ie`t KVkweI qWs`Xd ^wndwn dy kuJ ivAkqI ies AprwD bdly is`KW dy h`QoN mwrygey qy bwkI kuJ n`s ky lKnaU dy ierd igrd, brylI Awid QweIN jwvsy sn[

7574

&Oj lVdI lVdI A`gy lMG geI[ ijs rsqy hrI isMG jw rhy sI au~QyiehnW v`fy p`QrW hyT brUd BirAw hoieAw sI[ ies brUd nUM PtwauxleI pTwx luky hoey sn[ mOkw qwV ky iehnW plIiqAW nUM dwg id`qwijs kwrn v`fw Dmwkw hoieAw[ ies Dmwky nwl phwVI qoN v`fy v`fyp`Qr ruVH pey jo srdwr nlUAw Aqy aunHW nwl c`l rhy juAwnW nUM GVIsky phwVI dI K`f 'c ryVH ky lY gey[ nlUey srdwr nUM l`Bx leI srdwrswihb mhW isMG mIrpurIAw Aqy srdwr tyk isMG sUrimAW nUM nwllY ky swrI rwq Bwldy rhy pr koeI au~G su`G nw l`gI[ idn ciVHAwqW dyiKAw srdwr swihb ie`k drKq dy mu`F iv`c Psy hoey lhU nwll`Q-p`Q pey sn[ bVI muSkl nwl cu`k ky ilAWdw , mrHm p`tI kIqIpr srIr bhuq nFwl ho cu~kw sI[

dUjy idn srdwr mhW isMG ny nwVy ipMf qy h`lw boilAw, ijsnzdIk ieh Bwxw vwpirAw sI[ ipMf nUM lu`t ky A`g lgw id`qI[ ieM\duSmx dw nws krdy krdy isrIkot dy ielwky nUM sr kr ilAw[srdwr dy burI qrHW j^mI hox dI ^br jd Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM imlIqW ie`ky dm iqAwrI krky hzwry vl nUM qur pey[ pr iehnW dy phuMcxq`k srdwr swihb TIk ho gey sn[ mhwrwjw swihb nUM nwl lY kynlUAw srdwr ny dUr dUr q`k GumwieAw iPrwieAw[ ie`QoN dw rwjpRbMD dyK ky srkwr AiqAMq KuS hoeI[

ie`Qy kuJ smyN leI srdwr swihb Awpxy Gr gujrW vwly GrylUkMmW nUM inptwaux cly gey[ jwx l`gy hzwry iv`c gvrnrI dw kMm-kwj Awpxy nwieb srdwr mhW isMG mIr purIey nUM sMBwl gey[ pr kuJsmW bwAd hzwry 'c hwlwq iPr AYsy ho gey ijvyN jdoN Syr jMgl iv`coNikqy aury pry cilAw jwvy qW dUjy jwnvr pUCW cu`k lYNdy hn[ muhMmd^wn qwrIn dy BqIjy ny isrIkot dy ielwky iv`c bgwvq kr id`qI[ieh br sux ky srdwr hzwry phuMc igAw[ bwgIAW dI suDweI leIisrIkot qy cVHweI kIqI[ Awm lokW nUM mrn qoN bcwaux leI ^wn dyBqIjy dosq Kwn nUM pkiVAw[ ies nUM srdwr ny pu`iCAw ik bgwvq

bdly qYnUM kI szw deIey? firAw hoieAw ieh kuJ nw boilAw[ srdwrjI ny is`K sYinkW nUM AwiKAw, "ies nUM A`j soc lYx idau, k`lH nUM iPrpyS kirau"[ wn srdwr dy jwho-jlwl Aqy roAb-dwb vwly ichrynUM q`k ky ieqnw dihl igAw ik ies ny rwq smyN zihr Kw ky Awqmh`iqAw kr leI[

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw ny 1828 iv`c ktocIAW nUM Ajy kwbU hIkIqw sI ik pqw l`igAw s`Xd Aihmd jhwd dw nwm dy ky pTwxW nUMis`KW ivru`D BVkw irhw hY[ ieh brylI dw vsnIk sI Aqy 1786iv`c jnimAw sI[ m`ky-SrI& h`j qy jwx krky pTwxW dy idl AMdries dw bVw siqkwr sI[ieh kyvl s`Xd hI nhIN blik Awpxy AwpnUM pMj AwSw (Bwv auh s`Xd hY, hwjI hY, gwjI hY, KlIPw hY AqyjhwdI hY) khwauNdw sI[ ies ny is`KW dI qwkq dy ^wqmy leI bhuqswry ihMdusqwnI mOlvI vI ie`kTy kr ley[ iehnW mOlvIAW ny kwPI Dnmwl iek`Tw krky jhwd leI lokW nUM aukswieAw[ ieh vI sunyhy s`Xdq`k phuMcwey ik is`K rwj swnUM kMfy dI qrHW cuB irhw hY Aqy ieh kMfwk`Fx vgYr pTwx su`K dI nINd nhIN sON skdy[ ieh mujwihd AMgRyzIhkUmq dy ieSwry qy vI is`KW ivru`D pRcwr kr rhy sn[ AMdrKwqys~Xd ny ies jhwd leI Dn vI id`qw Aqy hiQAwr vI id`qy[

srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok AwpxI pusqk 'vIr nwiek hrIisMG nlvw' dy pMnw 64 qy ilKdy hn ik sqMbr 1910 iv`c mYN brylI(XU.pI.) dy keI QwvW qy igAw qW pqw l`igAw ik s`Xd Aihmd dyv`fy vfyry bwdSwh AOrMgzyb dy smyN nvwb vzIr wn sUbw srihMd dyADIn vfy kwzI sn[ iehnW sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI dy Coty swihbzwidAWnUM ShId krn dw &qvw id`qw sI[ ip`CoN bwbw bMdw isMG bhwdr dycVHweI krn qy jd is`KW ny srihMd dI ie`t nwl ie`t KVkweI qWs`Xd ^wndwn dy kuJ ivAkqI ies AprwD bdly is`KW dy h`QoN mwrygey qy bwkI kuJ n`s ky lKnaU dy ierd igrd, brylI Awid QweIN jwvsy sn[

7574

so ies s`Xd Aihmd ny auh purwxw ivroD mn iv`c icqwr kyisK rwj ivruD jhwd dw bIVw cuikAw[ dIn mzhb dy nW qy muslmwnWnUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlwieAw[ ieM\ ies s`Xd dy jhwd iv`cmOlvI imrzw hsn, AlI muhMmd lKnvI, mOlvI Abdul heI AqymOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl idhlvw Awid rl gey (j&rnwmw rxjIqisMG dIvwn Amr nwQ) pMnw 174[

BwvyN wlsw rwj AMdr hr vrg dy lokW nUM Dwrimk, smwijk,rwjnIiqk p`KW qoN Awpxw jIvn ibqwaux dI KulH id`qI geI[ hrSryxI dy lokW nwl suhxw ivvhwr Aqy siqkwr kIqw jWdw sI AqyaunHW nUM au~cy Ahudy vI id`qy gey pr kwdr Xwr dI ilKq Anuswr ku`qydI pU`C kdy vI is`DI nhIN huMdI :

fwl-fMgxo s`p nhIN mUl jWdw, BwvyN l`p iv`c du`D iplw mIAW[burw bwj burweI QIN nw Awvy, l`K Blw ies nwl kmw mIAW[pUCl ku`qy dI kdy nw hovy is`DI, bwrW brs nVI iv`c pw mIAW[kwdrXwr prnIq qy imly bdlw, BwvyN lvy koeI Azmw mIAW[

ijs kOm dw ivrsw ShIdIAW BirAw hovy, ijnHW AMdr au~cI DOxkrky ijaux dw swhs TwTW mwry Aqy ijnHW ny gYrW dy A`gy kdy isr hInhIN JukwieAw auh Avysly nhIN huMdy[ auh hmySw swvDwn rihMdy hn[imrzw gwlb dy bol hn:

rMgoN my dOVqy iPrny ky hm nhIN kwiel,jb AWK sy hI nw tpky qo iPr lhU ikAw hY?

ij`Qy isMGW dw pwqSwh mhwn hY, au~Qy ieiqhws vI mhwn hY[pwqSwh ny mUrqIAW nhIN, murdy nhIN mrd pYdw kIqy hn[ s`XdAihmd dI pUC c`kI dyK ky v`fI igxqI iv`c qurkW dy ie`kTy hox dI^br srdwr bu`D isMG ny srdwr nlUAw nUM ByjI[ srdwr swihb 8hzwr &Oj lY ky qurMq Atk pwr krky KYrwbwd dy mYdwn iv`c phuMcgey[ Agly idn Sukrvwr (juMmy) dw idn sI Aqy inmwj ip`CoN qurkW

ny isMGW qy hmlw krnw sI[ pr sujwn, sucyq Aqy swhsI isMGsUrimAW ny &Oj nUM ibnw dyrI vYrI qy tu`t pYx dw ibgl vjw id`qw[gwzI vI ikauNik jMg leI pUrI iqAwrI iv`c sn ieh pUry joS iv`c^wlsy nwl iBVn l`gy[ kdy gwzI ^wlsy nUM ip~Cy Dkyldy Aqy kdy^wlsw gwzIAW nUM BjwauNdw[ mYdwn iv`c jW lohw KVkdw suxdw sI qyjW lhU fulHdw idKweI idMdw sI[ qopW dy goilAW ny G`ty kwrn sUrj dIlwlI vI m`Dm pw id`qI[ gwjIAW dI v`fI igxqI kwrn isMGW dy h`Qs&lqw nhIN sI Aw rhI[ ieh dyK ky srdwr nlUAw ny mOq dI prvwhnw kridAW nyzw h`Q iv`c lY ky Awpxw GoVw qyzI nwl s`Xd Aihmdvl dOVwieAw[ isMG vI A`gy vDy[ ieiqhwskwr ilKdy hn ik srdwrnlUey nUM AwauNdy dyK ky s`Xd mOq qoN frdw CweIN mweIN ho igAw[ iehAkOVy dw pqn pwr krky qorU qy hoqI mrdwn iv`c dI huMdw hoieAwis`Dw lUMd KuvV phuMc igAw[ qurk &Oj vI sYdU dw mYdwn C`f ky iq`qrho geI[ isMGW ny jo qyg ies mYdwn iv`c clweI Aqy nyijAW nwl qurkWnUM ijvyN fMigAw, aus sMbMDI ie`k pSqo dw kvI ilKdw hY:

dw sIkwnoN nyzy qly pWc Ajgrolkw ieqMn pKymw durumI dw iKAwm[

Bwv is`KW dy nyzy gwzIAW dIAW sMjoAW nUM cIr ky ie`k nhIN pMjWnUM ivMnH rhy sn[ ieh nyzy gwjIAW dy srIrW iv`c dI ieMv inkl rhysn ijvyN drjI dI sUeI k`pVy iv`c dI Awrpwr inkldI huMdI hY[

srdwr hrI isMG ny cqr buDI qoN kMm lYNidAW srdwr buD isMGnwl slwh kIqI ik AwpW nUM jMg nUM ie`Qy hI nhIN mkwauxw cwhIdw sgoNs`Xd dw ip`Cw krnw cwhIdw hY[ wlsw &Oj cVHI AwauNdI dyK ieh lUMdKuvV qoN vI B`j inkilAw[ pr A`gy mOlvI iesmweIl nwl iml ky 14hzwr gwzIAW nwl iPr lVweI leI ft igAw[ ie`Qy vI zorW dw jMghoieAw Aqy ^wlsw h`QoN hwr Kw ky dOV igAw[ hwzIAW nwl lVdwlVwauNdw ^wlsw pMjqwr phuMc igAw pr s`Xd bunyr dy phwVW iv`c

7776

so ies s`Xd Aihmd ny auh purwxw ivroD mn iv`c icqwr kyisK rwj ivruD jhwd dw bIVw cuikAw[ dIn mzhb dy nW qy muslmwnWnUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlwieAw[ ieM\ ies s`Xd dy jhwd iv`cmOlvI imrzw hsn, AlI muhMmd lKnvI, mOlvI Abdul heI AqymOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl idhlvw Awid rl gey (j&rnwmw rxjIqisMG dIvwn Amr nwQ) pMnw 174[

BwvyN wlsw rwj AMdr hr vrg dy lokW nUM Dwrimk, smwijk,rwjnIiqk p`KW qoN Awpxw jIvn ibqwaux dI KulH id`qI geI[ hrSryxI dy lokW nwl suhxw ivvhwr Aqy siqkwr kIqw jWdw sI AqyaunHW nUM au~cy Ahudy vI id`qy gey pr kwdr Xwr dI ilKq Anuswr ku`qydI pU`C kdy vI is`DI nhIN huMdI :

fwl-fMgxo s`p nhIN mUl jWdw, BwvyN l`p iv`c du`D iplw mIAW[burw bwj burweI QIN nw Awvy, l`K Blw ies nwl kmw mIAW[pUCl ku`qy dI kdy nw hovy is`DI, bwrW brs nVI iv`c pw mIAW[kwdrXwr prnIq qy imly bdlw, BwvyN lvy koeI Azmw mIAW[

ijs kOm dw ivrsw ShIdIAW BirAw hovy, ijnHW AMdr au~cI DOxkrky ijaux dw swhs TwTW mwry Aqy ijnHW ny gYrW dy A`gy kdy isr hInhIN JukwieAw auh Avysly nhIN huMdy[ auh hmySw swvDwn rihMdy hn[imrzw gwlb dy bol hn:

rMgoN my dOVqy iPrny ky hm nhIN kwiel,jb AWK sy hI nw tpky qo iPr lhU ikAw hY?

ij`Qy isMGW dw pwqSwh mhwn hY, au~Qy ieiqhws vI mhwn hY[pwqSwh ny mUrqIAW nhIN, murdy nhIN mrd pYdw kIqy hn[ s`XdAihmd dI pUC c`kI dyK ky v`fI igxqI iv`c qurkW dy ie`kTy hox dI^br srdwr bu`D isMG ny srdwr nlUAw nUM ByjI[ srdwr swihb 8hzwr &Oj lY ky qurMq Atk pwr krky KYrwbwd dy mYdwn iv`c phuMcgey[ Agly idn Sukrvwr (juMmy) dw idn sI Aqy inmwj ip`CoN qurkW

ny isMGW qy hmlw krnw sI[ pr sujwn, sucyq Aqy swhsI isMGsUrimAW ny &Oj nUM ibnw dyrI vYrI qy tu`t pYx dw ibgl vjw id`qw[gwzI vI ikauNik jMg leI pUrI iqAwrI iv`c sn ieh pUry joS iv`c^wlsy nwl iBVn l`gy[ kdy gwzI ^wlsy nUM ip~Cy Dkyldy Aqy kdy^wlsw gwzIAW nUM BjwauNdw[ mYdwn iv`c jW lohw KVkdw suxdw sI qyjW lhU fulHdw idKweI idMdw sI[ qopW dy goilAW ny G`ty kwrn sUrj dIlwlI vI m`Dm pw id`qI[ gwjIAW dI v`fI igxqI kwrn isMGW dy h`Qs&lqw nhIN sI Aw rhI[ ieh dyK ky srdwr nlUAw ny mOq dI prvwhnw kridAW nyzw h`Q iv`c lY ky Awpxw GoVw qyzI nwl s`Xd Aihmdvl dOVwieAw[ isMG vI A`gy vDy[ ieiqhwskwr ilKdy hn ik srdwrnlUey nUM AwauNdy dyK ky s`Xd mOq qoN frdw CweIN mweIN ho igAw[ iehAkOVy dw pqn pwr krky qorU qy hoqI mrdwn iv`c dI huMdw hoieAwis`Dw lUMd KuvV phuMc igAw[ qurk &Oj vI sYdU dw mYdwn C`f ky iq`qrho geI[ isMGW ny jo qyg ies mYdwn iv`c clweI Aqy nyijAW nwl qurkWnUM ijvyN fMigAw, aus sMbMDI ie`k pSqo dw kvI ilKdw hY:

dw sIkwnoN nyzy qly pWc Ajgrolkw ieqMn pKymw durumI dw iKAwm[

Bwv is`KW dy nyzy gwzIAW dIAW sMjoAW nUM cIr ky ie`k nhIN pMjWnUM ivMnH rhy sn[ ieh nyzy gwjIAW dy srIrW iv`c dI ieMv inkl rhysn ijvyN drjI dI sUeI k`pVy iv`c dI Awrpwr inkldI huMdI hY[

srdwr hrI isMG ny cqr buDI qoN kMm lYNidAW srdwr buD isMGnwl slwh kIqI ik AwpW nUM jMg nUM ie`Qy hI nhIN mkwauxw cwhIdw sgoNs`Xd dw ip`Cw krnw cwhIdw hY[ wlsw &Oj cVHI AwauNdI dyK ieh lUMdKuvV qoN vI B`j inkilAw[ pr A`gy mOlvI iesmweIl nwl iml ky 14hzwr gwzIAW nwl iPr lVweI leI ft igAw[ ie`Qy vI zorW dw jMghoieAw Aqy ^wlsw h`QoN hwr Kw ky dOV igAw[ hwzIAW nwl lVdwlVwauNdw ^wlsw pMjqwr phuMc igAw pr s`Xd bunyr dy phwVW iv`c

7776

jw luikAw[ lokW nUM lVw ky qy mrvw ky Awp mYdwn iv`coN dOV jwxwkwierqw hY Aqy ku`qy dI mOq dy brwbr hY[ ie`k jrmn &OjI icMqk'kwlz ivtz' (On War Vol.I., Page 297) qy ilKdw hY, AslIsUrbIr ijvyN ik cwrls XII, mwrlbro, XUjIn , PrYNfirk AwzmAwpxIAW PYslw kuMn ij`qW mgroN vYrI dw zordwr ip`Cw krdy sn[lYPtInYNt krnl gulcrn isMG Awpxy ie`k lyK 'jnrl hrI isMGnlvw 'ijhVw sIs-gMj mwsk id`lI mwrc 1986 nUM CipAw dy pMnw33 qy ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG ny vI sYdU Aqy hor lVweIAW ij`qxauprMq ieM\ hI kIqw sI[ ies leI aus dw nwm vI auprokq ilstiv`c Swml kIqw jw skdw hY[

sYdU dy mYdwn AMdr gwzIAW dI igxqI wlsw &Oj nwloN l`g Bg20 guxw v`D sI[ bwrns AlYgjYNfr jMg dy kuJ Arsy ip`CoN sYdU iv`cdI lMiGAw qW cwry pwsy ies nUM kbrW hI kbrW idKweI id`qIAW[ iesny AwpxI ilKq iv`c jo 1831 dI hY iv`c iliKAw hY ik ^wlsy dI8 hzwr &Oj ny 150000 lSkr qy iklHw KYrwbwd aup`r &qih pweI[iesy qrHW lYPtInYNt ivlIAm jd bwr sr klyf vYNJ nwl sYdU iv`c dIlMiGAw qW aus ny vI AwpxI fwierI iv`c dohW &OjW dI igxqI bwrnsvwlI hI ilKI hY[ ieh igxqI bwrns nUM iksy is`K ny nhIN sgoN jnrlkort dI &Oj dy ie`k muslmwn njIb jmWdwr ny d`sI sI (ilKqjnrl AO& ey mwrc PrOm idhlI tU ipSwvr, lYPtInYNt ivlIAmbwr, s&w 203)[ ieh sMkyq pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn v`loN pusqk jIvnieiqhws hrI isMG nlUAw iv`c vI drz hY[

fwktr mry dI rIport Anuswr mhwrwjw swihb sYdU dI jMgAMdr isMGW dI ij`q sux ky kuJ idnW iv`c hI rwzI ho gey ikauNik kuJsmyN qoN auh ibmwr sn[ rx q`qy iv`c srdwr hrI isMG Aqy isMGW v`loNidKweI Ascrz bhwdrI qoN KuS ho ky iehnW nUM bhuq kImqI vsqWAqy GoVy Byjy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny mYkwl& jo ik id`lI dwkimSnr sI aus nUM sYdU dI &qih dy vDweI p`qr Byjy[ ies ij`q dIAW

KbrW AKbwr (The Times London) iv`c vI CpIAW[ ies ij`q nUMlY ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI &OjI qwkq nUM bhuq hI sUJ bUJ vwlIAqy SkqISwlI drswieAw igAw[

s`Xd muhMmd ijhVw Awpxy Awp nUM vwhwbI msIhw AKvwauNdwsI 1828 iv`c Pyr isMD iv`c Aw viVAw Aqy 5600 jhwdIAW nwlpihlW ies ny hsq ngr iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw ijhVw ipSwvrqoN 25 mIl dI dUrI qy au~qr pUrb idSw iv`c sI[ mYsn cwrls dI842 ilKq muqwbk ies auprMq ies ny bwlw ihswr dy iklHy nUM srkr ilAw[ mhwrwjw swihb ny ies nUM pkVn leI ie`k l`K dw ienwmr`iKAw[ s`Xd ny pYNdy wn dy bMidAW nUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlw ilAwAqy jUn 1830 nUM drbMD dy ielwky iv`c Aw phuMicAw[ &ulqrW dyAsQwn qy hrI isMG nwl qkVI mu`T ByV hoeI pr mrdW dy mrdwnyAqy rx dy dIvwny Syr jo sINh vWg bukdw sI Aqy jMg dy hr hunr dwmwhr sI A`gy ieh bhuqw icr lV nw sikAw Aqy phwVW 'c jwluikAw[ sIqw rwm srdwr dI bhwdrI bwbq ilKdw hY:

ATwrW sO aunqI ivc sXd KW Aihmd, iPr inkl phwVoN kSmIr ivc AwieAw[krdw iekTy jo muslmwn ielwky ivc, Awx ky qy mQw muV wlsy nwl lwieAw[hrI srdwr &Oj AwpnI sMBwl swrI, mwr mwr qurkW dI DUV sI aufWvdw[sIqw rwm au~T n`Tw s`Xd Aihmd ^wn Pyr, cldI nw pyS idl iv`c gu`swKWvdw[

s`Xd Aihmd dI mOqisMGW Aqy pTwx jhwdIAW ivckwr AwKrI jMg meI 1831

iv`c bwlwkot jo kunwr dy s`jy kMFy qy hY Aqy hrIpur qoN 61 mIl dUrIqy sI, hoeI[ ieh jgHw hzwry dIAW phwVIAW iv`c cwry qrPoN iGrI hoxkrky jMg p`KoN bhuq Xog sI[ s`Xd A`lw v`loN ByijAw hoieAw KlIPwsmJx kwrn Aqy v`fw krwmwqI &kIr hox kwrn v`fI igxqI iv`c

7978

jw luikAw[ lokW nUM lVw ky qy mrvw ky Awp mYdwn iv`coN dOV jwxwkwierqw hY Aqy ku`qy dI mOq dy brwbr hY[ ie`k jrmn &OjI icMqk'kwlz ivtz' (On War Vol.I., Page 297) qy ilKdw hY, AslIsUrbIr ijvyN ik cwrls XII, mwrlbro, XUjIn , PrYNfirk AwzmAwpxIAW PYslw kuMn ij`qW mgroN vYrI dw zordwr ip`Cw krdy sn[lYPtInYNt krnl gulcrn isMG Awpxy ie`k lyK 'jnrl hrI isMGnlvw 'ijhVw sIs-gMj mwsk id`lI mwrc 1986 nUM CipAw dy pMnw33 qy ilKdy hn ik hrI isMG ny vI sYdU Aqy hor lVweIAW ij`qxauprMq ieM\ hI kIqw sI[ ies leI aus dw nwm vI auprokq ilstiv`c Swml kIqw jw skdw hY[

sYdU dy mYdwn AMdr gwzIAW dI igxqI wlsw &Oj nwloN l`g Bg20 guxw v`D sI[ bwrns AlYgjYNfr jMg dy kuJ Arsy ip`CoN sYdU iv`cdI lMiGAw qW cwry pwsy ies nUM kbrW hI kbrW idKweI id`qIAW[ iesny AwpxI ilKq iv`c jo 1831 dI hY iv`c iliKAw hY ik ^wlsy dI8 hzwr &Oj ny 150000 lSkr qy iklHw KYrwbwd aup`r &qih pweI[iesy qrHW lYPtInYNt ivlIAm jd bwr sr klyf vYNJ nwl sYdU iv`c dIlMiGAw qW aus ny vI AwpxI fwierI iv`c dohW &OjW dI igxqI bwrnsvwlI hI ilKI hY[ ieh igxqI bwrns nUM iksy is`K ny nhIN sgoN jnrlkort dI &Oj dy ie`k muslmwn njIb jmWdwr ny d`sI sI (ilKqjnrl AO& ey mwrc PrOm idhlI tU ipSwvr, lYPtInYNt ivlIAmbwr, s&w 203)[ ieh sMkyq pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn v`loN pusqk jIvnieiqhws hrI isMG nlUAw iv`c vI drz hY[

fwktr mry dI rIport Anuswr mhwrwjw swihb sYdU dI jMgAMdr isMGW dI ij`q sux ky kuJ idnW iv`c hI rwzI ho gey ikauNik kuJsmyN qoN auh ibmwr sn[ rx q`qy iv`c srdwr hrI isMG Aqy isMGW v`loNidKweI Ascrz bhwdrI qoN KuS ho ky iehnW nUM bhuq kImqI vsqWAqy GoVy Byjy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny mYkwl& jo ik id`lI dwkimSnr sI aus nUM sYdU dI &qih dy vDweI p`qr Byjy[ ies ij`q dIAW

KbrW AKbwr (The Times London) iv`c vI CpIAW[ ies ij`q nUMlY ky mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI &OjI qwkq nUM bhuq hI sUJ bUJ vwlIAqy SkqISwlI drswieAw igAw[

s`Xd muhMmd ijhVw Awpxy Awp nUM vwhwbI msIhw AKvwauNdwsI 1828 iv`c Pyr isMD iv`c Aw viVAw Aqy 5600 jhwdIAW nwlpihlW ies ny hsq ngr iklHy qy kbzw kr ilAw ijhVw ipSwvrqoN 25 mIl dI dUrI qy au~qr pUrb idSw iv`c sI[ mYsn cwrls dI842 ilKq muqwbk ies auprMq ies ny bwlw ihswr dy iklHy nUM srkr ilAw[ mhwrwjw swihb ny ies nUM pkVn leI ie`k l`K dw ienwmr`iKAw[ s`Xd ny pYNdy wn dy bMidAW nUM auksw ky Awpxy nwl rlw ilAwAqy jUn 1830 nUM drbMD dy ielwky iv`c Aw phuMicAw[ &ulqrW dyAsQwn qy hrI isMG nwl qkVI mu`T ByV hoeI pr mrdW dy mrdwnyAqy rx dy dIvwny Syr jo sINh vWg bukdw sI Aqy jMg dy hr hunr dwmwhr sI A`gy ieh bhuqw icr lV nw sikAw Aqy phwVW 'c jwluikAw[ sIqw rwm srdwr dI bhwdrI bwbq ilKdw hY:

ATwrW sO aunqI ivc sXd KW Aihmd, iPr inkl phwVoN kSmIr ivc AwieAw[krdw iekTy jo muslmwn ielwky ivc, Awx ky qy mQw muV wlsy nwl lwieAw[hrI srdwr &Oj AwpnI sMBwl swrI, mwr mwr qurkW dI DUV sI aufWvdw[sIqw rwm au~T n`Tw s`Xd Aihmd ^wn Pyr, cldI nw pyS idl iv`c gu`swKWvdw[

s`Xd Aihmd dI mOqisMGW Aqy pTwx jhwdIAW ivckwr AwKrI jMg meI 1831

iv`c bwlwkot jo kunwr dy s`jy kMFy qy hY Aqy hrIpur qoN 61 mIl dUrIqy sI, hoeI[ ieh jgHw hzwry dIAW phwVIAW iv`c cwry qrPoN iGrI hoxkrky jMg p`KoN bhuq Xog sI[ s`Xd A`lw v`loN ByijAw hoieAw KlIPwsmJx kwrn Aqy v`fw krwmwqI &kIr hox kwrn v`fI igxqI iv`c

7978

jhwdI ies dy nwl juV gey[ ieslwm dI r`iKAw leI ieh pTwx isrDV dI bwzI lwaux leI iqAwr sn Aqy SsqrW nwl pUrI qrHW lYssn[

auDroN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, kMvr Syr isMG Aqy jnrlvYnqUrw dIAW &OjW ny bwlw kot nUM cwry pwisauN Gyr ilAw[ jMg SurU hogeI[ jYkmwaUNt (1829-1832) Anuswr s`Xd dy bMdy jMg AMdrcIiqAW dI inAweIN is`KW nwl lVy[bwlw kot jhwdIAW dw tRyinMg kYNphox kr ky ieQoN dy bMdy jMg dy mwhr sn[ pr isMGW A`gy iehnW dIpyS nw geI[ jMg dOrwn ie`k isMG ny s`Xd Aihmd dw isr v`F kykMvr Syr isMG A`gy ilAw r`iKAw[ Awpxy nwiek dw ieh hSr dyK kypTwx ijDr bcwau dw rsqw dyiKAw auDr nUM hrn ho gey[ rx q`qyAMdr vI is`K rwjnIqI dy nwl nwl Drm nIqI ApxwauNdw hY, ispwhIhuMidAW sMqgIrI krdw hY ArQwq gurU dy hukm nUM pugwauNdw hY AqyduStpuxW mn iv`c nhIN ilAwauNdw[ jMg dI ij`q auprMq kMvr SyrisMG Aqy srdwr nlUey ny isMGW nUM AwiKAw,"s`Xd dw DV l`Bo"[ DVl`iBAw, auprMq kbr Kod ky sIs Aqy DV au~qy kImqI duSwlw pw kymuslmwn mOlvI dy h`QoN ieslwm dIAW rsmW Anuswr s`Xd dw AMqmsMskwr krwieAw[ iesy qrHW mOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl Aqy pRwxiqAwg gey mugl sYinkW nUM vI siqkwr sihq d&nwieAw[

vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik wlsw rwj qm hox ip~CoN jdoNAMgryzI srkwr ny ies iK`qy iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem krnw cwihAwqW mnu`KI hmdrdI Alop ho geI sI[ cwrls (2000) iv`c ilKdwhY ik 1853 iv`c ipSwvr AMdr ie`k muslmwn v`loN brqwnIAW dykimSnr nUM mwrn krky AMgryzW ny pihlW aus mugl nUM PWsI id`qIauprMq aus dw srIr ie`k sUr dI K`l iv`c mVH id`qw[ muslmwnW leIAYsI szw bVI hI iBRSt mMnI jWdI hY[ mwnoN aus leI svrg dydrvwzy bMd krn dy qul hY[ muslmwn Drm AMdr sUr nUM bhuq piv`qrmMinAw jWdw hY[ AYsIAW Axmnu`KI sjwvW bhwdrI dI inSwnI nhINdrswauNdIAW[

hzwry AMdr nlUAw dw rwj pRbMDAwpxI pMdrW swl dI gvrnrI Aqy au~qrI sImW dy hwkm

(1922-1937) vjoN AnykW jMgW Xu`DW dy bwvjUd srdwr nlUAw nybhuq hI kmwl dw Swsn kIqw[ jMg qW ibgVI hoeI kwnUMnI hwlq,Awm lut-Ksut , burCwgrdI, D`kySwhI Aqy iesqrI blwqkwr nUM n`Qpwaux leI zrUrI sI[ ies qoN ibnW iK`qy iv`c SWqI, Amn kwnUMn Aqyqr`kI AsMBv sI[

zmInI suDwrKyqIbwVI ijs aup`r 12 pRqISq lok KyqI krdy sn dI aupj

vDwaux leI zmInI suDwrW dI aus smyN bhuq zrUrq sI[ mugl rwjAMdr zmIn dw mwlk (vwrs) qkVw hI huMdw sI Aqy koeI j`dI mwlkIdw kwnUMn nhIN sI[ mwlk kol bhuqI zmIn hox krky auh aupjvDwaux v`l koeI bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sI idMdw[ pr srdwr nlUAw nyv`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky ikswnW nUM vMf id`qIAW[ vMf vI iesAwDwr qy kIqI ik ijhVw ikswn srkwr nUM pUrw mwlIAw dyvygw auhIzmIn dw mwlk hovygw[ ieM\ wlI peIAW zmInW qy vI KyqI AwrMB hogeI Aqy pYdwvwr iv`c BwrI vwDw hoieAw[ zmInW dy pihly vwrsW nyies kwnUMn dw AiqAMq ivroD kIqw pr srdwr hrI isMG ny iehnWdI koeI pRvwh nw kIqI[ KyqIbwVI dI vwDU aupj nUM sWBx leI godwmvI bxwey[ ieh aupj aunHW swlW iv`c vrqI jWdI sI ijnHW iv`c bwrShox krky kwl pY jWdw sI[

pwxI leI Xog pRbMDAwpxy rwj pRbMD smyN hrIpur lwgy 'rMgIlw' nwmI nihr hrI

isMG ny KudvweI[ ies leI dOr dirAw qoN pwxI ilAw ky ie`k v`fyqlwA iv`c pwieAw igAw Aqy iPr nihr rwhIN v`K v`K ipMfW iv`c

8180

jhwdI ies dy nwl juV gey[ ieslwm dI r`iKAw leI ieh pTwx isrDV dI bwzI lwaux leI iqAwr sn Aqy SsqrW nwl pUrI qrHW lYssn[

auDroN srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, kMvr Syr isMG Aqy jnrlvYnqUrw dIAW &OjW ny bwlw kot nUM cwry pwisauN Gyr ilAw[ jMg SurU hogeI[ jYkmwaUNt (1829-1832) Anuswr s`Xd dy bMdy jMg AMdrcIiqAW dI inAweIN is`KW nwl lVy[bwlw kot jhwdIAW dw tRyinMg kYNphox kr ky ieQoN dy bMdy jMg dy mwhr sn[ pr isMGW A`gy iehnW dIpyS nw geI[ jMg dOrwn ie`k isMG ny s`Xd Aihmd dw isr v`F kykMvr Syr isMG A`gy ilAw r`iKAw[ Awpxy nwiek dw ieh hSr dyK kypTwx ijDr bcwau dw rsqw dyiKAw auDr nUM hrn ho gey[ rx q`qyAMdr vI is`K rwjnIqI dy nwl nwl Drm nIqI ApxwauNdw hY, ispwhIhuMidAW sMqgIrI krdw hY ArQwq gurU dy hukm nUM pugwauNdw hY AqyduStpuxW mn iv`c nhIN ilAwauNdw[ jMg dI ij`q auprMq kMvr SyrisMG Aqy srdwr nlUey ny isMGW nUM AwiKAw,"s`Xd dw DV l`Bo"[ DVl`iBAw, auprMq kbr Kod ky sIs Aqy DV au~qy kImqI duSwlw pw kymuslmwn mOlvI dy h`QoN ieslwm dIAW rsmW Anuswr s`Xd dw AMqmsMskwr krwieAw[ iesy qrHW mOlvI muhMmd iesmweIl Aqy pRwxiqAwg gey mugl sYinkW nUM vI siqkwr sihq d&nwieAw[

vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik wlsw rwj qm hox ip~CoN jdoNAMgryzI srkwr ny ies iK`qy iv`c Amn kwnUMn kwiem krnw cwihAwqW mnu`KI hmdrdI Alop ho geI sI[ cwrls (2000) iv`c ilKdwhY ik 1853 iv`c ipSwvr AMdr ie`k muslmwn v`loN brqwnIAW dykimSnr nUM mwrn krky AMgryzW ny pihlW aus mugl nUM PWsI id`qIauprMq aus dw srIr ie`k sUr dI K`l iv`c mVH id`qw[ muslmwnW leIAYsI szw bVI hI iBRSt mMnI jWdI hY[ mwnoN aus leI svrg dydrvwzy bMd krn dy qul hY[ muslmwn Drm AMdr sUr nUM bhuq piv`qrmMinAw jWdw hY[ AYsIAW Axmnu`KI sjwvW bhwdrI dI inSwnI nhINdrswauNdIAW[

hzwry AMdr nlUAw dw rwj pRbMDAwpxI pMdrW swl dI gvrnrI Aqy au~qrI sImW dy hwkm

(1922-1937) vjoN AnykW jMgW Xu`DW dy bwvjUd srdwr nlUAw nybhuq hI kmwl dw Swsn kIqw[ jMg qW ibgVI hoeI kwnUMnI hwlq,Awm lut-Ksut , burCwgrdI, D`kySwhI Aqy iesqrI blwqkwr nUM n`Qpwaux leI zrUrI sI[ ies qoN ibnW iK`qy iv`c SWqI, Amn kwnUMn Aqyqr`kI AsMBv sI[

zmInI suDwrKyqIbwVI ijs aup`r 12 pRqISq lok KyqI krdy sn dI aupj

vDwaux leI zmInI suDwrW dI aus smyN bhuq zrUrq sI[ mugl rwjAMdr zmIn dw mwlk (vwrs) qkVw hI huMdw sI Aqy koeI j`dI mwlkIdw kwnUMn nhIN sI[ mwlk kol bhuqI zmIn hox krky auh aupjvDwaux v`l koeI bhuqw iDAwn nhIN sI idMdw[ pr srdwr nlUAw nyv`fy AlwtIAW qoN zmInW Koh ky ikswnW nUM vMf id`qIAW[ vMf vI iesAwDwr qy kIqI ik ijhVw ikswn srkwr nUM pUrw mwlIAw dyvygw auhIzmIn dw mwlk hovygw[ ieM\ wlI peIAW zmInW qy vI KyqI AwrMB hogeI Aqy pYdwvwr iv`c BwrI vwDw hoieAw[ zmInW dy pihly vwrsW nyies kwnUMn dw AiqAMq ivroD kIqw pr srdwr hrI isMG ny iehnWdI koeI pRvwh nw kIqI[ KyqIbwVI dI vwDU aupj nUM sWBx leI godwmvI bxwey[ ieh aupj aunHW swlW iv`c vrqI jWdI sI ijnHW iv`c bwrShox krky kwl pY jWdw sI[

pwxI leI Xog pRbMDAwpxy rwj pRbMD smyN hrIpur lwgy 'rMgIlw' nwmI nihr hrI

isMG ny KudvweI[ ies leI dOr dirAw qoN pwxI ilAw ky ie`k v`fyqlwA iv`c pwieAw igAw Aqy iPr nihr rwhIN v`K v`K ipMfW iv`c

8180

phuMcwieAw[ hr ie`k vwhIkwr nUM bwrI-su`Dy pwxI isMjweI leIimldw sI[ SihrI ieh pwxI pIx leI vI vrqdy sn[ ies qoNielwvw phwVW iv`c AwbSwrW dw pwxI iek`Tw krn leI vI bhuq swryqlwA Kudvwey gey qW ik pyNfU ieh pwxI pIx leI jW &slvwVI leIloV pYx qy vrq skx[ pwxI dy ies Xog pRbMD kwrn hrIpur dy AwlyduAwly dw ielwkw dUr-durwfy q`k hrw Brw bx igAw[ ^wlsw rwjipCoN AMgryjI srkwr dy AiDkwrIAW ny hrI isMG v`loN bxweI pwxI dIAwdrS Xojnw nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy ies nUM aus dI au~cI m`q AqydUr-AMdySI vwlI soc AwiKAw[ ies nwl ielwky AMdr PslW sbzIAWAwid dI aupj vDx kwrn ij`Qy ikswnW nUM lwB hoieAw au~Qy srkwrIAwmdn iv`c vI vwDw hoieAw sI[

nvyN qol mwpA&gwnI Aqy mugl hkUmqW smyN Atklp`cU vwly qol mwp vrqy

jWdy sn ijnHW kwrn lokW dI lu`t-Ksu`t huMdI sI[ srdwr swihb nyshI mwp qol vrqx leI s^q hdwieqW id`qIAW[ hzwry iv`cmihmUd SwhI p`kw syr Bwr p`KoN gYNfy dy 100 rupey dy brwbr sI[ iehp`kw syr 96 qoly dw sI Aqy k`cw 82 qoly dw sI[ ie`k qolw Aty sty10 gRwm huMdw sI[ keI QwvW qy bhwdr SwhI syr cldw sI ijhVw 82qoly dw sI[ iesy qrHW gujr Syr vI vriqAw jWdw sI[ k`pVy dI imxqIleI hrI isMG ny p`kw gz clwieAw ijhVw AMgryzI gz nwloN solHvWih`sw v`fw sI[ keI QwvW qy k`pVw qol ky vI ivkdw sI[

rihxI bihxI 'c suDwrhzwry dw ielwkw bhuq au~pdrI, &swdI Aqy puAwVy h`Qw sI[

ie`Qy 94.6 pRqISq muslmwn rihMdy sn[ pr hrI isMG ny hrIpurSihr vswieAw ijs iv`c is`KW qy ihMdUAW dI igxqI kw&I sI[kYptn vys ijhVw ik AMgRyzI srkwr dw ishq ivBwg sMbMDI A&sr

sI[ auh ilKdw hY ik mYN dUr dUr q`k hzwry dy ielwky iv`c igAw prhrIpur vrgw sw&-suQrw, hrw-Brw Aqy cihl-pihl vwlw ielwkwhor koeI idKweI nhIN id`qw[ ie`Qy is`KW dy Gr bVy suMdr sn, lok AwpvI s&weI vwly sn Aqy v`fI g`l AMimRq vyly au~T KVoNdy sn[ iehAwp qW imhnqI sn pr iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW bMidAW qoN vI v`Dimhnq krdIAW sn Aqy bsqr vgYrw vI cMgy Aqy sw& pihndIAWsn[ jdik muslm ielwikAW iv`c bVI gMdgI sI, lokW dy Gr Aqyk`pVy vI mYly-kucYly sn[ is`KW dI aun`qI hrI isMG dI v`fI dyx sI[ikauNik ies ny KyqIbwVI Aqy vpwr vDwaux leI jwdUgrI qr`kIkrvweI sI[ National Archieves of India, New Delhi (ForeignSecret Consultation 31.12.1847 Page 326 qy drj hY, 'HariSingh Nalwas resource management in this difficult and tur-bulent frontier was more efficient than that of the British)Bwv ies sImw vwly gVbVI ielwky iv`c hrI isMG dy rwj pRbMD dysroq AMgryz hkUmq nwloN vI bhuq kwrgr sn[ hzwry dy gztIAr(1901) iv`c drz hY ik hrI isMG Awpxy kwrnwimAW dI Cwp ie`QyC`f igAw ikauNik koeI qwkqvr, dlyr Aqy v`fy idl vwlw bMdw hIieh kMm kr skdw hY[ aus ny is`D kr id`qw ik ivroDI qwkqWswhsI, gqISIl, ihMmqI Aqy in~fr bMdy dy mUhry nw AV skdIAW hnAqy nw KVH skdIAW hn[

ieM\ ieh gurU klgIDr dw isMG sUrmw Aqy srdwr Asmwnqwivru`D jUiJAw, suqMqrqw leI liVAw Aqy s&lqw sihq AwpxImMzl vl vDdw hoieAw sUrj v`q ho ky cmikAw[ ies Syr idl XoDydy Xu`g pltwaU kwrnwimAW krky srdwr nlUey dI pRis`DI bwry ie`kgYr is`K AwpxI SihrPI iv`c ilKdw hY:by-bhuq hoieAw hrI isMG dUlo, ijhdw nwm roSn dUr dUr swry[id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwh nUM KOP zrUr swry[rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgU, hwqmqweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, sKI auh bulMd hzUr swry[

8382

phuMcwieAw[ hr ie`k vwhIkwr nUM bwrI-su`Dy pwxI isMjweI leIimldw sI[ SihrI ieh pwxI pIx leI vI vrqdy sn[ ies qoNielwvw phwVW iv`c AwbSwrW dw pwxI iek`Tw krn leI vI bhuq swryqlwA Kudvwey gey qW ik pyNfU ieh pwxI pIx leI jW &slvwVI leIloV pYx qy vrq skx[ pwxI dy ies Xog pRbMD kwrn hrIpur dy AwlyduAwly dw ielwkw dUr-durwfy q`k hrw Brw bx igAw[ ^wlsw rwjipCoN AMgryjI srkwr dy AiDkwrIAW ny hrI isMG v`loN bxweI pwxI dIAwdrS Xojnw nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy ies nUM aus dI au~cI m`q AqydUr-AMdySI vwlI soc AwiKAw[ ies nwl ielwky AMdr PslW sbzIAWAwid dI aupj vDx kwrn ij`Qy ikswnW nUM lwB hoieAw au~Qy srkwrIAwmdn iv`c vI vwDw hoieAw sI[

nvyN qol mwpA&gwnI Aqy mugl hkUmqW smyN Atklp`cU vwly qol mwp vrqy

jWdy sn ijnHW kwrn lokW dI lu`t-Ksu`t huMdI sI[ srdwr swihb nyshI mwp qol vrqx leI s^q hdwieqW id`qIAW[ hzwry iv`cmihmUd SwhI p`kw syr Bwr p`KoN gYNfy dy 100 rupey dy brwbr sI[ iehp`kw syr 96 qoly dw sI Aqy k`cw 82 qoly dw sI[ ie`k qolw Aty sty10 gRwm huMdw sI[ keI QwvW qy bhwdr SwhI syr cldw sI ijhVw 82qoly dw sI[ iesy qrHW gujr Syr vI vriqAw jWdw sI[ k`pVy dI imxqIleI hrI isMG ny p`kw gz clwieAw ijhVw AMgryzI gz nwloN solHvWih`sw v`fw sI[ keI QwvW qy k`pVw qol ky vI ivkdw sI[

rihxI bihxI 'c suDwrhzwry dw ielwkw bhuq au~pdrI, &swdI Aqy puAwVy h`Qw sI[

ie`Qy 94.6 pRqISq muslmwn rihMdy sn[ pr hrI isMG ny hrIpurSihr vswieAw ijs iv`c is`KW qy ihMdUAW dI igxqI kw&I sI[kYptn vys ijhVw ik AMgRyzI srkwr dw ishq ivBwg sMbMDI A&sr

sI[ auh ilKdw hY ik mYN dUr dUr q`k hzwry dy ielwky iv`c igAw prhrIpur vrgw sw&-suQrw, hrw-Brw Aqy cihl-pihl vwlw ielwkwhor koeI idKweI nhIN id`qw[ ie`Qy is`KW dy Gr bVy suMdr sn, lok AwpvI s&weI vwly sn Aqy v`fI g`l AMimRq vyly au~T KVoNdy sn[ iehAwp qW imhnqI sn pr iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW bMidAW qoN vI v`Dimhnq krdIAW sn Aqy bsqr vgYrw vI cMgy Aqy sw& pihndIAWsn[ jdik muslm ielwikAW iv`c bVI gMdgI sI, lokW dy Gr Aqyk`pVy vI mYly-kucYly sn[ is`KW dI aun`qI hrI isMG dI v`fI dyx sI[ikauNik ies ny KyqIbwVI Aqy vpwr vDwaux leI jwdUgrI qr`kIkrvweI sI[ National Archieves of India, New Delhi (ForeignSecret Consultation 31.12.1847 Page 326 qy drj hY, 'HariSingh Nalwas resource management in this difficult and tur-bulent frontier was more efficient than that of the British)Bwv ies sImw vwly gVbVI ielwky iv`c hrI isMG dy rwj pRbMD dysroq AMgryz hkUmq nwloN vI bhuq kwrgr sn[ hzwry dy gztIAr(1901) iv`c drz hY ik hrI isMG Awpxy kwrnwimAW dI Cwp ie`QyC`f igAw ikauNik koeI qwkqvr, dlyr Aqy v`fy idl vwlw bMdw hIieh kMm kr skdw hY[ aus ny is`D kr id`qw ik ivroDI qwkqWswhsI, gqISIl, ihMmqI Aqy in~fr bMdy dy mUhry nw AV skdIAW hnAqy nw KVH skdIAW hn[

ieM\ ieh gurU klgIDr dw isMG sUrmw Aqy srdwr Asmwnqwivru`D jUiJAw, suqMqrqw leI liVAw Aqy s&lqw sihq AwpxImMzl vl vDdw hoieAw sUrj v`q ho ky cmikAw[ ies Syr idl XoDydy Xu`g pltwaU kwrnwimAW krky srdwr nlUey dI pRis`DI bwry ie`kgYr is`K AwpxI SihrPI iv`c ilKdw hY:by-bhuq hoieAw hrI isMG dUlo, ijhdw nwm roSn dUr dUr swry[id`lI d`Kx qy cIn mcIn qweIN, bwdSwh nUM KOP zrUr swry[rwjw krn qy ibkRmwjIq vWgU, hwqmqweIN vWgUM mShUr swry[kwdrXwr jhwn qy nhIN hoxy, sKI auh bulMd hzUr swry[

8382

4

iSmlw imSn dw mu`KImhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw wlsw rwj dirAw sqluj qoN mulqwn,

kSmIr Aqy ipSwvr q`k PYl cuikAw sI jd ik eIst ieMifAw kMpnI(AMgryzI hkUmq) ny sqluj qoN d`Kx q`k pYr pswry hoey sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb dy rwj ADIn pMjwb dw ielwkw sI[ AMgryz A&sr keIvwr grmI dIAW CutIAW iSmly ibqwauNdy sn ikauNik grmI iv`c ie`QymOsm bhuq suhwvxw huMdw hY[ jdoN vI AMgryz A&sr iSmly AwauNdy qWihMdusqwn dIAW v`K v`K irAwsqW dy rwjy, mhwrwjy , nvwb AwidiehnW nUM iSmly ivKy 'jIau AwieAW' kihx AwauNdy Aqy iehnW dIcwplUsI vI krdy sn[ sMn 1809 dI AMimRqsr sMDI kwrn Syir-ey-pMjwb nwl vI AMgryzW ny im`qRqw bxweI hoeI sI[ ies imqRqw dI AwVhyT AMgryz hkUmq ie`k pMQ do kwj kr rhI sI[ ie`k qW vpwrkswDnW leI AwvwjweI ^wqr pMjwb dw rsqw vrq rhI sI dUjw rwjBwg dw Byd lY rhI sI[

AMgryz hkUmq ielwkw isMD qy kbjw krky Awpxw rwj Bwgsmucy A&gwinsqwn Aqy bloicsqwn qy jmwaux dI soc rhI sI[ aunHIidnI s`Xd Aihmd brylvI dw db dbw ^qm ho cu`ikAw sI AqyAMgryz hkUmq Swh sujwA nUM kwbl dI g`dI qy ibTwaux dy Xqn iv`csI[ pr Syir-ey-pMjwb Aqy ies dy jrnYl AMgryz dI ies kUV nIqIqy ingwh r`K rhy sn[

ieh pqw l`gx qy ik 1831 dIAW grmIAW iv`c pihlI vwrAMgryz srkwr dy do v`fy A&sr (birtS gvrnr jnrl, lwrfivlIAm bYNitk Aqy birtS kmWfr-ien-cI& lwrf flhOjI) iekTyiSmly Aw rhy hn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy jrnYlW AqydrbwrIAW dI mIitMg iv`c ikhw ik myrI soc hY AwpW nUM vI imlxI

iv`c iSmlw ivKy zrUr Swml hoxw cwhIdw hY[ sB ny ies g`l qysihmqI pRgt kIqI pr nwl hI keIAW ny ivcwr id`qy ik swnUMAMgryz srkwr A`gy gofy nhIN tykxy cwhIdy[ iehnW PrMgIAW dIAWmomo TgxIAW g`lW qy ivSvwS nhIN krnw cwhIdw[

iehnW idnW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Atk ivKy sn[iehnW nUM sunyhw imilAw ik qusIN lwhOr jldI phuMco[ mhwrwjw swihbbhuq sUJvwn sn[ aunHW iSmly ivKy v&d Byjx leI iqMn AiDkwrIAWhrI isMG nlUAw, &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm) dIcox kIqI[ ies v&d iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM muKI bxwieAwikauNik ie`k qW srdwr nlUAw swry jrnYlW iv`c muK miltrI kmWfrsI[ dUjw, aus nUM mhwrwjw ny ie`k nwmvr jrnYl hox dw purskwrid`qw hoieAw sI[ qIjw, ieh XUrpI &OzW dy FMgW qoN pUrI qrHW nwl jwxUsI[iehnW guxW qoN ielwvw ieh s^iSAq p`KoN bhuq hI roAb vwlw,idmwg p`KoN bu`DImwn, g`lbwq p`KoN hwzr juAwb, idRV ihrdy vwlwAqy idloN sw& Aqy BrosyXog sI[ ies v&d dI cox qoN mhwrwjwswihb dI Drm inrp`Kqw fu`lH fu`lH pYNdI hY[ ikauNik ies iv`c ie`kis`K, ie`k ihMdU Aqy ie`k muslmwn r`iKAw igAw[ iehnW iv`coN hrIisMG sB qoN CotI aumr dw sI[ auprly gux jo srdwr nlUAw bwryvrnx kIqy hn ieh koeI PrzI nhIN AslIAq hY[ bYrn huglijhVw jrmnI dw &OjI, ivdvwn Aqy nIqIvwn sI auh hrI isMG dI1836 iv`c aus nwl hoeI imlxI bwry ilKdw hY:

Our conversation was very different from the majorityof such interviews in India.... the exchange of ideas and ofreferences to events which had actually taken place. His ques-tions proved him to have thought and reasoned... He was oneof the very few Sardars at the court of Lahore who could readand write persian, the official language... (Hugel, 1845: 255)

8584

4

iSmlw imSn dw mu`KImhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw wlsw rwj dirAw sqluj qoN mulqwn,

kSmIr Aqy ipSwvr q`k PYl cuikAw sI jd ik eIst ieMifAw kMpnI(AMgryzI hkUmq) ny sqluj qoN d`Kx q`k pYr pswry hoey sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb dy rwj ADIn pMjwb dw ielwkw sI[ AMgryz A&sr keIvwr grmI dIAW CutIAW iSmly ibqwauNdy sn ikauNik grmI iv`c ie`QymOsm bhuq suhwvxw huMdw hY[ jdoN vI AMgryz A&sr iSmly AwauNdy qWihMdusqwn dIAW v`K v`K irAwsqW dy rwjy, mhwrwjy , nvwb AwidiehnW nUM iSmly ivKy 'jIau AwieAW' kihx AwauNdy Aqy iehnW dIcwplUsI vI krdy sn[ sMn 1809 dI AMimRqsr sMDI kwrn Syir-ey-pMjwb nwl vI AMgryzW ny im`qRqw bxweI hoeI sI[ ies imqRqw dI AwVhyT AMgryz hkUmq ie`k pMQ do kwj kr rhI sI[ ie`k qW vpwrkswDnW leI AwvwjweI ^wqr pMjwb dw rsqw vrq rhI sI dUjw rwjBwg dw Byd lY rhI sI[

AMgryz hkUmq ielwkw isMD qy kbjw krky Awpxw rwj Bwgsmucy A&gwinsqwn Aqy bloicsqwn qy jmwaux dI soc rhI sI[ aunHIidnI s`Xd Aihmd brylvI dw db dbw ^qm ho cu`ikAw sI AqyAMgryz hkUmq Swh sujwA nUM kwbl dI g`dI qy ibTwaux dy Xqn iv`csI[ pr Syir-ey-pMjwb Aqy ies dy jrnYl AMgryz dI ies kUV nIqIqy ingwh r`K rhy sn[

ieh pqw l`gx qy ik 1831 dIAW grmIAW iv`c pihlI vwrAMgryz srkwr dy do v`fy A&sr (birtS gvrnr jnrl, lwrfivlIAm bYNitk Aqy birtS kmWfr-ien-cI& lwrf flhOjI) iekTyiSmly Aw rhy hn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny Awpxy jrnYlW AqydrbwrIAW dI mIitMg iv`c ikhw ik myrI soc hY AwpW nUM vI imlxI

iv`c iSmlw ivKy zrUr Swml hoxw cwhIdw hY[ sB ny ies g`l qysihmqI pRgt kIqI pr nwl hI keIAW ny ivcwr id`qy ik swnUMAMgryz srkwr A`gy gofy nhIN tykxy cwhIdy[ iehnW PrMgIAW dIAWmomo TgxIAW g`lW qy ivSvwS nhIN krnw cwhIdw[

iehnW idnW iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw Atk ivKy sn[iehnW nUM sunyhw imilAw ik qusIN lwhOr jldI phuMco[ mhwrwjw swihbbhuq sUJvwn sn[ aunHW iSmly ivKy v&d Byjx leI iqMn AiDkwrIAWhrI isMG nlUAw, &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm) dIcox kIqI[ ies v&d iv`c srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nUM muKI bxwieAwikauNik ie`k qW srdwr nlUAw swry jrnYlW iv`c muK miltrI kmWfrsI[ dUjw, aus nUM mhwrwjw ny ie`k nwmvr jrnYl hox dw purskwrid`qw hoieAw sI[ qIjw, ieh XUrpI &OzW dy FMgW qoN pUrI qrHW nwl jwxUsI[iehnW guxW qoN ielwvw ieh s^iSAq p`KoN bhuq hI roAb vwlw,idmwg p`KoN bu`DImwn, g`lbwq p`KoN hwzr juAwb, idRV ihrdy vwlwAqy idloN sw& Aqy BrosyXog sI[ ies v&d dI cox qoN mhwrwjwswihb dI Drm inrp`Kqw fu`lH fu`lH pYNdI hY[ ikauNik ies iv`c ie`kis`K, ie`k ihMdU Aqy ie`k muslmwn r`iKAw igAw[ iehnW iv`coN hrIisMG sB qoN CotI aumr dw sI[ auprly gux jo srdwr nlUAw bwryvrnx kIqy hn ieh koeI PrzI nhIN AslIAq hY[ bYrn huglijhVw jrmnI dw &OjI, ivdvwn Aqy nIqIvwn sI auh hrI isMG dI1836 iv`c aus nwl hoeI imlxI bwry ilKdw hY:

Our conversation was very different from the majorityof such interviews in India.... the exchange of ideas and ofreferences to events which had actually taken place. His ques-tions proved him to have thought and reasoned... He was oneof the very few Sardars at the court of Lahore who could readand write persian, the official language... (Hugel, 1845: 255)

8584

Bwv swfI g`lbwq Bwrq iv`c hoeIAW bhuq swrIAW mulwkwqWnwloN v`KrI sI....AsIN hoeIAW Asl GtnwvW bwry Awpxy iKAwlwqAqy prsMg sWJy kIqy[ aus dy svwl bhuq ivcwr BrpUr Aqy qrkvwly sn[ lwhOr dI kcihrI iv`c auh kuJ srdwrW iv`coN ie`k sIijhVw srkwrI BwSw &wrsI pVH Aqy ilK skdw sI[

(hugl 1845: 255)

hrI isMG nlvw ijs dy imSn iv`c 265 sYink hoxgy, bwryiSmly phuMcx sMbMDI brqwnIAW dy iejMt kYptn vyf ny gvrnrjnrl nUM p`qr ilK ky sUicq kr id`qw sI[ mhwrwjw swihb ny &kIrAzIz-aud-dIn nUM hox vwlI swrI g`lbwq dw mUl KrVw (protokol)iqAwr krn leI AgwaUN luiDAwxy Byj id`qw Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUMkYptn vyf kol iPlOr phuMcx leI AwiKAw[

iSmlw imSn dw mMqv1. iSmlw imSn ijhVw 1831 iv`c r`iKAw igAw dw mu`K mMqv

sI brqnIAW dy vpwr nUM auqSwhq krnw ikauNik 1830 dy eyVgyV iehnW dy vpwr dI iezwrydwrI bhuq Gt geI sI[ pMjwb,kwbl, buKwrw Awid ielwikAW iv`c in`q dI vrqoN dIAW vsqW,k`pVw, lohw, qWbw Awid bhuqIAW rUs qoN Aw ky ivkx l`gpeIAW sn[ hor qW hor ies imSn iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGv`loN brqnIAW dy A&srW nUM ijhVy is`ky qohPy vjoN ByNt kIqyjWdy auh vI rUs qoN hI bx ky AwauNdy sn[

2. is`K rwj dI &OjI qwkq Aqy &OzW dI igxqI Awid bwry shIjwxkwrI pRwpq krnI[ eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI nUM imstr Aylnbrgny AwiKAw sI ik ijqnw icr qusIN lwhOr Aqy kwbl qy kbzwnhIN kr lYNdy Awpxw vpwr vD nhIN skdw[

3. vpwr leI pMjwb dy ielwky iv`c sVkW dy inrmwx leI mMnjUrIhwsl krnw[

4. isMD Aqy pMjwb dy dirAwvW iv`c vpwr leI zhwzrwnI dyswDnW bwry jwxnw Aqy prvwngI lYxw[

5. pMjwb qy rUs dy hmly dI icqwvnI dyxw[

ivlIAm bYNitk dw kw&lw ijhVw iSmly v`l jw irhw sI ausbwry jYkmwaUNt dI rIport (1834 ) ijhVI AwksPorf XUnIvristIpRY~s, id`lI ny vwlIaUm 2, 1976 iv`c CwpI dy pMnw 386 qy drzhY ik ies iv`c 103 hwQI, 1300 aUNT Aqy 800 rQ-g`fIAW sn[bYNitk ny ipMjOr ivKy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy Aw rhy kw&ly dysuAwgq leI rukx dw mn bxwieAw pr &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nyikhw ik mhwrwjw swihb dw hukm hY ik swfw kw&lw is`Dw iSmlyphuMcygw[ ieh g`l mMn ky bYNitk iSmly phuMc igAw[

srdwr hrI isMG jo gurU dw nUrw, bcnW dw pUrw Aqy krnI dwsUrw sI ny mhwrwjy nUM AwiKAw, "swihb! mn dI ie`Cw nhIN iSmly jwxdI[ hW, quhwfy hukm nUM svIkwr kr irhw hW[ ijs kMm mYN l`igAwhoieAw sI auh Ajy ADUrw hY"[

iSmly v`l qurn qoN pihlW srkwr ny hrI isMG nUM SwndwriK`lq ByNt kIqI[ hrI isMG nwl AMq dy sjy hoey 265 sYink qy GoVyqory[ rsqy iv`c Awpxy pirvwr kol gujrWvwly kuJ idn Tihr ky is`DyluiDAwxy phuMcy ij`Qy kYptn vyf ny iehnW dw in`Gw suAwgq kIqw[vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik ihMdusqwn dy dUjy nvwbW qoN srdwr hrIisMG leI suAwgq v`Krw sI[ hugl ny vI iliKAw hY ik srdwr nlUeynUM ie`k ws kursI bYTx leI pihlW hI itkweI hoeI sI[ mOlvI modInkI ilKdw hY kIqy ies suAwgq bwry Aqy AMgryzW v`loN BwrqIAW leIkIqy jw rhy slUk bwry?

8786

Bwv swfI g`lbwq Bwrq iv`c hoeIAW bhuq swrIAW mulwkwqWnwloN v`KrI sI....AsIN hoeIAW Asl GtnwvW bwry Awpxy iKAwlwqAqy prsMg sWJy kIqy[ aus dy svwl bhuq ivcwr BrpUr Aqy qrkvwly sn[ lwhOr dI kcihrI iv`c auh kuJ srdwrW iv`coN ie`k sIijhVw srkwrI BwSw &wrsI pVH Aqy ilK skdw sI[

(hugl 1845: 255)

hrI isMG nlvw ijs dy imSn iv`c 265 sYink hoxgy, bwryiSmly phuMcx sMbMDI brqwnIAW dy iejMt kYptn vyf ny gvrnrjnrl nUM p`qr ilK ky sUicq kr id`qw sI[ mhwrwjw swihb ny &kIrAzIz-aud-dIn nUM hox vwlI swrI g`lbwq dw mUl KrVw (protokol)iqAwr krn leI AgwaUN luiDAwxy Byj id`qw Aqy dIvwn moqI rwm nUMkYptn vyf kol iPlOr phuMcx leI AwiKAw[

iSmlw imSn dw mMqv1. iSmlw imSn ijhVw 1831 iv`c r`iKAw igAw dw mu`K mMqv

sI brqnIAW dy vpwr nUM auqSwhq krnw ikauNik 1830 dy eyVgyV iehnW dy vpwr dI iezwrydwrI bhuq Gt geI sI[ pMjwb,kwbl, buKwrw Awid ielwikAW iv`c in`q dI vrqoN dIAW vsqW,k`pVw, lohw, qWbw Awid bhuqIAW rUs qoN Aw ky ivkx l`gpeIAW sn[ hor qW hor ies imSn iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGv`loN brqnIAW dy A&srW nUM ijhVy is`ky qohPy vjoN ByNt kIqyjWdy auh vI rUs qoN hI bx ky AwauNdy sn[

2. is`K rwj dI &OjI qwkq Aqy &OzW dI igxqI Awid bwry shIjwxkwrI pRwpq krnI[ eIst ieMfIAw kMpnI nUM imstr Aylnbrgny AwiKAw sI ik ijqnw icr qusIN lwhOr Aqy kwbl qy kbzwnhIN kr lYNdy Awpxw vpwr vD nhIN skdw[

3. vpwr leI pMjwb dy ielwky iv`c sVkW dy inrmwx leI mMnjUrIhwsl krnw[

4. isMD Aqy pMjwb dy dirAwvW iv`c vpwr leI zhwzrwnI dyswDnW bwry jwxnw Aqy prvwngI lYxw[

5. pMjwb qy rUs dy hmly dI icqwvnI dyxw[

ivlIAm bYNitk dw kw&lw ijhVw iSmly v`l jw irhw sI ausbwry jYkmwaUNt dI rIport (1834 ) ijhVI AwksPorf XUnIvristIpRY~s, id`lI ny vwlIaUm 2, 1976 iv`c CwpI dy pMnw 386 qy drzhY ik ies iv`c 103 hwQI, 1300 aUNT Aqy 800 rQ-g`fIAW sn[bYNitk ny ipMjOr ivKy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy Aw rhy kw&ly dysuAwgq leI rukx dw mn bxwieAw pr &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nyikhw ik mhwrwjw swihb dw hukm hY ik swfw kw&lw is`Dw iSmlyphuMcygw[ ieh g`l mMn ky bYNitk iSmly phuMc igAw[

srdwr hrI isMG jo gurU dw nUrw, bcnW dw pUrw Aqy krnI dwsUrw sI ny mhwrwjy nUM AwiKAw, "swihb! mn dI ie`Cw nhIN iSmly jwxdI[ hW, quhwfy hukm nUM svIkwr kr irhw hW[ ijs kMm mYN l`igAwhoieAw sI auh Ajy ADUrw hY"[

iSmly v`l qurn qoN pihlW srkwr ny hrI isMG nUM SwndwriK`lq ByNt kIqI[ hrI isMG nwl AMq dy sjy hoey 265 sYink qy GoVyqory[ rsqy iv`c Awpxy pirvwr kol gujrWvwly kuJ idn Tihr ky is`DyluiDAwxy phuMcy ij`Qy kYptn vyf ny iehnW dw in`Gw suAwgq kIqw[vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAw hY ik ihMdusqwn dy dUjy nvwbW qoN srdwr hrIisMG leI suAwgq v`Krw sI[ hugl ny vI iliKAw hY ik srdwr nlUeynUM ie`k ws kursI bYTx leI pihlW hI itkweI hoeI sI[ mOlvI modInkI ilKdw hY kIqy ies suAwgq bwry Aqy AMgryzW v`loN BwrqIAW leIkIqy jw rhy slUk bwry?

8786

These Feringis will seat their dogs by their sides onchairs, beds, on palankeens but will not suffer these brutes(meaning people of india whether Hindu or Muslim) to comeinto their presence; when admitted they will not allow him tosit down even on the ground when noble and distinguishednatives appear in the presence of an Englishman, they findhim seated on a chair, and though they salute him, they willnot return the salutation nor even move his heads (NAI/FSC21.8.1939 : 16)

….Bwv ieh PrMgI Awpxy ku`iqAW nUM qW kursIAW, ibsqirAWAqy pwlkIAW iv`c Awpxy kol ibTw lYNdy hn pr jd iksy ihMdU jWmuslmwn nUM jdoN kdy iehnW nUM imlx dI AwigAw iml jwvy qW iehies nUM DrqI qy vI bYTx leI nhIN AwKdy[ jdoN guAWF dw koeI dbdby vwlw Aqy pqvMqw ie`k AMgryz dy swmHxy AwauNdw hY aus nUM bYTxleI kursI idMdy hn, aus nUM slUt mwrdy hn BwvyN auh slUt dw juAwbnw vI dyvy Aqy Awpxw isr vI nw ihlwvy[

is`K rwj dw kw&lw luiDAwxy qoN c`l ky ropV, mwCIvwVw, cmkOrswihb huMdw hoieAw iSmly v`l c`ilAw[ A`D ApYRl ieh nwlwgVHphuMc gey[ imstr mry iehnw nwl c`l irhw sI pr kYptn vyfiehnW dy suAwgq leI iSmly phuMc igAw sI[ hrI isMG dw kw&lwrsqy iv`c sbwQU (spwtU) kol kuJ smW TihirAw sI[ ies jgHwksOlI iSmlw rUt qy A`j klH 'nlvw' nwmI ipMf visAw hoieAw hY[

dUjy pwsy ihMdusqwn dy rwjy Aqy nvwb ijnHW iv`c nwBy dw rwjwjsvMq isMG Aqy jINd Aqy kYQl dy isK rwjy sn, auh gvrnr jnrlnUM mnImwjrw ivKy qoh&y ByNt kr ky vwps cly gey[ pitAwly dy rwjyny ipMjOr ivKy gvrnr jnrl nwl ByNt krky qoh&y id`qy[

lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk phwVI aup`r bxy mkwn 'bYNitk kYsl'iv`c TihirAw hoieAw sI[ hrI isMG 21 ApRYL 1831 nUM jdoN iSmlyphuMcy qW aunHW nUM 2500 rupey jY&wq vjoN id`qy gey[ iehnW dy swrymYNbrW Aqy sYinkW dy iDAwn leI imstr kYnyfI dI ifaUtI lgweIgeI[ kYptn vyf 13 vYswK (23 ApRYl 1831) nUM srdwr hrI isMGAqy aunHW dy nwl dy mYNbrW nUM "Paliti's Grand Hotel" iv`c AgvweIkr ky pihlI mIitMg leI lY ky igAw[ lwt ivlIAm bYNitk Aqy lwtflhOzI ny kmytI hwl dy duAwr qy Aw ky iehnW nUM jIE AwieAW(Welcome) kIqw, hQ imlwey Aqy pRym sihq kursIAW qy ibTwieAw[mhwrwjw swihb dI ishqXwbI bwry pu`iCAw[ &kIr AzIz-aud-dInny mhwrwjy v`loN ByijAw p`qr ijs iv`c dosqI dw auphwr vrnx sI,pyS kIqw[ A`go ivlIAm bYNitk ny vI dovW qr&W dI Atu`t dosqI dwAihsws ijqwieAw Aqy mhwrwjy v`loN idKweI audwrqw, idAwlqwAqy ikRpwlqw dw DMnvwd kIqw[ iPr dohW pwisAW qoN qohiPAW dwAwdwn-pRdwn kIqw igAw[ ie`k dUjy nwl iml ky g`l bwq rwhIN KuSIsWJI kIqI geI[ Asl iv`c ieh idKwieAw jw irhw AwpsI ipAwrAqy idKweI jw rhI AwpsI sWJ Aqy KuSI aup`roN aup`roN hI sI[ iehlok auproN ijqny gory icty sn AMdroN iehnW dy idl auqny hI kwly sn[ieh g`l mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq auprMq j`g zwhr ho geI sI[j`g jwxdw hY iehnW ny is`K rwj ikvyN qbwh kIqw Aqy ikvyN koihnUrhIry vrgIAW AnykW hI kImqI vsqW lu`t ky lMfn lY gey[

rsmI sMmylnsrdwr hrI isMG jI nlUAw Aqy aunHW dy v&d dI AMgryz

A&srW nwl 27 ApRYl 1831 nUM pYiltI dy grYNf hotl iv`c rsmIg`lbwq hoeI[ ies g`l bwq iv`c dohW rwjW dIAW gupq g`lW nUM pRSnauq`r rwhIN iekWqvws iv`c sWJw kIqw igAw[ BwvyN ies mIitMg bwry

8988

These Feringis will seat their dogs by their sides onchairs, beds, on palankeens but will not suffer these brutes(meaning people of india whether Hindu or Muslim) to comeinto their presence; when admitted they will not allow him tosit down even on the ground when noble and distinguishednatives appear in the presence of an Englishman, they findhim seated on a chair, and though they salute him, they willnot return the salutation nor even move his heads (NAI/FSC21.8.1939 : 16)

….Bwv ieh PrMgI Awpxy ku`iqAW nUM qW kursIAW, ibsqirAWAqy pwlkIAW iv`c Awpxy kol ibTw lYNdy hn pr jd iksy ihMdU jWmuslmwn nUM jdoN kdy iehnW nUM imlx dI AwigAw iml jwvy qW iehies nUM DrqI qy vI bYTx leI nhIN AwKdy[ jdoN guAWF dw koeI dbdby vwlw Aqy pqvMqw ie`k AMgryz dy swmHxy AwauNdw hY aus nUM bYTxleI kursI idMdy hn, aus nUM slUt mwrdy hn BwvyN auh slUt dw juAwbnw vI dyvy Aqy Awpxw isr vI nw ihlwvy[

is`K rwj dw kw&lw luiDAwxy qoN c`l ky ropV, mwCIvwVw, cmkOrswihb huMdw hoieAw iSmly v`l c`ilAw[ A`D ApYRl ieh nwlwgVHphuMc gey[ imstr mry iehnw nwl c`l irhw sI pr kYptn vyfiehnW dy suAwgq leI iSmly phuMc igAw sI[ hrI isMG dw kw&lwrsqy iv`c sbwQU (spwtU) kol kuJ smW TihirAw sI[ ies jgHwksOlI iSmlw rUt qy A`j klH 'nlvw' nwmI ipMf visAw hoieAw hY[

dUjy pwsy ihMdusqwn dy rwjy Aqy nvwb ijnHW iv`c nwBy dw rwjwjsvMq isMG Aqy jINd Aqy kYQl dy isK rwjy sn, auh gvrnr jnrlnUM mnImwjrw ivKy qoh&y ByNt kr ky vwps cly gey[ pitAwly dy rwjyny ipMjOr ivKy gvrnr jnrl nwl ByNt krky qoh&y id`qy[

lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk phwVI aup`r bxy mkwn 'bYNitk kYsl'iv`c TihirAw hoieAw sI[ hrI isMG 21 ApRYL 1831 nUM jdoN iSmlyphuMcy qW aunHW nUM 2500 rupey jY&wq vjoN id`qy gey[ iehnW dy swrymYNbrW Aqy sYinkW dy iDAwn leI imstr kYnyfI dI ifaUtI lgweIgeI[ kYptn vyf 13 vYswK (23 ApRYl 1831) nUM srdwr hrI isMGAqy aunHW dy nwl dy mYNbrW nUM "Paliti's Grand Hotel" iv`c AgvweIkr ky pihlI mIitMg leI lY ky igAw[ lwt ivlIAm bYNitk Aqy lwtflhOzI ny kmytI hwl dy duAwr qy Aw ky iehnW nUM jIE AwieAW(Welcome) kIqw, hQ imlwey Aqy pRym sihq kursIAW qy ibTwieAw[mhwrwjw swihb dI ishqXwbI bwry pu`iCAw[ &kIr AzIz-aud-dInny mhwrwjy v`loN ByijAw p`qr ijs iv`c dosqI dw auphwr vrnx sI,pyS kIqw[ A`go ivlIAm bYNitk ny vI dovW qr&W dI Atu`t dosqI dwAihsws ijqwieAw Aqy mhwrwjy v`loN idKweI audwrqw, idAwlqwAqy ikRpwlqw dw DMnvwd kIqw[ iPr dohW pwisAW qoN qohiPAW dwAwdwn-pRdwn kIqw igAw[ ie`k dUjy nwl iml ky g`l bwq rwhIN KuSIsWJI kIqI geI[ Asl iv`c ieh idKwieAw jw irhw AwpsI ipAwrAqy idKweI jw rhI AwpsI sWJ Aqy KuSI aup`roN aup`roN hI sI[ iehlok auproN ijqny gory icty sn AMdroN iehnW dy idl auqny hI kwly sn[ieh g`l mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq auprMq j`g zwhr ho geI sI[j`g jwxdw hY iehnW ny is`K rwj ikvyN qbwh kIqw Aqy ikvyN koihnUrhIry vrgIAW AnykW hI kImqI vsqW lu`t ky lMfn lY gey[

rsmI sMmylnsrdwr hrI isMG jI nlUAw Aqy aunHW dy v&d dI AMgryz

A&srW nwl 27 ApRYl 1831 nUM pYiltI dy grYNf hotl iv`c rsmIg`lbwq hoeI[ ies g`l bwq iv`c dohW rwjW dIAW gupq g`lW nUM pRSnauq`r rwhIN iekWqvws iv`c sWJw kIqw igAw[ BwvyN ies mIitMg bwry

8988

sB kuJ gupq r`iKAw igAw sI[ pr ivlIAm bYNitk dy bwAd iv`cilKy p`qrW qoN pqw l`gdw hY ik ies iv`c &Oj dI igxqI, B`qy, &OjIkrq`vW Aqy Awaux vwly smyN iv`c &Oj dI kwrvweI bwry ivcwirAwigAw sI[ lYPtInYNt jnrl AY~s AY~& vitMgm nUM ilKy p`qr nMbr314 iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ny ieh iliKAw:

Ranjit Singh had abondoned the lance for the sabre. Thiswas necessitated from the moment. Ranjit Singh determinedto organise regular troops modelled after European meth-ods. For the cavalry to manouver in line and at close order,the long lance was inconvenient to use and thereafter replacedby the sabre.

Bwv hux rxjIq isMG ny nyjy dI QW ktwr dI vrqoN leI AwiKAwhY[ rxjIq isMG AwpxIAW &OjW nUM XUrpIn FMg Apnwaux leI idRVhY[ sYinkW nUM pYNqVybwjI dI vrqoN sihq lMby nyzy dI vrqoN Xog nhIN;ies dI QW ktwr r`Kx nUM AwiKAw hY[

Awpxy 378 nMbr p`qr iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ilKdw hY ikKrcw Gtwaux leI ihMdusqwn iv`c AMgryz A&srW Aqy sYinkW dI QWihMdusqwnI BrqI kIqy jwx ikauNik auh G`t qnKwh B`qy qy kMm krskdy hn[ bYNitk ny Awpxy sk`qr nUM ieh hdwieqW id`qIAW ik mYnUMpqw kr ky d`sy ik rxjIq isMG AwpxI ieqnI &Oj nUM ieqny PMf ikQoNpRwpq krdw hY?

mIitMg auprMq wlsw &Oj dy sYinkW Aqy GoV svwrW v`loN AwpxykwrnwimAW dw pRdrSn kIqw igAw[ ies Ajb Aqy gzb dy pRdrSnnUM dyK ivlIAm bYNitk ny ispwhIAW nUM ienwm pRdwn kIqy[

bYNitk ny ies ip`CoN ihMdusqwnI Aqy XUrp dy s`iBAwcwr dI sWJleI bVw sj Dj vwlw iesqrI nwc SurU kr id`qw ijs iv`c aus dI

mym vI ih`sw lY rhI sI[ pr ^wlsw &Oj dy imSn ny ieh psMd nhINkIqw[ mUMh iv`c tokw twkI vI kIqI, auh ieh dyK ky hYrwn Aqy prySwnhI nhIN hoey sgoN aunHW dy idlW qy ies gm dI gihrI s`t v`jI[ wlswgurU dy aupdyS qy cldw hoieAw iesqrI dI ie`zq Aqy p~q dwrKvwlw hY, prweIAW iesqrIAW v`l nhIN q`kdw Aqy nw hI AYsy nwc(mujry) dyKdw hY[ nwcW, nwtkW, cytkW Awid nUM gurU swihb ny mwVyAwiKAw hY ikauNik ieh bySrmI dw qwx huMdy hn[

nwtk cytk kIey kukwjw] pRBu logn ko Awvq lwjw]

sohn isMG sUrI ilKdw hY:

"During those days the wife of the Governor with otherfifty Eurpean ladies came forward and began to dance andsing with instruments in such a way that the audience be-come spell-bound like pictures on the wall". (Sohan SinghSuri 19th Cent: (111-1)f.25)

"Bwv aunHI idnI gvrnr (bYNitk) dI mym 50 hor mymW nwl A`gyAweI[ aunHW swzW nwl n`cxw Aqy gwauxW SurU kr id`qw ijs nUM dyK kysRoqy mugD ho gey ijvyN kMD qy koeI qsvIr l`gI idKweI idMdI hovy"[

ies imlxI iv`c mu`K qOr qy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl Awauxvwly smyN AMdr qih hoey pRogRwm dI crcw hoeI, ijhVI 26 AkqUbr1831 nUM ropV ivKy hoxI sI[ ivdwiegI smyN srdwr hrI isMG nUM lwldrI ivCw ky 13 kImqI bsqrW, klgI, gly dw hwr Aqy Cwp nwlsnmwinq kIqw igAw[ wlsw imSn dy c`lx smyN bYNitk ny mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG nUM jldI imlx dI auqsukqw duhrweI[ kYptn vyf qWmhwrwjw swihb nUM iSmlw imSn dI s&lqw d`sx lwhOr v`l qurigAw pr srdwr nlUAw sYinkW smyq gurDwmW dy drSnW leI AnMdpurswihb v`l c`l pey[ dIvwn moqI rwm gMgw dy iknwry vsy hirduAwrv`l clw igAw[

9190

sB kuJ gupq r`iKAw igAw sI[ pr ivlIAm bYNitk dy bwAd iv`cilKy p`qrW qoN pqw l`gdw hY ik ies iv`c &Oj dI igxqI, B`qy, &OjIkrq`vW Aqy Awaux vwly smyN iv`c &Oj dI kwrvweI bwry ivcwirAwigAw sI[ lYPtInYNt jnrl AY~s AY~& vitMgm nUM ilKy p`qr nMbr314 iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ny ieh iliKAw:

Ranjit Singh had abondoned the lance for the sabre. Thiswas necessitated from the moment. Ranjit Singh determinedto organise regular troops modelled after European meth-ods. For the cavalry to manouver in line and at close order,the long lance was inconvenient to use and thereafter replacedby the sabre.

Bwv hux rxjIq isMG ny nyjy dI QW ktwr dI vrqoN leI AwiKAwhY[ rxjIq isMG AwpxIAW &OjW nUM XUrpIn FMg Apnwaux leI idRVhY[ sYinkW nUM pYNqVybwjI dI vrqoN sihq lMby nyzy dI vrqoN Xog nhIN;ies dI QW ktwr r`Kx nUM AwiKAw hY[

Awpxy 378 nMbr p`qr iv`c ivlIAm bYNitk ilKdw hY ikKrcw Gtwaux leI ihMdusqwn iv`c AMgryz A&srW Aqy sYinkW dI QWihMdusqwnI BrqI kIqy jwx ikauNik auh G`t qnKwh B`qy qy kMm krskdy hn[ bYNitk ny Awpxy sk`qr nUM ieh hdwieqW id`qIAW ik mYnUMpqw kr ky d`sy ik rxjIq isMG AwpxI ieqnI &Oj nUM ieqny PMf ikQoNpRwpq krdw hY?

mIitMg auprMq wlsw &Oj dy sYinkW Aqy GoV svwrW v`loN AwpxykwrnwimAW dw pRdrSn kIqw igAw[ ies Ajb Aqy gzb dy pRdrSnnUM dyK ivlIAm bYNitk ny ispwhIAW nUM ienwm pRdwn kIqy[

bYNitk ny ies ip`CoN ihMdusqwnI Aqy XUrp dy s`iBAwcwr dI sWJleI bVw sj Dj vwlw iesqrI nwc SurU kr id`qw ijs iv`c aus dI

mym vI ih`sw lY rhI sI[ pr ^wlsw &Oj dy imSn ny ieh psMd nhINkIqw[ mUMh iv`c tokw twkI vI kIqI, auh ieh dyK ky hYrwn Aqy prySwnhI nhIN hoey sgoN aunHW dy idlW qy ies gm dI gihrI s`t v`jI[ wlswgurU dy aupdyS qy cldw hoieAw iesqrI dI ie`zq Aqy p~q dwrKvwlw hY, prweIAW iesqrIAW v`l nhIN q`kdw Aqy nw hI AYsy nwc(mujry) dyKdw hY[ nwcW, nwtkW, cytkW Awid nUM gurU swihb ny mwVyAwiKAw hY ikauNik ieh bySrmI dw qwx huMdy hn[

nwtk cytk kIey kukwjw] pRBu logn ko Awvq lwjw]

sohn isMG sUrI ilKdw hY:

"During those days the wife of the Governor with otherfifty Eurpean ladies came forward and began to dance andsing with instruments in such a way that the audience be-come spell-bound like pictures on the wall". (Sohan SinghSuri 19th Cent: (111-1)f.25)

"Bwv aunHI idnI gvrnr (bYNitk) dI mym 50 hor mymW nwl A`gyAweI[ aunHW swzW nwl n`cxw Aqy gwauxW SurU kr id`qw ijs nUM dyK kysRoqy mugD ho gey ijvyN kMD qy koeI qsvIr l`gI idKweI idMdI hovy"[

ies imlxI iv`c mu`K qOr qy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nwl Awauxvwly smyN AMdr qih hoey pRogRwm dI crcw hoeI, ijhVI 26 AkqUbr1831 nUM ropV ivKy hoxI sI[ ivdwiegI smyN srdwr hrI isMG nUM lwldrI ivCw ky 13 kImqI bsqrW, klgI, gly dw hwr Aqy Cwp nwlsnmwinq kIqw igAw[ wlsw imSn dy c`lx smyN bYNitk ny mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG nUM jldI imlx dI auqsukqw duhrweI[ kYptn vyf qWmhwrwjw swihb nUM iSmlw imSn dI s&lqw d`sx lwhOr v`l qurigAw pr srdwr nlUAw sYinkW smyq gurDwmW dy drSnW leI AnMdpurswihb v`l c`l pey[ dIvwn moqI rwm gMgw dy iknwry vsy hirduAwrv`l clw igAw[

9190

auprMq hrI isMG dw kw&lw sqluj dirAw pwr krky i&lOrphuMicAw[ i&lOr qoN A`gy AdInw ngr phuMcy ijhVw gurdwspur AqypTwnkot dy ivckwr hY[ AdInw ngr A&gwn gvrnr AdInw bygny vswieAw sI[ aunHI idnIN mhwrwjw swihb AdInw byg ngr TihirAwhoieAw sI[ mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG, dIvwn moqI rwm Aqy &kIrAzIz-aud-dIn dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iqMnW nUM sony nwl jVIAWkwTIAW vwly suMdr GoVy id`qy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG BwvyN ies im~qRqwqoN bhuq KuS sI pr srdwr nlUAw AMgryzW nwl im`qRqw gMFx dy h`kiv`c nhIN sn[ auhnW nUM ies im`qRqw iv`c AOkVW idKweI idMdIAW sn[aunHW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM kYptn vyf dIAW im`TIAW im`TIAW g`lWqoN swvDwn rihx leI vI AwiKAw[ srdwr nlvw dy id`qy suJwvWAnuswr mhwrwjw ny kYptn vyf nUM AgwaUN hox vwlI mIitMg sMbMDI pMjSrqW r`KIAW:

1. mIitMg iv`c g`lbwq kyvl dohW rwjW iv`c im`qRqw sMbMDI hovygIAqy koeI rwjnIiqk mu`dw nhIN ivcwirAw jwvygw[

2. ieh imlxI AnMdpur (mwKovwl) dy nyVy qyVy hovygI Aqy dohWrwjW dy sYink sqluj dirAw dy Awpxy Awpxy pwsy bYTxgy[

3. quhwfy swihb (English lordship) nUM pihlW swfy kol Awauxwpvygw[

4. mYN Awpxy v`loN quhwnUM myry (Syir-ey-pMjwb) pws ilAwaux leIAwpxy byty kMvr KVk isMG nUM ByjWgw Aqy mYnUM quhwfy pwsquhwfw kmWfr ien-cIP iljwvygw[

5. quhwfy swihb nwl ies imlxI dI g`l bwq Awaux vwly smyNAMdr koeI imswl nhIN hovygI[ AgwaUN vwlI imlxI jW imlxIAWAwpxy ih`qW nUM m`uK r`K ky hI hovygI jW hoxgIAW[

kYptn vyf ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN id`qw p`qr ivlIAmbYNitk kol Byj id`qw[ bYNitk ny ieh SrqW ivcwr ky ilK id`qw ikieh imlxI quhwfy id`qy suJwvW dy Anuswr hI hovygI[ mYnUM ieh swrIAWg`lW pRvwn hn[

is`K srdwrW dI mIitMg iv`c mhwrwjy ny jd AMgryzW nwl hoxvwlI imlxI sMbMDI ivcwr kIqw qW swry srdwrW ny ies nUM tyFI cwlAwiKAw[ ies ivroD nUM dyK ky srkwr ny aunHW kol phuMcy kYptn vyfnUM AwiKAw ik quhwfw swihb mYnUM ieh Brosw dyvy ik jo g`lbwq hovygIauh gupq r`KI jwvygI[ SYqwn vyf ny AwiKAw,"swihb! ies mIitMgsMbMDI swfw koeI gu`Jw Byd nhIN , ieh qW im`qRqw sMbMDI qy dohW rwjWiv`c cMgw mwhOl bnwaux leI hovygI[ AKIr mhwrwjy ny AkqUbr1831 iv`c imlxI bwry hW kr id~qI[ pr vyf Ajy vI mIitMg bwryGbrwht iv`c sI ikauNik mhwrwjy ny jI.fI. kinMGm nUM ieh AwiKAwsI ik myry swry srdwr AjyhI imlxI dy pUrI qrHW i^lwP hn[

Asl iv~c jo kuJ huMdw hY auh kudrq krwauNdI hY[ kudrq dIkrnI nUM koeI nhIN myt skdw[ bMdw l`K Xqn kry jo hoxw hY auh ho kyhI rihMdw hY[ b`s bMdy dI Akl au~pr AYsw pVdw pY jWdw hY ik iPrisAwxp vI PylH ho jWdIO hY[ kudrq AMdr koeI cIz siQr nhIN hrvsqU iv`c bdlw AwauNdw hY[ Bwv ieiqhwskwrW ny iliKAw hY ikmhwrwjy ny AMgryzW nwl imlxIAW kr ky v`fI glqI kIqI sI, prrwj Bwg ijs nUM Aqy ijqnw icr leI pRwpq huMdw hY auh r`bI bKiSSkwrn hI huMdw hY[

ropV imlxIlMbI soc ivcwr ip`CoN ieh BYA ho igAw ik ieh imlxI ropV

ivKy AkqUbr iv`c hovygI[ AMgryz kw&lw sqluj dy K`by pwsy Aqyis`K Kw&lw s`jy pwsy itkw krygw[ ies imlxI leI iqAwrIAW zor

9392

auprMq hrI isMG dw kw&lw sqluj dirAw pwr krky i&lOrphuMicAw[ i&lOr qoN A`gy AdInw ngr phuMcy ijhVw gurdwspur AqypTwnkot dy ivckwr hY[ AdInw ngr A&gwn gvrnr AdInw bygny vswieAw sI[ aunHI idnIN mhwrwjw swihb AdInw byg ngr TihirAwhoieAw sI[ mhwrwjw ny srdwr hrI isMG, dIvwn moqI rwm Aqy &kIrAzIz-aud-dIn dw DMnvwd kIqw Aqy iqMnW nUM sony nwl jVIAWkwTIAW vwly suMdr GoVy id`qy[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG BwvyN ies im~qRqwqoN bhuq KuS sI pr srdwr nlUAw AMgryzW nwl im`qRqw gMFx dy h`kiv`c nhIN sn[ auhnW nUM ies im`qRqw iv`c AOkVW idKweI idMdIAW sn[aunHW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM kYptn vyf dIAW im`TIAW im`TIAW g`lWqoN swvDwn rihx leI vI AwiKAw[ srdwr nlvw dy id`qy suJwvWAnuswr mhwrwjw ny kYptn vyf nUM AgwaUN hox vwlI mIitMg sMbMDI pMjSrqW r`KIAW:

1. mIitMg iv`c g`lbwq kyvl dohW rwjW iv`c im`qRqw sMbMDI hovygIAqy koeI rwjnIiqk mu`dw nhIN ivcwirAw jwvygw[

2. ieh imlxI AnMdpur (mwKovwl) dy nyVy qyVy hovygI Aqy dohWrwjW dy sYink sqluj dirAw dy Awpxy Awpxy pwsy bYTxgy[

3. quhwfy swihb (English lordship) nUM pihlW swfy kol Awauxwpvygw[

4. mYN Awpxy v`loN quhwnUM myry (Syir-ey-pMjwb) pws ilAwaux leIAwpxy byty kMvr KVk isMG nUM ByjWgw Aqy mYnUM quhwfy pwsquhwfw kmWfr ien-cIP iljwvygw[

5. quhwfy swihb nwl ies imlxI dI g`l bwq Awaux vwly smyNAMdr koeI imswl nhIN hovygI[ AgwaUN vwlI imlxI jW imlxIAWAwpxy ih`qW nUM m`uK r`K ky hI hovygI jW hoxgIAW[

kYptn vyf ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loN id`qw p`qr ivlIAmbYNitk kol Byj id`qw[ bYNitk ny ieh SrqW ivcwr ky ilK id`qw ikieh imlxI quhwfy id`qy suJwvW dy Anuswr hI hovygI[ mYnUM ieh swrIAWg`lW pRvwn hn[

is`K srdwrW dI mIitMg iv`c mhwrwjy ny jd AMgryzW nwl hoxvwlI imlxI sMbMDI ivcwr kIqw qW swry srdwrW ny ies nUM tyFI cwlAwiKAw[ ies ivroD nUM dyK ky srkwr ny aunHW kol phuMcy kYptn vyfnUM AwiKAw ik quhwfw swihb mYnUM ieh Brosw dyvy ik jo g`lbwq hovygIauh gupq r`KI jwvygI[ SYqwn vyf ny AwiKAw,"swihb! ies mIitMgsMbMDI swfw koeI gu`Jw Byd nhIN , ieh qW im`qRqw sMbMDI qy dohW rwjWiv`c cMgw mwhOl bnwaux leI hovygI[ AKIr mhwrwjy ny AkqUbr1831 iv`c imlxI bwry hW kr id~qI[ pr vyf Ajy vI mIitMg bwryGbrwht iv`c sI ikauNik mhwrwjy ny jI.fI. kinMGm nUM ieh AwiKAwsI ik myry swry srdwr AjyhI imlxI dy pUrI qrHW i^lwP hn[

Asl iv~c jo kuJ huMdw hY auh kudrq krwauNdI hY[ kudrq dIkrnI nUM koeI nhIN myt skdw[ bMdw l`K Xqn kry jo hoxw hY auh ho kyhI rihMdw hY[ b`s bMdy dI Akl au~pr AYsw pVdw pY jWdw hY ik iPrisAwxp vI PylH ho jWdIO hY[ kudrq AMdr koeI cIz siQr nhIN hrvsqU iv`c bdlw AwauNdw hY[ Bwv ieiqhwskwrW ny iliKAw hY ikmhwrwjy ny AMgryzW nwl imlxIAW kr ky v`fI glqI kIqI sI, prrwj Bwg ijs nUM Aqy ijqnw icr leI pRwpq huMdw hY auh r`bI bKiSSkwrn hI huMdw hY[

ropV imlxIlMbI soc ivcwr ip`CoN ieh BYA ho igAw ik ieh imlxI ropV

ivKy AkqUbr iv`c hovygI[ AMgryz kw&lw sqluj dy K`by pwsy Aqyis`K Kw&lw s`jy pwsy itkw krygw[ ies imlxI leI iqAwrIAW zor

9392

Sor nwl SurU ho geIAW[ XUrpI &OzW ny pihlW Aw ky lwl rMg dy tYNtg`f id`qy[ is`K sYnW dy Tihrn leI rwjw iDAwn isMG fogrw ny kysrIrMg dy tYNt lvw ky sohxI iqAwrI krweI[ dirAw aupr dI lMGx leIdohW iDrW ny Awpxy Awpxy pul iqAwr krvwey[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG25 AkqUbr nUM 6 hzwr ipAwdw &Oj Aqy 10 hzwr GoV svwrW nwlie`Qy pujy[ iehnW ny swihbzwdw KVk isMG, jINd dw rwjw sMgq isMG,srdwr Aqr isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw gulwb isMG Aqy Swm isMGAtwrIvwly nUM gvrnr jnrl lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk nUM Su`B ieCwvWdyx leI ByijAw[ iehnW dy AMgryzI kYNp iv`c phuMcx qy &OjW v`loNslwmI id`qI geI[ mhwrwjw Aqy gvrnr jnrl ivckwr mIitMg 26AkqUbr nUM hoeI[ mhwrwjw Aqy srdwrW dy kysrI puSwky pihny hoeysn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb dI sunihrI kursI Aqy koihnUr hIrw sB leIiK`c dw kyNdr bxy hoey sn[ mIitMg dOrwn vyf Aqy pirnsY~p AnuvwdI(interpretor) sn[ 27 AkqUbr nUM hrI isMG nlUAw, swihbzwdwKVk isMG Aqy rwjw gulwb isMG ny gvrnr jnrl nUM wlsw kYNp 'cAwaux qy jIau AwieAW AwiKAw[ auprMq srdwr nlUAw ny nyzwbwzIdw bhuq hI cmqkwrI prdrSn kIqw[ ies ip`CoN bYNitk ny ie`k p`qrid`qw ijs dy mu`Fly Sbd sn:

The interview at Rooper was no doubt intended to ce-ment more strongly the union of the two powers..."

Bwv ies iv`c koeI S`k nhIN sI ik ropV dI g`lbwq ny doqwkqW dI im`qRqw nUM vDyry p`ikAw kIqw hY....

iesy qrHW mhwrwjw v`loN vI jo KrVw ilKqI rUp iv`c bYNitk nUMid`qw igAw aus dy Sbd sn:

"The friends and enemies of the one should be consid-ered the friends and enemies of the other"

Bwv swnUM vYr Bwvnw Bulw ky AwpsI imqRqw gMFxI cwhIdI hYArQwq im`qR dw vYrI nhIN bxnw cwhIdw[

pr bYNitk ny AMqly smJOqy iv`c ieh Sbd (ik AsIN im`qR nwlDroh nhIN krWgy) nhIN pwey ijs kwrn ^ws kr srdwr hrI isMGnlUAw Aqy hor srdwrW ny ropV dy smJOqy nUM Tukrw id`qw sI[ BwvyNropV dI mIitMg auprMq hrI isMG dw Ahudw srkwr v`loN hor vDwid`qw sI[ pr srdwr nlvw AMgryzW nwl iksy iksm dI sWJ pwauxbwry hmySw ivroD krdw irhw[ ieh ie`k ijauNdw jwgdw &OjI jrnYlAqy bhuq hI inpuMn Swsk hox nwqy AMgryzW dy hr pYNqVy qoN pUrI qrHWjwxU sI[ Agr ieh lMby smyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw qW AMgryzW dI kImjwl sI ik auh wlsw rwj qy kwbz ho jWdy? hrI isMG dI bhwdrIsMbMDI ie`k kvI dy bol hn:

nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr dry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[sYNkVy swlW dI gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

9594

Sor nwl SurU ho geIAW[ XUrpI &OzW ny pihlW Aw ky lwl rMg dy tYNtg`f id`qy[ is`K sYnW dy Tihrn leI rwjw iDAwn isMG fogrw ny kysrIrMg dy tYNt lvw ky sohxI iqAwrI krweI[ dirAw aupr dI lMGx leIdohW iDrW ny Awpxy Awpxy pul iqAwr krvwey[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG25 AkqUbr nUM 6 hzwr ipAwdw &Oj Aqy 10 hzwr GoV svwrW nwlie`Qy pujy[ iehnW ny swihbzwdw KVk isMG, jINd dw rwjw sMgq isMG,srdwr Aqr isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw gulwb isMG Aqy Swm isMGAtwrIvwly nUM gvrnr jnrl lwrf ivlIAm bYNitk nUM Su`B ieCwvWdyx leI ByijAw[ iehnW dy AMgryzI kYNp iv`c phuMcx qy &OjW v`loNslwmI id`qI geI[ mhwrwjw Aqy gvrnr jnrl ivckwr mIitMg 26AkqUbr nUM hoeI[ mhwrwjw Aqy srdwrW dy kysrI puSwky pihny hoeysn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb dI sunihrI kursI Aqy koihnUr hIrw sB leIiK`c dw kyNdr bxy hoey sn[ mIitMg dOrwn vyf Aqy pirnsY~p AnuvwdI(interpretor) sn[ 27 AkqUbr nUM hrI isMG nlUAw, swihbzwdwKVk isMG Aqy rwjw gulwb isMG ny gvrnr jnrl nUM wlsw kYNp 'cAwaux qy jIau AwieAW AwiKAw[ auprMq srdwr nlUAw ny nyzwbwzIdw bhuq hI cmqkwrI prdrSn kIqw[ ies ip`CoN bYNitk ny ie`k p`qrid`qw ijs dy mu`Fly Sbd sn:

The interview at Rooper was no doubt intended to ce-ment more strongly the union of the two powers..."

Bwv ies iv`c koeI S`k nhIN sI ik ropV dI g`lbwq ny doqwkqW dI im`qRqw nUM vDyry p`ikAw kIqw hY....

iesy qrHW mhwrwjw v`loN vI jo KrVw ilKqI rUp iv`c bYNitk nUMid`qw igAw aus dy Sbd sn:

"The friends and enemies of the one should be consid-ered the friends and enemies of the other"

Bwv swnUM vYr Bwvnw Bulw ky AwpsI imqRqw gMFxI cwhIdI hYArQwq im`qR dw vYrI nhIN bxnw cwhIdw[

pr bYNitk ny AMqly smJOqy iv`c ieh Sbd (ik AsIN im`qR nwlDroh nhIN krWgy) nhIN pwey ijs kwrn ^ws kr srdwr hrI isMGnlUAw Aqy hor srdwrW ny ropV dy smJOqy nUM Tukrw id`qw sI[ BwvyNropV dI mIitMg auprMq hrI isMG dw Ahudw srkwr v`loN hor vDwid`qw sI[ pr srdwr nlvw AMgryzW nwl iksy iksm dI sWJ pwauxbwry hmySw ivroD krdw irhw[ ieh ie`k ijauNdw jwgdw &OjI jrnYlAqy bhuq hI inpuMn Swsk hox nwqy AMgryzW dy hr pYNqVy qoN pUrI qrHWjwxU sI[ Agr ieh lMby smyN leI ijauNdw rihMdw qW AMgryzW dI kImjwl sI ik auh wlsw rwj qy kwbz ho jWdy? hrI isMG dI bhwdrIsMbMDI ie`k kvI dy bol hn:

nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr dry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[sYNkVy swlW dI gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

9594

5

ipSwvr dw prdySpqIipSwvr qkrIbn 836 vrS A&gwnW dw qkVw gVH irhw sI[

Awpxy Awp nUM bVy qwkqvr, blvwn Aqy D`kV khwaux vwly AnykWrwjy mhwrwijAW ny ies au~pr kbzw krn dIAW bhuq koiSSW kIqIAWpr sB As&l rhy[ ipSwvr nUM &qih krn leI brqwnIAW, rUs AqyeIrwn vwly vI koiSS kr rhy sn[ BwvyN ipSwvr dw ielwkw keI swlWqoN is`K rwj dy ADIn sI pr bwrkzeI srdwr gVbVI kr rhy sn[hzwrw ifsitRkt gztIAr, 1907 pMnw 131 muqwbk hrI isMG nUMmhwrwjw ny mwx-siqkwr dy ky AwiKAw ik auh CyqI qoN CyqI dirAwrwvI Jnw Awid pwr kr ky iPr jldI AtkoN pwr jw ky sUbw ipSwvrnUM Awpxy AiDkwr hyT kr lvy[ srdwr nlUAw ny srkwr dw hukm mMnky &Oj smyq rwvlipMfI v`l cwly pw id`qy[ ies dI md`d leI kMvrnO inhwl isMG ADIn jnrl vYnqUrw dI &Oj ByjI geI (aumdw quqvwrIK,3/1, pMnw 118-119)[

ipSwvr nUM pihly pihl gMDwrw kihMdy sn Aqy ies dI rwjDwnI'prospur' sI[ rwjw pors ny ies nUM vswieAw sI[ ieh ielwkw cMdrgupq morIAw dy ADIn vI irhw[ bwbw pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn AnuswrcMdr gupq morIAw ny A`j qoN 2200 swl pihlW ihMdusqwn dI auhkudrqI srh`d kwiem kr id`qI, ijs leI A`j q`k sMswr dIAWv`fIAW qwkqW bwvjUd Xqn krn dy BI kwmXwb nhI ho skIAW[mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI soc sI ik pMjwb dI purwxI cMdr gupqvwlI srh`d q`k is`K rwj dy JMfy JUlx[ pr hrI isMG Aqy rxjIqisMG dy byvkq clwxy kwrn ieh kMm ADUrw rih igAw[ ies g`l dIqweId pMjwb rIkwrfz iv`c kYptn vyf pulItIkl eyjMt, luiDAwxwdy q, jo aus ny gvrnr jnrl nUM julweI 1, 1832 nUM iliKAw iv`cdrz hY[

They may take the possession of the path of khyber andgradualy extend the Maharaja's authority to Cabul in the samemanner as his occupation of the fort of Attack enabled himoverawe and after wards subvery the independence ofPeshawar.

Bwv is`K ^Ybr qy AiDkwr jmw ky hOlI hOlI mhwrwjy dw rwjkwbl q`k vDw skdy hn ijvyN iehnW Atk dy iklHy qy kbzw kIqwAqy auprMq ipSwvr nUM Awzwd krwauxgy[

ipSwvr dy nwvW iv`c bhuq qbdIlIAW AweIAW[ pors smyNies nUM porspurw, ASok smyN purspurw, kinSk smyN purspr kihMdysn[ PwihXwn ny pwrwSwvr, hIvn sWg ny po-lo-Shw-poloN, putwlwnIny pwrspur, Ab irhwn ny prswvr, Akbr ny pySAwvr, AKUndrvzw ny pUrsor, KuSwl Kwn Ktk ny poKwvr, mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGny pSOr Aqy A`j kl ipSwvr ikhw jWdw hY[ ATwrvIN sdI q`k iehA&gwnW dI isAwlU ru`q dI rwjDwnI huMdI sI[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ipSwvr qy iqMn vwr AiDkwr jmwauxdI koiSS kIqI sI[ ijq vI pRwpq kIqI pr ijq ky ies nUM bwrkzeIAWdy ADIn kr idMdy sn[ ieh ielwkw bhuq aupjwaU sI Aqy ies qoNsrkwr nUM v`fI Awmdn sI[ mwrc 1831 iv`c A&gwinsqwn dy rwjySwh sujwA Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ivckwr ie`k gupq sMDI hoeIsI[ ijs iv`c aus ny swrw ielwkw pMjwb nUM dy id`qw sI[ ies bdlySyir-ey-pMjwb ny aus nUM hr m`dd dw Brosw id`qw sI[ pr AMgryzWnwl hoeI ropV imlxI kwrn pSOr qy p`kw AiDkwr jmwaux leI kuJAtkwr pY geI sI[ sMn 1833 iv`c mhwrwjw ny srdwr nlUAw nUMAtk dirAw qy p`kw pul bnwaux leI AwiKAw ikauNik auh dusihrwpSOr iv`c mnwauxw cwhuMdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw swihb bhuq bImwr hogey Aqy ieh br vI iksy ny aufw id`qI ik Syir-ey-pMjwb mr igAw

9796

5

ipSwvr dw prdySpqIipSwvr qkrIbn 836 vrS A&gwnW dw qkVw gVH irhw sI[

Awpxy Awp nUM bVy qwkqvr, blvwn Aqy D`kV khwaux vwly AnykWrwjy mhwrwijAW ny ies au~pr kbzw krn dIAW bhuq koiSSW kIqIAWpr sB As&l rhy[ ipSwvr nUM &qih krn leI brqwnIAW, rUs AqyeIrwn vwly vI koiSS kr rhy sn[ BwvyN ipSwvr dw ielwkw keI swlWqoN is`K rwj dy ADIn sI pr bwrkzeI srdwr gVbVI kr rhy sn[hzwrw ifsitRkt gztIAr, 1907 pMnw 131 muqwbk hrI isMG nUMmhwrwjw ny mwx-siqkwr dy ky AwiKAw ik auh CyqI qoN CyqI dirAwrwvI Jnw Awid pwr kr ky iPr jldI AtkoN pwr jw ky sUbw ipSwvrnUM Awpxy AiDkwr hyT kr lvy[ srdwr nlUAw ny srkwr dw hukm mMnky &Oj smyq rwvlipMfI v`l cwly pw id`qy[ ies dI md`d leI kMvrnO inhwl isMG ADIn jnrl vYnqUrw dI &Oj ByjI geI (aumdw quqvwrIK,3/1, pMnw 118-119)[

ipSwvr nUM pihly pihl gMDwrw kihMdy sn Aqy ies dI rwjDwnI'prospur' sI[ rwjw pors ny ies nUM vswieAw sI[ ieh ielwkw cMdrgupq morIAw dy ADIn vI irhw[ bwbw pRym isMG hoqI mrdwn AnuswrcMdr gupq morIAw ny A`j qoN 2200 swl pihlW ihMdusqwn dI auhkudrqI srh`d kwiem kr id`qI, ijs leI A`j q`k sMswr dIAWv`fIAW qwkqW bwvjUd Xqn krn dy BI kwmXwb nhI ho skIAW[mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI soc sI ik pMjwb dI purwxI cMdr gupqvwlI srh`d q`k is`K rwj dy JMfy JUlx[ pr hrI isMG Aqy rxjIqisMG dy byvkq clwxy kwrn ieh kMm ADUrw rih igAw[ ies g`l dIqweId pMjwb rIkwrfz iv`c kYptn vyf pulItIkl eyjMt, luiDAwxwdy q, jo aus ny gvrnr jnrl nUM julweI 1, 1832 nUM iliKAw iv`cdrz hY[

They may take the possession of the path of khyber andgradualy extend the Maharaja's authority to Cabul in the samemanner as his occupation of the fort of Attack enabled himoverawe and after wards subvery the independence ofPeshawar.

Bwv is`K ^Ybr qy AiDkwr jmw ky hOlI hOlI mhwrwjy dw rwjkwbl q`k vDw skdy hn ijvyN iehnW Atk dy iklHy qy kbzw kIqwAqy auprMq ipSwvr nUM Awzwd krwauxgy[

ipSwvr dy nwvW iv`c bhuq qbdIlIAW AweIAW[ pors smyNies nUM porspurw, ASok smyN purspurw, kinSk smyN purspr kihMdysn[ PwihXwn ny pwrwSwvr, hIvn sWg ny po-lo-Shw-poloN, putwlwnIny pwrspur, Ab irhwn ny prswvr, Akbr ny pySAwvr, AKUndrvzw ny pUrsor, KuSwl Kwn Ktk ny poKwvr, mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGny pSOr Aqy A`j kl ipSwvr ikhw jWdw hY[ ATwrvIN sdI q`k iehA&gwnW dI isAwlU ru`q dI rwjDwnI huMdI sI[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny ipSwvr qy iqMn vwr AiDkwr jmwauxdI koiSS kIqI sI[ ijq vI pRwpq kIqI pr ijq ky ies nUM bwrkzeIAWdy ADIn kr idMdy sn[ ieh ielwkw bhuq aupjwaU sI Aqy ies qoNsrkwr nUM v`fI Awmdn sI[ mwrc 1831 iv`c A&gwinsqwn dy rwjySwh sujwA Aqy mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ivckwr ie`k gupq sMDI hoeIsI[ ijs iv`c aus ny swrw ielwkw pMjwb nUM dy id`qw sI[ ies bdlySyir-ey-pMjwb ny aus nUM hr m`dd dw Brosw id`qw sI[ pr AMgryzWnwl hoeI ropV imlxI kwrn pSOr qy p`kw AiDkwr jmwaux leI kuJAtkwr pY geI sI[ sMn 1833 iv`c mhwrwjw ny srdwr nlUAw nUMAtk dirAw qy p`kw pul bnwaux leI AwiKAw ikauNik auh dusihrwpSOr iv`c mnwauxw cwhuMdw hY[ pr mhwrwjw swihb bhuq bImwr hogey Aqy ieh br vI iksy ny aufw id`qI ik Syir-ey-pMjwb mr igAw

9796

hY[ ieh ^br sux ky XusPzeI Aqy Ktk kbIilAW ny bgwvq krid`qI[ bgwvq dI ^br suxdy swr jnvrI 1834 iv`c hrI isMG,vYnqUrw Aqy rwm lwl dIAW &OjW AkOVw phuMc geIAW jo pSOr qoN 36mIl qy sI[ PrvrI iv`c srkwr ny kMvr nO inhwl nUM vI pSOr v`l qorid`qw[ mwrc iv`c hrI isMG pMjqwr v`l Aqy vYnqUrw &Oj lY ky nwlwbu`Fw vl viDAw[ bwrkzeIAW nUM jd ies cVHweI dI br imlI qWauhnW bhuq &Oj jMg leI ie`kTI kr leI[

hrI isMG nlUAw mMzl qih krdw cmknI phuMc igAw[ ie`QySyir-ey-pMjwb v`loN srdwr nlUAw ny ie`k p`qr hwsl kIqw ijs iv`ciliKAw sI ik cmknI iv`c ie`k bhuq v`fw pusqkwlw (library) hY[cmknI qy hmly smyN pusqkwly nUM A`g qoN zrUr bcwauxw[ (pRoPYsrsIqw rwm, s&w 327)[ ieh g`l mhwrwjy dI audwrqw BrI soc nUMdrswauNdI hY[ pr du`K dI g`l jdoN 1984 iv`c 'auprySn bilaUstwr' vkq BwrqI &Oz ny Awpxy Awp nUM prjw qMqr vwdI khwauxvwlI srkwr dy hukm nwl hirmMdr swihb au~pr hmlw kIqw sI qWies hmly dOrwn is~K rY&rYs lwiebRyrI AMdr pey Anmol ^zwny nUMA`g lgw ky qbwh kr id`qw[ aus smyN lwiebRyrI iv`c 13 hzwr qoN vIv`D mhwn icMqkW dIAW ilKqW, purwqn h`Q KrVy , poQIAW AqyDwrimk gRMQ mOjUd sn[ AYsI hI kwrvweI ieiqhws AMdr muhMmdgOrI v`loN ibhwr (mgD dyS) dI nwlMdw XUnIvristI, jo ik bu`D Drmdw kyNdr sI, kIqI geI sI[ aus ny ividAwly dw pusqkwlw A`g lgwky rwK kr id`qw sI[ iksy kOm dy swihq nUM nSt krnw aus kMOm nUMqbwh krnw huMdw hY[ swihq kOm dw cwnx munwrw huMdw hY[ ieh AwauxvwlIAW pIVHIAW leI aunHW dy puriKAW dy hunrW, smwijk FMgW, rsm-irvwzW, rihxI-bihxI, Aqy kwrW ivhwrW nUM idRStImwn krdw hY[ijs qrHW bMdw mr ky iPr ausy hwlq iv`c aus Skl iv`c ies DrqIqy nhIN iv`cr skdw iesy qrHW swihq nUM swV ky dubwrw aus Skl iv`cpyS nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ swihq ie`k jIvn hY, jIvn vI auh ijhVw

sdIAW Br ijauNdw hY jd ik mnuKI jIvn v`D qoN v`D ie`k sdI dy eyVgyV hI hY[ wlsw sYnw nUM pqw l`igAw ik hwjI wn Aqy muhMmd wnA`gy v`fI igxqI iv`c brkzeIAW dy lSkr hiQAwrW nwl lYs jMgleI morcw bMdI krI bYTy hn[ ieh SurU qoN hI ^wlsw rwj dw ivroDkr rhy sn Aqy ies ielwky iv`c ihMdUAW Aqy is`KW ivru`D &qUrmcwieAw hoieAw sI[ ^wlsy ny BwvyN pihlW vI iehnW nUM krwry h`QidKwey sn Aqy ieh jwnW bcw ky B`jy sn[ ies vwr srdwr nlUAwny ieh g`l Twx leI sI ik ielwky iv`c jo A`g iehnW ny lweI hoeIhY aus nUM buJwey vgYr g`l rws nhIN AwauxI[ gurU dy isMG iehnWpTwxW qy Bu`Ky SyrW vWg jw pey[ isMGW dI qlvwr iehnW aup`r hnyHrIvWg c`lI, golIAW mINh vWg vrHIAW Aqy qopW dy goly giVAW vWgif`gy[ BwvyN hwjI ^wn Aqy ies dy pTwx vI CwqIAW qwx ky lVy prisMGW dI cVHq Aqy dlyrI A`gy iehnW dy hoS au~f gey[ lVdy lVdyhwjI ^wn Aqy muhMmd ^wn burI qrHW Pt`V ho gey[ isMGW dw vI BwvyNkwPI nukswn hoieAw pr meI 1834 nUM wlsy dy inSwn pSOr dy iklHybwlw ihswr qy JUl gey[ auprMq wlsy ny ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVHr`iKAw[ pTwxW ny hwr mMn leI Aqy bhuq swirAW nUM bMdI bxw ilAw[XUs&zeIAW qoN iKrwj vsUl kIqw Aqy kYdIAW nUM lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny 7 meI 1834 nUM ipSwvr dy swrypRWq nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`c Swml krn leI srdwr nlUAw nUM iK`lq dyky bKiSAw[ kwdrXwr ny ies jMg iv`c hrI isMG dI c`lI qyg AqyipSwvr iv`c Dmk bwry kwiv toty iv`c ies qrHW iliKAw hY:

qy-qyg mYdwn my bhuq c`ly, nwl qyg dy rwj kmWvdw ey,cVHql Syr dI cVHy mYdwn AMdr, iklHy mwr lYNdw &qih pWvdw ey[audoN Bwj pYNdy v`fy KYbrW nUM , jdoN Dmk pySwvr nUM jWvdw ey[kwdrXwr kMDwrIAw dosq muhMmd, frdw kwbloN aurW nw AWvdw ey[

A letter dated 12 May 1834 from Maharaja Ranjit Singhto captain Wade Political agent Ludhiana states:

9998

hY[ ieh ^br sux ky XusPzeI Aqy Ktk kbIilAW ny bgwvq krid`qI[ bgwvq dI ^br suxdy swr jnvrI 1834 iv`c hrI isMG,vYnqUrw Aqy rwm lwl dIAW &OjW AkOVw phuMc geIAW jo pSOr qoN 36mIl qy sI[ PrvrI iv`c srkwr ny kMvr nO inhwl nUM vI pSOr v`l qorid`qw[ mwrc iv`c hrI isMG pMjqwr v`l Aqy vYnqUrw &Oj lY ky nwlwbu`Fw vl viDAw[ bwrkzeIAW nUM jd ies cVHweI dI br imlI qWauhnW bhuq &Oj jMg leI ie`kTI kr leI[

hrI isMG nlUAw mMzl qih krdw cmknI phuMc igAw[ ie`QySyir-ey-pMjwb v`loN srdwr nlUAw ny ie`k p`qr hwsl kIqw ijs iv`ciliKAw sI ik cmknI iv`c ie`k bhuq v`fw pusqkwlw (library) hY[cmknI qy hmly smyN pusqkwly nUM A`g qoN zrUr bcwauxw[ (pRoPYsrsIqw rwm, s&w 327)[ ieh g`l mhwrwjy dI audwrqw BrI soc nUMdrswauNdI hY[ pr du`K dI g`l jdoN 1984 iv`c 'auprySn bilaUstwr' vkq BwrqI &Oz ny Awpxy Awp nUM prjw qMqr vwdI khwauxvwlI srkwr dy hukm nwl hirmMdr swihb au~pr hmlw kIqw sI qWies hmly dOrwn is~K rY&rYs lwiebRyrI AMdr pey Anmol ^zwny nUMA`g lgw ky qbwh kr id`qw[ aus smyN lwiebRyrI iv`c 13 hzwr qoN vIv`D mhwn icMqkW dIAW ilKqW, purwqn h`Q KrVy , poQIAW AqyDwrimk gRMQ mOjUd sn[ AYsI hI kwrvweI ieiqhws AMdr muhMmdgOrI v`loN ibhwr (mgD dyS) dI nwlMdw XUnIvristI, jo ik bu`D Drmdw kyNdr sI, kIqI geI sI[ aus ny ividAwly dw pusqkwlw A`g lgwky rwK kr id`qw sI[ iksy kOm dy swihq nUM nSt krnw aus kMOm nUMqbwh krnw huMdw hY[ swihq kOm dw cwnx munwrw huMdw hY[ ieh AwauxvwlIAW pIVHIAW leI aunHW dy puriKAW dy hunrW, smwijk FMgW, rsm-irvwzW, rihxI-bihxI, Aqy kwrW ivhwrW nUM idRStImwn krdw hY[ijs qrHW bMdw mr ky iPr ausy hwlq iv`c aus Skl iv`c ies DrqIqy nhIN iv`cr skdw iesy qrHW swihq nUM swV ky dubwrw aus Skl iv`cpyS nhIN kIqw jw skdw[ swihq ie`k jIvn hY, jIvn vI auh ijhVw

sdIAW Br ijauNdw hY jd ik mnuKI jIvn v`D qoN v`D ie`k sdI dy eyVgyV hI hY[ wlsw sYnw nUM pqw l`igAw ik hwjI wn Aqy muhMmd wnA`gy v`fI igxqI iv`c brkzeIAW dy lSkr hiQAwrW nwl lYs jMgleI morcw bMdI krI bYTy hn[ ieh SurU qoN hI ^wlsw rwj dw ivroDkr rhy sn Aqy ies ielwky iv`c ihMdUAW Aqy is`KW ivru`D &qUrmcwieAw hoieAw sI[ ^wlsy ny BwvyN pihlW vI iehnW nUM krwry h`QidKwey sn Aqy ieh jwnW bcw ky B`jy sn[ ies vwr srdwr nlUAwny ieh g`l Twx leI sI ik ielwky iv`c jo A`g iehnW ny lweI hoeIhY aus nUM buJwey vgYr g`l rws nhIN AwauxI[ gurU dy isMG iehnWpTwxW qy Bu`Ky SyrW vWg jw pey[ isMGW dI qlvwr iehnW aup`r hnyHrIvWg c`lI, golIAW mINh vWg vrHIAW Aqy qopW dy goly giVAW vWgif`gy[ BwvyN hwjI ^wn Aqy ies dy pTwx vI CwqIAW qwx ky lVy prisMGW dI cVHq Aqy dlyrI A`gy iehnW dy hoS au~f gey[ lVdy lVdyhwjI ^wn Aqy muhMmd ^wn burI qrHW Pt`V ho gey[ isMGW dw vI BwvyNkwPI nukswn hoieAw pr meI 1834 nUM wlsy dy inSwn pSOr dy iklHybwlw ihswr qy JUl gey[ auprMq wlsy ny ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVHr`iKAw[ pTwxW ny hwr mMn leI Aqy bhuq swirAW nUM bMdI bxw ilAw[XUs&zeIAW qoN iKrwj vsUl kIqw Aqy kYdIAW nUM lwhOr phuMcw id`qw[ies ij`q dI KuSI iv`c mhwrwjy ny 7 meI 1834 nUM ipSwvr dy swrypRWq nUM ^wlsw rwj iv`c Swml krn leI srdwr nlUAw nUM iK`lq dyky bKiSAw[ kwdrXwr ny ies jMg iv`c hrI isMG dI c`lI qyg AqyipSwvr iv`c Dmk bwry kwiv toty iv`c ies qrHW iliKAw hY:

qy-qyg mYdwn my bhuq c`ly, nwl qyg dy rwj kmWvdw ey,cVHql Syr dI cVHy mYdwn AMdr, iklHy mwr lYNdw &qih pWvdw ey[audoN Bwj pYNdy v`fy KYbrW nUM , jdoN Dmk pySwvr nUM jWvdw ey[kwdrXwr kMDwrIAw dosq muhMmd, frdw kwbloN aurW nw AWvdw ey[

A letter dated 12 May 1834 from Maharaja Ranjit Singhto captain Wade Political agent Ludhiana states:

9998

By the grace of God at present auspecious moment Ihave been delighted by the arrival of happy news. The BarkzaiSardars destitute of foresight had arrived at the the dawn ofthe day with about 12000 horses and foot inhostility againstmy troops. Kanwar Nau-Nihal Singh took spear in his handand prepared to oppose them with great presence of mind inconcert with Hari Singh Nalwa and Mr. Court with a dischargeof artillary and musketroy commenced . At length the Barkzaisrepinning at their timidity sought safety in flight and dis-persed on all sides. Peshawar fell in the hands of officers ofmy Governmaent who extended their protection to the in-habitants of that place and their property. In the evening therewas illumination in the city which was hailed both by Hindusand Muslims of the country as the harbinger of their deliver-ance from the hands of their tyrants. The victory of Peshawaris one of the greatest of the Sikh Raj and it was mostly due togeneralship and boldness of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa. (NAI/SPC 2: 12: 1834: 61)

Bwv 12 meI 1834 nUM ijhVw p`qr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loNkYptn vyf (eyjMt luiDAwxw) nUM iliKAw igAw aus dy Sbd sn:

r`bI ikRpw sdkw ies suBwgSwlI Aqy kilAwxkwrI smyN mYN KuSIBrI br sux ky bhuq AnMdq hW[ bwrkzeI srdwrW dI dirMdgI qyhIxqw kwrn svyr smyN 12 hzwr GoV svwr Aqy ipAwidAW ny swfysYinkW nwl mwVw slUk kIqw[ kMvr nO inhwl ny nyjw pkV ky hrI isMGnlUAw nwl imstr kort dy qopKwny Aqy hor Asly dI vrqoN kr ky hoShvws nwl jdoN hmlw kIqw qW buzidl Aqy frpok bwrkzeI Awpxybcw leI ij`Dr rsqw imilAw dOV gey[ myry A&srW ny pSOr nUM kwbUkr ky au~Qy dy lokW dIAW izMdgIAW Aqy dOlq nUM bcwieAw[ Swm dy

smyN Sihr AMdr dIp mwlw kIqI geI[ ihMdU Aqy muslmwnW ny ieskwrvweI nUM slwihAw ikauNik auh iehnW dy zulmW qoN bc gey[ pSOrdI ij`q is`K rwj dI sB qoN mhwn ij`q hY Aqy ies dw swrw ishrwjrnYl hrI isMG nlUAw nUM jWdw hY[ (AY~n ey AweI/AY~s pI sI 2:12:1834-61)

ipSwvr dI ij`q auprMq Agly swl bsMq ru`qy mhwrwjw swihbie`Qy pDwry Aqy swrw rwj pRbMD dyK ky srdwr nlUAw dI BwrI SlwGwkIqI[ aunHW ie`k v`fw drbwr kIqw ijs iv`c ielwky dy reIsW, wnWAwid ny KuSI KuSI nzrwnw srkwr nUM id`qw[ ies bdly Syir-ey-pMjwbny iehnW nUMM jwgIrW b^SIAW ijhVIAW bwjy Grwxy dy bMidAW pwshoqI mrdwn jI dy smyN q`k vI hwsl sn[

kuJ smW bIqx ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM ^br imlI ik AmIrdosq muhMmd Kwn bwrkzeI kwbl iv`c hY[ ieh ipSwvr hiQAwauxleI &yr BwrI jMgI iqAwrIAW kr irhw hY[ ieh jhwd dw nW dy ky drwKYbr kol phuMc igAw[ BwvyN ieh pihlW vI do vwr hzwry AqynuSihry dIAW lVwieAW AMdr hwr Kw ky dOV igAw sI pr Ajy vIhMkwr mn 'coN nhIN sI igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG twkry leI qihkwlbwlw dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc gey Aqy ipSwvr vwly swry rsqy bMd krid`qy[

11 meI 1835 nUM nmwz pVH ky muhMmd Kwn ny isMGW qy v`fwhmlw kIqw[ ies vwr ieh isMGW dy dMd K`ty krn dy joS iv`c sI[&OjI lSkr Aqy Aslw vI ies pws bhuq sI[ bVw iBAwnk XuD iCVigAw[ dohW pwisAW dy sUrmy jwn qoV ky lV rhy sn[ pr hrI isMGny jMg dI AYsI ivauNq bxweI ik muhMmd Kwn Aqy aus dI &Oj nUM pUrIqrHW Gyrw pw ilAw[ swrw idn jMg huMdI rhI[ idn smyN isMGW dI mwrpeI dyK rwq smyN hnHyry iv`c ieh kwbl v`l dOV igAw[ &Oj dw v`fwnukswn krw ky AYsw dOiVAw muV ipSwvr v`l mUMh nhIN kIqw[

101100

By the grace of God at present auspecious moment Ihave been delighted by the arrival of happy news. The BarkzaiSardars destitute of foresight had arrived at the the dawn ofthe day with about 12000 horses and foot inhostility againstmy troops. Kanwar Nau-Nihal Singh took spear in his handand prepared to oppose them with great presence of mind inconcert with Hari Singh Nalwa and Mr. Court with a dischargeof artillary and musketroy commenced . At length the Barkzaisrepinning at their timidity sought safety in flight and dis-persed on all sides. Peshawar fell in the hands of officers ofmy Governmaent who extended their protection to the in-habitants of that place and their property. In the evening therewas illumination in the city which was hailed both by Hindusand Muslims of the country as the harbinger of their deliver-ance from the hands of their tyrants. The victory of Peshawaris one of the greatest of the Sikh Raj and it was mostly due togeneralship and boldness of Sardar Hari Singh Nalwa. (NAI/SPC 2: 12: 1834: 61)

Bwv 12 meI 1834 nUM ijhVw p`qr mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG v`loNkYptn vyf (eyjMt luiDAwxw) nUM iliKAw igAw aus dy Sbd sn:

r`bI ikRpw sdkw ies suBwgSwlI Aqy kilAwxkwrI smyN mYN KuSIBrI br sux ky bhuq AnMdq hW[ bwrkzeI srdwrW dI dirMdgI qyhIxqw kwrn svyr smyN 12 hzwr GoV svwr Aqy ipAwidAW ny swfysYinkW nwl mwVw slUk kIqw[ kMvr nO inhwl ny nyjw pkV ky hrI isMGnlUAw nwl imstr kort dy qopKwny Aqy hor Asly dI vrqoN kr ky hoShvws nwl jdoN hmlw kIqw qW buzidl Aqy frpok bwrkzeI Awpxybcw leI ij`Dr rsqw imilAw dOV gey[ myry A&srW ny pSOr nUM kwbUkr ky au~Qy dy lokW dIAW izMdgIAW Aqy dOlq nUM bcwieAw[ Swm dy

smyN Sihr AMdr dIp mwlw kIqI geI[ ihMdU Aqy muslmwnW ny ieskwrvweI nUM slwihAw ikauNik auh iehnW dy zulmW qoN bc gey[ pSOrdI ij`q is`K rwj dI sB qoN mhwn ij`q hY Aqy ies dw swrw ishrwjrnYl hrI isMG nlUAw nUM jWdw hY[ (AY~n ey AweI/AY~s pI sI 2:12:1834-61)

ipSwvr dI ij`q auprMq Agly swl bsMq ru`qy mhwrwjw swihbie`Qy pDwry Aqy swrw rwj pRbMD dyK ky srdwr nlUAw dI BwrI SlwGwkIqI[ aunHW ie`k v`fw drbwr kIqw ijs iv`c ielwky dy reIsW, wnWAwid ny KuSI KuSI nzrwnw srkwr nUM id`qw[ ies bdly Syir-ey-pMjwbny iehnW nUMM jwgIrW b^SIAW ijhVIAW bwjy Grwxy dy bMidAW pwshoqI mrdwn jI dy smyN q`k vI hwsl sn[

kuJ smW bIqx ip`CoN srdwr nlUAw nUM ^br imlI ik AmIrdosq muhMmd Kwn bwrkzeI kwbl iv`c hY[ ieh ipSwvr hiQAwauxleI &yr BwrI jMgI iqAwrIAW kr irhw hY[ ieh jhwd dw nW dy ky drwKYbr kol phuMc igAw[ BwvyN ieh pihlW vI do vwr hzwry AqynuSihry dIAW lVwieAW AMdr hwr Kw ky dOV igAw sI pr Ajy vIhMkwr mn 'coN nhIN sI igAw[ srdwr hrI isMG twkry leI qihkwlbwlw dy mYdwn iv`c phuMc gey Aqy ipSwvr vwly swry rsqy bMd krid`qy[

11 meI 1835 nUM nmwz pVH ky muhMmd Kwn ny isMGW qy v`fwhmlw kIqw[ ies vwr ieh isMGW dy dMd K`ty krn dy joS iv`c sI[&OjI lSkr Aqy Aslw vI ies pws bhuq sI[ bVw iBAwnk XuD iCVigAw[ dohW pwisAW dy sUrmy jwn qoV ky lV rhy sn[ pr hrI isMGny jMg dI AYsI ivauNq bxweI ik muhMmd Kwn Aqy aus dI &Oj nUM pUrIqrHW Gyrw pw ilAw[ swrw idn jMg huMdI rhI[ idn smyN isMGW dI mwrpeI dyK rwq smyN hnHyry iv`c ieh kwbl v`l dOV igAw[ &Oj dw v`fwnukswn krw ky AYsw dOiVAw muV ipSwvr v`l mUMh nhIN kIqw[

101100

rwj pRbMDipSwvr dw ielwkw AiqAMq gVbVI vwlw hox krky ie`Qy dw

pRbMD clwaux koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ mhwrwjy ny srdwr nlUAw nUMieQy bhuq swvDwnI nwl c`lx leI AwiKAw[ kudrqI dyx kr ky hrIisMG bhuq hI suXog, dUrdrSI, KulH iKAwlI Aqy audwric`q pRbMDksI[ ij`Qy ieh nrm idl Aqy duKIAW dw drd vMd sI, auQy p`Qr idl,duSmx dy nkyl pwaux vwlw vI sI[ ies sMbMDI kwdrXwr dy bol ieM\hn:

Al& Aw ipSwvr dy iv`c Xwro, hrI isMG hux rwj kmwaux l`gw[gzb nwk A&gwn p`ky, iv`coN sUeI dy n`ky lMGwaux l`gw[nwl nok-sMgIn mhIn kr ky, dyKo AwpxI eIn mnwaux l`gw[kwdrXwr dlyrI dy kMm kr ky, nwm Awpxw roSn krwaux l`gw[

swry ielwky dw dOrw kr ky pihlW lokW dIAW mu`K sm`isAwvWbwry srdwr nlUAw ny jwixAw[ ipSwvr dw ksbw do ih`isAW iv`cvMifAw hoieAw sI[ ie`k ih`sw kwbl dirAw dy s`jy pwsy A&rIdI AqyKtk phwVIAW nUM jw imldw sI Aqy dUjw Atk q`k jWdw sI[ iehiqkonI Skl iv`c dirAw dy dUjy bMny bwVw Aqy Ybr dIAW phwVIAWnUM jw lgdw sI[ ieh swrw ielwkw pwxI dI hoNd kr ky Aqy cMgI zmInkr ky bhuq aupjwaU sI[ ipSwvr dy d`Kx iv`c is`KW dI kuJ vsoN sIijs dw bUtw sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny lwieAw sI[

muglW dI GxI v`soN kr ky ivcwry ihMdU qW gulwmI vwlw jIvnbqIq kr rhy sn[ AorMgzyb bwdSwh (pUrw nwm- AbzPr muhIEudInmuhMmd AorMgzyb sI Aqy AwlmgIr ies dw iKqwb sI) ny 1658 iv`cihMdUAW qy 'jjIAw' lgw id`qw sI[ ies tYks leI hr ihMdU bwlk(18 swl dI aumr qoN v`fy) nUM ie`k 'dInwr' hr swl dyxw pYNdw sI[ieh dInwr sony dy is`ky nUM kihMdy sn, ijs dw qol 32 r`qIAW (cwr

mwSy) dy brwbr huMdw sI[ ihMdUAW (kw&rW) aup`r ieh bhuq v`fw BwrhI nhIN sI sgoN ies dy auqwrn smyN ie`zq vI rolI jWdI sI[ bwdSwhdy hukm Anuswr hr ihMdU bwlg nUM Awp hwzr ho ky ieh tYks dyxwpYNdw sI[ ieM\ juAwn muMifAW nUM dyK ky aunHW qoN ieh mugl GrW iv`cbygwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy suMdr DIAW, BYxW, nUhW nUM D`ky nwl iljw kyAwpxy GrW dw kMm krWauNdy sn Aqy aunHW dI iezq lutdy sn[ ijhVwieh jzIAw nhIN sI auqwrdw aus nUM sKq sjw id~qI jWdI sI[srdwr nlvw ny sB qoN pihlW AwpxI gvrnrI smyN ihMdU BrwvW dwjzIAw ^qm kIqw[ ^jwny iv`c ies Gwty dI pUrqI leI muglW dyhryk Gr qy 4 rupey pRqI Gr 'iKrwj' auhnW aup`r lgw id`qw[ swrIpYdwvwr dw pMjvW ih`sw mwmly vjoN srkwr nUM jWdw sI[ hoqI mrdwn,pRym isMG jI dI ilKq muqwbk 1221630 rupey swlwnw srkwr nUM hyTilKy pMj prgixAw qoN pRwpq huMdw sI[

1. prgxw muhMmd mlk AmIn aulw Kwn

2. ielwkw KlIl Arbwb muhMmd Kwn

3. prgxw dwauzeI-suMdr dws gopwl dw, ipSOrIAw

4. prgxw ^wlsw-pbI, Akrpurw sweIN id`qw m`l, ipSOrIAw

5. prgxw hSq ngr-srdwr sYd muhMmd wn Aqy sulqwn muhMmd^wn bwrkzeI[ (ieh iehnW nUM guzwry leI jwgIr vjoN sI)

hrI isMG ny pihly hwkmW nwloN mwmly dy ryt kwPI Gtw id`qysn[ fwktr cOpVw ny AwpxI ilKq (The Punjab as a SoverignState dy pMnw 130) iv`c iliKAw hY ik mwmlw Gtwaux dy nwlijmIdwrW nUM hor vI bhuq shUlqW id`qIAW[ srdwr swihb ny bwVAqy kwbl dirAw iv`coN keI nihrW isMjweI leI kFweIAW[ munSISwhwmq AlI (The Sikhs and Afgan dy s&w 201 qy ilKdw hY ikjd AsIN 13 mwrc nUM cmknI (ipSwvr) phuMcy qW keI nihrW dyKIAW

103102

rwj pRbMDipSwvr dw ielwkw AiqAMq gVbVI vwlw hox krky ie`Qy dw

pRbMD clwaux koeI sOKI g`l nhIN sI[ mhwrwjy ny srdwr nlUAw nUMieQy bhuq swvDwnI nwl c`lx leI AwiKAw[ kudrqI dyx kr ky hrIisMG bhuq hI suXog, dUrdrSI, KulH iKAwlI Aqy audwric`q pRbMDksI[ ij`Qy ieh nrm idl Aqy duKIAW dw drd vMd sI, auQy p`Qr idl,duSmx dy nkyl pwaux vwlw vI sI[ ies sMbMDI kwdrXwr dy bol ieM\hn:

Al& Aw ipSwvr dy iv`c Xwro, hrI isMG hux rwj kmwaux l`gw[gzb nwk A&gwn p`ky, iv`coN sUeI dy n`ky lMGwaux l`gw[nwl nok-sMgIn mhIn kr ky, dyKo AwpxI eIn mnwaux l`gw[kwdrXwr dlyrI dy kMm kr ky, nwm Awpxw roSn krwaux l`gw[

swry ielwky dw dOrw kr ky pihlW lokW dIAW mu`K sm`isAwvWbwry srdwr nlUAw ny jwixAw[ ipSwvr dw ksbw do ih`isAW iv`cvMifAw hoieAw sI[ ie`k ih`sw kwbl dirAw dy s`jy pwsy A&rIdI AqyKtk phwVIAW nUM jw imldw sI Aqy dUjw Atk q`k jWdw sI[ iehiqkonI Skl iv`c dirAw dy dUjy bMny bwVw Aqy Ybr dIAW phwVIAWnUM jw lgdw sI[ ieh swrw ielwkw pwxI dI hoNd kr ky Aqy cMgI zmInkr ky bhuq aupjwaU sI[ ipSwvr dy d`Kx iv`c is`KW dI kuJ vsoN sIijs dw bUtw sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny lwieAw sI[

muglW dI GxI v`soN kr ky ivcwry ihMdU qW gulwmI vwlw jIvnbqIq kr rhy sn[ AorMgzyb bwdSwh (pUrw nwm- AbzPr muhIEudInmuhMmd AorMgzyb sI Aqy AwlmgIr ies dw iKqwb sI) ny 1658 iv`cihMdUAW qy 'jjIAw' lgw id`qw sI[ ies tYks leI hr ihMdU bwlk(18 swl dI aumr qoN v`fy) nUM ie`k 'dInwr' hr swl dyxw pYNdw sI[ieh dInwr sony dy is`ky nUM kihMdy sn, ijs dw qol 32 r`qIAW (cwr

mwSy) dy brwbr huMdw sI[ ihMdUAW (kw&rW) aup`r ieh bhuq v`fw BwrhI nhIN sI sgoN ies dy auqwrn smyN ie`zq vI rolI jWdI sI[ bwdSwhdy hukm Anuswr hr ihMdU bwlg nUM Awp hwzr ho ky ieh tYks dyxwpYNdw sI[ ieM\ juAwn muMifAW nUM dyK ky aunHW qoN ieh mugl GrW iv`cbygwrW krwauNdy sn Aqy suMdr DIAW, BYxW, nUhW nUM D`ky nwl iljw kyAwpxy GrW dw kMm krWauNdy sn Aqy aunHW dI iezq lutdy sn[ ijhVwieh jzIAw nhIN sI auqwrdw aus nUM sKq sjw id~qI jWdI sI[srdwr nlvw ny sB qoN pihlW AwpxI gvrnrI smyN ihMdU BrwvW dwjzIAw ^qm kIqw[ ^jwny iv`c ies Gwty dI pUrqI leI muglW dyhryk Gr qy 4 rupey pRqI Gr 'iKrwj' auhnW aup`r lgw id`qw[ swrIpYdwvwr dw pMjvW ih`sw mwmly vjoN srkwr nUM jWdw sI[ hoqI mrdwn,pRym isMG jI dI ilKq muqwbk 1221630 rupey swlwnw srkwr nUM hyTilKy pMj prgixAw qoN pRwpq huMdw sI[

1. prgxw muhMmd mlk AmIn aulw Kwn

2. ielwkw KlIl Arbwb muhMmd Kwn

3. prgxw dwauzeI-suMdr dws gopwl dw, ipSOrIAw

4. prgxw ^wlsw-pbI, Akrpurw sweIN id`qw m`l, ipSOrIAw

5. prgxw hSq ngr-srdwr sYd muhMmd wn Aqy sulqwn muhMmd^wn bwrkzeI[ (ieh iehnW nUM guzwry leI jwgIr vjoN sI)

hrI isMG ny pihly hwkmW nwloN mwmly dy ryt kwPI Gtw id`qysn[ fwktr cOpVw ny AwpxI ilKq (The Punjab as a SoverignState dy pMnw 130) iv`c iliKAw hY ik mwmlw Gtwaux dy nwlijmIdwrW nUM hor vI bhuq shUlqW id`qIAW[ srdwr swihb ny bwVAqy kwbl dirAw iv`coN keI nihrW isMjweI leI kFweIAW[ munSISwhwmq AlI (The Sikhs and Afgan dy s&w 201 qy ilKdw hY ikjd AsIN 13 mwrc nUM cmknI (ipSwvr) phuMcy qW keI nihrW dyKIAW

103102

ijhVIAW bwV Awid dirAwvW iv`coN k`FIAW geIAW sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb ny KuS ho ky srdwr nlUAw nUM bhuq mwx id`qw Aqy ipSwvr iv`cvI Awpxy nwm dw is`kw(zrb) clwaux leI AwiKAw[ srdwr nyijhVw is`kw clwieAw aus dy ie`k rupey dw Bwr 135 gRyn (swFy 8mwSy) sI[ hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik sMn 1937 iv`c vI lwhOr dyAjwieb Gr iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dw ipSOrI tkswl dw is`kw mOjUdsI[

hrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN ipSwvr iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGdy v`fy puqr nO inhwl isMG dy nwm qy vI is`kw c`ilAw ijs nUM nO inhwlisMGI is`kw kihMdy sn[ ieh cWdI dw is`kw sI[ ies is`ky dy dohINpwsIN ibkRmI 1891 aukirAw hoieAw sI[ ieh is`kw 18 ipSwvrIAwny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr 124-130 gRynz sI[ pr hrIisMG vwlw is`kw 15 ipSwvrI Awny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr170 gRynz sI (16 gRynz dw Bwr ie`k mwSy dy brwbr huMdw hY)[ipSwvr iv`c nwnk SwhI is`kw vI c`ldw sI jo 24 ipSwvrI Awny dybrwbr sI Aqy Bwr iv`c 170-172 gRynz sI[ ipSwvrI culnI jWrupeIAw 16 Awny dw sI[ nwnk SwhI dy 100 rupey dw mu`l kwbl dy113, pySwvr dy 122, nO inhwl dy 133 Aqy hrI isMG dy 160 rupeydy brwbr sI[ bVI hI Ascrz g`l ieh sI ik hrI isMG dI mOq dysO swl ip`CoN vI 15 pRqISq mwmlw hrI isMG dy rupey nwl c`l irhwsI (vnIq nlUAw)

AwvwjweI dy swDnW leI sVkW dw vI inrmwx krwieAw[nySnl AwrcIvz Aw& ieMfIAw (nvIN id`lI) dI &OirMn pulItIklknsltySn 1836 dy pMnw 32 qy iliKAw hY ik is`K rwj ny ipSwvrdI mMdhwlI nUM dUr kr id`qw, cwry pwsy hirAwlI ho geI, KuShwlI CwgeI Aqy prjw suBwgSwlI ho geI[ ies dw v`fw kwrn ieh sI ikAmn Amwn kr ky bhuq swry ihMdU vpwrI Aqy SwhUkwr ie`Qy Aw vsyijs kwrn vpwr bhuq vDx l`igAw[

&OjI pRbMDbwhrI hmilAW qoN bcwA leI Aqy hmlwAwvrW dw twkrw

krn leI keI ikilHAW dI auswrI krvweI[ iehnW iv`coN jmrOd(&iqhgVH) dw iklHw ie`k sI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny 17 AkqUbr1836 vwly idn vfw &OjI iekT kr ky Ardws krw ky jmrOd dy iklHydI nINh Awpxy h`Q nwl r`KI Aqy qkrIbn do mhIinAW iv`c ies dIiqAwrI mukMml krw id`qI[ ij`Qy ieh iklHw bxvwieAw au~Qy pihlWQyh qy ie`k k`cI gVHI bxI hoeI sI[ Aqy ies nUM jmrOd dI gVHI kihMdysI Aqy ipMf lwgy v`fI mwqrw iv`c pwxI mOjUd sI[ pSqo iv`c pwxIdy iek`T nUM rOd kihMdy hn[ ieM\ jMm+rOd qoN ies jgHw dw nW jmrOdpY igAw sI[ ieh pwxI drw Ybr qoN AwauNdw sI[ dUr idRStI qoN kMmlY ik srdwr ny pwxI dy pRbMD leI iklHy AMdr iek KUh vI KudvwieAw[ies qoN ielwvw ipSwvr Aqy jmrOd dy ivckwr ie`k Cotw burj hrIisMG vI bxvwieAw[ hoqI mrdwn jI AwpxI pusqk jo auhnW 1937iv`c ilKI iv`c ilKdy hn ik ieh iklHw Ajy vI mOjUd hY Aqy iesiv`c pulIs dw Qwxw hY[ iehnW ikilHAW iv`c &OzI qopKwnw AqyloVINdw jMgI j^Irw rKvwieAw[ ienHW ikilHAW qy ^wlsy dy inSwnswihb JULdy sn[ iehnW inSwnW nUM q`k mugl BwvyN kcIcIAW v`tdysn pr ^wlsy nwl m`Qw lwaux qoN aunHW dy idl dihldy sn[

rwj AMdr SWqI dI bhwlI leI AYsy kwnUMn bxwey gey ik koeIiksy nwl D`kw-SwhI nw kry, julm nw Fwh sky, dgw-&ryb nw kry Aqylu`t-Ksu`t qoN bcwA rhy[ iehnW kwnUMnW AMdr drz hI nhIN kIqwsgoN iehnW nUM lwgU kIqw[ aus vyly hukm sI ik ijhVw iksy nwl vYr-ivroD krygw ibn pu`C aus nUM ijauNdy hI A`g iv`c swV id`qw jwvygw[ies kwrn BwvyN koeI kwnUMn dI Av`igAw G`t hI krdw sI pr ijhVwmwVI motI glqI kwrn pkiVAw jWdw sI auh dovyN h`Q joV ky AqyDrqI qy n`k nwl lkIrW k`F ky hoey zurm qoN srdwrW koloN Cu`tx leImuAw&I mMgdw sI[ ie`QoN q`k vI q`Q mOjUd hn ik glqI qoN bKSx

105104

ijhVIAW bwV Awid dirAwvW iv`coN k`FIAW geIAW sn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb ny KuS ho ky srdwr nlUAw nUM bhuq mwx id`qw Aqy ipSwvr iv`cvI Awpxy nwm dw is`kw(zrb) clwaux leI AwiKAw[ srdwr nyijhVw is`kw clwieAw aus dy ie`k rupey dw Bwr 135 gRyn (swFy 8mwSy) sI[ hoqI mrdwn ilKdy hn ik sMn 1937 iv`c vI lwhOr dyAjwieb Gr iv`c srdwr hrI isMG dw ipSOrI tkswl dw is`kw mOjUdsI[

hrI isMG dI gvrnrI smyN ipSwvr iv`c mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGdy v`fy puqr nO inhwl isMG dy nwm qy vI is`kw c`ilAw ijs nUM nO inhwlisMGI is`kw kihMdy sn[ ieh cWdI dw is`kw sI[ ies is`ky dy dohINpwsIN ibkRmI 1891 aukirAw hoieAw sI[ ieh is`kw 18 ipSwvrIAwny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr 124-130 gRynz sI[ pr hrIisMG vwlw is`kw 15 ipSwvrI Awny dy brwbr sI Aqy ies dw Bwr170 gRynz sI (16 gRynz dw Bwr ie`k mwSy dy brwbr huMdw hY)[ipSwvr iv`c nwnk SwhI is`kw vI c`ldw sI jo 24 ipSwvrI Awny dybrwbr sI Aqy Bwr iv`c 170-172 gRynz sI[ ipSwvrI culnI jWrupeIAw 16 Awny dw sI[ nwnk SwhI dy 100 rupey dw mu`l kwbl dy113, pySwvr dy 122, nO inhwl dy 133 Aqy hrI isMG dy 160 rupeydy brwbr sI[ bVI hI Ascrz g`l ieh sI ik hrI isMG dI mOq dysO swl ip`CoN vI 15 pRqISq mwmlw hrI isMG dy rupey nwl c`l irhwsI (vnIq nlUAw)

AwvwjweI dy swDnW leI sVkW dw vI inrmwx krwieAw[nySnl AwrcIvz Aw& ieMfIAw (nvIN id`lI) dI &OirMn pulItIklknsltySn 1836 dy pMnw 32 qy iliKAw hY ik is`K rwj ny ipSwvrdI mMdhwlI nUM dUr kr id`qw, cwry pwsy hirAwlI ho geI, KuShwlI CwgeI Aqy prjw suBwgSwlI ho geI[ ies dw v`fw kwrn ieh sI ikAmn Amwn kr ky bhuq swry ihMdU vpwrI Aqy SwhUkwr ie`Qy Aw vsyijs kwrn vpwr bhuq vDx l`igAw[

&OjI pRbMDbwhrI hmilAW qoN bcwA leI Aqy hmlwAwvrW dw twkrw

krn leI keI ikilHAW dI auswrI krvweI[ iehnW iv`coN jmrOd(&iqhgVH) dw iklHw ie`k sI[ srdwr hrI isMG ny 17 AkqUbr1836 vwly idn vfw &OjI iekT kr ky Ardws krw ky jmrOd dy iklHydI nINh Awpxy h`Q nwl r`KI Aqy qkrIbn do mhIinAW iv`c ies dIiqAwrI mukMml krw id`qI[ ij`Qy ieh iklHw bxvwieAw au~Qy pihlWQyh qy ie`k k`cI gVHI bxI hoeI sI[ Aqy ies nUM jmrOd dI gVHI kihMdysI Aqy ipMf lwgy v`fI mwqrw iv`c pwxI mOjUd sI[ pSqo iv`c pwxIdy iek`T nUM rOd kihMdy hn[ ieM\ jMm+rOd qoN ies jgHw dw nW jmrOdpY igAw sI[ ieh pwxI drw Ybr qoN AwauNdw sI[ dUr idRStI qoN kMmlY ik srdwr ny pwxI dy pRbMD leI iklHy AMdr iek KUh vI KudvwieAw[ies qoN ielwvw ipSwvr Aqy jmrOd dy ivckwr ie`k Cotw burj hrIisMG vI bxvwieAw[ hoqI mrdwn jI AwpxI pusqk jo auhnW 1937iv`c ilKI iv`c ilKdy hn ik ieh iklHw Ajy vI mOjUd hY Aqy iesiv`c pulIs dw Qwxw hY[ iehnW ikilHAW iv`c &OzI qopKwnw AqyloVINdw jMgI j^Irw rKvwieAw[ ienHW ikilHAW qy ^wlsy dy inSwnswihb JULdy sn[ iehnW inSwnW nUM q`k mugl BwvyN kcIcIAW v`tdysn pr ^wlsy nwl m`Qw lwaux qoN aunHW dy idl dihldy sn[

rwj AMdr SWqI dI bhwlI leI AYsy kwnUMn bxwey gey ik koeIiksy nwl D`kw-SwhI nw kry, julm nw Fwh sky, dgw-&ryb nw kry Aqylu`t-Ksu`t qoN bcwA rhy[ iehnW kwnUMnW AMdr drz hI nhIN kIqwsgoN iehnW nUM lwgU kIqw[ aus vyly hukm sI ik ijhVw iksy nwl vYr-ivroD krygw ibn pu`C aus nUM ijauNdy hI A`g iv`c swV id`qw jwvygw[ies kwrn BwvyN koeI kwnUMn dI Av`igAw G`t hI krdw sI pr ijhVwmwVI motI glqI kwrn pkiVAw jWdw sI auh dovyN h`Q joV ky AqyDrqI qy n`k nwl lkIrW k`F ky hoey zurm qoN srdwrW koloN Cu`tx leImuAw&I mMgdw sI[ ie`QoN q`k vI q`Q mOjUd hn ik glqI qoN bKSx

105104

leI kurwn dI sONh mugl KWdy sI[ sIqw rwm ny AwpxI kwiv rcnwiv`c kwnUMn bwry ieM\ iliKAw hY:

swry hI ielwky ivc kiFAw kwnUMn iek,kry jo lVweI PUk idMdy nhIN Jk dy[A`g pwsoN fr pTwx jwx bIs kos, h`Q joV k`Fdy lkIrW nwl n`k dy[lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI Alw pwk dI hY,Kwx vfy sugMD qy kurwn pey ck dy[sIqw rwm mc geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI, mwr mwr mugl aufwey vWg Pk dy[

is`K rwj AMdr cMgy pRbMDW bwry jwnx leI brqwnIAW dIAMgryzI srkwr ny lwrf mYkwly nUM ByijAw sI ijs ny 1835 iv`c swrypMjwb dw dOrw kIqw[ aus ny swry rwj nUM dyKx auprMq ieMglYNf phuMcky pwrlImYNt iv`c ieh BwSx id`qw sI[

I have travelled across the length and bredth of Punjab(India) and have not seen one person who is a thief, such highmoral values, people of such calibre that I do not think wewould even conquer this country, unless break the very backbone of this nation, which is her spirtitual and cultural heri-tage?

'Bwv mYN Bwrq dy pMjwb iv`c dUr-drwfy q`k iPr qur ky dyiKAwhY, mYN au~Qy koeI mMgqw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nw hI koeI cor dyiKAw hY[lokWdw bhuq hI au~cw-su`cw ikrdwr, ieKlwk Aqy hYsIAq idKw rhI hYik aus dyS nUM ij`qxw auqnw icr muSkl l`g irhw hY ijqnw icr q`kaus kOm dI ip`T qy Drm (gurU) dw b`iJAw ivSvwS nhIN qoV idMdy[ieh auhnW dw Awqmk qy rUhwnI joS Aqy s`iBAwcwr vwlw ivrswdrsw irhw hY[

pTwxW dy ieiqhwskwr sr aurP ikrpYtirk kYroey AqybrqwnIAW dy gvrnr ijhVy Bwrq dI AwzwdI jo 1947 iv`c imlIqoN pihlW ipSwvr ivKy swrI hwlq qy ingwh r`K rhy sI, iehnW dohWny ipSwvr iv`c srdwr nlUAw v`loN kIqy kMmW dI BwrI SwlwGw kIqI

hY[ iehnW ny mMinAW ik hrI isMG ny iBAMkr Aqy zwlm pTwxW nUM kwbUkrI r`iKAw[ BwvyN AMgryzW nUM ipSwvr dy AwLy-duAwly hrI isMG v`loNauswry bhuq iklHy iml gey sn pr pKqUnW ny AMgryzW dy pYr nhINl`gx id`qy[

ieiqhwsk q`QW nUM GoK ky dyKIey qW is`KW ny muglW vWg nw qWiksy qy zulm hI Fwhy Aqy nw hI k`tV pMQkqw idKweI[ pr iehnWA&gwnW dy idlW AMdr is`KW dw BwrI fr vD igAw sI[ Kws kr hrIisMG dy nW qoN qW ieh Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ ieh vI ieiqhwsk scweIhY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dw hor koeI srdwr ipSwvrv`l nUM mUMh nhIN sI krnw cwhuMdw[ gurU ikRpw sdkw Aqy r`bI bl kwrnkyvl hrI isMG hI ipSwvr iv`c Syr vWg buu`ikAw Aqy AMqly dm q`kie`Qy dw kmWfr ien-cI& irhw[ ies dUly ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdrAqy dYNq khwaux vwly muglW dy mUMh AYsy BMny ik dunIAW dI koeI v`fIqoN v`fI qwkq Ajy q`k Ajyhw nhIN kr skI[

hrI isMG dI sUrbIrqw bwry ie`k kvI dy ivcwr ieM\ hn:

nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr d`ry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[sYNkVy swlW gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

107106

leI kurwn dI sONh mugl KWdy sI[ sIqw rwm ny AwpxI kwiv rcnwiv`c kwnUMn bwry ieM\ iliKAw hY:

swry hI ielwky ivc kiFAw kwnUMn iek,kry jo lVweI PUk idMdy nhIN Jk dy[A`g pwsoN fr pTwx jwx bIs kos, h`Q joV k`Fdy lkIrW nwl n`k dy[lVWgy nw muV ky duhweI Alw pwk dI hY,Kwx vfy sugMD qy kurwn pey ck dy[sIqw rwm mc geI duhweI hrI isMG vwlI, mwr mwr mugl aufwey vWg Pk dy[

is`K rwj AMdr cMgy pRbMDW bwry jwnx leI brqwnIAW dIAMgryzI srkwr ny lwrf mYkwly nUM ByijAw sI ijs ny 1835 iv`c swrypMjwb dw dOrw kIqw[ aus ny swry rwj nUM dyKx auprMq ieMglYNf phuMcky pwrlImYNt iv`c ieh BwSx id`qw sI[

I have travelled across the length and bredth of Punjab(India) and have not seen one person who is a thief, such highmoral values, people of such calibre that I do not think wewould even conquer this country, unless break the very backbone of this nation, which is her spirtitual and cultural heri-tage?

'Bwv mYN Bwrq dy pMjwb iv`c dUr-drwfy q`k iPr qur ky dyiKAwhY, mYN au~Qy koeI mMgqw nhIN dyiKAw Aqy nw hI koeI cor dyiKAw hY[lokWdw bhuq hI au~cw-su`cw ikrdwr, ieKlwk Aqy hYsIAq idKw rhI hYik aus dyS nUM ij`qxw auqnw icr muSkl l`g irhw hY ijqnw icr q`kaus kOm dI ip`T qy Drm (gurU) dw b`iJAw ivSvwS nhIN qoV idMdy[ieh auhnW dw Awqmk qy rUhwnI joS Aqy s`iBAwcwr vwlw ivrswdrsw irhw hY[

pTwxW dy ieiqhwskwr sr aurP ikrpYtirk kYroey AqybrqwnIAW dy gvrnr ijhVy Bwrq dI AwzwdI jo 1947 iv`c imlIqoN pihlW ipSwvr ivKy swrI hwlq qy ingwh r`K rhy sI, iehnW dohWny ipSwvr iv`c srdwr nlUAw v`loN kIqy kMmW dI BwrI SwlwGw kIqI

hY[ iehnW ny mMinAW ik hrI isMG ny iBAMkr Aqy zwlm pTwxW nUM kwbUkrI r`iKAw[ BwvyN AMgryzW nUM ipSwvr dy AwLy-duAwly hrI isMG v`loNauswry bhuq iklHy iml gey sn pr pKqUnW ny AMgryzW dy pYr nhINl`gx id`qy[

ieiqhwsk q`QW nUM GoK ky dyKIey qW is`KW ny muglW vWg nw qWiksy qy zulm hI Fwhy Aqy nw hI k`tV pMQkqw idKweI[ pr iehnWA&gwnW dy idlW AMdr is`KW dw BwrI fr vD igAw sI[ Kws kr hrIisMG dy nW qoN qW ieh Qr Qr kMbdy sn[ ieh vI ieiqhwsk scweIhY ik mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy drbwr dw hor koeI srdwr ipSwvrv`l nUM mUMh nhIN sI krnw cwhuMdw[ gurU ikRpw sdkw Aqy r`bI bl kwrnkyvl hrI isMG hI ipSwvr iv`c Syr vWg buu`ikAw Aqy AMqly dm q`kie`Qy dw kmWfr ien-cI& irhw[ ies dUly ny Awpxy Awp nUM bhwdrAqy dYNq khwaux vwly muglW dy mUMh AYsy BMny ik dunIAW dI koeI v`fIqoN v`fI qwkq Ajy q`k Ajyhw nhIN kr skI[

hrI isMG dI sUrbIrqw bwry ie`k kvI dy ivcwr ieM\ hn:

nlUey Syr ny muglW nUM vKq pwieAw, vYrI dlW dy QMmH iQVkw id`qy[pSOr, mulqwn, ^Ybr d`ry vrgy, gVH muglW dy sUrmy Jukw id`qy[sYNkVy swlW gulwmI dy dwg Do ky, is`K rwj dy JMfy Julw id`qy[

107106

6

jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMqAxKI , ihMmqI, dlyr Aqy inrBY XoDw muglW nUM llkwrdw Aqy

vMgwrdw au~cw mnbol kr ky ^Ybr dI GwtI iv`c phuMc igAw[ d`rw^Ybr jmrOd qoN SurU ho ky au~qr-p`Cm v`l au~cIAW phwVIAW iv`c dIivMg vl KWdw 22 koh (33 mIl) lMbw qorKwm jw ky ^qm huMdw hYjo ik kwbl dI rwjDwnI hY[ ieh d`rw smuMdrI ql qoN 1070 mItrau~cw hY Aqy pwiksqwn-A&gwinsqwn nUM imlwauNdw hY[ bweIbl iv`cies nUM pyS hybr iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ^Ybr d`ry iv`c dI lMGdy rsqynUM suPyd koh kihMdy hn Aqy ieh purwqn smyN qoN m`D eySIAw Aqyd`KxI eySIAw dw vpwrk rsqw hY Aqy &OjI Xu`D klw dI ws jgHw hY[ieiqhws muqwbk KYbr dw Sbd hYbrIaU qoN bixAw hY ijs dw BwvhY iklHw, gVH jW mh`l[ ^Ybr Asl iv`c pSqo dw Sbd hY[

muhMmd gOrI, mihmUd gznvI, qYmUr lMg Aqy bwbr vrgy iesrsqy hI ihMdusqwn nUM lutx Awey Aqy 1526 qoN 1857 q`k mugl rwjkwiem kIqw[ ies auprMq ihMdusqwn qy nwdr Swh Aqy Aihmd SwhdurwnI hmlwvr bx ky Awey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c A&gwnW nyihMdusqwn jo sony dI icVI AKvwauNdw sI nUM KUb lu`itAw, ieQoN dIsMsikRqI qbwh kr id`qI Aqy bhU bytIAW dI iezq lut ky aunHW nUM tkytky iv`c gznI dy bzwrW AMdr vyicAw[ is`K rwj smyN kudrq v`loN ByjysUrmy hrI isMG nlUAw ny isMG XoiDAW nwl iehnW A&gwnW dy mUMh AYsyBMny ik ^Ybr rwhIN Awaux vwly hmlwvrW ny muV ieDr nUM mUMh nhINkIqw[

is`K rwj auprMq AMgryz ikauNik ihMdusqwn Aqy pMjwb qy kwbzho gey sn[ iehnW ny A&gwnW nwl iqMn jMgW 1838-42, 1878-80 Aqy 1919 iv`c, iehnW nUM dbwaux leI lVIAW pr kwmXwb nw

ho sky[ brqwnIAW dIAW &OjW dw ie`k mYNbr jwrj molzvrQ ijs ny1919 dI jMg lVI auh ilKdw hY:

Every stone in the Khyber has been soaked in blood.

Bwv ^Ybr dw hr p`Qr KUn nwl iB`ijAw hoieAw hY[

^Ybr pws rwhIN lMGx vwly qoN ie`QoN dy hwkm tYks lYNdy sn[ieh tYks iehnW dI Awmdn dw mu`K swDn sI[ AMgryzW ny Ybr pwsdI sVk dy nwl pihly sMswr mhW Xu`D (1914-18) ip`CoN ryl ptVIbxweI[ dUjy sMswr Xu`D (1938-45) smyN AMgryzW ny Ybr dI sVkqy v`fIAW Aqy mjbUq pQrIlIAW rukwvtW bxw id`qIAW qW ik jrmnvwly tYNkW rwhIN Bwrq qy hmlw nw kr dyx[ sMn 2001 qoN AmrIkw,brqwnIAW Aqy kYnyfw dIAW &OjW dI m`dd nwl A&gwinsqwn iv`cjUJ irhw hY pr Ajy q`k qwlIbwnW nUM dbwaux iv`c As&l hY[ iehnW&OjI qwkqW nwto Porsz (NATO-North Atlantic TreatyOrganisation) dw Bojn Aqy jMgI smwn bhuqw ^Ybr pws rwhIN hIpwiksqwn qoN A&gwinsqwn jWdw sI[ pr hux AmrIkw dI pwiksqwnnwl ivgVI hox kr ky pwiksqwn vwilAW ny ies qy rok lweI hoeIsI[

srdwr nlUAw v`loN ipSwvr qoN jmrOd q`k keI iklHy bnwauxkr ky Aqy iehnW iv`c is`K &OjI v`fy Asly sihq qwienwq krwauxkr ky kwbl kMbx l`g ipAw[ AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn iqMn vwris`KW qoN mwr Kwx ip`CoN Awp qW muV isMG srdwr nwl m`Qw lwaux qoNiJjkdw sI[ies ny A&gwnW nUM duhweI pweI ik jykr Awpxw bcwAcwhuMdy ho qW ieslwm dw vwsqw jhwd leI iqAwr hovy[ mYN Awpxy pMjypu`qrW (muhMmd A&jl ^wn, muhMmd Akbr ^wn, gulwm hYdr ^wn,muhMmd Awzm ^wn Aqy muhMmd Akrm ^wn) nUM kOm dI r`iKAw leIsONp irhw hW[ ieh pMjy kOm leI jwnW vwrn leI iqAwr hn[ dosqmuhMmd ^wn dI ieh pukwr sux ky A&gwinsqwn qoN vgYr ibjOV,

109108

6

jmrOd dI jMg Aqy sUry dw AMqAxKI , ihMmqI, dlyr Aqy inrBY XoDw muglW nUM llkwrdw Aqy

vMgwrdw au~cw mnbol kr ky ^Ybr dI GwtI iv`c phuMc igAw[ d`rw^Ybr jmrOd qoN SurU ho ky au~qr-p`Cm v`l au~cIAW phwVIAW iv`c dIivMg vl KWdw 22 koh (33 mIl) lMbw qorKwm jw ky ^qm huMdw hYjo ik kwbl dI rwjDwnI hY[ ieh d`rw smuMdrI ql qoN 1070 mItrau~cw hY Aqy pwiksqwn-A&gwinsqwn nUM imlwauNdw hY[ bweIbl iv`cies nUM pyS hybr iliKAw hoieAw hY[ ^Ybr d`ry iv`c dI lMGdy rsqynUM suPyd koh kihMdy hn Aqy ieh purwqn smyN qoN m`D eySIAw Aqyd`KxI eySIAw dw vpwrk rsqw hY Aqy &OjI Xu`D klw dI ws jgHw hY[ieiqhws muqwbk KYbr dw Sbd hYbrIaU qoN bixAw hY ijs dw BwvhY iklHw, gVH jW mh`l[ ^Ybr Asl iv`c pSqo dw Sbd hY[

muhMmd gOrI, mihmUd gznvI, qYmUr lMg Aqy bwbr vrgy iesrsqy hI ihMdusqwn nUM lutx Awey Aqy 1526 qoN 1857 q`k mugl rwjkwiem kIqw[ ies auprMq ihMdusqwn qy nwdr Swh Aqy Aihmd SwhdurwnI hmlwvr bx ky Awey[ iehnW hmilAW iv`c A&gwnW nyihMdusqwn jo sony dI icVI AKvwauNdw sI nUM KUb lu`itAw, ieQoN dIsMsikRqI qbwh kr id`qI Aqy bhU bytIAW dI iezq lut ky aunHW nUM tkytky iv`c gznI dy bzwrW AMdr vyicAw[ is`K rwj smyN kudrq v`loN ByjysUrmy hrI isMG nlUAw ny isMG XoiDAW nwl iehnW A&gwnW dy mUMh AYsyBMny ik ^Ybr rwhIN Awaux vwly hmlwvrW ny muV ieDr nUM mUMh nhINkIqw[

is`K rwj auprMq AMgryz ikauNik ihMdusqwn Aqy pMjwb qy kwbzho gey sn[ iehnW ny A&gwnW nwl iqMn jMgW 1838-42, 1878-80 Aqy 1919 iv`c, iehnW nUM dbwaux leI lVIAW pr kwmXwb nw

ho sky[ brqwnIAW dIAW &OjW dw ie`k mYNbr jwrj molzvrQ ijs ny1919 dI jMg lVI auh ilKdw hY:

Every stone in the Khyber has been soaked in blood.

Bwv ^Ybr dw hr p`Qr KUn nwl iB`ijAw hoieAw hY[

^Ybr pws rwhIN lMGx vwly qoN ie`QoN dy hwkm tYks lYNdy sn[ieh tYks iehnW dI Awmdn dw mu`K swDn sI[ AMgryzW ny Ybr pwsdI sVk dy nwl pihly sMswr mhW Xu`D (1914-18) ip`CoN ryl ptVIbxweI[ dUjy sMswr Xu`D (1938-45) smyN AMgryzW ny Ybr dI sVkqy v`fIAW Aqy mjbUq pQrIlIAW rukwvtW bxw id`qIAW qW ik jrmnvwly tYNkW rwhIN Bwrq qy hmlw nw kr dyx[ sMn 2001 qoN AmrIkw,brqwnIAW Aqy kYnyfw dIAW &OjW dI m`dd nwl A&gwinsqwn iv`cjUJ irhw hY pr Ajy q`k qwlIbwnW nUM dbwaux iv`c As&l hY[ iehnW&OjI qwkqW nwto Porsz (NATO-North Atlantic TreatyOrganisation) dw Bojn Aqy jMgI smwn bhuqw ^Ybr pws rwhIN hIpwiksqwn qoN A&gwinsqwn jWdw sI[ pr hux AmrIkw dI pwiksqwnnwl ivgVI hox kr ky pwiksqwn vwilAW ny ies qy rok lweI hoeIsI[

srdwr nlUAw v`loN ipSwvr qoN jmrOd q`k keI iklHy bnwauxkr ky Aqy iehnW iv`c is`K &OjI v`fy Asly sihq qwienwq krwauxkr ky kwbl kMbx l`g ipAw[ AmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn iqMn vwris`KW qoN mwr Kwx ip`CoN Awp qW muV isMG srdwr nwl m`Qw lwaux qoNiJjkdw sI[ies ny A&gwnW nUM duhweI pweI ik jykr Awpxw bcwAcwhuMdy ho qW ieslwm dw vwsqw jhwd leI iqAwr hovy[ mYN Awpxy pMjypu`qrW (muhMmd A&jl ^wn, muhMmd Akbr ^wn, gulwm hYdr ^wn,muhMmd Awzm ^wn Aqy muhMmd Akrm ^wn) nUM kOm dI r`iKAw leIsONp irhw hW[ ieh pMjy kOm leI jwnW vwrn leI iqAwr hn[ dosqmuhMmd ^wn dI ieh pukwr sux ky A&gwinsqwn qoN vgYr ibjOV,

109108

kuMnV Awid dy ielwikAW qoN BwrI igxqI iv`c jhwdI kwbl phuMcxl`gy[ ieM\ &OjW nUM A`lw dIAW ksmW kro jW mro KuAw ky ies ny ApRYldy SurU iv`c ipSwvr v`l iklHw &qih gVH (jmrOd) Aqy hsq ngrv`l qor id`qIAW[ iehnW &OjW dI AgvweI ies dy pMjy pu`qr Aqyimrjw Abdul s`mI wn Aqy dosq muhMmd wn kr rhy sn[ srdwrhrI isMG aus smyN sumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr) iv`c sI[ &qih gVH dwiklHw jmrOd dy au~qr v`l 11 mIl dI dUrI qy Ybr dy mu`K qy hY[ jdoNhI srdwr swihb nUM ieh mulK`eIAw cVH ky Awaux dI br imlI qWieh cukMny ho gey Aqy Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM hor &Oj Byjx leI p`qr ilKByjy[ ie`k qW aunHI idnI kMvr nO inhwl isMG dI SwdI hox krkymhwrwjw swihb lwhOr iv`c SwdI dy kMmW 'c ru`Jy hoey sn[ dUjw,iDAwn isMG fogrw srdwr nlUAw nUM v`fy AhuidAW dy imlx kr kyAMdr Kwqy hrI isMG nwl Kwr KWdw sI Aqy idl dw Kotw sI ijskwrn ies ny ByjIAw ic`TIAW d`bI r`KIAW Aqy mhwrwjw q`k phuMcxnw id`qIAW[ qIjw, kwPI B`j n`T kwrn srdwr nlUAw bImwr ho gey[

jmrOd dI jMgimrjw s`mI wn jo dosq muhMmd wn dI slqnq dw nwieb sI

Aqy jMg dy pRbMD Aqy kwrnwimAW p`KoN bVw pRis`D sI[ ies ny 15ApRYl 1837 nUM AwpxI &Oj do BwgW iv`c vMf ky wlsy dy wqmy leIqor id`qI[ ie`k ih`sy iv`c 30 hjwr &Oj, qopW sxy d`rw Ybr v`l kUckr ky AweI Aqy dUjy ih`sy dy 10 hzwr &OjIAW smyq SMkrgVH AqyimcnI qy Dwvw krn leI c`l peI[ ies qoN ielwvw nwl lgdyA&rIdI kbIilAW nUM ies jMg iv`c Swml hox leI pRyirAw AqyiehnW nUM kwPI Dn vI vMifAw[ ieh hmlw iehnW ny ieh Byd jwx kyik ^wlsw &Oj ies Kyqr iv`c bhuq G`t hY Aqy hrI isMG nlUAwbImwr ipAw hY Aqy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c nhIN hY bVI qyzI nwl kIqw[

28 ApRYl vwly idn A&gwnW ny iklHy v`l qopW dy goly vrswauxySurU kr id`qy[ jdoN bhwdr srdwr mhW isMG ny A&gwnW nUM hwQIAWvWg dhwVdy iklHy v`l v`fI igxqI iv`c AwauNdy q`ikAw qW isMGW ny vIqopW dy goly dwgxy SurU kr id`qy[ dohW pwisAW qoN qVw qV golIAWc`lxIAW SurU ho geIAW[ isMGW dI igxqI BwvyN Awty 'c lUx dy brwbrsI pr rx-BUmI AMdr ieh gurU klgIDr dy nwhry 'svw lwK sy eyklVwaUN' nUM mn iv`c vsw ky jUJy[ swrw idn golIAW nwl DrqI kMbdIrhI, Asmwn 'c grz pYNdI rhI pr isMG sUrmy isdk nwl lVy Aqynw foly[ bhuq swry sUrmy pRwx iqAwg gey[ srdwr AjYb isMG rMDwvwdlyrI nwl lVdw hoieAw c`l visAw[ ies dI mOq nwl isMGW dy dlnUM v`fw Gwtw ipAw[ SwmW pY geIAW, lVweI bMd ho geI Aqy dohWqr&W ny Awpxy P`tV hoey Aqy imRqk juAwnW nUM sMBwilAw[

dUjy idn vI swry CwqIAW fwh ky lVy[ vYrI vwr vwr iklHy v`lAMDw-DuMd goly vrHw ky AMdr jwx dI koiSS kr irhw sI[ iehnW ny d`rw^Ybr dy k`Ty (nwly) dw pwxI, ijhVw iklHy AMdr vrqoN leI jWdw sI,auh bMd kr id`qw Aqy cwry pwsy AYsw Gyrw pwieAw ik bwhroN koeIm`dd nw iml sky[ srdwr mhW isMG ny siqgurW nUM iDAw ky bVIjoSIlI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, isMGo! swfI ShIdI dy pl nyVy Aw rhyhn[ jo siqgurU nUM Bwvygw auhI hovygw, hOslw r`K ky pUry qwx nwlmukwblw kro[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGW ny AYsw golIAW dw mINhvrHwieAw ik mugl A`lw A`lw krdy jwnW lkox l`gy[ srdwr SmSyrisMG ASok muqwbk 800 qoN vI G`t isMGW ny 30 hjwr qoN v`D pTwx,jo v`fy it`fI dl dI inAweIN sn, nwl pUrw idn mukwblw kIqw[ rwqho geI Aqy golwbwrI vI m`Dm ho geI[ lMgr pwxI C`kx auprMqivcwr kIqI ik bwhrI m`dd leI koeI aupwA krIey[ keI isMG sunyhwphuMcwaux leI iqAwr ho gey Aqy kuJ iklHy dI FhI PsIl Brn l`gpey qW ik vYrI AMdr nw Aw vVy[

111110

kuMnV Awid dy ielwikAW qoN BwrI igxqI iv`c jhwdI kwbl phuMcxl`gy[ ieM\ &OjW nUM A`lw dIAW ksmW kro jW mro KuAw ky ies ny ApRYldy SurU iv`c ipSwvr v`l iklHw &qih gVH (jmrOd) Aqy hsq ngrv`l qor id`qIAW[ iehnW &OjW dI AgvweI ies dy pMjy pu`qr Aqyimrjw Abdul s`mI wn Aqy dosq muhMmd wn kr rhy sn[ srdwrhrI isMG aus smyN sumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr) iv`c sI[ &qih gVH dwiklHw jmrOd dy au~qr v`l 11 mIl dI dUrI qy Ybr dy mu`K qy hY[ jdoNhI srdwr swihb nUM ieh mulK`eIAw cVH ky Awaux dI br imlI qWieh cukMny ho gey Aqy Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM hor &Oj Byjx leI p`qr ilKByjy[ ie`k qW aunHI idnI kMvr nO inhwl isMG dI SwdI hox krkymhwrwjw swihb lwhOr iv`c SwdI dy kMmW 'c ru`Jy hoey sn[ dUjw,iDAwn isMG fogrw srdwr nlUAw nUM v`fy AhuidAW dy imlx kr kyAMdr Kwqy hrI isMG nwl Kwr KWdw sI Aqy idl dw Kotw sI ijskwrn ies ny ByjIAw ic`TIAW d`bI r`KIAW Aqy mhwrwjw q`k phuMcxnw id`qIAW[ qIjw, kwPI B`j n`T kwrn srdwr nlUAw bImwr ho gey[

jmrOd dI jMgimrjw s`mI wn jo dosq muhMmd wn dI slqnq dw nwieb sI

Aqy jMg dy pRbMD Aqy kwrnwimAW p`KoN bVw pRis`D sI[ ies ny 15ApRYl 1837 nUM AwpxI &Oj do BwgW iv`c vMf ky wlsy dy wqmy leIqor id`qI[ ie`k ih`sy iv`c 30 hjwr &Oj, qopW sxy d`rw Ybr v`l kUckr ky AweI Aqy dUjy ih`sy dy 10 hzwr &OjIAW smyq SMkrgVH AqyimcnI qy Dwvw krn leI c`l peI[ ies qoN ielwvw nwl lgdyA&rIdI kbIilAW nUM ies jMg iv`c Swml hox leI pRyirAw AqyiehnW nUM kwPI Dn vI vMifAw[ ieh hmlw iehnW ny ieh Byd jwx kyik ^wlsw &Oj ies Kyqr iv`c bhuq G`t hY Aqy hrI isMG nlUAwbImwr ipAw hY Aqy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c nhIN hY bVI qyzI nwl kIqw[

28 ApRYl vwly idn A&gwnW ny iklHy v`l qopW dy goly vrswauxySurU kr id`qy[ jdoN bhwdr srdwr mhW isMG ny A&gwnW nUM hwQIAWvWg dhwVdy iklHy v`l v`fI igxqI iv`c AwauNdy q`ikAw qW isMGW ny vIqopW dy goly dwgxy SurU kr id`qy[ dohW pwisAW qoN qVw qV golIAWc`lxIAW SurU ho geIAW[ isMGW dI igxqI BwvyN Awty 'c lUx dy brwbrsI pr rx-BUmI AMdr ieh gurU klgIDr dy nwhry 'svw lwK sy eyklVwaUN' nUM mn iv`c vsw ky jUJy[ swrw idn golIAW nwl DrqI kMbdIrhI, Asmwn 'c grz pYNdI rhI pr isMG sUrmy isdk nwl lVy Aqynw foly[ bhuq swry sUrmy pRwx iqAwg gey[ srdwr AjYb isMG rMDwvwdlyrI nwl lVdw hoieAw c`l visAw[ ies dI mOq nwl isMGW dy dlnUM v`fw Gwtw ipAw[ SwmW pY geIAW, lVweI bMd ho geI Aqy dohWqr&W ny Awpxy P`tV hoey Aqy imRqk juAwnW nUM sMBwilAw[

dUjy idn vI swry CwqIAW fwh ky lVy[ vYrI vwr vwr iklHy v`lAMDw-DuMd goly vrHw ky AMdr jwx dI koiSS kr irhw sI[ iehnW ny d`rw^Ybr dy k`Ty (nwly) dw pwxI, ijhVw iklHy AMdr vrqoN leI jWdw sI,auh bMd kr id`qw Aqy cwry pwsy AYsw Gyrw pwieAw ik bwhroN koeIm`dd nw iml sky[ srdwr mhW isMG ny siqgurW nUM iDAw ky bVIjoSIlI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, isMGo! swfI ShIdI dy pl nyVy Aw rhyhn[ jo siqgurU nUM Bwvygw auhI hovygw, hOslw r`K ky pUry qwx nwlmukwblw kro[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGW ny AYsw golIAW dw mINhvrHwieAw ik mugl A`lw A`lw krdy jwnW lkox l`gy[ srdwr SmSyrisMG ASok muqwbk 800 qoN vI G`t isMGW ny 30 hjwr qoN v`D pTwx,jo v`fy it`fI dl dI inAweIN sn, nwl pUrw idn mukwblw kIqw[ rwqho geI Aqy golwbwrI vI m`Dm ho geI[ lMgr pwxI C`kx auprMqivcwr kIqI ik bwhrI m`dd leI koeI aupwA krIey[ keI isMG sunyhwphuMcwaux leI iqAwr ho gey Aqy kuJ iklHy dI FhI PsIl Brn l`gpey qW ik vYrI AMdr nw Aw vVy[

111110

bIbI hrSrn kOr dI dlyrIiksy isMG nUM m`dd leI sMdyS ipSwvr phuMcwaux leI ivcwr

c`l hI rhI sI ik bIbI hrSrn kOr qy aus dw pqI jo Ajy QoVHw smWpihlW hI AMimRqpwn kr ky ^wlsw sjy sn, phuMc gey[ bIbI nyAwiKAw, wlsw jI! iklHy AMdr jMg leI iek`ly iek`ly isMG dI bhuqloV hY[ mYN srdwr mhW isMG jI dw pqr srdwr nlUAw nUM phuMcwvWgI[keI isMGW ny AwiKAw, BYx AsIN qYnUM qorn dy h`k iv`c nhIN hW[ dunIAWAwaux vwly smyN 'c kI AwKygI ik koeI isMG nhIN igAw, ie`k lVkInUM Byj idqw[ pr bIbI hrSrn kOr ny ikhw, isMGo! myrI pMQ Agy bynqIhY ik ieh syvw mYnUM bKSI jwvy[ jykr muglW ny mYnUM pkV vI ilAw qWbypqI krwaux dI bjwey kurbwnI dy dvWgI[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGWAMdr AYsw joS TwTW mwrn l`igAw ik jMg AMdr jUJ mrn leI KUnKOlx l`g ipAw[ bIbI hrSrn kOr ny A&rIdxW dw vys Dwrn krilAw Aqy p`qr lY ky rwqo rwq ipSwvr jw pu`jI[ pihrydwrW qoNAwigAw lY ky p`qr srdwr nlUAw nUM pkVwieAw[

p`qr iv`c AMikq sI siqkwr Xog srdwr jI! myrw idl nhINsI krdw ik bImwrI dI hwlq iv`c quhwnUM qMg krW, pr hwlwq h`QoNbwhr hox kr ky pMQ dI Awn, Swn Aqy cVHdI klHw leI ibnY p`qrByijAw hY[ mn iv`c ies g`l dI qV& hY ik ikqy &qih gVH iklHwswfIAW kurbwnIAW ip`CoN im`tI iv`c nw iml jwvy[ kOm dI ie`zq dwsvwl hY[ ^wlsy dy JMfy dI koeI bypqI nw kr dvy[

ieh idl tuMbvNy Sbd p`qr qoN pVH ky nlUey Syr dy srIr dw AMgAMg &rk au~iTAw, A`KW 'c lhU auq`r AwieAw Aqy srIr iv`coN mwnoA`g dy Crwry inklx l`gy[ AwpxI bImwrI nUM A`KoN proKy kr ky pMQ dIjwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw muK r`K ky h`Q SsqrW qy cly gey[ &Oj nUM qyzInwl jmrOd v`l jwx dy audyS dy id`qy[ srdwr swihb ny bIbI hrSrnkOr dI dlyrI nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy bIbI dI idKweI byimswl

bhwdrI nUM muK rKidAW l`K l`K DMnvwd kIqw[ ipSwvr qoN c`lx smyNjmrOd dI pqlI hwlq bwry srdwr nlUAw ny lwhOr v`l p`qr ilKByijAw Aqy jldI &Oj Byjx dI qwkId kIqI[

mhwrwj dw iDAwn isMG fogry nwllohw lwKw hoxw

srdwr nlUAw ny jmrOd dI nwzk hwlq bwry ijhVy cwr p`qrm`dd leI Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM Byjy sn Aqy qurMq &Oj Byjx leI iliKAwsI aunHW bwry vI Byjy gey p`qr iv`c vyrvw pw id`qw[ srkwr ny iDAwnisMG fogrw nUM srdwr v`loN Byjy p`qrW dI jwxkwrI vyly isr nw dyx krky bhuq JwV pweI[ Asl iv`c iDAwn isMG nhIN sI cwhuMdw ik hrIisMG jlwlwbwd Aqy kwbl qy ij`q pRwpq kry[ aus dy idl iv`c sIik jykr hrI isMG ny ieh ij`qW ij`q leIAW qW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGdI mOq ip`CoN hrI isMG nlUAw is`K rwj dw mwlk bx jwvygw[ hrIisMG dI Shwdq qoN auprMq mhwrwjw ny gu`sy iv`c Aw ky iDAwn isMGdIAW l`qW qy gVvw mwirAw sI[ aus nUM AwiKAw myrIAW A`KW qoN prHyho jw[ qUM mnhUs bMdw hY[ kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`c iesg`l dw izkr ieM\ kIqw hY[

gYn gu`sy nwl mhwrwj Xwro, gVvw mwry vzIr dI tMg au~qy[AwKy dUr ho jw myrI A`KW QIN, kuJ Pwiedw nhIN qyry sMg au~qy[pihly ^br nw kIqyo mUl mYnUM, &OjW G`ldw m`dd nUM jMg au~qy[kwdrXwr Aw d`isAw aus vyly, jdoN s`t Aw peI ey jMg au~qy[

srdwr nlUAw dI jmrOd v`l cVHweIsrdwr hrI isMG 1000 GoV svwr, 6000 pYdl ispwhI Aqy

6000 hor XoDy, qopKwnw Aqy jMgI swzo smwn lY ky jmrOd v`l hnHyrI

113112

bIbI hrSrn kOr dI dlyrIiksy isMG nUM m`dd leI sMdyS ipSwvr phuMcwaux leI ivcwr

c`l hI rhI sI ik bIbI hrSrn kOr qy aus dw pqI jo Ajy QoVHw smWpihlW hI AMimRqpwn kr ky ^wlsw sjy sn, phuMc gey[ bIbI nyAwiKAw, wlsw jI! iklHy AMdr jMg leI iek`ly iek`ly isMG dI bhuqloV hY[ mYN srdwr mhW isMG jI dw pqr srdwr nlUAw nUM phuMcwvWgI[keI isMGW ny AwiKAw, BYx AsIN qYnUM qorn dy h`k iv`c nhIN hW[ dunIAWAwaux vwly smyN 'c kI AwKygI ik koeI isMG nhIN igAw, ie`k lVkInUM Byj idqw[ pr bIbI hrSrn kOr ny ikhw, isMGo! myrI pMQ Agy bynqIhY ik ieh syvw mYnUM bKSI jwvy[ jykr muglW ny mYnUM pkV vI ilAw qWbypqI krwaux dI bjwey kurbwnI dy dvWgI[ ieh Sbd sux ky isMGWAMdr AYsw joS TwTW mwrn l`igAw ik jMg AMdr jUJ mrn leI KUnKOlx l`g ipAw[ bIbI hrSrn kOr ny A&rIdxW dw vys Dwrn krilAw Aqy p`qr lY ky rwqo rwq ipSwvr jw pu`jI[ pihrydwrW qoNAwigAw lY ky p`qr srdwr nlUAw nUM pkVwieAw[

p`qr iv`c AMikq sI siqkwr Xog srdwr jI! myrw idl nhINsI krdw ik bImwrI dI hwlq iv`c quhwnUM qMg krW, pr hwlwq h`QoNbwhr hox kr ky pMQ dI Awn, Swn Aqy cVHdI klHw leI ibnY p`qrByijAw hY[ mn iv`c ies g`l dI qV& hY ik ikqy &qih gVH iklHwswfIAW kurbwnIAW ip`CoN im`tI iv`c nw iml jwvy[ kOm dI ie`zq dwsvwl hY[ ^wlsy dy JMfy dI koeI bypqI nw kr dvy[

ieh idl tuMbvNy Sbd p`qr qoN pVH ky nlUey Syr dy srIr dw AMgAMg &rk au~iTAw, A`KW 'c lhU auq`r AwieAw Aqy srIr iv`coN mwnoA`g dy Crwry inklx l`gy[ AwpxI bImwrI nUM A`KoN proKy kr ky pMQ dIjwn qy mwl dI r`iKAw muK r`K ky h`Q SsqrW qy cly gey[ &Oj nUM qyzInwl jmrOd v`l jwx dy audyS dy id`qy[ srdwr swihb ny bIbI hrSrnkOr dI dlyrI nUM bhuq slwihAw Aqy bIbI dI idKweI byimswl

bhwdrI nUM muK rKidAW l`K l`K DMnvwd kIqw[ ipSwvr qoN c`lx smyNjmrOd dI pqlI hwlq bwry srdwr nlUAw ny lwhOr v`l p`qr ilKByijAw Aqy jldI &Oj Byjx dI qwkId kIqI[

mhwrwj dw iDAwn isMG fogry nwllohw lwKw hoxw

srdwr nlUAw ny jmrOd dI nwzk hwlq bwry ijhVy cwr p`qrm`dd leI Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM Byjy sn Aqy qurMq &Oj Byjx leI iliKAwsI aunHW bwry vI Byjy gey p`qr iv`c vyrvw pw id`qw[ srkwr ny iDAwnisMG fogrw nUM srdwr v`loN Byjy p`qrW dI jwxkwrI vyly isr nw dyx krky bhuq JwV pweI[ Asl iv`c iDAwn isMG nhIN sI cwhuMdw ik hrIisMG jlwlwbwd Aqy kwbl qy ij`q pRwpq kry[ aus dy idl iv`c sIik jykr hrI isMG ny ieh ij`qW ij`q leIAW qW mhwrwjw rxjIq isMGdI mOq ip`CoN hrI isMG nlUAw is`K rwj dw mwlk bx jwvygw[ hrIisMG dI Shwdq qoN auprMq mhwrwjw ny gu`sy iv`c Aw ky iDAwn isMGdIAW l`qW qy gVvw mwirAw sI[ aus nUM AwiKAw myrIAW A`KW qoN prHyho jw[ qUM mnhUs bMdw hY[ kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`c iesg`l dw izkr ieM\ kIqw hY[

gYn gu`sy nwl mhwrwj Xwro, gVvw mwry vzIr dI tMg au~qy[AwKy dUr ho jw myrI A`KW QIN, kuJ Pwiedw nhIN qyry sMg au~qy[pihly ^br nw kIqyo mUl mYnUM, &OjW G`ldw m`dd nUM jMg au~qy[kwdrXwr Aw d`isAw aus vyly, jdoN s`t Aw peI ey jMg au~qy[

srdwr nlUAw dI jmrOd v`l cVHweIsrdwr hrI isMG 1000 GoV svwr, 6000 pYdl ispwhI Aqy

6000 hor XoDy, qopKwnw Aqy jMgI swzo smwn lY ky jmrOd v`l hnHyrI

113112

dI qrHW igAw[ isMGW dy Awaux dI ^br sux ky iklHy ivcly isMGW dymUMhW qy ij`Qy lwlIAW cVH geIAW au~Qy pTwxW dy ichry au~qr gey AqyidlW 'c fol pYx l`gy[ ie`Qy phuMc ky srdwr ny &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAWiv`c pTwxW nUM Gyrn leI vMf id`qw[ ie`k ih`sw Awpxy pws, dUjwbhwdr srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw (nuSihry dI jMg iv`c pMj pTwxies qy tu`t ky pY gey[ ies ny AYsI bIrqw idKweI ik pMjW nUM SmSIrnwl ^qm kr id`qw sI) Syir-ey-pMjwb ny Kud ies nUM jUJidAWdyiKAw sI Aqy jMg auprMq pMj h`Qy dw iKqwb bKiSAw[ qIjw Bwgsrdwr Amr isMG Kurd mjITIAw nUM sONipAw[

jMg dy qIjy idn A&gwn qVkswr hI jmrOd dy iklHy AMdr jwxleI v`fy hmly dI iqAwrI iv`c sn[ s~mI ^wn ny hmlw krn qoNpihlW au~cI phwVI qy Klo ky qlvwr lihrwauNdIAW bhuq joSIlwBwSx Awpxy &OjIAW nUM id`qw[ srdwr sohx isMG sIql ny ieiqhws'coN q`Q iek`qr kr ky kwiv rUp iv`c ies dw nkSw ieM\ ibAwinAwhY:

mYN ksm kurwn dI KwvW, nwl eImwn dy[mYN gVH jmrOd dw FwvW, Kwk aufw idAW[mYN im`tI iv`c imlwvW, bwlw swr nUM[mYN imcnI qy hl vwhvW, swVW CwauxIAW[mYN A`g dlW iv`c lwvW, qygW bwl ky[mYN lhU dy iv`c nhwvW, v`ifAW XoiDAW[mYN r`q nwl vujU krwvW, AwpxI qyg dw[mYN isrW dy QVHy bxwvW, pVHW inmwj bih[mYN nwm inSwn imtwvW, j`g qoN is`K dw[mYN ieslwmI JMfy JulwvW, iv`c pMjwb dy[

s~mI wn ny ieh g`lW bVy hMkwr iv`c Aw ky kIqIAW[ ies nUMies jMg dI ij`q dw p`kw Brosw ies leI sI ikauNik ies dI &Oj dy

sUhIey ny br id`qI sI ik hrI isMG nlUAw qw bImwr ipAw hY[ Ajyieh BwSx dy ky hitAw hI sI qW hrI isMG nlUAw &Oj smyq jYkwrygjwauNdy dgV dgV Aqy mwro mwr krdy rx-BumI iv`c Aw phuMcy[isMGW ny mOq dI pRvwh nw kridAW pTwxW dy dlW iv`c vV ky AYsI qygvwhI ik k`dUAW vWg iehnW dy isr lwh su`ty[ auDroN iklHy iv`coN isMGWny qopW Aqy golIAW dI BwrI buCwV SurU kr id`qI[ jMg dw mYdwn lhU-luhwn ho igAw[ pTwxW leI mwnoN prloN Aw geI[ jdoN suixAw iknlUAw Aw phuMicAw hY qW s~mI Kwn dy pYrW hyToN zmIn inkl geI AqybuKlw igAw[

ies Gmswx dI jMg iv`c nvwb jbr KW burI qrHW jKmI hoigAw[ s`jy bMny srdwr inDwn isMG ny Akbr wn dy dsqy nwl t`krlweI[ inDwn isMG dI SmSIr cldI dyK pTwxW iv`c AYsI qVQ`lIm`cI ik mwnoN hyTlI au~qy Aw if`gI[ lVdw lVdw Akbr wn mwirAwigAw[ srdwr Amr isMG ny A&jl ^wn Aqy muhMmd Awzm ^wn nUMAYsw BjwieAw ik aunHW ip`Cy muV ky nhIN dyiKAw[ ieqny nUM ie`k bhuqhI dlyr pTwx ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM llkwirAw Aqy aus nwl m`Qwlwaux leI ikhw[ pr pihly vwr iv`c hI auh srdwr nlUAw h`QoNmwirAw igAw[ jMg nwmw hrI isMG ikRq kwnH isMG bMgw iv`c drz hY:

eyk pTwx juAwn bfo, hrI isMG ko iqny llkwrXo[Awin qbY iqMn vwr kIXo, kir Fwl ko Dwr ko vwr sMBwrXo[mXwn qy kwF leI qb hI, bl Dwr ky iqs aupr mwrXo[sIs ktXo ieh Taur pirXo, jYsy bylih qy kdUAw kt fwrXo[

Awpxy KwnW nUM jMg iv`c mrdy Aqy B`jdy dyK s~mI Kwn nUM bVwroh ciVHAw[ ieiqhwsk ilKqW dsdIAW hn ik ieh bhuq bhwdrAqy zorwvr sI Aqy rx-BumI iv`c jd AwauNdw sI KlblI mcw idMdwsI[ jMg h`QoN jWdI dyK ies ny hrI isMG nlUey nUM vMgwirAw Aqy au~cIAwvwz iv`c AwiKAw bMdy nw mrvw, myry nwl do h`Q kr ky dyK[ ies

115114

dI qrHW igAw[ isMGW dy Awaux dI ^br sux ky iklHy ivcly isMGW dymUMhW qy ij`Qy lwlIAW cVH geIAW au~Qy pTwxW dy ichry au~qr gey AqyidlW 'c fol pYx l`gy[ ie`Qy phuMc ky srdwr ny &Oj nUM iqMn ih`isAWiv`c pTwxW nUM Gyrn leI vMf id`qw[ ie`k ih`sw Awpxy pws, dUjwbhwdr srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw (nuSihry dI jMg iv`c pMj pTwxies qy tu`t ky pY gey[ ies ny AYsI bIrqw idKweI ik pMjW nUM SmSIrnwl ^qm kr id`qw sI) Syir-ey-pMjwb ny Kud ies nUM jUJidAWdyiKAw sI Aqy jMg auprMq pMj h`Qy dw iKqwb bKiSAw[ qIjw Bwgsrdwr Amr isMG Kurd mjITIAw nUM sONipAw[

jMg dy qIjy idn A&gwn qVkswr hI jmrOd dy iklHy AMdr jwxleI v`fy hmly dI iqAwrI iv`c sn[ s~mI ^wn ny hmlw krn qoNpihlW au~cI phwVI qy Klo ky qlvwr lihrwauNdIAW bhuq joSIlwBwSx Awpxy &OjIAW nUM id`qw[ srdwr sohx isMG sIql ny ieiqhws'coN q`Q iek`qr kr ky kwiv rUp iv`c ies dw nkSw ieM\ ibAwinAwhY:

mYN ksm kurwn dI KwvW, nwl eImwn dy[mYN gVH jmrOd dw FwvW, Kwk aufw idAW[mYN im`tI iv`c imlwvW, bwlw swr nUM[mYN imcnI qy hl vwhvW, swVW CwauxIAW[mYN A`g dlW iv`c lwvW, qygW bwl ky[mYN lhU dy iv`c nhwvW, v`ifAW XoiDAW[mYN r`q nwl vujU krwvW, AwpxI qyg dw[mYN isrW dy QVHy bxwvW, pVHW inmwj bih[mYN nwm inSwn imtwvW, j`g qoN is`K dw[mYN ieslwmI JMfy JulwvW, iv`c pMjwb dy[

s~mI wn ny ieh g`lW bVy hMkwr iv`c Aw ky kIqIAW[ ies nUMies jMg dI ij`q dw p`kw Brosw ies leI sI ikauNik ies dI &Oj dy

sUhIey ny br id`qI sI ik hrI isMG nlUAw qw bImwr ipAw hY[ Ajyieh BwSx dy ky hitAw hI sI qW hrI isMG nlUAw &Oj smyq jYkwrygjwauNdy dgV dgV Aqy mwro mwr krdy rx-BumI iv`c Aw phuMcy[isMGW ny mOq dI pRvwh nw kridAW pTwxW dy dlW iv`c vV ky AYsI qygvwhI ik k`dUAW vWg iehnW dy isr lwh su`ty[ auDroN iklHy iv`coN isMGWny qopW Aqy golIAW dI BwrI buCwV SurU kr id`qI[ jMg dw mYdwn lhU-luhwn ho igAw[ pTwxW leI mwnoN prloN Aw geI[ jdoN suixAw iknlUAw Aw phuMicAw hY qW s~mI Kwn dy pYrW hyToN zmIn inkl geI AqybuKlw igAw[

ies Gmswx dI jMg iv`c nvwb jbr KW burI qrHW jKmI hoigAw[ s`jy bMny srdwr inDwn isMG ny Akbr wn dy dsqy nwl t`krlweI[ inDwn isMG dI SmSIr cldI dyK pTwxW iv`c AYsI qVQ`lIm`cI ik mwnoN hyTlI au~qy Aw if`gI[ lVdw lVdw Akbr wn mwirAwigAw[ srdwr Amr isMG ny A&jl ^wn Aqy muhMmd Awzm ^wn nUMAYsw BjwieAw ik aunHW ip`Cy muV ky nhIN dyiKAw[ ieqny nUM ie`k bhuqhI dlyr pTwx ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM llkwirAw Aqy aus nwl m`Qwlwaux leI ikhw[ pr pihly vwr iv`c hI auh srdwr nlUAw h`QoNmwirAw igAw[ jMg nwmw hrI isMG ikRq kwnH isMG bMgw iv`c drz hY:

eyk pTwx juAwn bfo, hrI isMG ko iqny llkwrXo[Awin qbY iqMn vwr kIXo, kir Fwl ko Dwr ko vwr sMBwrXo[mXwn qy kwF leI qb hI, bl Dwr ky iqs aupr mwrXo[sIs ktXo ieh Taur pirXo, jYsy bylih qy kdUAw kt fwrXo[

Awpxy KwnW nUM jMg iv`c mrdy Aqy B`jdy dyK s~mI Kwn nUM bVwroh ciVHAw[ ieiqhwsk ilKqW dsdIAW hn ik ieh bhuq bhwdrAqy zorwvr sI Aqy rx-BumI iv`c jd AwauNdw sI KlblI mcw idMdwsI[ jMg h`QoN jWdI dyK ies ny hrI isMG nlUey nUM vMgwirAw Aqy au~cIAwvwz iv`c AwiKAw bMdy nw mrvw, myry nwl do h`Q kr ky dyK[ ies

115114

dy kVkvyN bolW nUM sux ky srdwr nlUAw A`gy viDAw Aqy AwiKAw,s~mI ^wn! qUM qwkq prKxI hY qW Aw jw[ pry kr dy hor &OjIAW nUM[pihly iqMn vwr qUM myry qy krIN jykr mYN bc igAw iPr mYN qyry qy vwrkrWgw[ s~mI ^wn dy kIqy iqMny vwr hrI isMG ny pCwV id`qy[ s~mI^wn! hux myrw vwr Awvygw iqAwr ho jw[ srdwr nlUey ny do DwrI KMfynwl jdoN vwr kIqw qW ieh P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg ipAw[ srdwrdI Ku`lH -idlI dyKo dubwrw if`gy pey qy vwr nhIN kIqw[ sgoN s~mI wndy swQI ispwhIAW nUM AwiKAw, Awpxy hIro nUM cu`k ky lY jwau[ ies dyj^mW qy mrHm p`tI kro[ ieM\ s~mI ^wn nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c dyK kypTwx mYdwn coN dOVn l`g pey[

ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr dosq muhMmd dw Cotw pu`qr hYdr ^wnijhVw pihlI vwr jMgy mYdwn iv`c AwieAw sI ies G`lU-Gwry nUM dyKcIkW mwrdw Aqy roNdw krlwauNdw bcwau bcwau dI rt lweI jw irhwsI[ AmIr dy dUjy pu`qr Akbr wn Aqy Akrm wn qW mOq qoN frdyphwVW dIAW klMdrW iv`c hI luky rhy[

mYsn Awpxy s&rnwmy (Jorney in Balochistan, Afganistanand Punjab Volume III, Page 384) ivc ilKdw hY ik 30 ApRYl nUMsrdwr hrI isMG ny iehnW (AmIr dosq muhmMd wn) dI &Oz qy Dwvwkrky ienHW swirAW nUM A`gy Dr ilAw[ ies mYdwn iv`c hrI isMG dyrswly ny A&gwnW dIAW 14 v`fIAW qopW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ iehnWij`qIAW qopW iv`c koh iSkn nwmI qop ieiqhws iv`c bVI pRis`D mMnIgeI sI[

ies jMg AMdr hrI isMG dy v&wdwr Aqy ijgrI dosq nvwbArvwb muhMmd wn qihkwl nUM ie`k pTwx ny nlUey dIAW A`KW swmHxygolIAW nwl aufw id`qw[ srdwr swihb ny jdoN Awpxw ieh im`qrqVP qV& ky mrdw dyiKAw qW bVy joS 'c Aw ky AwpxI qlvwr nwlaus pTwx nUM f`kry f`kry kr id`qw[ ieM\ ipAwry dosq pRqI p`kIim`qrqw dw sbUq id`qw[

A&gwnI &Oj burI qrHW hwr Kw ky d`rw ^Ybr v`l dOV geI[srdwr hrI isMG dI idlI ie`Cw sI ik iehnW dw ip`Cw nw kIqw jwvyAqy isMG Awrwm kr lYx[ is`K &Oj keI idnW dI lVdI lVdI kw&IQ`k-tu`t geI sI[ pr hoxI nUM jo mMnjUr sI auh hoxw sI[

mhwn jrnYl dw AMqjMg iv`c qW hr sUrmw isr qy k`Pn bMnH ky qurdw hY[ mn iv`c

sUrmy ij`q leI A`gy nUM hI vDdy hn Aqy mOq dI pRvwh nhIN krdy[^ws kr Drm nUM bcwaux leI Drm Xu`D iv`c Aqy grIb dI r`iKAwleI auh Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn leI idRV huMdy hn[ is`K nUM qWgurU ny is`iKAw hI ieh id`qI hY[ jYsy kbIr jI PrmwauNdy hn:

sUrw so pihcwnIAY ju lrY dIn ky hyq]purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU nw CwfY Kyq] (1105)

jo jIvn mrnw jwnY] so pMc sYl suK mwnY ] (655)

srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw joS iv`c Aw ky AwpxI &OjI tukVIlY ky duSmx nUM Bjwaux leI d`rw Ybr v`l viDAw[Awpxy isMG swQInUM ieM\ dyK srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nw rih sikAw[ aus dI m`ddleI juAwnW nUM nwl lY A`gy viDAw[ srdwr swihb ny Ajy inDwnisMG nUM vwps prq Awaux leI sunyhw G`ilAw hI sI ik ieqny nUMSmsudIn wn 2000 svwrW smyq dry iv`c Aw igAw[ bhuq ktw v`FIhoeI[ pr wlsy dIAW qygW A`gy ieh wn KVH nhIN sikAw[ r`bI BwxwdyKo ie`k pwsy qW ^wlsy dI ij`q dy DONsy v`j gey[ pr dUjy pwsyy AiqipAwrw Aqy bhwdr jrnYl srdwr hrI isMG burI qrHW P`tV hoigAw[

srdwr nlUAw surkmr pws Awpxy bwfI gwrf srdwr AjYbisMG rMDwvw nwl jw rhy sn[ ie`Qy rqI nwmI ctwn iv`c ie`k guPw sI[

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dy kVkvyN bolW nUM sux ky srdwr nlUAw A`gy viDAw Aqy AwiKAw,s~mI ^wn! qUM qwkq prKxI hY qW Aw jw[ pry kr dy hor &OjIAW nUM[pihly iqMn vwr qUM myry qy krIN jykr mYN bc igAw iPr mYN qyry qy vwrkrWgw[ s~mI ^wn dy kIqy iqMny vwr hrI isMG ny pCwV id`qy[ s~mI^wn! hux myrw vwr Awvygw iqAwr ho jw[ srdwr nlUey ny do DwrI KMfynwl jdoN vwr kIqw qW ieh P`tV ho ky DrqI qy ifg ipAw[ srdwrdI Ku`lH -idlI dyKo dubwrw if`gy pey qy vwr nhIN kIqw[ sgoN s~mI wndy swQI ispwhIAW nUM AwiKAw, Awpxy hIro nUM cu`k ky lY jwau[ ies dyj^mW qy mrHm p`tI kro[ ieM\ s~mI ^wn nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c dyK kypTwx mYdwn coN dOVn l`g pey[

ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr dosq muhMmd dw Cotw pu`qr hYdr ^wnijhVw pihlI vwr jMgy mYdwn iv`c AwieAw sI ies G`lU-Gwry nUM dyKcIkW mwrdw Aqy roNdw krlwauNdw bcwau bcwau dI rt lweI jw irhwsI[ AmIr dy dUjy pu`qr Akbr wn Aqy Akrm wn qW mOq qoN frdyphwVW dIAW klMdrW iv`c hI luky rhy[

mYsn Awpxy s&rnwmy (Jorney in Balochistan, Afganistanand Punjab Volume III, Page 384) ivc ilKdw hY ik 30 ApRYl nUMsrdwr hrI isMG ny iehnW (AmIr dosq muhmMd wn) dI &Oz qy Dwvwkrky ienHW swirAW nUM A`gy Dr ilAw[ ies mYdwn iv`c hrI isMG dyrswly ny A&gwnW dIAW 14 v`fIAW qopW qy kbzw kr ilAw[ iehnWij`qIAW qopW iv`c koh iSkn nwmI qop ieiqhws iv`c bVI pRis`D mMnIgeI sI[

ies jMg AMdr hrI isMG dy v&wdwr Aqy ijgrI dosq nvwbArvwb muhMmd wn qihkwl nUM ie`k pTwx ny nlUey dIAW A`KW swmHxygolIAW nwl aufw id`qw[ srdwr swihb ny jdoN Awpxw ieh im`qrqVP qV& ky mrdw dyiKAw qW bVy joS 'c Aw ky AwpxI qlvwr nwlaus pTwx nUM f`kry f`kry kr id`qw[ ieM\ ipAwry dosq pRqI p`kIim`qrqw dw sbUq id`qw[

A&gwnI &Oj burI qrHW hwr Kw ky d`rw ^Ybr v`l dOV geI[srdwr hrI isMG dI idlI ie`Cw sI ik iehnW dw ip`Cw nw kIqw jwvyAqy isMG Awrwm kr lYx[ is`K &Oj keI idnW dI lVdI lVdI kw&IQ`k-tu`t geI sI[ pr hoxI nUM jo mMnjUr sI auh hoxw sI[

mhwn jrnYl dw AMqjMg iv`c qW hr sUrmw isr qy k`Pn bMnH ky qurdw hY[ mn iv`c

sUrmy ij`q leI A`gy nUM hI vDdy hn Aqy mOq dI pRvwh nhIN krdy[^ws kr Drm nUM bcwaux leI Drm Xu`D iv`c Aqy grIb dI r`iKAwleI auh Awpxy Awp nUM kurbwn krn leI idRV huMdy hn[ is`K nUM qWgurU ny is`iKAw hI ieh id`qI hY[ jYsy kbIr jI PrmwauNdy hn:

sUrw so pihcwnIAY ju lrY dIn ky hyq]purjw purjw kt mrY kbhU nw CwfY Kyq] (1105)

jo jIvn mrnw jwnY] so pMc sYl suK mwnY ] (655)

srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw joS iv`c Aw ky AwpxI &OjI tukVIlY ky duSmx nUM Bjwaux leI d`rw Ybr v`l viDAw[Awpxy isMG swQInUM ieM\ dyK srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw nw rih sikAw[ aus dI m`ddleI juAwnW nUM nwl lY A`gy viDAw[ srdwr swihb ny Ajy inDwnisMG nUM vwps prq Awaux leI sunyhw G`ilAw hI sI ik ieqny nUMSmsudIn wn 2000 svwrW smyq dry iv`c Aw igAw[ bhuq ktw v`FIhoeI[ pr wlsy dIAW qygW A`gy ieh wn KVH nhIN sikAw[ r`bI BwxwdyKo ie`k pwsy qW ^wlsy dI ij`q dy DONsy v`j gey[ pr dUjy pwsyy AiqipAwrw Aqy bhwdr jrnYl srdwr hrI isMG burI qrHW P`tV hoigAw[

srdwr nlUAw surkmr pws Awpxy bwfI gwrf srdwr AjYbisMG rMDwvw nwl jw rhy sn[ ie`Qy rqI nwmI ctwn iv`c ie`k guPw sI[

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ies guPw iv`c kuJ gwzI pTwx luky hoey sn[ ies guPw iv`coN AcwnkgolIAW c`lIAW jo srdwr AjYb isMG dy l`gIAW[ golIAW l`gx kwrnieh GoVy qoN if`g ipAw Aqy QW qy hI pRwx iqAwg igAw[ ieh BwxwbIqx qy srdwr hrI isMG GoVy qoN bVI PurqI nwl auqirAw Aqy GoVydI lgwm PVH ky guPw v`l igAw[ gwzIAW ny hor golIAW dwgIAW ijnHWcoN ie`k CwqI iv`c v`jI Aqy dUjI v`KI iv`c[ golIAW l`gx dy bwvjUdieh gwzIAW v`l vDy Aqy sB nUM qlvwr nwl mOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[jdoN srIr v`l dyiKAw qW P`tW coN KUn dIAW DwrW vg rhIAW sn[ aussmyN idl krVw kr ky GoVy dI rkwb qy pYr DirAw Aqy plwkI mwrky suAwr ho gey[ GoVy nUM A`fI lweI Aqy s^q zKmI hwlq iv`c GoVwqyzI nwl dOVw ky is`Dy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c phuMcy[ rsqy iv`c srIrdI ivgV rhI hwlq nUM dyK ky Awpxy ipAwry, inAwry Aqy iSMgwry GoVynUM AYsw kih rhy hn ijvyN ik kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`cAMikq kIqw hY:

nUn inkl c`l GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[golI l`gI ey kihr dlyr vwlI, Gwiel hoieAw ey A`j svwr qyrw[myry bMikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[kwdrXwr jy lY clyN A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw BulsI ipAwr Syrw[

A`gy GoVy dy kwrnwmy sMbMDI Sbd hn:

vw vigAw hvw dy vWg GoVw, ijvyN inkldw qIr kmwn iv`coN[mwr cuMgIAW hrn dy vWg Xwro, au~f igAw sI aus mYdwn iv~coN [&OjW isMGW dIAW iv`coN guzr igAw, lMG igAw sI lSkr pTwx iv`coN[kwdrXwr h`T nwl srdwr bYTw, AYpr inkldI peI sI jwn iv~coN[

(hrI isMG nwmw, pMnw 20)

r`bI ikRpw sdkw srdwr swihb iklHy AMdr qW phuMc gey pr^Un vgx kr ky GoVy qoN auqrn dI qwkq nw rhI[ srdwr mhW isMGnUM bulwieAw Aqy AwiKAw srdwr jI ! mYnUM GoVy qoN isMGW dI m`dd nwl

auqwro[ golIAW v`jx kwrn srIr juAwb deI jw irhw hY[ srdwrmhW isMG jrnYl nlUey dI hwlq dyK ky bhuq Gbrw gey[ GoVy qoN lwhky srdwr nUM mMjy qy swvDwnI nwl iltwieAw[ P`t bMnHx vwly nUM qurMqbulwieAw[ mrHm p`tI qW kr id`qI pr srdwr dI hwlq plo plIivgV rhI sI[ auDroN srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw &Oj smyq ij`q dyngwry Aqy jYkwry gjwauNdw iklHy iv`c Aw phuMicAw[pr jdoN srdwrhrI isMG dy burI qrHW zKmI hox bwry suixAW qW KuSIAW m`Dm pYgeIAW[ iklHy AMdr kihr Cw igAw[ AMqly swhW qy phuMc srdwr nymMjy dy Awly-duAwly bYTy Aqy KVHy srdwrW nUM AwiKAw isMGo! jmrOd dI&qih sMbMDI mYN sB dw DMnvwdI hW ikauNik qusIN bhuq Gwlxw Gwlky Aqy jwnW vwr ky ies iklHy aup`r wlsw rwj dy JMfy Julwey hn[ l`Kl`K Sukr hY aus krqwr dw ijs ny dwsW qoN ieh kwrj krwieAw hY[aus mwlk dw s`dVw Aw igAw hY, dws nUM KuSI KuSI ivdw krnw[ ijssmyN srdwr lihxw isMG ny, ijhVy srdwr jI dy juAweI sn (srdwrnlUey dI DI bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI), nyieh Sbd suxy qW ikhw bwpU jI! swnUM C`f ky iks dy hvwly kr c`lyhoN? qW DImI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, pu`qr! Akwl purK sB dw rwKwhY[ AKIr qy mhW isMG nUM ikhw, mhW isAW! ijqnw icr mhwrwjwswihb nhIN phuMc jWdy auqnw icr iklHy qoN bwhr myry sMswr qoN jwxdI ^br nw phuMcy[ ieh AMqly Sbd kihx dI dyr sI mhWblI XoDwAqy jrnYl; AwKrI svws lY ky sMswr qoN clw igAw[

srdwr dI Shwdq sMbMDI kvI gurid`q isMG jI kuMdn ny mn nUMtuMbx vwly Sbd au~cry hn:

mOq nhIN sUrmy dI, mOq ieh pMjwb dI sI[sONdy swr auhdy jwg peIAW brbwdIAW[mwnoN tu`tw puL sqluj dw sI aus idn[AweI sI gulwmI, qur geIAW sI AwzwdIAW[

119118

ies guPw iv`c kuJ gwzI pTwx luky hoey sn[ ies guPw iv`coN AcwnkgolIAW c`lIAW jo srdwr AjYb isMG dy l`gIAW[ golIAW l`gx kwrnieh GoVy qoN if`g ipAw Aqy QW qy hI pRwx iqAwg igAw[ ieh BwxwbIqx qy srdwr hrI isMG GoVy qoN bVI PurqI nwl auqirAw Aqy GoVydI lgwm PVH ky guPw v`l igAw[ gwzIAW ny hor golIAW dwgIAW ijnHWcoN ie`k CwqI iv`c v`jI Aqy dUjI v`KI iv`c[ golIAW l`gx dy bwvjUdieh gwzIAW v`l vDy Aqy sB nUM qlvwr nwl mOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[jdoN srIr v`l dyiKAw qW P`tW coN KUn dIAW DwrW vg rhIAW sn[ aussmyN idl krVw kr ky GoVy dI rkwb qy pYr DirAw Aqy plwkI mwrky suAwr ho gey[ GoVy nUM A`fI lweI Aqy s^q zKmI hwlq iv`c GoVwqyzI nwl dOVw ky is`Dy jmrOd dy iklHy iv`c phuMcy[ rsqy iv`c srIrdI ivgV rhI hwlq nUM dyK ky Awpxy ipAwry, inAwry Aqy iSMgwry GoVynUM AYsw kih rhy hn ijvyN ik kwdrXwr ny AwpxI kwiv rcnw iv`cAMikq kIqw hY:

nUn inkl c`l GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[golI l`gI ey kihr dlyr vwlI, Gwiel hoieAw ey A`j svwr qyrw[myry bMikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[kwdrXwr jy lY clyN A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw BulsI ipAwr Syrw[

A`gy GoVy dy kwrnwmy sMbMDI Sbd hn:

vw vigAw hvw dy vWg GoVw, ijvyN inkldw qIr kmwn iv`coN[mwr cuMgIAW hrn dy vWg Xwro, au~f igAw sI aus mYdwn iv~coN [&OjW isMGW dIAW iv`coN guzr igAw, lMG igAw sI lSkr pTwx iv`coN[kwdrXwr h`T nwl srdwr bYTw, AYpr inkldI peI sI jwn iv~coN[

(hrI isMG nwmw, pMnw 20)

r`bI ikRpw sdkw srdwr swihb iklHy AMdr qW phuMc gey pr^Un vgx kr ky GoVy qoN auqrn dI qwkq nw rhI[ srdwr mhW isMGnUM bulwieAw Aqy AwiKAw srdwr jI ! mYnUM GoVy qoN isMGW dI m`dd nwl

auqwro[ golIAW v`jx kwrn srIr juAwb deI jw irhw hY[ srdwrmhW isMG jrnYl nlUey dI hwlq dyK ky bhuq Gbrw gey[ GoVy qoN lwhky srdwr nUM mMjy qy swvDwnI nwl iltwieAw[ P`t bMnHx vwly nUM qurMqbulwieAw[ mrHm p`tI qW kr id`qI pr srdwr dI hwlq plo plIivgV rhI sI[ auDroN srdwr inDwn isMG pMj h`Qw &Oj smyq ij`q dyngwry Aqy jYkwry gjwauNdw iklHy iv`c Aw phuMicAw[pr jdoN srdwrhrI isMG dy burI qrHW zKmI hox bwry suixAW qW KuSIAW m`Dm pYgeIAW[ iklHy AMdr kihr Cw igAw[ AMqly swhW qy phuMc srdwr nymMjy dy Awly-duAwly bYTy Aqy KVHy srdwrW nUM AwiKAw isMGo! jmrOd dI&qih sMbMDI mYN sB dw DMnvwdI hW ikauNik qusIN bhuq Gwlxw Gwlky Aqy jwnW vwr ky ies iklHy aup`r wlsw rwj dy JMfy Julwey hn[ l`Kl`K Sukr hY aus krqwr dw ijs ny dwsW qoN ieh kwrj krwieAw hY[aus mwlk dw s`dVw Aw igAw hY, dws nUM KuSI KuSI ivdw krnw[ ijssmyN srdwr lihxw isMG ny, ijhVy srdwr jI dy juAweI sn (srdwrnlUey dI DI bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw nwl ivAwhI hoeI sI), nyieh Sbd suxy qW ikhw bwpU jI! swnUM C`f ky iks dy hvwly kr c`lyhoN? qW DImI Awvwz iv`c AwiKAw, pu`qr! Akwl purK sB dw rwKwhY[ AKIr qy mhW isMG nUM ikhw, mhW isAW! ijqnw icr mhwrwjwswihb nhIN phuMc jWdy auqnw icr iklHy qoN bwhr myry sMswr qoN jwxdI ^br nw phuMcy[ ieh AMqly Sbd kihx dI dyr sI mhWblI XoDwAqy jrnYl; AwKrI svws lY ky sMswr qoN clw igAw[

srdwr dI Shwdq sMbMDI kvI gurid`q isMG jI kuMdn ny mn nUMtuMbx vwly Sbd au~cry hn:

mOq nhIN sUrmy dI, mOq ieh pMjwb dI sI[sONdy swr auhdy jwg peIAW brbwdIAW[mwnoN tu`tw puL sqluj dw sI aus idn[AweI sI gulwmI, qur geIAW sI AwzwdIAW[

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srdwr mhW isMG ny sujwn srdwrW nwl slwh krky srdwrswihb dI dyh dw sMskwr ausy rwq 30 ApRYl 1837 nUM jmrOd iklHydy AMdr hI krn dw PYslw kIqw[ jldI sMskwr krn dw v`fw kwrnieh sI ik mOsm bVw grm sI[ kOm dy mhwn Aqy Anmol hIry dysMskwr leI iklHy dI cVHdI nukr v`l sm`grI ie`kTI kr ky itkweI[A`DI rwq dy smyN gurmiq mirXwdw Anuswr AMqm sMskwr kIqw[auprMq AKMf pwT krvwky Bog pwieAw igAw Aqy Amr ShId dIAMqm Ardws kIqI[

auprMq srdwr swihb dy AMgITy nUM Pol srIr dIAW AsQIAWbrqn iv`c pw ky siqkwr sihq r`KIAW[ iehnI idnIN mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG gujrwq iv`c sI[ srdwr nlUey dy zKmI hox dI ^brmhwrwjw nUM 4 meI 1837 nUM imlI[ BwvyN rwjw iDAwn isMG nUM srdwrdI mOq bwry pqw l`g cu`ikAw sI pr ies ny mhwrwjw swihb nUM nhINd`isAw[ iDAwn isMG ny ngwirAW dI gUMj nwl ie`QoN jmrOd v`l kUckIqw[

Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM srdwr dy clwxy dI^br imlxI

jdoN mhwrwjw swihb zyhlm pwr krky rohqws phuMcy qW 6 meInUM ipSwvr qoN ^br AweI ik srdwr nlUAw qW cVHweI kr gey hn[ieh sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb fUMGy vihx iv`c vih gey[ Awpxy Syr jYsyAdu`qI XoDy nUM Xwd kr ky rox l`g pey[ munSI sohn lwl ny mhwrwjyv`loN nlvw dy rudn sMbMDI mUMhoN ieh Sbd inkly ilKy hn:

srkwry AwlI Aj SunIdn dI ^br dhSq Asr kmwl qwsuPv qP`kr &rmUdw, qmwm Ahvwly srdwr mzkUr Az iebqdwey qwieMqhw vnmk hlwlI dr[ qkdImy i^dmwq ibAwn PrmUdw cSm purAwb SudMd[

(aumdwqu`q qvwrIK , d&qr soiep, ih`sw cuhrwm pMnw 397)

fwktr gMfw isMG Anuswr mhwrwjw v`loN iDAwn isMG dy gVvwmwrn dI Gtnw gujrwq ivKy hoeI sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr hrIisMG dy ivCoVy dw Asr mhwrwjw qy ieqnw hoieAw ik jlDwrw dy rUpiv`c A`KW coN pwxI iqRp iqRp co irhw sI Aqy bhuq hI KwmoSI dI hwlqiv`c cly gey sn[ kwPI smyN dI cu`p ip`CoN boly, A`j ^wlsw rwj dyiklHy dw BwrI burj Fih igAw hY[ myry bhwdr suGV isAwxy srdwrhrI isMG dw ivCoVw myry leI Asih hY[ dsdy hn ik Syir-ey-pMjwbAwpxy jIvn AMdr kdy ieqny mwXUs nhIN sn hoey[ Awp hmySw cVHdIklw iv`c ivcrn vwly inDVk sUrmy sn[ srdwr nlUAw dw ivCoVwauhnW dy idl nUM fwFw P`tV kr igAw[

jmrOd iv`c ies vrqy Bwxy kwrn Asmwn iv`c vI b`dl Cw geysn[ b`dlW iv`coN pwxI dIAW bUMdW vI vrsIAW ArQwq pRikrqI ny vIhMJU kyry[ ipqw dI br sux ky srdwr hrI isMG dw v`fw puqr srdwrjvwhr isMG nlvw ipSwvr nUM rvwnw ho igAw[ ie`QoN srdwr jvwhrisMG jmrOd phuMicAw pr jwx vyly q`k sB kuJ sMpUrn ho cu`ikAw sIBwv AKIr smyN prvwr dw koeI jIA (juAweI srdwr lihxw isMG qoNvgYr) srdwr dw muK nhIN dyK sikAw [ srdwr jvwhr isMG vwpsIsmyN srdwr dy AMgITy dw kuJ Bwg gujrW vwly ivKy lY AwieAw AqyAwpxI mwqw srdwrnI dysW dy aupdyS qy srdwr dy ipAwry bwg iv`cbwrWdrI dy swmHxy suMdr Xwdgwr bxw id`qI[ srdwr pRym isMG jI hoqImrdwn ilKdy hn ik ieh smwD mYN dyKI hY[ ieh bwrWdrI qoN 12kdm dI iv`Q pr zmIn nwloN 10 pOVIAW au~cI bxI hoeI hY[ ijs pr16 Pu`t au~cw gMubj hY[ gMubj dy Awly-duAwly pRkrmw hY[ ie`k smwDAMgITy vwly AsQwn qy bxweI geI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI ie`CwAnuswr smwD lwgy gurduAwrw swihb vI bxwieAw igAw[ ie`k gRMQIisMG p`ky qOr qy sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dI syvw leI r`iKAw igAw[ sMn

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srdwr mhW isMG ny sujwn srdwrW nwl slwh krky srdwrswihb dI dyh dw sMskwr ausy rwq 30 ApRYl 1837 nUM jmrOd iklHydy AMdr hI krn dw PYslw kIqw[ jldI sMskwr krn dw v`fw kwrnieh sI ik mOsm bVw grm sI[ kOm dy mhwn Aqy Anmol hIry dysMskwr leI iklHy dI cVHdI nukr v`l sm`grI ie`kTI kr ky itkweI[A`DI rwq dy smyN gurmiq mirXwdw Anuswr AMqm sMskwr kIqw[auprMq AKMf pwT krvwky Bog pwieAw igAw Aqy Amr ShId dIAMqm Ardws kIqI[

auprMq srdwr swihb dy AMgITy nUM Pol srIr dIAW AsQIAWbrqn iv`c pw ky siqkwr sihq r`KIAW[ iehnI idnIN mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG gujrwq iv`c sI[ srdwr nlUey dy zKmI hox dI ^brmhwrwjw nUM 4 meI 1837 nUM imlI[ BwvyN rwjw iDAwn isMG nUM srdwrdI mOq bwry pqw l`g cu`ikAw sI pr ies ny mhwrwjw swihb nUM nhINd`isAw[ iDAwn isMG ny ngwirAW dI gUMj nwl ie`QoN jmrOd v`l kUckIqw[

Syir-ey-pMjwb nUM srdwr dy clwxy dI^br imlxI

jdoN mhwrwjw swihb zyhlm pwr krky rohqws phuMcy qW 6 meInUM ipSwvr qoN ^br AweI ik srdwr nlUAw qW cVHweI kr gey hn[ieh sux ky Syir-ey-pMjwb fUMGy vihx iv`c vih gey[ Awpxy Syr jYsyAdu`qI XoDy nUM Xwd kr ky rox l`g pey[ munSI sohn lwl ny mhwrwjyv`loN nlvw dy rudn sMbMDI mUMhoN ieh Sbd inkly ilKy hn:

srkwry AwlI Aj SunIdn dI ^br dhSq Asr kmwl qwsuPv qP`kr &rmUdw, qmwm Ahvwly srdwr mzkUr Az iebqdwey qwieMqhw vnmk hlwlI dr[ qkdImy i^dmwq ibAwn PrmUdw cSm purAwb SudMd[

(aumdwqu`q qvwrIK , d&qr soiep, ih`sw cuhrwm pMnw 397)

fwktr gMfw isMG Anuswr mhwrwjw v`loN iDAwn isMG dy gVvwmwrn dI Gtnw gujrwq ivKy hoeI sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr hrIisMG dy ivCoVy dw Asr mhwrwjw qy ieqnw hoieAw ik jlDwrw dy rUpiv`c A`KW coN pwxI iqRp iqRp co irhw sI Aqy bhuq hI KwmoSI dI hwlqiv`c cly gey sn[ kwPI smyN dI cu`p ip`CoN boly, A`j ^wlsw rwj dyiklHy dw BwrI burj Fih igAw hY[ myry bhwdr suGV isAwxy srdwrhrI isMG dw ivCoVw myry leI Asih hY[ dsdy hn ik Syir-ey-pMjwbAwpxy jIvn AMdr kdy ieqny mwXUs nhIN sn hoey[ Awp hmySw cVHdIklw iv`c ivcrn vwly inDVk sUrmy sn[ srdwr nlUAw dw ivCoVwauhnW dy idl nUM fwFw P`tV kr igAw[

jmrOd iv`c ies vrqy Bwxy kwrn Asmwn iv`c vI b`dl Cw geysn[ b`dlW iv`coN pwxI dIAW bUMdW vI vrsIAW ArQwq pRikrqI ny vIhMJU kyry[ ipqw dI br sux ky srdwr hrI isMG dw v`fw puqr srdwrjvwhr isMG nlvw ipSwvr nUM rvwnw ho igAw[ ie`QoN srdwr jvwhrisMG jmrOd phuMicAw pr jwx vyly q`k sB kuJ sMpUrn ho cu`ikAw sIBwv AKIr smyN prvwr dw koeI jIA (juAweI srdwr lihxw isMG qoNvgYr) srdwr dw muK nhIN dyK sikAw [ srdwr jvwhr isMG vwpsIsmyN srdwr dy AMgITy dw kuJ Bwg gujrW vwly ivKy lY AwieAw AqyAwpxI mwqw srdwrnI dysW dy aupdyS qy srdwr dy ipAwry bwg iv`cbwrWdrI dy swmHxy suMdr Xwdgwr bxw id`qI[ srdwr pRym isMG jI hoqImrdwn ilKdy hn ik ieh smwD mYN dyKI hY[ ieh bwrWdrI qoN 12kdm dI iv`Q pr zmIn nwloN 10 pOVIAW au~cI bxI hoeI hY[ ijs pr16 Pu`t au~cw gMubj hY[ gMubj dy Awly-duAwly pRkrmw hY[ ie`k smwDAMgITy vwly AsQwn qy bxweI geI[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI ie`CwAnuswr smwD lwgy gurduAwrw swihb vI bxwieAw igAw[ ie`k gRMQIisMG p`ky qOr qy sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dI syvw leI r`iKAw igAw[ sMn

121120

1849 iv`c jdoN brqwnIAW srkwr dw kbzw jmrOd aup`r ho igAwqW AMgryzI srkwr vI gRMQI isMG nUM qnKwh idMdI rhI sI[

srdwr hrI isMG ihMdUAW dy idlW AMdr vI bhuq hrmn ipAwrwsI[ ihMdUAW dI sur`iKAw leI aus ny bhuq kwnUMn bxvwey, gaUAW dwnkIqIAW Aqy iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW, nUhW, DIAW Aqy BYxW nUM bcwauxleI AwpxI jwn nUM vI bhuq vwr zoKm iv`c pwieAw[ sMn 1892 dysqMbr mhIny iv`c bwbU gjU m`l jI kpUr, jo ipSwvr iv`c mShUrTykydwr sI, ny srdwr hrI isMG dI smwD nUM muV qoN au~cw kr ky bhuqsuMdr bxwieAw[ ies smwD qy gurmuKI, AMgryzI Aqy aurdU iv`cilKvwieAw: Tomb the late Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa,Cremated 30th April 1837 Commermorated by Babu GajjanMal Kapur of Peshawar, September 1892, smwD srdwr hrIisMG nlvw[

ihstorIAn AY~s AY~m j&r ny 1945 iv`c AwpxI ikqwb'ipSwvr pwst AYNf prYzYNt' dy pMnw 121 qy iliKAw hY ik jmrOd dyiklHy iv`c ie`k Cotw kmrw srdwr hrI isMG dI Xwd iv`c Ajy vIpiv`qr kmry dy qOr qy KwlHI r`iKAw hoieAw hY[ ies kmry iv`c hrIisMG nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c ilAw ky mMjy aup`r pwieAw sI[

sMn 1844 iv`c ibRitS is`K rjmYNt ny hrI isMG dI smwD qyipAwr Aqy siqkwr vjoN ie`k plyt Dwq dI iP`t krvweI sI[ iesqy AMikq hY (< syvw krweI, sYkMf (2) XwdivMdrw pitAwlw,nvMbr 1944)[ vnIq nlUAw ny iehnW XwdgwrW dIAW PotoAW jo1982 iv`c iK`cIAW Awpxy ikqwb dy pMnw 320 qy lweIAW hoeIAWhn[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, srdwr hrI isMG dy clwxy dw du`Kprvwr nwl sWJw krn leI Awp gujrWvwly phuMcy[ srdwr swihb dIivDvw pqnI nUM gujrWvwlw ijlHw jwgIr vjoN dyx dw &Yslw vI kIqw[

hrI isMG dy AMgITy nUM iek`Tw kr ky siqkwr vjoN srdwr suMdr isMGpihlW phoey phuMcy Aqy iPr gMgw iv`c pwieAw[ srdwr nlUey dyAMgITy nUM jo gwgrW iv`c r`iKAw hoieAw sI, dy drSnW leI is`K, ihMdUAqy muslmwn v`fI igxqI iv`c rsqy dy dohIN pwsI KVHy sn[ rwmidAwl ny ies nzwry nUM ie`k kib`q iv`c vrnx kIqw hY:

qMbU jw l`gy iv`c hjro dy, sux Sihr dy ^qrI sB DwieAw[Pu`l d`sI dy ieh srdwr dy jI, aunHW r`b dw vwsqw cwie pwieAw[Eh dyvqw sI srdwr cMgw, dyK Pu`lW qy bhuq hI du`K pwieAw[jb gwjIAW hjroAwn mwrI, au~T hsno qurq Cpwl AwieAw[

dUjy pwsy jdoN kwbl dy gwjIAW nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMGnlUAw mwirAw igAw hY qW Sihr iv`c BwrIAW KuSIAW mnweIAWgeIAW Aqy dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok AnuswrAmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn dy drbwr iv`c crcw SurU ho geI ik hrIisMG nUM mwrn dw ishrw iks dy isr qy bMinHAw jwvy[ muhMmd ^wndIAW 14 bygmW iv`coN 13 vIN bygm ny ijs dw AmIr dy idl au~qy ausdI cwihqw bIvI hox kr ky, pUrw pUrw kbzw sI[ ie`k udgrz mW hoxdy nwqy ies ij`q dw ishrw Awpxy pu`qr muhMmd Akbr Kwn dy isrhI bMnHvwieAw hwlW ik srdwr hrI isMG dy hmly smyN jd A&gwnI&OjW mYdwny jMg iv`coN n`sIAW qW muhMmd Akbr ^wn sB qoN pihlWdOiVAw sI[ kyvl muhMmd A&zl ^wn Aqy S`msudIn Kwn hI AKIrq`k lVdy rhy[ SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk muhMmd A&zlKwn, Awpxy ipqw dy ies XkqrPw PYsly qoN hmySw leI nwrwj rihxl`g ipAw[ ieh g`l mohn lwl kSmIrI ny (Life of Amir DostMuhammed Khan) 1846 iv`c ilKI hY[ vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAwhY ik kYptn vyf ny ie`k p`qr AMdr DMnvwd vjoN muhMmd Akbr wnnUM hrI isMG dI mOq bwry iliKAw sI[Bwv ies nUM kYptn vyf qoNsrdwr dI mOq dI ^br imlI[

123122

1849 iv`c jdoN brqwnIAW srkwr dw kbzw jmrOd aup`r ho igAwqW AMgryzI srkwr vI gRMQI isMG nUM qnKwh idMdI rhI sI[

srdwr hrI isMG ihMdUAW dy idlW AMdr vI bhuq hrmn ipAwrwsI[ ihMdUAW dI sur`iKAw leI aus ny bhuq kwnUMn bxvwey, gaUAW dwnkIqIAW Aqy iehnW dIAW iesqrIAW, nUhW, DIAW Aqy BYxW nUM bcwauxleI AwpxI jwn nUM vI bhuq vwr zoKm iv`c pwieAw[ sMn 1892 dysqMbr mhIny iv`c bwbU gjU m`l jI kpUr, jo ipSwvr iv`c mShUrTykydwr sI, ny srdwr hrI isMG dI smwD nUM muV qoN au~cw kr ky bhuqsuMdr bxwieAw[ ies smwD qy gurmuKI, AMgryzI Aqy aurdU iv`cilKvwieAw: Tomb the late Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa,Cremated 30th April 1837 Commermorated by Babu GajjanMal Kapur of Peshawar, September 1892, smwD srdwr hrIisMG nlvw[

ihstorIAn AY~s AY~m j&r ny 1945 iv`c AwpxI ikqwb'ipSwvr pwst AYNf prYzYNt' dy pMnw 121 qy iliKAw hY ik jmrOd dyiklHy iv`c ie`k Cotw kmrw srdwr hrI isMG dI Xwd iv`c Ajy vIpiv`qr kmry dy qOr qy KwlHI r`iKAw hoieAw hY[ ies kmry iv`c hrIisMG nUM j^mI hwlq iv`c ilAw ky mMjy aup`r pwieAw sI[

sMn 1844 iv`c ibRitS is`K rjmYNt ny hrI isMG dI smwD qyipAwr Aqy siqkwr vjoN ie`k plyt Dwq dI iP`t krvweI sI[ iesqy AMikq hY (< syvw krweI, sYkMf (2) XwdivMdrw pitAwlw,nvMbr 1944)[ vnIq nlUAw ny iehnW XwdgwrW dIAW PotoAW jo1982 iv`c iK`cIAW Awpxy ikqwb dy pMnw 320 qy lweIAW hoeIAWhn[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG, srdwr hrI isMG dy clwxy dw du`Kprvwr nwl sWJw krn leI Awp gujrWvwly phuMcy[ srdwr swihb dIivDvw pqnI nUM gujrWvwlw ijlHw jwgIr vjoN dyx dw &Yslw vI kIqw[

hrI isMG dy AMgITy nUM iek`Tw kr ky siqkwr vjoN srdwr suMdr isMGpihlW phoey phuMcy Aqy iPr gMgw iv`c pwieAw[ srdwr nlUey dyAMgITy nUM jo gwgrW iv`c r`iKAw hoieAw sI, dy drSnW leI is`K, ihMdUAqy muslmwn v`fI igxqI iv`c rsqy dy dohIN pwsI KVHy sn[ rwmidAwl ny ies nzwry nUM ie`k kib`q iv`c vrnx kIqw hY:

qMbU jw l`gy iv`c hjro dy, sux Sihr dy ^qrI sB DwieAw[Pu`l d`sI dy ieh srdwr dy jI, aunHW r`b dw vwsqw cwie pwieAw[Eh dyvqw sI srdwr cMgw, dyK Pu`lW qy bhuq hI du`K pwieAw[jb gwjIAW hjroAwn mwrI, au~T hsno qurq Cpwl AwieAw[

dUjy pwsy jdoN kwbl dy gwjIAW nUM pqw l`igAw ik hrI isMGnlUAw mwirAw igAw hY qW Sihr iv`c BwrIAW KuSIAW mnweIAWgeIAW Aqy dIpmwlw kIqI geI[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok AnuswrAmIr dosq muhMmd ^wn dy drbwr iv`c crcw SurU ho geI ik hrIisMG nUM mwrn dw ishrw iks dy isr qy bMinHAw jwvy[ muhMmd ^wndIAW 14 bygmW iv`coN 13 vIN bygm ny ijs dw AmIr dy idl au~qy ausdI cwihqw bIvI hox kr ky, pUrw pUrw kbzw sI[ ie`k udgrz mW hoxdy nwqy ies ij`q dw ishrw Awpxy pu`qr muhMmd Akbr Kwn dy isrhI bMnHvwieAw hwlW ik srdwr hrI isMG dy hmly smyN jd A&gwnI&OjW mYdwny jMg iv`coN n`sIAW qW muhMmd Akbr ^wn sB qoN pihlWdOiVAw sI[ kyvl muhMmd A&zl ^wn Aqy S`msudIn Kwn hI AKIrq`k lVdy rhy[ SmSyr isMG ASok dI ilKq muqwbk muhMmd A&zlKwn, Awpxy ipqw dy ies XkqrPw PYsly qoN hmySw leI nwrwj rihxl`g ipAw[ ieh g`l mohn lwl kSmIrI ny (Life of Amir DostMuhammed Khan) 1846 iv`c ilKI hY[ vnIq nlUAw ny iliKAwhY ik kYptn vyf ny ie`k p`qr AMdr DMnvwd vjoN muhMmd Akbr wnnUM hrI isMG dI mOq bwry iliKAw sI[Bwv ies nUM kYptn vyf qoNsrdwr dI mOq dI ^br imlI[

123122

hrI isMG dI bhwdrI, jvWmrdI, socxI Aqy kurbwnI nUM mu`KrKidAW srdwr dI mOq qy SrDWzlI v`joN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUMhorW qoN ielwvw iqMn pqr AMgryz A&srW vloN Aqy iek APgwinsqwndy pihly rwjy v`loN AwieAw[ AMgryz A&sr ijnHW ny sog p`qr Byjy auhsn, ibRitS gvrnr A&sr jnrl, lwrf AwklYNf, kmWfr -ien-cIP ibRitS AwrmI lY&tInYNt jnrl sr hYnrIPyn Aqy ibRitS eyjMtklwf pwrtn vyf cOQw p`qr A&gwinsqwn dy pihly rwjy Swh sujwAv`loN AwieAw[ hor qW hor muglW Aqy pTwxW ny vI ieh iliKAw hY ikhrI isMG mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw kyvl ie`k bhwdr jrnYl hI nhINsI sgoN kwblIAq p`KoN vI v`fI muhwrq rKdw sI[

sUrmy nlvw aup`r golIAW iks ny clweIAW?jykr koeI kihMdw hY ik mYN hrI isMG nUM golIAW mwrIAW ieh sB

dwAvy JUTy hn[ Agr A&gwnW nUM ies g`l dw shI pqw l`g jWdw qWauh aus nUM v`fw mwx b^Sdy, aus dw bu`q lwauNdy Aqy aus nUM pUjdy[

mhwrwjy dw Awpxw p`qrkwr lwlw rwm idAwl ilKdw hY ikmuhMmd wn lIl ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM zKmI kIqw ijs kwrn ausdI mOq hoeI[ auh ieh vI ilKdw hY ik j^mI hox ip`CoN srdwr ny ausnUM mwr id`qw sI[ pr ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr lIl qW srdwr dI mOqauprMq ijMdw sI[ A&gwnW qoN ibnW do AMgryzW Aqy ie`k AmrIkn nyvI hrI isMG qy goLI clwaux leI Awpxy Awp nUM hIro khwieAw[ prqvwrIK ies g`l dI gvwhI Br rhI hY ik jMg smyN A&gwnW dI &Ojiv`c koeI AMgryz jW AmrIkn nhIN sI[ keIAW ny ies ip`Cy rwjwiDAwn isMG fogry dw h`Q iliKAw hY, keIAW ny jmWdwr KuShwl isMGaup`r doS miVHAw hY Aqy keIAW ny rwjw gulwb isMG dw nW iliKAwhY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM jdoN iehnW g`lW dw pqw l`igAw qWau~qr sI, "kwrbweIn iv`coN inklIAW golIAW hrI isMG dI sMjoA iv`c

D`s geIAW[ ieh mwrIAW iks ny r`b hI jwxdw hY[ srdwr ie`kisAwxw qy dwnw purS sI, Aqy auhny bhwdrI Aqy hOsly drswauNidAWAwpxI jwn Akwl purK dy hvwly kr id`qI hY[ auh pUrw nmk-hlwlsI"[

AMgryz ilKwrI gRyA ilKdw hY ik,"Swn dy rwh bMdy nUM SmSwnv`l iljWdy hn" pr ie`k s`cy sYink vWgMU nlvy dI mOq mYdwny-jMgiv`c hoeI[ auh Awpxy ip`Cy bhwdrI, hunrmMdI dI ie`k prMprw C`figAw hY jo imtweI nhIN jw skdI[ auh is`K ieiqhws iv`c pTwxWnUM Agy Agy lgwaux vwlw sB qoN vD mShUr ivAkqI hoieAw hY[...swrIsrh`d aus dy nwm qoN kMbdI sI"[

ieiqhwsk q`Q hn ik srdwr nlUAw golIAW l`gx auprMq hoSiv`c sI[ aus ny Awp jw ky golIAW clwaux vwilAW nUM qlvwr nwlmOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[ auu~QoN auh GoVy qy svwr ho jmrOd iklHy phuMcy[P`tV hwlq iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy horW nwl vI g`lbwq kIqI[jykr is`K &Oj 'coN iksy ny ieh kwrw kIqw huMdw qW d`s idMdy[ bMdy dwmwirAw bMdw nhIN mrdw[ mOq dw sdVw qW r`b v`loN hI AwauNdw hY[hoxI tldI nhIN Aqy ijs ny hiQAwr clwauxw hY auh vI hwzr hojWdw hY[ imQy smyN Anuswr hoxI AwpxI klw vrqw idMdI hY nhIN qWpihlW vI ieh sUrmw AnykW bwr burI qrHW P`tV hoieAw sI[ vnIqnlUAw ny AwpxI ikqwb dy pMnw 262 qy srdwr Arjn isMG v`loN d~sIhrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy mOq qoN infr hox qy gwQw ilKI hY:

gwQw Anuswr ie`k A&rIdI pTwx jo jwm ipMf dw sI AwpxIbygm dy nwl jmrOd dy iklHy kol dI svyr v^q lMG irhw sI[ kudrqIsrdwr nlUAw bwhr KVHy dwqx kr rhy sI[ pTwx ny srdwr nUMAwiKAw,"isMGw! qYnUM pqw ieh pTwxW dI DrqI hY[ qUM hiQAwr ibnwiklHy dy bwhr quirAw iPrdw hYN[ qYnUM koeI pTwx mwr skdw hY[ kI qUMmrn qoN nhIN frdw"? nlUAw ny auq`r iv`c ikhw, is`KW nUM qW gurU

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hrI isMG dI bhwdrI, jvWmrdI, socxI Aqy kurbwnI nUM mu`KrKidAW srdwr dI mOq qy SrDWzlI v`joN mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUMhorW qoN ielwvw iqMn pqr AMgryz A&srW vloN Aqy iek APgwinsqwndy pihly rwjy v`loN AwieAw[ AMgryz A&sr ijnHW ny sog p`qr Byjy auhsn, ibRitS gvrnr A&sr jnrl, lwrf AwklYNf, kmWfr -ien-cIP ibRitS AwrmI lY&tInYNt jnrl sr hYnrIPyn Aqy ibRitS eyjMtklwf pwrtn vyf cOQw p`qr A&gwinsqwn dy pihly rwjy Swh sujwAv`loN AwieAw[ hor qW hor muglW Aqy pTwxW ny vI ieh iliKAw hY ikhrI isMG mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dw kyvl ie`k bhwdr jrnYl hI nhINsI sgoN kwblIAq p`KoN vI v`fI muhwrq rKdw sI[

sUrmy nlvw aup`r golIAW iks ny clweIAW?jykr koeI kihMdw hY ik mYN hrI isMG nUM golIAW mwrIAW ieh sB

dwAvy JUTy hn[ Agr A&gwnW nUM ies g`l dw shI pqw l`g jWdw qWauh aus nUM v`fw mwx b^Sdy, aus dw bu`q lwauNdy Aqy aus nUM pUjdy[

mhwrwjy dw Awpxw p`qrkwr lwlw rwm idAwl ilKdw hY ikmuhMmd wn lIl ny srdwr hrI isMG nUM zKmI kIqw ijs kwrn ausdI mOq hoeI[ auh ieh vI ilKdw hY ik j^mI hox ip`CoN srdwr ny ausnUM mwr id`qw sI[ pr ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr lIl qW srdwr dI mOqauprMq ijMdw sI[ A&gwnW qoN ibnW do AMgryzW Aqy ie`k AmrIkn nyvI hrI isMG qy goLI clwaux leI Awpxy Awp nUM hIro khwieAw[ prqvwrIK ies g`l dI gvwhI Br rhI hY ik jMg smyN A&gwnW dI &Ojiv`c koeI AMgryz jW AmrIkn nhIN sI[ keIAW ny ies ip`Cy rwjwiDAwn isMG fogry dw h`Q iliKAw hY, keIAW ny jmWdwr KuShwl isMGaup`r doS miVHAw hY Aqy keIAW ny rwjw gulwb isMG dw nW iliKAwhY[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG nUM jdoN iehnW g`lW dw pqw l`igAw qWau~qr sI, "kwrbweIn iv`coN inklIAW golIAW hrI isMG dI sMjoA iv`c

D`s geIAW[ ieh mwrIAW iks ny r`b hI jwxdw hY[ srdwr ie`kisAwxw qy dwnw purS sI, Aqy auhny bhwdrI Aqy hOsly drswauNidAWAwpxI jwn Akwl purK dy hvwly kr id`qI hY[ auh pUrw nmk-hlwlsI"[

AMgryz ilKwrI gRyA ilKdw hY ik,"Swn dy rwh bMdy nUM SmSwnv`l iljWdy hn" pr ie`k s`cy sYink vWgMU nlvy dI mOq mYdwny-jMgiv`c hoeI[ auh Awpxy ip`Cy bhwdrI, hunrmMdI dI ie`k prMprw C`figAw hY jo imtweI nhIN jw skdI[ auh is`K ieiqhws iv`c pTwxWnUM Agy Agy lgwaux vwlw sB qoN vD mShUr ivAkqI hoieAw hY[...swrIsrh`d aus dy nwm qoN kMbdI sI"[

ieiqhwsk q`Q hn ik srdwr nlUAw golIAW l`gx auprMq hoSiv`c sI[ aus ny Awp jw ky golIAW clwaux vwilAW nUM qlvwr nwlmOq dy Gwt auqwr id`qw[ auu~QoN auh GoVy qy svwr ho jmrOd iklHy phuMcy[P`tV hwlq iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy horW nwl vI g`lbwq kIqI[jykr is`K &Oj 'coN iksy ny ieh kwrw kIqw huMdw qW d`s idMdy[ bMdy dwmwirAw bMdw nhIN mrdw[ mOq dw sdVw qW r`b v`loN hI AwauNdw hY[hoxI tldI nhIN Aqy ijs ny hiQAwr clwauxw hY auh vI hwzr hojWdw hY[ imQy smyN Anuswr hoxI AwpxI klw vrqw idMdI hY nhIN qWpihlW vI ieh sUrmw AnykW bwr burI qrHW P`tV hoieAw sI[ vnIqnlUAw ny AwpxI ikqwb dy pMnw 262 qy srdwr Arjn isMG v`loN d~sIhrI isMG dI dlyrI Aqy mOq qoN infr hox qy gwQw ilKI hY:

gwQw Anuswr ie`k A&rIdI pTwx jo jwm ipMf dw sI AwpxIbygm dy nwl jmrOd dy iklHy kol dI svyr v^q lMG irhw sI[ kudrqIsrdwr nlUAw bwhr KVHy dwqx kr rhy sI[ pTwx ny srdwr nUMAwiKAw,"isMGw! qYnUM pqw ieh pTwxW dI DrqI hY[ qUM hiQAwr ibnwiklHy dy bwhr quirAw iPrdw hYN[ qYnUM koeI pTwx mwr skdw hY[ kI qUMmrn qoN nhIN frdw"? nlUAw ny auq`r iv`c ikhw, is`KW nUM qW gurU

125124

goibMd isMG dI Et hY[ mwrnw r`Kxw gurU dw kMm hY[ jykr qyry 'cihMmq hY mYnUM mwr dy jW mukwblw kr ky dyK lY[ pTwx kihMdw,"isMGwmyrI bygm nwl hY[ ies nUM mYN Gr C`f AwvW[ jykr ihMmq hY Aw myrynwl myry jwm ipMf c`l au~Qy jor Azmw lvIN[ ies jwm ipMf dy nW qyhI jmrOd dw iklHw hoNd iv`c AwieAw sI[ dlyr Aqy byKO& srdwrdwqx krdw hI A&rIdI nwl aus dy ipMf clw igAw[

ies pTwx ny ipMf vwsI ie`kTy kr ley Aqy mukwbly leIAwKwVw bMnH ilAw[ pTwx ny qlvwr Fwl nlUey nUM dy id`qI Aqy AwpvI c`k leI[ mukwblw SurU ho igAw[ nlUAw ny AwiKAw,"A&rIdI!pihlW qUM vwr kr lY, pr qkVw ho ky krIN"[ pTwx ny vwr kIqw,srdwr ny Fwl qy vwr rok ilAw[ srdwr ny ikhw,"A&rIdI! qkVwho hux myrI vwrI hY, " nlUey ny AYsw vwr kIqw ik qlvwr s`p vwgUMSUkdI Fwl nUM pwr kr ky pTwx dy srIr qy jw v`jI[ lhU vih quirAw[srdwr ny AwpxI auprlI p`g lwhI[ mrHm vgYrw mMgvw ky zKm qylw ky KUn rokx leI p`g lpyt id`qI[ is`K dw AYsw ihrdw dyK ky ipMfvwsI hYrwn rih gey[ pTwx ny pyNfUAW nUM AwiKAw,"is`K nUM kuJ nwAwiKau[ mYN Awp hI is`K nUM mukwbly leI aukswieAw sI"[ srdwrhrI isMG nlvw qur ky iklHy AMdr phuMc gey[ kuJ idnW ip`CoN pTwxWnUM pqw l`igAw ik auh is`K qW 'hrIAw' sI[ auh AwpxI mUrKqw qypCqwauNx l`gy ik hrIAy nUM mwrn dw bhuq vDIAw mOkw AsIN Ko id`qwhY[(Tales from Sikh History 1918: 23-6)

bMdy dy qm hox auprMq SMikAW dy AwDwr qy GVIAW khwxIAWieiqhws bx jWdIAW hn[ gurbwxI dy s`cy bol hn:

nwnk jo Duir krqY iliKAw su myit n skY koie](1414)ijsu qU rwKih iqsu kaun mwrYsB quJ hI AMqir sgl sMswrY] (1415)

jo ienswn s`c Aqy ienswP dI Kwqr Aqy dIn duKIAW, d`by-kucly, grIb-gurby Aqy qIRmq dI ie`zq bcwayux wqr Shwdq idMdwhY, auh ShId khwauNdw hY[ ShId hmySw Amr rihMdw hY[ sMswr qWkI inrMkwr dy Gr iv`c vI aus dI hmySw soBw huMdI hY[ ijvyN ik gurUswihb PrmwauNdy hn:

syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145)gurmuKw ky muK aujly hir drgih soBw pwie] (1415)

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goibMd isMG dI Et hY[ mwrnw r`Kxw gurU dw kMm hY[ jykr qyry 'cihMmq hY mYnUM mwr dy jW mukwblw kr ky dyK lY[ pTwx kihMdw,"isMGwmyrI bygm nwl hY[ ies nUM mYN Gr C`f AwvW[ jykr ihMmq hY Aw myrynwl myry jwm ipMf c`l au~Qy jor Azmw lvIN[ ies jwm ipMf dy nW qyhI jmrOd dw iklHw hoNd iv`c AwieAw sI[ dlyr Aqy byKO& srdwrdwqx krdw hI A&rIdI nwl aus dy ipMf clw igAw[

ies pTwx ny ipMf vwsI ie`kTy kr ley Aqy mukwbly leIAwKwVw bMnH ilAw[ pTwx ny qlvwr Fwl nlUey nUM dy id`qI Aqy AwpvI c`k leI[ mukwblw SurU ho igAw[ nlUAw ny AwiKAw,"A&rIdI!pihlW qUM vwr kr lY, pr qkVw ho ky krIN"[ pTwx ny vwr kIqw,srdwr ny Fwl qy vwr rok ilAw[ srdwr ny ikhw,"A&rIdI! qkVwho hux myrI vwrI hY, " nlUey ny AYsw vwr kIqw ik qlvwr s`p vwgUMSUkdI Fwl nUM pwr kr ky pTwx dy srIr qy jw v`jI[ lhU vih quirAw[srdwr ny AwpxI auprlI p`g lwhI[ mrHm vgYrw mMgvw ky zKm qylw ky KUn rokx leI p`g lpyt id`qI[ is`K dw AYsw ihrdw dyK ky ipMfvwsI hYrwn rih gey[ pTwx ny pyNfUAW nUM AwiKAw,"is`K nUM kuJ nwAwiKau[ mYN Awp hI is`K nUM mukwbly leI aukswieAw sI"[ srdwrhrI isMG nlvw qur ky iklHy AMdr phuMc gey[ kuJ idnW ip`CoN pTwxWnUM pqw l`igAw ik auh is`K qW 'hrIAw' sI[ auh AwpxI mUrKqw qypCqwauNx l`gy ik hrIAy nUM mwrn dw bhuq vDIAw mOkw AsIN Ko id`qwhY[(Tales from Sikh History 1918: 23-6)

bMdy dy qm hox auprMq SMikAW dy AwDwr qy GVIAW khwxIAWieiqhws bx jWdIAW hn[ gurbwxI dy s`cy bol hn:

nwnk jo Duir krqY iliKAw su myit n skY koie](1414)ijsu qU rwKih iqsu kaun mwrYsB quJ hI AMqir sgl sMswrY] (1415)

jo ienswn s`c Aqy ienswP dI Kwqr Aqy dIn duKIAW, d`by-kucly, grIb-gurby Aqy qIRmq dI ie`zq bcwayux wqr Shwdq idMdwhY, auh ShId khwauNdw hY[ ShId hmySw Amr rihMdw hY[ sMswr qWkI inrMkwr dy Gr iv`c vI aus dI hmySw soBw huMdI hY[ ijvyN ik gurUswihb PrmwauNdy hn:

syeI pUry Swh vKqY aupir liV mUey] (145)gurmuKw ky muK aujly hir drgih soBw pwie] (1415)

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7

SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dwinrmwx

blkwrI XoDw hrI isMG nlUAw kyvl &OjI jrnYl, hunrmMdsYink Aqy suGV rwj-pRbMDk hI nhIN sI sgoN au~cI mwnsk bu`DIvwlw, ivauNqkwr Aqy mnsUby-bwz S^SIAq dw mwlk sI[ iehnWcmqkwrI guxW sdkw aus ny gulwmI dIAW jMzIrW nUM qoVn leIApxweI AgWh vDU Xu`D nIqI qoN ielwvw Biv`K iv`c prjw dI BlweIleI bhuq hI dUr-AMdySI nIqI nUM mu`K r`K ky gOrvmeI kwrz kIqy[iehnW kwrjW iv`c nvyN SihrW dI sQwpnw, ikilHAW dI auswrI, pwxIdy pRbMD , Dwrimk iemwrqW dw inrmwx, bwgbwnI Aqy suMdr bgIicAWdI iqAwrI mu`K ivSy sn[ Awpxy sMKyp (46 swl) jIvn AMdrijhVIAW XwdgwrW kwiem kIqIAW aunHW dw vyrvw Bwv rUp iv`cvrnx kIqw jw irhw hY[

hzwry dw hirikSn gVH iklHwsrdwr nlUAw ny hzwry dy AYn ivckwr, jo ik qMg phwVIAW

nwl iGirAw hoieAw sI, ^wlsw &Oj leI ie`k v`fy Aqy mzbUq iklHydI auswrI krvweI[ ies iklHy dw nW A`TvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hirikSnjI dy nwm qy hirikSn gVH r`iKAw sI[ ies jgHw qy XUsP jeIAW AqyisMGW ivckwr bVI iBAwnk jMg hoeI sI[ ies jMg iv`c srdwrAmr isMG klwn (mjITIAw), idvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr AmrisMG jwnW vwr gey sn[

hirikSn gVH iv`c pwxI dw pRbMD dOr dirAw qoN kIqw igAw[ivzn dI 1842 dI irport Anuswr ieh iklHw cOrs hY, &OjI inXmWAnuswr nymb`D hY Aqy im`tI dIAW kMDW nwl auswrI hoeI hoeI hY[ hoqI

mrdwn dI ilKq muqwbk ieh iklHw 1937 q`k qW hoNd iv`c sI[aunHW dy dyKx Anuswr ieh hrI isMG dI au~c idmwgI qy ieMjInIArIdy kmwl nUM drswauNdw hY[ hrI isMG dI mOq auprMq Aqy is`K rwj dy^wqmy ip`CoN jdoN mugl phwVI kbIilAW ny mwrc 1846 iv`c ihMdU Aqyis`KW qy hmly krny SurU kr id`qy qW aunHW ies iklHy iv`c dwKl ho kyAwpxy Dn mwl nUM sur`iKAq kIqw[ vnIq nlvw ny ieh vI KulwswkIqw hY ik hrI isMG dI ie`k BYx sI ijs dw nW sI ikSn dyvI-ikSno(ikSn kOr)[ so hirikSn gVH iklHy dy nwm iv`c dohW BYx BrwvW dwnwm vI Aw jWdw hY[

ies iklHy qoN ielwvw Amn kwnUMn dI bhwlI leI srdwr nlUAwny hzwry dy ielwky iv`c cwr iklHy hor bxvwey sn, ijvyN iklHw nvWSihr, iklHw DmDoV, iklHw drbMD Aqy iklHw SIn ikAwrI[ hoqImrdwn jI Anuswr 1937 dy Aws pws kyvl drbMD iklHw cMgI hwlqiv`c sI, ijs iv`c nvwb drbMd rihMdw sI pr bwkI dy iklHy Fih cukysn[

hrIpur Sihr vswauxwhirikSn iklHy qoN A`D mIl dI dUrI qy p~Cm v`l hrIpur Sihr

vswieAw[ ieh mwno hrI (God) dI purI hY qy srdwr nlvy dw nwmvI ies iv`c smwieAw hoieAw hY[ nlUey dIAW hor XwdgwrW BwvyN smWpw ky imt jwx pr hrIpur Sihr ies mhwn sUrmy dI Xwd dunIAWBr AMdr hmySw rhygI[ Sihr dI sur`iKAw leI Awly-duAwly 4 gzcOVI Aqy 16 gz au~cI dIvwr bxvweI Aqy cwr drvwjy rKvwey[kMDW dy cwry koinAW qy sur`iKAw p`KoN burz vI bxvwey[ dirAw dOriv`coN pwxI dw vihx krvw ky rMgIlw nwm qlwA iv`c puAwieAw[ iesqlwA iv`coN moGy kFvw ky hr roz dI vrqoN leI Sihr dy hr ih`syiv`c pwxI phuMcwieAw[

129128

7

SihrW, ikilHAW Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnW dwinrmwx

blkwrI XoDw hrI isMG nlUAw kyvl &OjI jrnYl, hunrmMdsYink Aqy suGV rwj-pRbMDk hI nhIN sI sgoN au~cI mwnsk bu`DIvwlw, ivauNqkwr Aqy mnsUby-bwz S^SIAq dw mwlk sI[ iehnWcmqkwrI guxW sdkw aus ny gulwmI dIAW jMzIrW nUM qoVn leIApxweI AgWh vDU Xu`D nIqI qoN ielwvw Biv`K iv`c prjw dI BlweIleI bhuq hI dUr-AMdySI nIqI nUM mu`K r`K ky gOrvmeI kwrz kIqy[iehnW kwrjW iv`c nvyN SihrW dI sQwpnw, ikilHAW dI auswrI, pwxIdy pRbMD , Dwrimk iemwrqW dw inrmwx, bwgbwnI Aqy suMdr bgIicAWdI iqAwrI mu`K ivSy sn[ Awpxy sMKyp (46 swl) jIvn AMdrijhVIAW XwdgwrW kwiem kIqIAW aunHW dw vyrvw Bwv rUp iv`cvrnx kIqw jw irhw hY[

hzwry dw hirikSn gVH iklHwsrdwr nlUAw ny hzwry dy AYn ivckwr, jo ik qMg phwVIAW

nwl iGirAw hoieAw sI, ^wlsw &Oj leI ie`k v`fy Aqy mzbUq iklHydI auswrI krvweI[ ies iklHy dw nW A`TvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hirikSnjI dy nwm qy hirikSn gVH r`iKAw sI[ ies jgHw qy XUsP jeIAW AqyisMGW ivckwr bVI iBAwnk jMg hoeI sI[ ies jMg iv`c srdwrAmr isMG klwn (mjITIAw), idvwn rwm idAwl Aqy srdwr AmrisMG jwnW vwr gey sn[

hirikSn gVH iv`c pwxI dw pRbMD dOr dirAw qoN kIqw igAw[ivzn dI 1842 dI irport Anuswr ieh iklHw cOrs hY, &OjI inXmWAnuswr nymb`D hY Aqy im`tI dIAW kMDW nwl auswrI hoeI hoeI hY[ hoqI

mrdwn dI ilKq muqwbk ieh iklHw 1937 q`k qW hoNd iv`c sI[aunHW dy dyKx Anuswr ieh hrI isMG dI au~c idmwgI qy ieMjInIArIdy kmwl nUM drswauNdw hY[ hrI isMG dI mOq auprMq Aqy is`K rwj dy^wqmy ip`CoN jdoN mugl phwVI kbIilAW ny mwrc 1846 iv`c ihMdU Aqyis`KW qy hmly krny SurU kr id`qy qW aunHW ies iklHy iv`c dwKl ho kyAwpxy Dn mwl nUM sur`iKAq kIqw[ vnIq nlvw ny ieh vI KulwswkIqw hY ik hrI isMG dI ie`k BYx sI ijs dw nW sI ikSn dyvI-ikSno(ikSn kOr)[ so hirikSn gVH iklHy dy nwm iv`c dohW BYx BrwvW dwnwm vI Aw jWdw hY[

ies iklHy qoN ielwvw Amn kwnUMn dI bhwlI leI srdwr nlUAwny hzwry dy ielwky iv`c cwr iklHy hor bxvwey sn, ijvyN iklHw nvWSihr, iklHw DmDoV, iklHw drbMD Aqy iklHw SIn ikAwrI[ hoqImrdwn jI Anuswr 1937 dy Aws pws kyvl drbMD iklHw cMgI hwlqiv`c sI, ijs iv`c nvwb drbMd rihMdw sI pr bwkI dy iklHy Fih cukysn[

hrIpur Sihr vswauxwhirikSn iklHy qoN A`D mIl dI dUrI qy p~Cm v`l hrIpur Sihr

vswieAw[ ieh mwno hrI (God) dI purI hY qy srdwr nlvy dw nwmvI ies iv`c smwieAw hoieAw hY[ nlUey dIAW hor XwdgwrW BwvyN smWpw ky imt jwx pr hrIpur Sihr ies mhwn sUrmy dI Xwd dunIAWBr AMdr hmySw rhygI[ Sihr dI sur`iKAw leI Awly-duAwly 4 gzcOVI Aqy 16 gz au~cI dIvwr bxvweI Aqy cwr drvwjy rKvwey[kMDW dy cwry koinAW qy sur`iKAw p`KoN burz vI bxvwey[ dirAw dOriv`coN pwxI dw vihx krvw ky rMgIlw nwm qlwA iv`c puAwieAw[ iesqlwA iv`coN moGy kFvw ky hr roz dI vrqoN leI Sihr dy hr ih`syiv`c pwxI phuMcwieAw[

129128

sur`iKAw nUM mu`K r`K ky Aqy cMgIAW shUlqW dI auplBdI kwrnbhuq swry vpwrI ie`Qy Aw vsy[ bYrn hugl ny 23 dsMbr 1845 nUMjdoN ieh Sihr dyiKAw qW Sihr dI gihmw gihm dyK ilKdw hY ikhzwry iv`c hrIpur ijhw Sihr mYN hor koeI nhIN dyiKAw[ ies Sihriv`c cwry pwsy suMdr hirAwlI sI, dUr-durwfy q`k vpwr cldw sI[ie`QoN q`k ik iq`bq rwhIN hrIpur qoN cIn q`k vpwrk vsqW jWdIAWsn[ A`j ie`kIvIN sdI iv`c vI pwiksqwn dy hzwrw ijlHy iv`c hrIpurie`k mShUr Sihr hY[ iklHw hirikSn gVH iv`c kwnUMn sMbMDI mMqrwlydw d&qr hY[ hrIpur qoN ielwvw ie`k hor Sihr AMimRqpur vI hrIisMG ny vswieAw sI[ SihrIAW dIAW Dwrimk loVW dI pUrqI leIsrdwr nlvw ny ie`k gurduAwrw ShId gMz ie`Qy jMg dOrwn ShIdisMGW dI Xwd iv`c bxvwieAw[ ies dI syvw leI BweI krm isMGnwmI gRMQI rKvwieAw[ gRMQI isMG dy guzwry leI Aqy lMgr clwauxleI gurU Gr leI zmIn vI lgvw id`qI[ ihMdU BrwvW leI gxyS igrInW dw mMdr iqAwr krvwieAw Aqy muslmwn BweIAW leI qylIAW dymuh`ly vwlI msIq bxvweI Aqy ienHW nUM Dn vI id`qw[

hrI isMG kw bwghrIpur dI DrqI cMgI aupjwaU hox kr ky ie`Qy &ldwr bUty,

jVHI bUtIAW Aqy Kws iksm dIAW durl`B JwVIAW bhuq vDIAw &lidMdIAW hn[ hirikSn gVH dy auqr-pUrb vl iskMdr pur (AlYgzYNfrksby) dy nzdIk hrI isMG kw bwg bhuq mShUr sI ijs iv`c &ldwrbUitAW, suMdr bgIcIAW, rMgdwr Pu`lW nwl BrpUr sbzIAW Awid vIbhuq huMdIAW sn[ pr AMgryz hkUmq ny ies bwg dy kuJ ih`sy nUMSmSwn Gwt iv`c bdl id`qw sI[ pRoPYsr pUrn isMG hrIpur Sihriv`c pYdw hoieAw sI[ aus ny ies nUM hirAwlI BirAw Sihr iliKAwhY[ hrIpur iv`c AMb, KurmwnI, SihqUq Awid dI KuSbU bhuq hIipAwr Aqy mlwr BrI sI[ grmIAW iv`c grIbW leI drKqW dI TMFI

CW qy nihrW dw vg irhw pwxI mwno bihSq hY (Puran Singh,1982).

ipSwvr dy iklHyhrI isMG qkrIbn iqMn swl (1834 qoN 1837) ipSwvr dw

gvrnr irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn iK`qy iv`c cMgy rwj-pRbMD qy AmnSWqI dI bhwlI leI ies ny bVy Ajb Aqy gzb dy kMm kIqy[ pMjwbv`loN muglW qy pTwxW dy mUMh moVn leI cwr iklHy jhWgIrw, nuSihrw,ipSwvr 'c sumyr hVH Aqy jmrOd ivKy &qihgVH is`K &Oj dI mzbUqIleI bxvwey[ ies qoN ielwvw Atk dy iklHy nUM hor mzbUq krvwieAw[

sumyr gVH ikly dw pihlw nW bwlw-ihswr sI Aqy ieh bwbrny bxvwieAw sI[ bwbr ip`CoN A&gwnW ny ies nUM nSt kr id`qw sIpr bwbr dy pu`qr hMmwXU ny ies nUM dubwrw bxvwieAw sI[ Akbr dyrwj smyN A&gwnW ny ies nUM iPr Fwh id`qw sI[ pr muglW ny iPrbxw ilAw[ nuSihry dI jMg smyN 1823 iv`c is`K &Oj ny ies nUM qbwhkr id`qw sI[ mUr krwPt ny jd ieh jgHw dyKI qW ies nUM 'gMdgI dwFyr' hI iliKAw[ is`KW ny jdoN 1834 iv`c ipSwvr qy kbzw kIqw qWies jgHw qy srdwr nlUAw ny ies iklHy nUM bxvwieAw Aqy 'bwlw-ihswr' dw nW bdl ky 'sumyr gVH r`K id`qw[ sumyr gVH ies dw nWikauN r`iKAw? ies dw vI v`fw kwrn sI[

sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 1510 iv`c audwsI dOrwn mwaUNt kYlwSprbq ijs nUM sumyr prbq vI kihMdy hn is`DW nwl goSt krn geysn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG jdoN ieh nvW bixAw iklHw pihlI vwr16 meI 1835 nUM dyKx Awey qW aunHW AwiKAw sumyr prbq qy qW gurUnwnk dyv jI Awey sn ies leI ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVH hovygw[

iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw hrI isMG ny ipSwvr ivKy BweI jogwisMG, BweI bIbw isMG Aqy gurU nwnk dyv jI dy pu`qrW sRI cMd Aqy sRI

131130

sur`iKAw nUM mu`K r`K ky Aqy cMgIAW shUlqW dI auplBdI kwrnbhuq swry vpwrI ie`Qy Aw vsy[ bYrn hugl ny 23 dsMbr 1845 nUMjdoN ieh Sihr dyiKAw qW Sihr dI gihmw gihm dyK ilKdw hY ikhzwry iv`c hrIpur ijhw Sihr mYN hor koeI nhIN dyiKAw[ ies Sihriv`c cwry pwsy suMdr hirAwlI sI, dUr-durwfy q`k vpwr cldw sI[ie`QoN q`k ik iq`bq rwhIN hrIpur qoN cIn q`k vpwrk vsqW jWdIAWsn[ A`j ie`kIvIN sdI iv`c vI pwiksqwn dy hzwrw ijlHy iv`c hrIpurie`k mShUr Sihr hY[ iklHw hirikSn gVH iv`c kwnUMn sMbMDI mMqrwlydw d&qr hY[ hrIpur qoN ielwvw ie`k hor Sihr AMimRqpur vI hrIisMG ny vswieAw sI[ SihrIAW dIAW Dwrimk loVW dI pUrqI leIsrdwr nlvw ny ie`k gurduAwrw ShId gMz ie`Qy jMg dOrwn ShIdisMGW dI Xwd iv`c bxvwieAw[ ies dI syvw leI BweI krm isMGnwmI gRMQI rKvwieAw[ gRMQI isMG dy guzwry leI Aqy lMgr clwauxleI gurU Gr leI zmIn vI lgvw id`qI[ ihMdU BrwvW leI gxyS igrInW dw mMdr iqAwr krvwieAw Aqy muslmwn BweIAW leI qylIAW dymuh`ly vwlI msIq bxvweI Aqy ienHW nUM Dn vI id`qw[

hrI isMG kw bwghrIpur dI DrqI cMgI aupjwaU hox kr ky ie`Qy &ldwr bUty,

jVHI bUtIAW Aqy Kws iksm dIAW durl`B JwVIAW bhuq vDIAw &lidMdIAW hn[ hirikSn gVH dy auqr-pUrb vl iskMdr pur (AlYgzYNfrksby) dy nzdIk hrI isMG kw bwg bhuq mShUr sI ijs iv`c &ldwrbUitAW, suMdr bgIcIAW, rMgdwr Pu`lW nwl BrpUr sbzIAW Awid vIbhuq huMdIAW sn[ pr AMgryz hkUmq ny ies bwg dy kuJ ih`sy nUMSmSwn Gwt iv`c bdl id`qw sI[ pRoPYsr pUrn isMG hrIpur Sihriv`c pYdw hoieAw sI[ aus ny ies nUM hirAwlI BirAw Sihr iliKAwhY[ hrIpur iv`c AMb, KurmwnI, SihqUq Awid dI KuSbU bhuq hIipAwr Aqy mlwr BrI sI[ grmIAW iv`c grIbW leI drKqW dI TMFI

CW qy nihrW dw vg irhw pwxI mwno bihSq hY (Puran Singh,1982).

ipSwvr dy iklHyhrI isMG qkrIbn iqMn swl (1834 qoN 1837) ipSwvr dw

gvrnr irhw[ ies smyN dOrwn iK`qy iv`c cMgy rwj-pRbMD qy AmnSWqI dI bhwlI leI ies ny bVy Ajb Aqy gzb dy kMm kIqy[ pMjwbv`loN muglW qy pTwxW dy mUMh moVn leI cwr iklHy jhWgIrw, nuSihrw,ipSwvr 'c sumyr hVH Aqy jmrOd ivKy &qihgVH is`K &Oj dI mzbUqIleI bxvwey[ ies qoN ielwvw Atk dy iklHy nUM hor mzbUq krvwieAw[

sumyr gVH ikly dw pihlw nW bwlw-ihswr sI Aqy ieh bwbrny bxvwieAw sI[ bwbr ip`CoN A&gwnW ny ies nUM nSt kr id`qw sIpr bwbr dy pu`qr hMmwXU ny ies nUM dubwrw bxvwieAw sI[ Akbr dyrwj smyN A&gwnW ny ies nUM iPr Fwh id`qw sI[ pr muglW ny iPrbxw ilAw[ nuSihry dI jMg smyN 1823 iv`c is`K &Oj ny ies nUM qbwhkr id`qw sI[ mUr krwPt ny jd ieh jgHw dyKI qW ies nUM 'gMdgI dwFyr' hI iliKAw[ is`KW ny jdoN 1834 iv`c ipSwvr qy kbzw kIqw qWies jgHw qy srdwr nlUAw ny ies iklHy nUM bxvwieAw Aqy 'bwlw-ihswr' dw nW bdl ky 'sumyr gVH r`K id`qw[ sumyr gVH ies dw nWikauN r`iKAw? ies dw vI v`fw kwrn sI[

sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 1510 iv`c audwsI dOrwn mwaUNt kYlwSprbq ijs nUM sumyr prbq vI kihMdy hn is`DW nwl goSt krn geysn[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG jdoN ieh nvW bixAw iklHw pihlI vwr16 meI 1835 nUM dyKx Awey qW aunHW AwiKAw sumyr prbq qy qW gurUnwnk dyv jI Awey sn ies leI ies iklHy dw nW sumyr gVH hovygw[

iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw hrI isMG ny ipSwvr ivKy BweI jogwisMG, BweI bIbw isMG Aqy gurU nwnk dyv jI dy pu`qrW sRI cMd Aqy sRI

131130

lKmI dws dy nW qy gurduAwry vI bxvwey[ ipSwvr iv`c hI ie`kpurwqn iemwrq 'gVH K`qrI' sI[ ieh jogIAW Aqy ihMdUAW dw DwrimkkyNdr sI[ pr 1504 iv`c bwbr ny ihMdusqwn qy hmly smyN ies nUMnSt kr id`qw sI[ gVH K`qrI nUM XogI'gorK m`T vI kihMdy sn[ ie`QyhI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny gorK nwQ (XogIAW dw gurU) nwl g`lbwqkIqI sI ijs bwry sRI gurU gRMQ swihb iv`c vI drz hY[ gVH qrI dyAsQwn qy srdwr nlUAw ny pihlW gurduAwrw bxwieAw Aqy nwl hIiSv mMdr Aqy BYroN jI mMdr dI auswrI krvweI[

pMjw swihb dI syvw sMBwlpMjw swihb dw piv`qr AsQwn hsn Abdwl Sihr iv`c

siQ`q hY[ hsn Abdwl hrIpur dy d`Kx-p`Cm Aqy rwvlipMfI dyau~qr p`Cm v`l hY[ is`K ieiqhws Anuswr sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 24hwV 1571 ibkrmI (1515 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl phuMcy[ gurUswihb qW vlI kMDwrI &kIr nwl myl-imlwp leI Awey sn[ aunHWBweI mrdwny nUM ies pws pwxI lYx ByijAw[ pr nwsqk qy hMkwrI&kIr ny pwxI dyx dI bjwey gurU swihb nUM mwrn leI ie`k Bwrw p`QriehnW v`l roVH id`qw[ s`cy pwqSwh ny Awpxy AiDAwqmk bl AwsryruVHy AwauNdy p`Qr nUM s`jy h`Q nwl rok ilAw[ auh pMjw ijs nwl p`QrruikAw kudrqI inSwnI v`joN p`Qr iv`c D`s igAw[ aus goibMd rUp dwqyny hor dwq bKSI ik aupr jo pwxI jmHW sI auh cSmy dy rUp iv`c sdwleI vgw id`qw[

bwby nwnk dy ies cmqkwrI pMjy dy inSwn qy sMgqW DMn nwnk!DMn nwnk ! kihMdIAW nqmsqk huMdIAW hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG ny munSI sohx lwl dy roznmw Anuswr k`qk dy mhIny dI23 qwrIK sMmq 1875 (1818 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl iv`c gurUswihb jI dy pMjy (swihb) dy ipAwr Bry ihrdy nwl drSn dIdwrykrky pRsMnqw pRwpq kIqI qy inhwl hoey[ sMn 1823 iv`c imstr mUr

kurwPt ie`Qy AwieAw, pMjy dw inSwn p`Qr qy dyK ky gur is`KW qoN pu`Cky iliKAw:

Beyond the tomb was a spot of a rill, trickling from ablock of a stone, supposed to have been sanctified by a miraclewrought there by Nanak coming to the place fatigues andthirsty, through he had a claim upon hospitality of this brotherascetic, and involved the spirit of Baba Wali for a cup of wa-ter. The Mohammaden saint, indignant at the presumption ofan on believer, to his application by throwing a stone at himof several tons weight. Nanak caught the missile in his hand,and placed it on the ground, leaving the impression of hisfingres upon its hard substance, at the same time he com-manded water to flow from it, and this constituted the rillhere observable, along which were a number of Sikh fanaticswho had come on piligrimage. (Travels in the Punjab, Ladakh,Kashmir Page, 319-320 by Mooncraft)

Bwv mkbry qoN QoVIH dUrI qy phwVI dy iknwry au~pr ie`k p`Qrdy Q`ilauN pwxI dw somw vih irhw sI, ijhVw nwnk dy cmqkwr kwrnPu`itAw sI, jdoN auh Q`ky hoey Aqy ipAwsy ie`Qy phuMcy sn[ auh qWAwpxy Awp nUM Kudw prsq khwaux vwly Brw nUM imlx Awey sn Aqybwbw vlI pwsoN pwxI dy ie`k ipAwly dI mMg kIqI sI[ muslm sMq nyie`k gYr muslm dI mMg nUM sux ky gu`sy 'c Aw ky ie`k bhuq Bwrw p`Qraus au~pr suitAw[ nwnk ny Awpxy h`Q nwl rok ky aus p`Qr nUM DrqIqy QMmH id`qw[ ijhVy h`Q dy pMjy nwl p`Qr roikAw sI s^q p`Qr qyaus dy inSwn pY gey sn[ aus smyN aus ny au~Qy pwxI vgw id`qw ijhVwhux ie`Qy c`l irhw hY Aqy somy dy rUp iv`c idKweI idMdw hY[ ie`QySrDwvwn is`K bYTy hoey sn jo drSnW leI Awey sn[

iesy qrHW hugl ny 1835 dy Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c pMjw swihbdw izkr kIqw hY Aqy 1836 iv`c munSI Swhmq AlI ny jdoN ieh pMjy

133132

lKmI dws dy nW qy gurduAwry vI bxvwey[ ipSwvr iv`c hI ie`kpurwqn iemwrq 'gVH K`qrI' sI[ ieh jogIAW Aqy ihMdUAW dw DwrimkkyNdr sI[ pr 1504 iv`c bwbr ny ihMdusqwn qy hmly smyN ies nUMnSt kr id`qw sI[ gVH K`qrI nUM XogI'gorK m`T vI kihMdy sn[ ie`QyhI sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI ny gorK nwQ (XogIAW dw gurU) nwl g`lbwqkIqI sI ijs bwry sRI gurU gRMQ swihb iv`c vI drz hY[ gVH qrI dyAsQwn qy srdwr nlUAw ny pihlW gurduAwrw bxwieAw Aqy nwl hIiSv mMdr Aqy BYroN jI mMdr dI auswrI krvweI[

pMjw swihb dI syvw sMBwlpMjw swihb dw piv`qr AsQwn hsn Abdwl Sihr iv`c

siQ`q hY[ hsn Abdwl hrIpur dy d`Kx-p`Cm Aqy rwvlipMfI dyau~qr p`Cm v`l hY[ is`K ieiqhws Anuswr sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI 24hwV 1571 ibkrmI (1515 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl phuMcy[ gurUswihb qW vlI kMDwrI &kIr nwl myl-imlwp leI Awey sn[ aunHWBweI mrdwny nUM ies pws pwxI lYx ByijAw[ pr nwsqk qy hMkwrI&kIr ny pwxI dyx dI bjwey gurU swihb nUM mwrn leI ie`k Bwrw p`QriehnW v`l roVH id`qw[ s`cy pwqSwh ny Awpxy AiDAwqmk bl AwsryruVHy AwauNdy p`Qr nUM s`jy h`Q nwl rok ilAw[ auh pMjw ijs nwl p`QrruikAw kudrqI inSwnI v`joN p`Qr iv`c D`s igAw[ aus goibMd rUp dwqyny hor dwq bKSI ik aupr jo pwxI jmHW sI auh cSmy dy rUp iv`c sdwleI vgw id`qw[

bwby nwnk dy ies cmqkwrI pMjy dy inSwn qy sMgqW DMn nwnk!DMn nwnk ! kihMdIAW nqmsqk huMdIAW hn[ Syir-ey-pMjwb mhwrwjwrxjIq isMG ny munSI sohx lwl dy roznmw Anuswr k`qk dy mhIny dI23 qwrIK sMmq 1875 (1818 eIsvI) nUM hsn Abdwl iv`c gurUswihb jI dy pMjy (swihb) dy ipAwr Bry ihrdy nwl drSn dIdwrykrky pRsMnqw pRwpq kIqI qy inhwl hoey[ sMn 1823 iv`c imstr mUr

kurwPt ie`Qy AwieAw, pMjy dw inSwn p`Qr qy dyK ky gur is`KW qoN pu`Cky iliKAw:

Beyond the tomb was a spot of a rill, trickling from ablock of a stone, supposed to have been sanctified by a miraclewrought there by Nanak coming to the place fatigues andthirsty, through he had a claim upon hospitality of this brotherascetic, and involved the spirit of Baba Wali for a cup of wa-ter. The Mohammaden saint, indignant at the presumption ofan on believer, to his application by throwing a stone at himof several tons weight. Nanak caught the missile in his hand,and placed it on the ground, leaving the impression of hisfingres upon its hard substance, at the same time he com-manded water to flow from it, and this constituted the rillhere observable, along which were a number of Sikh fanaticswho had come on piligrimage. (Travels in the Punjab, Ladakh,Kashmir Page, 319-320 by Mooncraft)

Bwv mkbry qoN QoVIH dUrI qy phwVI dy iknwry au~pr ie`k p`Qrdy Q`ilauN pwxI dw somw vih irhw sI, ijhVw nwnk dy cmqkwr kwrnPu`itAw sI, jdoN auh Q`ky hoey Aqy ipAwsy ie`Qy phuMcy sn[ auh qWAwpxy Awp nUM Kudw prsq khwaux vwly Brw nUM imlx Awey sn Aqybwbw vlI pwsoN pwxI dy ie`k ipAwly dI mMg kIqI sI[ muslm sMq nyie`k gYr muslm dI mMg nUM sux ky gu`sy 'c Aw ky ie`k bhuq Bwrw p`Qraus au~pr suitAw[ nwnk ny Awpxy h`Q nwl rok ky aus p`Qr nUM DrqIqy QMmH id`qw[ ijhVy h`Q dy pMjy nwl p`Qr roikAw sI s^q p`Qr qyaus dy inSwn pY gey sn[ aus smyN aus ny au~Qy pwxI vgw id`qw ijhVwhux ie`Qy c`l irhw hY Aqy somy dy rUp iv`c idKweI idMdw hY[ ie`QySrDwvwn is`K bYTy hoey sn jo drSnW leI Awey sn[

iesy qrHW hugl ny 1835 dy Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c pMjw swihbdw izkr kIqw hY Aqy 1836 iv`c munSI Swhmq AlI ny jdoN ieh pMjy

133132

dw inSwn pQr qy qikAw qW AwpxI pusqk 'The Sikhs and Afgans'dy pMnw 158 qy ies bwry iliKAw hY[ Awnrybl AYliPnstn ny vIies piv`qr jgHw nUM dyK ky ies dI mihmw gwien kIqI hY[

sMn 1832 iv`c srdwr nlUAw ny Awpxy Awp nUM vfBwgw jwxky ies gurDwm dI syvw AwrMB krvweI[ ijs p`Qr qy siqgurW dw pMjydw inSwn hY aus aup`r ie`k suMdr gMubjnumw iemwrq bxvw ky sRI gurUgRMQ swihb jI dw pRkwS krvwieAw[

sIql jl dy vg rhy somy dw pwxI qlwA (srovr) bxvw ky ausiv`c pwieAw[ srovr dIAW pauVIAW leI sMg mrmr rwjpuqwny qoNmMgvwieAw sI[ bYrn hugl ny Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c sMgmrmr dIAWpauVIAW bwry vI iliKAw hY[ gurduAwrw swihb leI hrI isMG nybhuq Dn id`qw[ hoqI mrdwn jI Anuswr jdoN jnvrI 1833 iv`cgurduAwrw swihb jI dI mukMmlqw auprMq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dyAKMf pwT dw Bog pwieAw qW srdwr nlUAw ny AwpxI nyk kmweIiv`coN bhuq suMdr klIn, ibsqry, lMgr leI brqn Aqy 3500 rupeynkd Bytw kIqy[ BweI mhW isMG nUM ie`QoN dw pRbMDk QwipAw AqybwhrlI syvw qy rKvwlI leI inhMg swDU isMG nUM muk~rr kIqw[ pMjwswihb ivKy idn rwq lMgr cldw sI Aqy XwqrUAW dy rihx leIDrmswlw vI iqAwr krvweI geI sI[ pr 1920 dy l`g pgAMgryzW dI Sih qy ie`Qy mhMq kwbz ho igAw Aqy kurIqIAW krnl`gw[ pr is`KW ny isMG sBw lihr jo gurDwmW dy suDwr leI clweIny kurbwnIAW dy ky 22 nvMbr 1921 nUM gurduAwry dw pRbMD SRomxIgurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ADIn krvw id`qw[ aunIvIN sdI dy A^Iries gurduAwrw swihb dI iemwrq kmzor ho geI sI jo vIhvIN sdIdy SurU iv`c nvIN bxweI geI[ A`j klH jo AwlISwn iemwrq hY ieh1934 iv`c iqAwr kIqI geI sI[ sMn 1947 qoN ipCoN dyS dI AwzwdIsmyN ieh gurDwm hux pwiksqwn iv`c hY[ pr is`K sMgqW smyN smyNqy pMjw swihb dy drSnW leI sMswr Br qoN AwauNdIAW hn[

iklHw jmrOdhrI isMG ny ^Ybr dy ielwky dw srvyKx kIqw ijs nUM sYlwnI

jMg, kql jW mOq dw rwh kihMdy sn[ ies rsqy iv`c A&gwnW ny ie`kgVHI bxweI sI ijs aup`r nlUey ny AkqUbr 1836 qy kbzw kr ilAwsI[ ieh gVHI ipSwvr dy lihMdy pwsy 12 iklomItr Aqy ^Ybr pwsd`ry dy pUrbI mUMh qoN 6 iklomItr qy sI[ ieh gVHI k`cI hox kr ky ie`QymzbUq iklHw jmrOd ijs dw nW iqAwrI auprMq '&iqhgVH' r`iKAw,17 AkqUbr 1836 nUM Awp nINh r`K ky iqAwr krvwieAw sI[ iesdI ih&wjq leI 800 ipAwdw &Oz , 200 GoV svwr Aqy 10 v`fIAWAqy 12 hlkIAW qopW r`KIAW geIAW[ srdwr mhW isMG nUM hzwry qoNbulw ky ie`Qy dw srh`d-dwr QwipAw[

ies qoN ibnW burj hrI isMG (ipSwvr jmrOd dy ivckwr),bwrw, imcnI (kwbl dirAw dy kMFy qy) Aqy Sbkdr (ijs nUM is`KWdI FyrI vI AwiKAw jWdw sI)[ Awid iklHy bxvwey[ Sbkdr iklHwiqMn rwhW (ibjOr, kwbl qoN hsq ngr Aqy muhmwd) qy nzr r`KxleI auswirAw sI[ iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw duSmx qy ingrwnIr`Kx leI do do koh dI iv`Q qy au~cy au~cy mInwr vI bxvwey[

iklHw gujrWvwlwgujrWvwlw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr nlUey dw jnm

AsQwn hY[ pihlW pihl ieh ie`k Cotw ijhw ipMf sI[ hrI isMG nyies ipMf duAwly im`tI dI au~cI kMD iqAwr krvweI[ ipMf dy au~qrv`l iklHw vI bxvwieAw Aqy iklHy dy Awly-duAwly fUMGI Aqy cOVI KweIputvweI[ ies iklHy dy AMdr bwrWdrI AMgryzI PYSn iv`c ausrvweI[iklHy dy mu`K duAwr aup`r do v`fIAW bMdUkW iP`t krweIAW Aqy naubqKwny qy ngwry itkvwey[ ies naubq Kwny iv`c Syr vI r`Ky hoey sn[

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dw inSwn pQr qy qikAw qW AwpxI pusqk 'The Sikhs and Afgans'dy pMnw 158 qy ies bwry iliKAw hY[ Awnrybl AYliPnstn ny vIies piv`qr jgHw nUM dyK ky ies dI mihmw gwien kIqI hY[

sMn 1832 iv`c srdwr nlUAw ny Awpxy Awp nUM vfBwgw jwxky ies gurDwm dI syvw AwrMB krvweI[ ijs p`Qr qy siqgurW dw pMjydw inSwn hY aus aup`r ie`k suMdr gMubjnumw iemwrq bxvw ky sRI gurUgRMQ swihb jI dw pRkwS krvwieAw[

sIql jl dy vg rhy somy dw pwxI qlwA (srovr) bxvw ky ausiv`c pwieAw[ srovr dIAW pauVIAW leI sMg mrmr rwjpuqwny qoNmMgvwieAw sI[ bYrn hugl ny Awpxy s&rnwmy iv`c sMgmrmr dIAWpauVIAW bwry vI iliKAw hY[ gurduAwrw swihb leI hrI isMG nybhuq Dn id`qw[ hoqI mrdwn jI Anuswr jdoN jnvrI 1833 iv`cgurduAwrw swihb jI dI mukMmlqw auprMq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI dyAKMf pwT dw Bog pwieAw qW srdwr nlUAw ny AwpxI nyk kmweIiv`coN bhuq suMdr klIn, ibsqry, lMgr leI brqn Aqy 3500 rupeynkd Bytw kIqy[ BweI mhW isMG nUM ie`QoN dw pRbMDk QwipAw AqybwhrlI syvw qy rKvwlI leI inhMg swDU isMG nUM muk~rr kIqw[ pMjwswihb ivKy idn rwq lMgr cldw sI Aqy XwqrUAW dy rihx leIDrmswlw vI iqAwr krvweI geI sI[ pr 1920 dy l`g pgAMgryzW dI Sih qy ie`Qy mhMq kwbz ho igAw Aqy kurIqIAW krnl`gw[ pr is`KW ny isMG sBw lihr jo gurDwmW dy suDwr leI clweIny kurbwnIAW dy ky 22 nvMbr 1921 nUM gurduAwry dw pRbMD SRomxIgurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI ADIn krvw id`qw[ aunIvIN sdI dy A^Iries gurduAwrw swihb dI iemwrq kmzor ho geI sI jo vIhvIN sdIdy SurU iv`c nvIN bxweI geI[ A`j klH jo AwlISwn iemwrq hY ieh1934 iv`c iqAwr kIqI geI sI[ sMn 1947 qoN ipCoN dyS dI AwzwdIsmyN ieh gurDwm hux pwiksqwn iv`c hY[ pr is`K sMgqW smyN smyNqy pMjw swihb dy drSnW leI sMswr Br qoN AwauNdIAW hn[

iklHw jmrOdhrI isMG ny ^Ybr dy ielwky dw srvyKx kIqw ijs nUM sYlwnI

jMg, kql jW mOq dw rwh kihMdy sn[ ies rsqy iv`c A&gwnW ny ie`kgVHI bxweI sI ijs aup`r nlUey ny AkqUbr 1836 qy kbzw kr ilAwsI[ ieh gVHI ipSwvr dy lihMdy pwsy 12 iklomItr Aqy ^Ybr pwsd`ry dy pUrbI mUMh qoN 6 iklomItr qy sI[ ieh gVHI k`cI hox kr ky ie`QymzbUq iklHw jmrOd ijs dw nW iqAwrI auprMq '&iqhgVH' r`iKAw,17 AkqUbr 1836 nUM Awp nINh r`K ky iqAwr krvwieAw sI[ iesdI ih&wjq leI 800 ipAwdw &Oz , 200 GoV svwr Aqy 10 v`fIAWAqy 12 hlkIAW qopW r`KIAW geIAW[ srdwr mhW isMG nUM hzwry qoNbulw ky ie`Qy dw srh`d-dwr QwipAw[

ies qoN ibnW burj hrI isMG (ipSwvr jmrOd dy ivckwr),bwrw, imcnI (kwbl dirAw dy kMFy qy) Aqy Sbkdr (ijs nUM is`KWdI FyrI vI AwiKAw jWdw sI)[ Awid iklHy bxvwey[ Sbkdr iklHwiqMn rwhW (ibjOr, kwbl qoN hsq ngr Aqy muhmwd) qy nzr r`KxleI auswirAw sI[ iehnW ikilHAW qoN ielwvw duSmx qy ingrwnIr`Kx leI do do koh dI iv`Q qy au~cy au~cy mInwr vI bxvwey[

iklHw gujrWvwlwgujrWvwlw mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG Aqy srdwr nlUey dw jnm

AsQwn hY[ pihlW pihl ieh ie`k Cotw ijhw ipMf sI[ hrI isMG nyies ipMf duAwly im`tI dI au~cI kMD iqAwr krvweI[ ipMf dy au~qrv`l iklHw vI bxvwieAw Aqy iklHy dy Awly-duAwly fUMGI Aqy cOVI KweIputvweI[ ies iklHy dy AMdr bwrWdrI AMgryzI PYSn iv`c ausrvweI[iklHy dy mu`K duAwr aup`r do v`fIAW bMdUkW iP`t krweIAW Aqy naubqKwny qy ngwry itkvwey[ ies naubq Kwny iv`c Syr vI r`Ky hoey sn[

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gujrWvwlw ivKy srdwr ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy puriKAWdI Xwd ivc bhuq suMdr smwDW bxvweIAW[ nlUAw ny AwpxI irhwieSleI iqMn-mMzlw mkwn iqAwr krvwieAw[ mkwn dy nzdIk hI bwglvwieAw[ hugl AwpxIAW ilKqW iv`c ies bwg nUM bVw slwhuMdwhY[ ies bwg iv`c vDIAw Gwh, Pu`lW qy &lW dy bUty Aqy dr^qkSmIr qoN mMgvw ky lwey hoey sn[ bwg iv`c mnmohxy PuAwry AqyroSnI leI gYs vgYrw v`fI igxqI iv`c sn[ Gr dy nyVy hI ie`k mMdrdI auswrI vI krvweI jo is`D krdI hY ik srdwr dy idl AMdrihMdUAW pRqI bhuq pRym sI[ pitAwlw BwSw ivBwg dy mwrc 1970 dyjrnl iv`c imstr bwr dy pMjwb dOry bwry pypr hY ijs iv`c aus nyiliKAw hY ik 1839 eIsvI iv`c jdoN mYN gujrWvwly igAw qW hrIisMG dI rhwieS dyKI[ ieh iemwrq ie`k cbUqry qy bxweI hoeI sIqWik grmI ru`q iv`c vI TMFI hvw Prn Prn AMdr pRvyS kry[ bwrilKdw hY ik KulHy Aqy au~cI C`q vwly kmirAW dI C`q qy bhuq hIAdBuq iksm dI mInwkwrI dyK ky myrw mn moihAw igAw[ sMn 1848iv`c AMgryzW ny hrI isMG dy byty srdwr Arjn isMG qoN ieh hvylIKoh ky ie`Qy brqwnvI ifptI kimSnr dI rhwieSgwh bxw id`qI[

imstr bwr ny 1844 iv`c ieh vI iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dImOq auprMq hvylI dI ie`k kMD qy ies dy prvwr ny 12 x 6 Pu`t dIie`k ic`qRkwrI kIqI hoeI sI[ ijs dI ip`T qy Du`p CW dy rMg sn[ iesiv`c nlUey nUM jMg dy mYdwn iv`c jUJdy idKwieAw igAw sI[ ieh ic`qrhrI isMG dI nYiqkqw, inrBYqw Aqy dlyrI nUM drswauNdw sI[ srdwrnlUAw QoVHy ijhy is`KW nwl v`fI igxqI dy A&gwnW nwl mukwblw krirhw sI[

kSmIr dy iklHy Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnkSmIr iv`c hrI isMG ny ie`k iklHw auVI ^yqr iv`c Aqy dUjw

GoVI gVH jyhlm dy kMFy qy iqAwr krvwieAw[ auVI iklHy dy lwgyikauNik jyhlm dirAw vgdw sI[ iklHy dy AMdr jwx leI ie`kltkdw pul (Suspension bridge) jo 600 mItr dy eyV gyV sIr`isAW vwlw bxvwieAw[ jI. AY~m. fI. sU&I (1948-49) iv`cilKdw hY ik auVI iklHy ivc Aj klH ijlHy dy qihsIldwr dI irhwieShY[

jyhlm dy s`jy kMFy aup`r hrI isMG ny ie`k bwg lgvwieAw sI[pr ieh jgHw gulwb isMG ny AMgryzI srkwr qoN mu`l KRId leI sI[auprMq ie`Qy A`D mIl dy rkby iv`c kuAwtr bxvwey[ ijnHW iv`cXUrpIn mihmwn Aw ky rihMdy sn[ ieh bwg A`j klH sRI ngr Sihrdy m`D iv`c siQ`q hY[ kSmIr ivKy sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI, mIrI pIrIdy mwlk sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hirrwey jI ny pYr pwey[ mtn dy AsQwn qy gurU nwnk dyv jI ny pMifqbRhm dws nwl vwrqwlwp kIqI[ srdwr nlvw ny g`lbwq vwlyAsQwn lwgy Drmswlw iqAwr krvweI Aqy ies dw nW 'mtn swihb'r`iKAw[ CyvyN pwqSwh ny 1620 iv`c bwrwmUlw ivKy Awpxy crn pwey[ijs jgHw qy pwqSwh ny ivSrwm kIqw au~Qy vI hrI isMG ny DrmswlwdI auswrI krvweI[ hugl ny kSmIr dy dOry smyN ie`k rwq iesDrmswlw iv`c k`tI sI[ ijs jgHw qy gurU swihb bYTy sn aus dw nW'CyvIN pwqSwhI prm imlwn' hY[ gurU swihb sRI ngr vI gey sn[ hrIisMG ny k`QI drvwzy dy bwhr gurduAwrw swihb CtI pwqSwhI iqAwrkrvwieAw[ s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hir rwie jI sRI ngr 1660 iv`cpDwry sn[ srdwr nlvw 7 AkqUbr 1831 nUM jdoN s`qvyN pwqSwhdI Xwd iv`c auswry gurduAwrw dyv Awgn ivKy phuMcy qW aunHW 360

rupey dI dyg krvweI Aqy gurduAwrw swihb dy nW p`kI jwgIrlgvweI[

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gujrWvwlw ivKy srdwr ny mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dy puriKAWdI Xwd ivc bhuq suMdr smwDW bxvweIAW[ nlUAw ny AwpxI irhwieSleI iqMn-mMzlw mkwn iqAwr krvwieAw[ mkwn dy nzdIk hI bwglvwieAw[ hugl AwpxIAW ilKqW iv`c ies bwg nUM bVw slwhuMdwhY[ ies bwg iv`c vDIAw Gwh, Pu`lW qy &lW dy bUty Aqy dr^qkSmIr qoN mMgvw ky lwey hoey sn[ bwg iv`c mnmohxy PuAwry AqyroSnI leI gYs vgYrw v`fI igxqI iv`c sn[ Gr dy nyVy hI ie`k mMdrdI auswrI vI krvweI jo is`D krdI hY ik srdwr dy idl AMdrihMdUAW pRqI bhuq pRym sI[ pitAwlw BwSw ivBwg dy mwrc 1970 dyjrnl iv`c imstr bwr dy pMjwb dOry bwry pypr hY ijs iv`c aus nyiliKAw hY ik 1839 eIsvI iv`c jdoN mYN gujrWvwly igAw qW hrIisMG dI rhwieS dyKI[ ieh iemwrq ie`k cbUqry qy bxweI hoeI sIqWik grmI ru`q iv`c vI TMFI hvw Prn Prn AMdr pRvyS kry[ bwrilKdw hY ik KulHy Aqy au~cI C`q vwly kmirAW dI C`q qy bhuq hIAdBuq iksm dI mInwkwrI dyK ky myrw mn moihAw igAw[ sMn 1848iv`c AMgryzW ny hrI isMG dy byty srdwr Arjn isMG qoN ieh hvylIKoh ky ie`Qy brqwnvI ifptI kimSnr dI rhwieSgwh bxw id`qI[

imstr bwr ny 1844 iv`c ieh vI iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dImOq auprMq hvylI dI ie`k kMD qy ies dy prvwr ny 12 x 6 Pu`t dIie`k ic`qRkwrI kIqI hoeI sI[ ijs dI ip`T qy Du`p CW dy rMg sn[ iesiv`c nlUey nUM jMg dy mYdwn iv`c jUJdy idKwieAw igAw sI[ ieh ic`qrhrI isMG dI nYiqkqw, inrBYqw Aqy dlyrI nUM drswauNdw sI[ srdwrnlUAw QoVHy ijhy is`KW nwl v`fI igxqI dy A&gwnW nwl mukwblw krirhw sI[

kSmIr dy iklHy Aqy Dwrimk AsQwnkSmIr iv`c hrI isMG ny ie`k iklHw auVI ^yqr iv`c Aqy dUjw

GoVI gVH jyhlm dy kMFy qy iqAwr krvwieAw[ auVI iklHy dy lwgyikauNik jyhlm dirAw vgdw sI[ iklHy dy AMdr jwx leI ie`kltkdw pul (Suspension bridge) jo 600 mItr dy eyV gyV sIr`isAW vwlw bxvwieAw[ jI. AY~m. fI. sU&I (1948-49) iv`cilKdw hY ik auVI iklHy ivc Aj klH ijlHy dy qihsIldwr dI irhwieShY[

jyhlm dy s`jy kMFy aup`r hrI isMG ny ie`k bwg lgvwieAw sI[pr ieh jgHw gulwb isMG ny AMgryzI srkwr qoN mu`l KRId leI sI[auprMq ie`Qy A`D mIl dy rkby iv`c kuAwtr bxvwey[ ijnHW iv`cXUrpIn mihmwn Aw ky rihMdy sn[ ieh bwg A`j klH sRI ngr Sihrdy m`D iv`c siQ`q hY[ kSmIr ivKy sRI gurU nwnk dyv jI, mIrI pIrIdy mwlk sRI gurU hir goibMd swihb jI Aqy s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hirrwey jI ny pYr pwey[ mtn dy AsQwn qy gurU nwnk dyv jI ny pMifqbRhm dws nwl vwrqwlwp kIqI[ srdwr nlvw ny g`lbwq vwlyAsQwn lwgy Drmswlw iqAwr krvweI Aqy ies dw nW 'mtn swihb'r`iKAw[ CyvyN pwqSwh ny 1620 iv`c bwrwmUlw ivKy Awpxy crn pwey[ijs jgHw qy pwqSwh ny ivSrwm kIqw au~Qy vI hrI isMG ny DrmswlwdI auswrI krvweI[ hugl ny kSmIr dy dOry smyN ie`k rwq iesDrmswlw iv`c k`tI sI[ ijs jgHw qy gurU swihb bYTy sn aus dw nW'CyvIN pwqSwhI prm imlwn' hY[ gurU swihb sRI ngr vI gey sn[ hrIisMG ny k`QI drvwzy dy bwhr gurduAwrw swihb CtI pwqSwhI iqAwrkrvwieAw[ s`qvyN pwqSwh sRI gurU hir rwie jI sRI ngr 1660 iv`cpDwry sn[ srdwr nlvw 7 AkqUbr 1831 nUM jdoN s`qvyN pwqSwhdI Xwd iv`c auswry gurduAwrw dyv Awgn ivKy phuMcy qW aunHW 360

rupey dI dyg krvweI Aqy gurduAwrw swihb dy nW p`kI jwgIrlgvweI[

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sRI Akwl q^q dy guMbd nUM sunihrI krvwauxwsrdwr hrI isMG nlvw DrmI guris`K sI[ ^wlsw rwj AMdr

dyS kOm dI mn, Dn Aqy qn dyhI nwl syvw krn dy nwl nwl srdwrny gurDwmW dI vI mhwn syvw krweI[ dunIAW Br AMdr is`K kOm dImhwnqw hirmMdr swihb dy kwrn psrI hoeI hY[ ies mhwn jrnYlny hirmMdr swihb iv`c keI sjwvtI cIzW lwaux qoN ielwvw Akwlq^q swihb dy auprly bMgly Aqy gMubd dI sunihrI syvw krvweI[ies nUM KUbsUrq q`k ky hrI isMG ny &Yslw kIqw ik swrI iemwrq hIsunihrI kIqI jwvy[ ies leI ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr Awpxy koloNsvw l`K rupieAw igAwnI gurmuK isMG nUM id`qw[ pr hrI isMG dIShwdq hox kr ky gurmuK isMG ny byeImwnI kIqI Aqy swrw Dn qy sonwgbn kr ilAw[ ies hyrwPyrI dw pqw l`gx qy mhwrwjw dy hukm nwligAwnI nUM muslmwnW dy spurd kr id`qw[ aus dw Gr bwr zbq krilAw Aqy gbn kIqw sonw vI brwmd kr ilAw[ auprMq muslmwnWny gurmuK isMG nUM bVy qsIhy dy ky burI mOqy mwirAw[

hrI isMG ny sunihrI pwlkI dI syvw krvweI ijs pwlkI iv`cjwgdI joq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI nUM suBw Swm Akwl q^q qoNhirmMdr swihb Aqy hirmMdr swihb qoN Akwl q^q AMdr siQ`qkoTw swihb q`k iljwieAw jWdw hY[ pr 1984 dy 'auprySn bilaUstwr' smyN BwrqI &Oj ny hmly dOrwn sRI Akwl q^q swihb dwsunihrI guMbd, iemwrq Aqy auh sunihrI pwlkI pUrI qrHW nSt krid`qIAW (vnIq nlUAw)[ BwrqI srkwr ny is`KW dy ihridAW dIAWvlUMdVHIAW BwvnwvW qy mrHm p`tI lwaux leI BwvyN Akwl q^q dIiblifMg iksy kMpnI nUM Dn dy ky iPr KVHI krvw id`qI[ pr is`KsMgq ny ies nUM kbUl nhIN kIqw Aqy kwr syvw rwhIN aus nUM Fwh kydubwrw auswirAw[

Sy^ munIr-aud-dIn dy 1837 iv`c Awpxy pulItkl eyjMt nUM^q nMbr 650 Anuswr AMimRqsr iv`c Akwl q^q dI d`Kx vwlIbwhI qy bwg AkwlIAW ivckwr hrI isMG dw bMugw Aqy AMimRqsrSihr dy cOigrdy qoN bwhr btwlw sVk qy hrI isMG nwmI bwg sI bwryvrnx kIqw hoieAw hY[ srdwr ikrpwl isMG ny 1994 iv`c AwpxICwpI pusqk 'Historical Studies of Maharaja Ranjit Singh'sTimes' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dy clwxy auprMq hrI isMG buMgwnlUAw pRvwr ny Awpxy pRoihq mdn dws nUM dy id`qw sI[ srdwr hrIisMG jdoN vI &Oj smyq hirmMdr swihb dy drSnW nUM AwauNdw sI qWaus dI &Oj bwg kol TihrdI sI[ &OjIAW dy nhwaux leI bwg iv`cie`k JIl sI[ hrI isMG dy sMswr qoN kUc krn auprMq ieh bwg aunHWdy spu`qr srdwr jvwhr isMG ny bwbw swihb isMG jI bydI dI sMqwnnUM sONp id`qw sI[

qrn qwrn Aqy mukqsr swihb dy srovrW AqybuMigAW dI syvw

qrnqwrn swihb , jo AMimRqsr dy p`Cm vl 20 ku iklomItrdI iv`Q qy hY sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny 1580 iv`c vswieAw sI[ gurUswihb ny KwVw Aqy plsUr ipMfW dI zmIn KRId ky ieh ngr hoNd iv`cilAWdw sI[ hrI isMG ny qrn qwrn gurduAwrw swihb dy srovr dIpRkrmW duAwly buMgy bxvwey[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr hrI isMGny lMgr iv`c dwixAW dI zrUrq kwrn 25 iv`Gy zmIn vI gurduAwrwswihb dy nW lgvweI[ pr srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok ny 32 iv`GyzmIn ijs iv`c KUh vI sI, AwpxI ilKq iv`c ilKI hY[

mukqsr dI jMg sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny iKdrwxy dI Fwb pwsmuglW nwl 1705 iv`c lVI sI[ ies jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly isMGWnUM 'mukqy' dw i^qwb bKiSAw Aqy ies DrqI nUM 'mukqsr' dw nwm gurU

139138

sRI Akwl q^q dy guMbd nUM sunihrI krvwauxwsrdwr hrI isMG nlvw DrmI guris`K sI[ ^wlsw rwj AMdr

dyS kOm dI mn, Dn Aqy qn dyhI nwl syvw krn dy nwl nwl srdwrny gurDwmW dI vI mhwn syvw krweI[ dunIAW Br AMdr is`K kOm dImhwnqw hirmMdr swihb dy kwrn psrI hoeI hY[ ies mhwn jrnYlny hirmMdr swihb iv`c keI sjwvtI cIzW lwaux qoN ielwvw Akwlq^q swihb dy auprly bMgly Aqy gMubd dI sunihrI syvw krvweI[ies nUM KUbsUrq q`k ky hrI isMG ny &Yslw kIqw ik swrI iemwrq hIsunihrI kIqI jwvy[ ies leI ieiqhwsk q`QW Anuswr Awpxy koloNsvw l`K rupieAw igAwnI gurmuK isMG nUM id`qw[ pr hrI isMG dIShwdq hox kr ky gurmuK isMG ny byeImwnI kIqI Aqy swrw Dn qy sonwgbn kr ilAw[ ies hyrwPyrI dw pqw l`gx qy mhwrwjw dy hukm nwligAwnI nUM muslmwnW dy spurd kr id`qw[ aus dw Gr bwr zbq krilAw Aqy gbn kIqw sonw vI brwmd kr ilAw[ auprMq muslmwnWny gurmuK isMG nUM bVy qsIhy dy ky burI mOqy mwirAw[

hrI isMG ny sunihrI pwlkI dI syvw krvweI ijs pwlkI iv`cjwgdI joq sRI gurU gRMQ swihb jI nUM suBw Swm Akwl q^q qoNhirmMdr swihb Aqy hirmMdr swihb qoN Akwl q^q AMdr siQ`qkoTw swihb q`k iljwieAw jWdw hY[ pr 1984 dy 'auprySn bilaUstwr' smyN BwrqI &Oj ny hmly dOrwn sRI Akwl q^q swihb dwsunihrI guMbd, iemwrq Aqy auh sunihrI pwlkI pUrI qrHW nSt krid`qIAW (vnIq nlUAw)[ BwrqI srkwr ny is`KW dy ihridAW dIAWvlUMdVHIAW BwvnwvW qy mrHm p`tI lwaux leI BwvyN Akwl q^q dIiblifMg iksy kMpnI nUM Dn dy ky iPr KVHI krvw id`qI[ pr is`KsMgq ny ies nUM kbUl nhIN kIqw Aqy kwr syvw rwhIN aus nUM Fwh kydubwrw auswirAw[

Sy^ munIr-aud-dIn dy 1837 iv`c Awpxy pulItkl eyjMt nUM^q nMbr 650 Anuswr AMimRqsr iv`c Akwl q^q dI d`Kx vwlIbwhI qy bwg AkwlIAW ivckwr hrI isMG dw bMugw Aqy AMimRqsrSihr dy cOigrdy qoN bwhr btwlw sVk qy hrI isMG nwmI bwg sI bwryvrnx kIqw hoieAw hY[ srdwr ikrpwl isMG ny 1994 iv`c AwpxICwpI pusqk 'Historical Studies of Maharaja Ranjit Singh'sTimes' iv`c iliKAw hY ik hrI isMG dy clwxy auprMq hrI isMG buMgwnlUAw pRvwr ny Awpxy pRoihq mdn dws nUM dy id`qw sI[ srdwr hrIisMG jdoN vI &Oj smyq hirmMdr swihb dy drSnW nUM AwauNdw sI qWaus dI &Oj bwg kol TihrdI sI[ &OjIAW dy nhwaux leI bwg iv`cie`k JIl sI[ hrI isMG dy sMswr qoN kUc krn auprMq ieh bwg aunHWdy spu`qr srdwr jvwhr isMG ny bwbw swihb isMG jI bydI dI sMqwnnUM sONp id`qw sI[

qrn qwrn Aqy mukqsr swihb dy srovrW AqybuMigAW dI syvw

qrnqwrn swihb , jo AMimRqsr dy p`Cm vl 20 ku iklomItrdI iv`Q qy hY sRI gurU Arjn dyv jI ny 1580 iv`c vswieAw sI[ gurUswihb ny KwVw Aqy plsUr ipMfW dI zmIn KRId ky ieh ngr hoNd iv`cilAWdw sI[ hrI isMG ny qrn qwrn gurduAwrw swihb dy srovr dIpRkrmW duAwly buMgy bxvwey[ srdwr hoqI mrdwn Anuswr hrI isMGny lMgr iv`c dwixAW dI zrUrq kwrn 25 iv`Gy zmIn vI gurduAwrwswihb dy nW lgvweI[ pr srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok ny 32 iv`GyzmIn ijs iv`c KUh vI sI, AwpxI ilKq iv`c ilKI hY[

mukqsr dI jMg sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI ny iKdrwxy dI Fwb pwsmuglW nwl 1705 iv`c lVI sI[ ies jMg iv`c ShId hox vwly isMGWnUM 'mukqy' dw i^qwb bKiSAw Aqy ies DrqI nUM 'mukqsr' dw nwm gurU

139138

swihb ny id`qw[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1806 iv`c mukqsr dIDrqI qy kbzw kIqw[ Fwb nUM auhnW 100 vrg mItr dy srovr iv`cqbdIl kr ky hrI isMG rwhIN srovr dI iqAwrI krvweI[ hrI isMGny srovr dIAW pOVIAW vI bxvweIAW[ mhwrwjy ny ie`Qy pMj gurduAwryvI bxvwey[

hrI isMG v`loN Drm ArQ kIqy kuJ hor dwnsMn 1808-09 iv`c pRoihq mdn dws pu`qr mojU rwm, pWfw

hirduAwr nUM ie`k KUh dI pYlI jo bdovwl ivKy sI qoN pRwpq Awmdndwn kIqI[ srdwr kwhn isMG bydI nUM 1813 iv`c eymnwbwd, ijlHwvzIrwbwd iv`c ie`k KUh mocvwlw Aqy 35 GumW zmIn id`qI sI[ pMfqblm dws nUM 1818 iv`c ijlHw gujrWvwlw iv`c auinAwl iv`c zmInnW lvweI[ bwbw surYn isMG bydI nUM 1828 iv`c ipMf rutwlI Kurd,prgxw SyKUpurw, gujrWvwlw id`qw[ sMn 1830 iv`c imsr rwm shweynUM cwr iv`Gy Aqy 10 ib~svy zmIn ielwky srwey slyh, hzwry iv`cid`qI[ muslmwn gulwm muhMmd dIn nUM 1833 iv`c AMimRqsr ivKymojw jIvn gory, qlvMfI ivKy zmIn id`qI[ iesy qrHW bwbw inrmldws cylw rwmdws nUM 1834 iv`c ie`k KUh SIrINvwlw Aqy 30 GumWzmIn prgxw isAwlkot iv`c id`qI sI (vnIq nlUAw, cYNpIAn Aw&dI ^wlsw jI, pMnw 245 )[

8

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l, srdwr cVHq isMG ijs ny imslSukrc`kIAw sQwipq kIqI dw hm-rkwb sI[ iehnW dy purKy ngrmjITw, ijlHw AMimRqsr dy vsnIk Aqy aup`l `qrI sn[ ibSn isMGdw myl bwbw nOD isMG nwl bhuq sI[ nOD isMG dI SwdI BweI gulwbisMG Syrig`l dI lVkI bIbI lwlI (lwl kOr) nwl 1726 iv`c hoeIsI[ gulwb isMG dw sMbMD sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl bhuq sI[ iehielwky mjITy dw ie`k nwmI ivAkqI sI Aqy gurU swihb nwl imlwpkr ky is`KI dI pwx cVHI hoeI sI[ bwbw nOD isMG Sukrc`kIey ny nvwbkpUr isMG dI nsIhq qy AMimRqpwn kIqw sI[ is`KI dy rMg kwrnsrdwr ibSn isMG ny muglW nwl keI Xu`D kIqy[ sMn 1762 nUM ku`p-rhIVw (ijlHw sMgrUr) ivKy ieh is`KW dy v`fy pihly G`lUGwry iv`cbhwdrI nwl jUJdy golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[

ibSn isMG (dwdw)↓

gurdws isMG (ipqw)↓

hrI isMG nlUAw↓

↓puqrIAWcMd kOrnMd kOr

↓puqr

gurid`q isMGjvwhr isMGpMjwb isMGArjn isMG

141140

swihb ny id`qw[ mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1806 iv`c mukqsr dIDrqI qy kbzw kIqw[ Fwb nUM auhnW 100 vrg mItr dy srovr iv`cqbdIl kr ky hrI isMG rwhIN srovr dI iqAwrI krvweI[ hrI isMGny srovr dIAW pOVIAW vI bxvweIAW[ mhwrwjy ny ie`Qy pMj gurduAwryvI bxvwey[

hrI isMG v`loN Drm ArQ kIqy kuJ hor dwnsMn 1808-09 iv`c pRoihq mdn dws pu`qr mojU rwm, pWfw

hirduAwr nUM ie`k KUh dI pYlI jo bdovwl ivKy sI qoN pRwpq Awmdndwn kIqI[ srdwr kwhn isMG bydI nUM 1813 iv`c eymnwbwd, ijlHwvzIrwbwd iv`c ie`k KUh mocvwlw Aqy 35 GumW zmIn id`qI sI[ pMfqblm dws nUM 1818 iv`c ijlHw gujrWvwlw iv`c auinAwl iv`c zmInnW lvweI[ bwbw surYn isMG bydI nUM 1828 iv`c ipMf rutwlI Kurd,prgxw SyKUpurw, gujrWvwlw id`qw[ sMn 1830 iv`c imsr rwm shweynUM cwr iv`Gy Aqy 10 ib~svy zmIn ielwky srwey slyh, hzwry iv`cid`qI[ muslmwn gulwm muhMmd dIn nUM 1833 iv`c AMimRqsr ivKymojw jIvn gory, qlvMfI ivKy zmIn id`qI[ iesy qrHW bwbw inrmldws cylw rwmdws nUM 1834 iv`c ie`k KUh SIrINvwlw Aqy 30 GumWzmIn prgxw isAwlkot iv`c id`qI sI (vnIq nlUAw, cYNpIAn Aw&dI ^wlsw jI, pMnw 245 )[

8

srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw dI bMs Aqy AMs

srdwr ibSn isMG aup`l, srdwr cVHq isMG ijs ny imslSukrc`kIAw sQwipq kIqI dw hm-rkwb sI[ iehnW dy purKy ngrmjITw, ijlHw AMimRqsr dy vsnIk Aqy aup`l `qrI sn[ ibSn isMGdw myl bwbw nOD isMG nwl bhuq sI[ nOD isMG dI SwdI BweI gulwbisMG Syrig`l dI lVkI bIbI lwlI (lwl kOr) nwl 1726 iv`c hoeIsI[ gulwb isMG dw sMbMD sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI nwl bhuq sI[ iehielwky mjITy dw ie`k nwmI ivAkqI sI Aqy gurU swihb nwl imlwpkr ky is`KI dI pwx cVHI hoeI sI[ bwbw nOD isMG Sukrc`kIey ny nvwbkpUr isMG dI nsIhq qy AMimRqpwn kIqw sI[ is`KI dy rMg kwrnsrdwr ibSn isMG ny muglW nwl keI Xu`D kIqy[ sMn 1762 nUM ku`p-rhIVw (ijlHw sMgrUr) ivKy ieh is`KW dy v`fy pihly G`lUGwry iv`cbhwdrI nwl jUJdy golIAW l`gx kwrn ShId ho gey sn[

ibSn isMG (dwdw)↓

gurdws isMG (ipqw)↓

hrI isMG nlUAw↓

↓puqrIAWcMd kOrnMd kOr

↓puqr

gurid`q isMGjvwhr isMGpMjwb isMGArjn isMG

141140

bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw isMG gVHJ`k pu`qr srdwr kwhnisMG nUM ivAwhI hoeI sI[ gVHJ`k ipMf vVYc j`tW ny vswieAw sI[srdwr lihxw isMG jmrOd ivKy srdwr hrI isMG dy AMqly svwsWq`k kol sI[ ieh Aqy cMd kOr dovyN gujrWvwly nlUAw dI ivDvw pqnIkol rhy[ sMn 1893 iv`c lihxw isMG dI mOq auprMq A`DI pYnSnAMgryzI srkwr ny bIbI cMd kOr dy nW lgw id`qI sI[

hrI isMG dI Shwdq smyN bIbI nMd kOr Ajy AxivAwhI sI[ies ipCoN nMd kOr dI SwdI bwbw gMfw isMG nwl kotlI vwly bwbw&kIr cMd (isAwlkot) dy lVky nwl hoeI[ bwbw gMfw isMG sRI gurUnwnk dyv jI dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN sn[ bwbw gMfw isMG dy cwcw jIbwbw rwm isMG jI bydI bVy zorwvr is`K sn Aqy A&gwnW nwl lVdylVdy aunHW Shwdq pRwpq kIqI sI[ vnIq nlvw dI ilKq muqwbkbIbI nMd kOr dI pMjvIN pIVHI coN bI. AY~s. bydI ny pwiksqwn iv`cAwpxI bMs dw purwqn ipMf kotlI jdoN dyiKAw qW nMd kOr dy shury Gr'c aus dw sMdl vu`f dw PrnIcr, ie`k mMjw ijs nUM sony dy pwvy AqycWdI dIAW bwhIAW l`gIAW sn Aqy Kwxy pkwaux vwly BWfy vI dyKy[ies ny auh jgHw vI Gr 'c dyKI ij`Qy auh bcpn iv`c luikAw krdwsI[

srdwr gurid`q isMG nlUAwhirduAwr dy pWfy dI ilKq drswauNdI hY ik gurid`q isMG

1808 iv`c jnimAW[ julweI 1831 iv`c gurid`q isMG Atk ky iklHyiv`c swzo-smwn dw ieMcwrj sI[ srdwr gurid`q isMG AwpxI mwqwrwj kOr nwl gujrWvwly hI rhy[ rwj kOr pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk1867 iv`c cVHweI kr geI sI[ gurid`q isMG dy koeI AOlwd nhIN sIhoeI[ aus ny &qih isMG nUM muqbMnw bxwieAw[ &qih isMG dy sMpUrnisMG hoieAw pr auh CotI aumry 1874 iv`c hI cVHweI kr igAw[

srdwr ibSn isMG dw pu`qr srdwr gurdws isMG hoieAw Aqysrdwr cVHq isMG dy Gr srdwr mhW isMG (ipqw Syir-ey-pMjwbmhwrwjw rxjIq isMG) pYdw hoieAw[ dohW srdwrW (gurdws isMGAqy mhW isMG) ny Sukrc`kIAw imsl nUM AwpxI bhwdrI sdkw cwrcMn lwey[ iehnW ny c`Ty srdwrW dy mncr Aqy rsUl ngr Awidielwky aunHW nUM krwry h`Q idKw ky ij`qy[ iehnW jMgW AMdr mhwn jOhridKwaux kr ky mhW isMG ny gurdws isMG nUM Swhdry dw ielwkw jwgIriv`c sMBwl id`qw[ kudrq dI bKiSS sdkw mhW isMG dy Gr 1780

iv`c rxjIq isMG jnimAw Aqy gurdws isMG dy 1791 iv`c hrIisMG pYdw hoieAw[ auprMq 1792 iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy 1798iv`c srdwr gurdws isMG c`l vsy[ iehnW dy clwxy smyN rxjIq isMG11 swlW dw sI Aqy hrI isMG 7 swl dw sI[ rxjIq isMG nUM aus dImwqw rwj kOr Aqy hrI isMG nUM mwqw Drm kOr ny pwilAw[ hrI isMGdI ie`ko ie`k BYx (ikSn dyvI) ikSn kOr sI[ auh ivswKw isMG nwlivAwhI hoeI sI pr AOlwdhIn hI c`l vsI[

hrI isMG nlUAw dI sMqwnsrdwr hrI isMG dy do ivAwh sn[ ie`k srdwrnI rwj kOr

(rwjo) Aqy dUjw srdwrnI dys kOr (dysW) nwl hoieAw[ srdwrnIrwj kOr kuMqrIlw ipMf, jo rwvl ipMfI iv`c hY dI jMmpl sI (ey AY~ssMDU 1935)[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok muqwbk rwj kOr dy do pu`qrsrdwr gurid`q isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG hoey jd ik dysW dIku`KoN srdwr pMjwb isMG Aqy srdwr Arjn isMG hoey[ dovyN DIAW(cMd kOr qy nMd kOr) gwlbn srdwrnI dysW dy pytoN sn[ imstrbYrn hugl ny hrI isMG dy pMjvyN pu`qr srdwr cqr isMG bwry vIiliKAw hY pr ieh nhIN iliKAw ik ieh iks dy pytoN sI[

143142

bIbI cMd kOr srdwr lihxw isMG gVHJ`k pu`qr srdwr kwhnisMG nUM ivAwhI hoeI sI[ gVHJ`k ipMf vVYc j`tW ny vswieAw sI[srdwr lihxw isMG jmrOd ivKy srdwr hrI isMG dy AMqly svwsWq`k kol sI[ ieh Aqy cMd kOr dovyN gujrWvwly nlUAw dI ivDvw pqnIkol rhy[ sMn 1893 iv`c lihxw isMG dI mOq auprMq A`DI pYnSnAMgryzI srkwr ny bIbI cMd kOr dy nW lgw id`qI sI[

hrI isMG dI Shwdq smyN bIbI nMd kOr Ajy AxivAwhI sI[ies ipCoN nMd kOr dI SwdI bwbw gMfw isMG nwl kotlI vwly bwbw&kIr cMd (isAwlkot) dy lVky nwl hoeI[ bwbw gMfw isMG sRI gurUnwnk dyv jI dI s`qvIN pIVHI iv`coN sn[ bwbw gMfw isMG dy cwcw jIbwbw rwm isMG jI bydI bVy zorwvr is`K sn Aqy A&gwnW nwl lVdylVdy aunHW Shwdq pRwpq kIqI sI[ vnIq nlvw dI ilKq muqwbkbIbI nMd kOr dI pMjvIN pIVHI coN bI. AY~s. bydI ny pwiksqwn iv`cAwpxI bMs dw purwqn ipMf kotlI jdoN dyiKAw qW nMd kOr dy shury Gr'c aus dw sMdl vu`f dw PrnIcr, ie`k mMjw ijs nUM sony dy pwvy AqycWdI dIAW bwhIAW l`gIAW sn Aqy Kwxy pkwaux vwly BWfy vI dyKy[ies ny auh jgHw vI Gr 'c dyKI ij`Qy auh bcpn iv`c luikAw krdwsI[

srdwr gurid`q isMG nlUAwhirduAwr dy pWfy dI ilKq drswauNdI hY ik gurid`q isMG

1808 iv`c jnimAW[ julweI 1831 iv`c gurid`q isMG Atk ky iklHyiv`c swzo-smwn dw ieMcwrj sI[ srdwr gurid`q isMG AwpxI mwqwrwj kOr nwl gujrWvwly hI rhy[ rwj kOr pWifAW dI ilKq muqwbk1867 iv`c cVHweI kr geI sI[ gurid`q isMG dy koeI AOlwd nhIN sIhoeI[ aus ny &qih isMG nUM muqbMnw bxwieAw[ &qih isMG dy sMpUrnisMG hoieAw pr auh CotI aumry 1874 iv`c hI cVHweI kr igAw[

srdwr ibSn isMG dw pu`qr srdwr gurdws isMG hoieAw Aqysrdwr cVHq isMG dy Gr srdwr mhW isMG (ipqw Syir-ey-pMjwbmhwrwjw rxjIq isMG) pYdw hoieAw[ dohW srdwrW (gurdws isMGAqy mhW isMG) ny Sukrc`kIAw imsl nUM AwpxI bhwdrI sdkw cwrcMn lwey[ iehnW ny c`Ty srdwrW dy mncr Aqy rsUl ngr Awidielwky aunHW nUM krwry h`Q idKw ky ij`qy[ iehnW jMgW AMdr mhwn jOhridKwaux kr ky mhW isMG ny gurdws isMG nUM Swhdry dw ielwkw jwgIriv`c sMBwl id`qw[ kudrq dI bKiSS sdkw mhW isMG dy Gr 1780

iv`c rxjIq isMG jnimAw Aqy gurdws isMG dy 1791 iv`c hrIisMG pYdw hoieAw[ auprMq 1792 iv`c srdwr mhW isMG Aqy 1798iv`c srdwr gurdws isMG c`l vsy[ iehnW dy clwxy smyN rxjIq isMG11 swlW dw sI Aqy hrI isMG 7 swl dw sI[ rxjIq isMG nUM aus dImwqw rwj kOr Aqy hrI isMG nUM mwqw Drm kOr ny pwilAw[ hrI isMGdI ie`ko ie`k BYx (ikSn dyvI) ikSn kOr sI[ auh ivswKw isMG nwlivAwhI hoeI sI pr AOlwdhIn hI c`l vsI[

hrI isMG nlUAw dI sMqwnsrdwr hrI isMG dy do ivAwh sn[ ie`k srdwrnI rwj kOr

(rwjo) Aqy dUjw srdwrnI dys kOr (dysW) nwl hoieAw[ srdwrnIrwj kOr kuMqrIlw ipMf, jo rwvl ipMfI iv`c hY dI jMmpl sI (ey AY~ssMDU 1935)[ srdwr SmSyr isMG ASok muqwbk rwj kOr dy do pu`qrsrdwr gurid`q isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG hoey jd ik dysW dIku`KoN srdwr pMjwb isMG Aqy srdwr Arjn isMG hoey[ dovyN DIAW(cMd kOr qy nMd kOr) gwlbn srdwrnI dysW dy pytoN sn[ imstrbYrn hugl ny hrI isMG dy pMjvyN pu`qr srdwr cqr isMG bwry vIiliKAw hY pr ieh nhIN iliKAw ik ieh iks dy pytoN sI[

143142

sMpUrn isMG dw puqr krqwr isMG sI jo 1794 iv`c pUrw ho igAw AqyA`gy bMs nhIN c`lI[ gurid`q isMG dI mOq 1882 iv`c hoeI sI[

srdwr jvwhr isMG nlUAwjvwhr isMG mwqw rwj kOr dI ku`KoN 1809 iv`c jnimAW[ ieh

Awpxy ipqw hrI isMG vWg kw&I dlyr, qyj-qrwr Aqy sUrmw sI[ieiqhwsk q`Q drswauNdy hn ik ie`k idn Swm nUM srdwr hrI isMGDrmswlw iv`c bYTy rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI ik qurkW nyisMGW qy hmlw kr id`qw[ iksy bMdy ny ies qurkW dI Aw rhI &Oj bwryjvwhr isMG nUM ikhw,"qurk bVI BwrI igxqI iv`c Aw rhy hn jykrizMdgI cwhuMnw hY qW dOV jw"[ jo au~qr jvwhr isMG ny id`qw Aqy ijsqrHW qurkW nwl twkrw kIqw aus sMbMDI kvI sIqw rwm ilKdw hY:

mwry iklkwrI jvwhr isMG blkwrI, sUry dw Drm nhIN n`sxw mYdwn sy[Kwie ky kRoD KMfw sUiqAw imAwn ivcoN, boly siqnwm Ds igAw AiBmwn sy[Dr idqI vwF iek vwFIAW sy jt vwgUM , mcI hwhw kwr DUV imlI Asmwn sy[sIqw rwm mwr mwr s`Qr ivCw id`qy, swmHxy jo Awvy J`t au~f jwey bwx sy[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq ip`CoN qr`kI krdw krdw jvwhrisMG is`K &Oz dw 1843 iv`c jnrl -ien-cI& sI[ BwvyN SwhmqAlI ilKdw hY ik hrI isMG dy p`uqr aus vrgy dlyr nhIN sn[ prqvwrIK ies g`l dI hwmI BrdI hY ik jvwhr isMG Aqy Arjn isMGny AMgryzW dI jMg iv`c jo jOhr idKwey Aqy aunHW dy dMd K`ty kIqy auhvrnxXog hn[

icilAW vwlI jMg jo dyS dI AwzwdI leI AMgryzW nwl lVIgeI, aus dw nwiek srdwr jvwhr isMG sI[ ies jMg qoN pihlW hIqyjw isMG ny gdwrI kIqI ijs kwrn jvwhr isMG PiVAw igAw AqyAMgryzW ny ies nUM lwhOr jylH iv`c kYd kr ilAw[ pr jvwhr isMGpihrydwrW dI m`dd nwl jylH coN inkl ky gujrWvwlw iv`c clw igAw[

sMn 1848 iv`c ieh kuJ isMGW nUM lY ky Jnwb pwr kr ky srdwr SyrisMG AtwrI vwly nwl jw imilAw[ srdwr sujwn isMG bydI (swihbisMG dw v`fw pu`qr ) vI Syr isMG dIAW &OjW iv`c jw Swml hoieAw[

igR&n Aqy mY~sI (1909) iv`c ilKdy hn ik jvwhr isMGicilAWvwlI jMg iv`c ieqnI bhwdrI nwl liVAw, auh ilKx qoNbwhrlI g`l hY[ ies ny brqwnvIN ieiqhwskwrW dy vI kMn KVHy krid`qy Aqy AYsw sMkt iv`c pw id`qw ik auh ilKx qW kI ilKx[ Bwvauh AwpxI kOm dI bhwdrI is`KW dy mukwbly kI ilKx[ auh ilKdyhn ik AMgryz jykr ieh jMg ij`qy qW smJo ij`q ky vI hwry hnikauNik iehnW dw bhuq izAwdw nukswn hoieAw[ igRPn Aqy mY~sI nyhor iliKAw hY ik AMgryzW dI ij`q jykr hoeI qW auh auq`m qopKwnw,is`KW dy gdwrW Aqy ihMdusqwnIAW dI m`dd kwrn hoeI[

ie`k AMgryz lyfI (1853) iv`c ies lVweI sMbMDI ilKdI hY:......on the occasion of our recent movable defeat atChillianwala, the prestige of our usually victorious army ex-perienced a humilating failure.

Bwv icilAWvwlw ivKy kuJ smW pihlW swfI hoeI hwr ny ie`kjyqU Aqy qzrbykwr &Oj nUM jlwlq BrI PylHqw drsw id`qI hY[

mohx lwl (1846) iv`c ilKdw hY ik pMjwb dI jMg ny vIbrqwnvI hkUmq nUM drsw id`qw sI ik pMjwbI kyvl pdwrQk qOr qyhI DnI nhIN sgoN s`iBAwcwr Aqy AiDAwqmk qOr qy vI DnI hn[AMgryz qW dUijAW dI lu`tmwr kr ky DnI bxy hn[

kinMGm ny vI 1849 iv`c iliKAw ik is`KW ny Awpxy blbUqyqy rwj kIqw[ iehnW vrgw idRV hOslw, jMgI AiBAws Aqy GoV-svwrI mYN hor iksy kOm 'c nhIN dyKI[ is`K hwr nhIN sI skdy jykrihMdusqwnI iehnW dI m`dd krdy[ Bwrq dy ihMdusqwnI rwijAW dIm`dd kwrn hI AMgryzW ny is`K rwj qy ij`q pRwpq kIqI[

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sMpUrn isMG dw puqr krqwr isMG sI jo 1794 iv`c pUrw ho igAw AqyA`gy bMs nhIN c`lI[ gurid`q isMG dI mOq 1882 iv`c hoeI sI[

srdwr jvwhr isMG nlUAwjvwhr isMG mwqw rwj kOr dI ku`KoN 1809 iv`c jnimAW[ ieh

Awpxy ipqw hrI isMG vWg kw&I dlyr, qyj-qrwr Aqy sUrmw sI[ieiqhwsk q`Q drswauNdy hn ik ie`k idn Swm nUM srdwr hrI isMGDrmswlw iv`c bYTy rihrws swihb dw pwT kr rhy sI ik qurkW nyisMGW qy hmlw kr id`qw[ iksy bMdy ny ies qurkW dI Aw rhI &Oj bwryjvwhr isMG nUM ikhw,"qurk bVI BwrI igxqI iv`c Aw rhy hn jykrizMdgI cwhuMnw hY qW dOV jw"[ jo au~qr jvwhr isMG ny id`qw Aqy ijsqrHW qurkW nwl twkrw kIqw aus sMbMDI kvI sIqw rwm ilKdw hY:

mwry iklkwrI jvwhr isMG blkwrI, sUry dw Drm nhIN n`sxw mYdwn sy[Kwie ky kRoD KMfw sUiqAw imAwn ivcoN, boly siqnwm Ds igAw AiBmwn sy[Dr idqI vwF iek vwFIAW sy jt vwgUM , mcI hwhw kwr DUV imlI Asmwn sy[sIqw rwm mwr mwr s`Qr ivCw id`qy, swmHxy jo Awvy J`t au~f jwey bwx sy[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG dI mOq ip`CoN qr`kI krdw krdw jvwhrisMG is`K &Oz dw 1843 iv`c jnrl -ien-cI& sI[ BwvyN SwhmqAlI ilKdw hY ik hrI isMG dy p`uqr aus vrgy dlyr nhIN sn[ prqvwrIK ies g`l dI hwmI BrdI hY ik jvwhr isMG Aqy Arjn isMGny AMgryzW dI jMg iv`c jo jOhr idKwey Aqy aunHW dy dMd K`ty kIqy auhvrnxXog hn[

icilAW vwlI jMg jo dyS dI AwzwdI leI AMgryzW nwl lVIgeI, aus dw nwiek srdwr jvwhr isMG sI[ ies jMg qoN pihlW hIqyjw isMG ny gdwrI kIqI ijs kwrn jvwhr isMG PiVAw igAw AqyAMgryzW ny ies nUM lwhOr jylH iv`c kYd kr ilAw[ pr jvwhr isMGpihrydwrW dI m`dd nwl jylH coN inkl ky gujrWvwlw iv`c clw igAw[

sMn 1848 iv`c ieh kuJ isMGW nUM lY ky Jnwb pwr kr ky srdwr SyrisMG AtwrI vwly nwl jw imilAw[ srdwr sujwn isMG bydI (swihbisMG dw v`fw pu`qr ) vI Syr isMG dIAW &OjW iv`c jw Swml hoieAw[

igR&n Aqy mY~sI (1909) iv`c ilKdy hn ik jvwhr isMGicilAWvwlI jMg iv`c ieqnI bhwdrI nwl liVAw, auh ilKx qoNbwhrlI g`l hY[ ies ny brqwnvIN ieiqhwskwrW dy vI kMn KVHy krid`qy Aqy AYsw sMkt iv`c pw id`qw ik auh ilKx qW kI ilKx[ Bwvauh AwpxI kOm dI bhwdrI is`KW dy mukwbly kI ilKx[ auh ilKdyhn ik AMgryz jykr ieh jMg ij`qy qW smJo ij`q ky vI hwry hnikauNik iehnW dw bhuq izAwdw nukswn hoieAw[ igRPn Aqy mY~sI nyhor iliKAw hY ik AMgryzW dI ij`q jykr hoeI qW auh auq`m qopKwnw,is`KW dy gdwrW Aqy ihMdusqwnIAW dI m`dd kwrn hoeI[

ie`k AMgryz lyfI (1853) iv`c ies lVweI sMbMDI ilKdI hY:......on the occasion of our recent movable defeat atChillianwala, the prestige of our usually victorious army ex-perienced a humilating failure.

Bwv icilAWvwlw ivKy kuJ smW pihlW swfI hoeI hwr ny ie`kjyqU Aqy qzrbykwr &Oj nUM jlwlq BrI PylHqw drsw id`qI hY[

mohx lwl (1846) iv`c ilKdw hY ik pMjwb dI jMg ny vIbrqwnvI hkUmq nUM drsw id`qw sI ik pMjwbI kyvl pdwrQk qOr qyhI DnI nhIN sgoN s`iBAwcwr Aqy AiDAwqmk qOr qy vI DnI hn[AMgryz qW dUijAW dI lu`tmwr kr ky DnI bxy hn[

kinMGm ny vI 1849 iv`c iliKAw ik is`KW ny Awpxy blbUqyqy rwj kIqw[ iehnW vrgw idRV hOslw, jMgI AiBAws Aqy GoV-svwrI mYN hor iksy kOm 'c nhIN dyKI[ is`K hwr nhIN sI skdy jykrihMdusqwnI iehnW dI m`dd krdy[ Bwrq dy ihMdusqwnI rwijAW dIm`dd kwrn hI AMgryzW ny is`K rwj qy ij`q pRwpq kIqI[

145144

ikauNik ihMdusqwnIAW ny AMgryzW dI hmwieq kIqI sI Aqyis`KW dw ivroD[ ies kwrn cwlbwz AMgryzW ny 1857 dy gdr smyNis`KW nUM nwl rlw ilAw[ srdwr jvwhr isMG pMjwb dw pihlwsrdwr sI ijs nUM AMgryzW ny pihlI is`K rjmYNt iv`c rswldwr dIpdvI id`qI[ brqwnvI hkUmq ny iqMn sO swl qoN c`l rhI muglhkUmq ^qm krn Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW ShwdqW dw bdlw lYxleI jvwhr isMG nUM &Oj dy ky id`lI v`l qoirAw[ id`lI phuMc ky is`K&Oj ny Gyrw pw ky mugl bwdSwh dy swihbzwidAW nUM pkV ilAw[hMmwXU dy mkbry kol AMgryz A&sr hOfsn ny iehnW nUM AlP nMgwkr id`qw[ ies ny ie`k is`K ispwhI nUM AwiKAw, is`Kw! swihbzwidAWnUM golI mwr ky bdlw lY lY hux cMgw mOkw hY[ is`K ispwhI ny nWh krid`qI Aqy AwiKAw ies g`l dI swfw Drm iezwzq nhIN idMdw ikiksy nuM pkV ky mwrIey[ imstr trOtr ny 1901 iv`c The life ofHodson iv`c iliKAw hY ik hYfsn ny AMgryz ispwhI dy h`QoNkwrbweIn Koh ky swry swihbzwidAW nUM mwr id`qw[

jvwhr isMG ny 18 lVweIAW lKnaU, bweIQUr, kwnHpur, klpIAwid ivKy lVIAW[ ies bhwdrI bdly AMgryz hkUmq ny aus nUM sMn1859 iv`c 12 hzwr rupey slwnw dI jwgIr lgw id`qI[ 'AwrfrAwP birtS ieMfIAw' dy iKqwb nwl mYfl dy ky invwijAw[ aus nUM1862 iv`c guzrwvwlw ivKy AwnryrI mijstRyt dw Ahudw id`qw[ iesAhudy qy 1877 q`k (Bwv AKIrly swhW q`k) srdwr jvwhr isMGrhy[

srdwr Arjn isMG nlUAwsrdwr Arjn isMG mhwrwjy dy drbwr AMdr bwhroN Awaux

vwly mihmwnW dI suAwgqI kmytI dw mYNbr sI[ meI 1838 iv`c iehihMdusqwn srkwr dy sk`qr imstr mYkMGtn dI suAwgqI kmytI iv`cSwml sI[ ies auprMq ieh brqwnIAW srkwr dy gvrnr jnrl

AwklYNf nUM i&rozpur ivKy imlx vwlI cotI dy srdwrW dI kmytI iv`cvI Swml sI[ sohx isMG sUrI Anuswr 1838 dy nvMbr mhIny iv`csrdwr AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw sucyq isMG Aqy srdwr ArjnisMG ny AwklYNf dw suAwgq AMimRqsr ivKy vI kIqw sI[ ^wlswdrbwr dy ilKqI prmwxW iv`c drz hY ik Arjn isMG mOjIb AqymOjIl svwrI dw mu`KI sI[ 26 ApRYl 1839 nUM ieh kMvr nO inhwlnwl ipSwvr iv`c jnrl vYnqUrw dy v&d iv`c vI Swml hoey[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG 27 jUn 1839 nUM pRlok suDwr igAw[ies auprMq srdwr KVk isMG rwj g`dI qy bYTy[ srdwr Arjn isMGGoV svwr sYnw dy muKI Qwpy gey[ sqMbr 1839 iv`c ieh lwrfAwklYNf nwl iSmly ivKy g`lbwq krn leI vkIl dy qOr qy Swmlhoey[ iehnW nwl srdwr lihxw isMG mjITIAw Aqy &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn vI gey sn[ BwvyN &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nwloN Arjn isMGaumr iv`c Ahudy Aqy qzrby krky bhuq Coty sn pr vwpsI smyNAwklYNf v`loN Arjn isMG nUM &kIr nwloN bhumu`lI iK`lq ByNt kIqIgeI[ sMn 1840 iv`c Arjn isMG ny mMfI Aqy kmlgVH iv`c vIvYnqUrw nwl g`lbwq kIqI[

mhwrwjw KVk isMG Aqy nO inhwl dy dyhWq ip`CoN srdwrArjn isMG mhwrwjw Syr isMG dy smyN vI cMgI pdvI qy irhw[ jdoNieh 1843 iv`c ipSwvr Aqy kwbl dI cVHweI ip`CoN lwhOr phuMcy qWiehnW nUM 'rob Aw& Awnr' dy ky nvwijAw (sohx lwl sUrI)[ 1AkqUbr 1843 nUM Arjn isMG nUM lwhOr dy rswly dw kmWfr QwipAw[ies qoN pihlW iDAwn isMG Aqy sMDwvwlIAw dI imlI Bugq ny sqMbr1843 nUM mhwrwjw Syr isMG nUM kql krvw id`qw sI[ iDAwn isMGAwpxy puqr hIrw isMG nUM g`dI qy ibTwauxw cwhuMdw sI pr Arjn isMGAqy hor srdwrW ny ies dw ft ky ivroD kIqw[

srdwr Arjn isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG ny pMjwb dIAwzwdI leI jMgW AMdr brqwnvI &Oj nwl qkVw AwFw lwieAw[ pr

147146

ikauNik ihMdusqwnIAW ny AMgryzW dI hmwieq kIqI sI Aqyis`KW dw ivroD[ ies kwrn cwlbwz AMgryzW ny 1857 dy gdr smyNis`KW nUM nwl rlw ilAw[ srdwr jvwhr isMG pMjwb dw pihlwsrdwr sI ijs nUM AMgryzW ny pihlI is`K rjmYNt iv`c rswldwr dIpdvI id`qI[ brqwnvI hkUmq ny iqMn sO swl qoN c`l rhI muglhkUmq ^qm krn Aqy gurU swihbwn dIAW ShwdqW dw bdlw lYxleI jvwhr isMG nUM &Oj dy ky id`lI v`l qoirAw[ id`lI phuMc ky is`K&Oj ny Gyrw pw ky mugl bwdSwh dy swihbzwidAW nUM pkV ilAw[hMmwXU dy mkbry kol AMgryz A&sr hOfsn ny iehnW nUM AlP nMgwkr id`qw[ ies ny ie`k is`K ispwhI nUM AwiKAw, is`Kw! swihbzwidAWnUM golI mwr ky bdlw lY lY hux cMgw mOkw hY[ is`K ispwhI ny nWh krid`qI Aqy AwiKAw ies g`l dI swfw Drm iezwzq nhIN idMdw ikiksy nuM pkV ky mwrIey[ imstr trOtr ny 1901 iv`c The life ofHodson iv`c iliKAw hY ik hYfsn ny AMgryz ispwhI dy h`QoNkwrbweIn Koh ky swry swihbzwidAW nUM mwr id`qw[

jvwhr isMG ny 18 lVweIAW lKnaU, bweIQUr, kwnHpur, klpIAwid ivKy lVIAW[ ies bhwdrI bdly AMgryz hkUmq ny aus nUM sMn1859 iv`c 12 hzwr rupey slwnw dI jwgIr lgw id`qI[ 'AwrfrAwP birtS ieMfIAw' dy iKqwb nwl mYfl dy ky invwijAw[ aus nUM1862 iv`c guzrwvwlw ivKy AwnryrI mijstRyt dw Ahudw id`qw[ iesAhudy qy 1877 q`k (Bwv AKIrly swhW q`k) srdwr jvwhr isMGrhy[

srdwr Arjn isMG nlUAwsrdwr Arjn isMG mhwrwjy dy drbwr AMdr bwhroN Awaux

vwly mihmwnW dI suAwgqI kmytI dw mYNbr sI[ meI 1838 iv`c iehihMdusqwn srkwr dy sk`qr imstr mYkMGtn dI suAwgqI kmytI iv`cSwml sI[ ies auprMq ieh brqwnIAW srkwr dy gvrnr jnrl

AwklYNf nUM i&rozpur ivKy imlx vwlI cotI dy srdwrW dI kmytI iv`cvI Swml sI[ sohx isMG sUrI Anuswr 1838 dy nvMbr mhIny iv`csrdwr AjIq isMG sMDwvwlIAw, rwjw sucyq isMG Aqy srdwr ArjnisMG ny AwklYNf dw suAwgq AMimRqsr ivKy vI kIqw sI[ ^wlswdrbwr dy ilKqI prmwxW iv`c drz hY ik Arjn isMG mOjIb AqymOjIl svwrI dw mu`KI sI[ 26 ApRYl 1839 nUM ieh kMvr nO inhwlnwl ipSwvr iv`c jnrl vYnqUrw dy v&d iv`c vI Swml hoey[

mhwrwjw rxjIq isMG 27 jUn 1839 nUM pRlok suDwr igAw[ies auprMq srdwr KVk isMG rwj g`dI qy bYTy[ srdwr Arjn isMGGoV svwr sYnw dy muKI Qwpy gey[ sqMbr 1839 iv`c ieh lwrfAwklYNf nwl iSmly ivKy g`lbwq krn leI vkIl dy qOr qy Swmlhoey[ iehnW nwl srdwr lihxw isMG mjITIAw Aqy &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn vI gey sn[ BwvyN &kIr AzIz-aud-dIn nwloN Arjn isMGaumr iv`c Ahudy Aqy qzrby krky bhuq Coty sn pr vwpsI smyNAwklYNf v`loN Arjn isMG nUM &kIr nwloN bhumu`lI iK`lq ByNt kIqIgeI[ sMn 1840 iv`c Arjn isMG ny mMfI Aqy kmlgVH iv`c vIvYnqUrw nwl g`lbwq kIqI[

mhwrwjw KVk isMG Aqy nO inhwl dy dyhWq ip`CoN srdwrArjn isMG mhwrwjw Syr isMG dy smyN vI cMgI pdvI qy irhw[ jdoNieh 1843 iv`c ipSwvr Aqy kwbl dI cVHweI ip`CoN lwhOr phuMcy qWiehnW nUM 'rob Aw& Awnr' dy ky nvwijAw (sohx lwl sUrI)[ 1AkqUbr 1843 nUM Arjn isMG nUM lwhOr dy rswly dw kmWfr QwipAw[ies qoN pihlW iDAwn isMG Aqy sMDwvwlIAw dI imlI Bugq ny sqMbr1843 nUM mhwrwjw Syr isMG nUM kql krvw id`qw sI[ iDAwn isMGAwpxy puqr hIrw isMG nUM g`dI qy ibTwauxw cwhuMdw sI pr Arjn isMGAqy hor srdwrW ny ies dw ft ky ivroD kIqw[

srdwr Arjn isMG Aqy srdwr jvwhr isMG ny pMjwb dIAwzwdI leI jMgW AMdr brqwnvI &Oj nwl qkVw AwFw lwieAw[ pr

147146

fogirAW ny r`j ky gdwrI kIqI[ AkqUbr 1848 iv`c Arjn isMG,mIAW l`Kw isMG Aqy bKSI su`Kw isMG 23 hjwr &Oj lY ky jyhlm pwrkr gey[ iPr ieh gujrwq v`l vDy[ fogirAW Aqy sMDwvwlIAW dIgdwrI kwrn ieh Awpxy imSn 'c s&l nw hoey[ AMgryzW ny ArjnisMG nUM PVnw cwihAw pr ieh gujrWvwly 100 ku ispwhIAW smyqAwpxy Gr phuMc gey[ auprMq AMgryzW ny Arjn isMG nUM pkV kylwhOr ilAwauxw cwihAw[ PVn vwilAW ny Arjn isMG dI bhwdrIAqy r`iKAw leI ApxweI rxnIqI qy bybsI zwhr kIqI[

AMgryz ispwhIAW ny Gr dI dIvwr qoV ky jdoN Arjn isMG nUM&Vnw cwihAw qW Arjn isMG dlyrI nwl llkwrdw hoieAw GroN GoVyqy inkl igAw Aqy AMgryzW dy h`Q nhIN AwieAw[ ies ip`CoN ieh sUrwcVHweI kr igAw[ ies ny AMqm svws ik`Qy ley? ies bwry Koj krndI zrUrq hY[

hrI isMG dy lVky srdwr pMjwb isMG bwry sohx lwl sUrI nyiliKAw hY ik 1838 iv`c iehnW is`K rswly dI AgvweI kIqI[auprMq Awpxy BrwvW nwl iksy vI jMg iv`c ies dy Swml hox bwryieiqhwskwrW ny nhIN iliKAw[

hrI isMG nlUAw dIAW XwdgwrW,jMg-nwmy Aqy aunHW dy nW qy c`l rhIAW sMsQwvW

srdwr hrI isMG dw jnm gujrWvwlw ivKy kisAwrw bwzwriv`c hoieAw sI[ ie`Qy iehnW dy v`fy-vfyirAW dI hvylI hY ijs iv`cbhuq hI suMdr, mInwkwrI vwly AwkrSk iKVkIAW Aqy drvwjy sn[ieh iKVikAW drvwjy lwh ky lwhOr dy imaUzIAm iv`c A`j klHprdrSnI dy qOr qy r`Ky hoey hn[ dyS dI vMf smyN Bwv 1947 iv`cieh hvylI luiDAwxy dy mShUr hkIm h&Iz gulwm rsUl nUM rhwieSleI id`qI geI sI[

nlvy srdwr dI v`fI ikrpwn ijs aup`r suMdr mInwkwrI kIqIhoeI hY, BwrqI is`K rjmYNt sYNtr, rwmgVH ivKy suSoiBq hY[ Ssqrrwj SkqI dw icnH hn Aqy ieh Drm, dyS, kOm r`iKAw Aqy zulmdI r`iKAw Aqy zwlm dI B`iKAw leI hn[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI nyqW iehnW nUM pIr ikhw hY Aqy ieh vI ikhw ik iehnW dI pUjw kro[aunHW dy bcn hn:

As ikRpwn KMfo KVg qupk qbr Ar qIr[sYP sbUhI swihbI XhI hmwry pIr[

qlvwr jW ikrpwn n&rq dw icMnH nhIN, ieh mnuKI r`iKAw dIFwl hY Aqy cVHdI klw dI imswl hY[ qyg jW ikrpwn dI mhwnqw bwrygurU jI dy bol hn:

Kg KMf ibhMfM Kl dl KMfM Aiq rx mMfM brbMfM]Buj dMf AKMfM qyj pRcMfM joiq AmMfM Bwn pRBUM]suK sMqw krxM durmiq drxM iklibK hrxM As srxM]jY jY jg kwrx isRSt aubwrx mm pRiqpwrx jY qygM]

Bwv ^Vg (qyg) duStW dy dlW dy toty krn vwlI hY Aqy Xu`DBUmI iv`c mUrKW nUM nwS krn vwlI mhwn SkqI hY[ ieh mwno sUrj v`qkRWqIkwrI ho ky hnHyr grdI nUM imtw ky pRkwS krn vwlI ArQwqgulwmI dIAW zMjIrW qoV ky AwzwdI idvwaux vwlI hY[ ieh sMqW nUM suKdyx vwlI Aqy BYVI m`q vwilAW nUM hrn krn vwlI hY, iesy kr ky hIAsIN ies dI Srn leI hY[ qyg jgq AMdr jY jY kwr krwaux vwlI,isRStI nUM swjx qy bcwaux vwlI qy pwlx vwlI hY[ hy ^Vg! qyrI jYhovy[ jY hovy[

ikrpwn ie`k ssqw, hr ie`k dI phuMc vwlw Aqy lwiesMsrihq hiQAwr hY[ ijs dy v`fI sRI swihb pihnI huMdI hY CyqI kIiqAWcor, fwkU Awid aus bMdy dy nyVy nhIN AwauNdw[ jd ik ivigAwnk FMgnwl iqAwr kIqy hiQAwr bhuq mihMgy, AmIr dI phuMc vwly Aqy

149148

fogirAW ny r`j ky gdwrI kIqI[ AkqUbr 1848 iv`c Arjn isMG,mIAW l`Kw isMG Aqy bKSI su`Kw isMG 23 hjwr &Oj lY ky jyhlm pwrkr gey[ iPr ieh gujrwq v`l vDy[ fogirAW Aqy sMDwvwlIAW dIgdwrI kwrn ieh Awpxy imSn 'c s&l nw hoey[ AMgryzW ny ArjnisMG nUM PVnw cwihAw pr ieh gujrWvwly 100 ku ispwhIAW smyqAwpxy Gr phuMc gey[ auprMq AMgryzW ny Arjn isMG nUM pkV kylwhOr ilAwauxw cwihAw[ PVn vwilAW ny Arjn isMG dI bhwdrIAqy r`iKAw leI ApxweI rxnIqI qy bybsI zwhr kIqI[

AMgryz ispwhIAW ny Gr dI dIvwr qoV ky jdoN Arjn isMG nUM&Vnw cwihAw qW Arjn isMG dlyrI nwl llkwrdw hoieAw GroN GoVyqy inkl igAw Aqy AMgryzW dy h`Q nhIN AwieAw[ ies ip`CoN ieh sUrwcVHweI kr igAw[ ies ny AMqm svws ik`Qy ley? ies bwry Koj krndI zrUrq hY[

hrI isMG dy lVky srdwr pMjwb isMG bwry sohx lwl sUrI nyiliKAw hY ik 1838 iv`c iehnW is`K rswly dI AgvweI kIqI[auprMq Awpxy BrwvW nwl iksy vI jMg iv`c ies dy Swml hox bwryieiqhwskwrW ny nhIN iliKAw[

hrI isMG nlUAw dIAW XwdgwrW,jMg-nwmy Aqy aunHW dy nW qy c`l rhIAW sMsQwvW

srdwr hrI isMG dw jnm gujrWvwlw ivKy kisAwrw bwzwriv`c hoieAw sI[ ie`Qy iehnW dy v`fy-vfyirAW dI hvylI hY ijs iv`cbhuq hI suMdr, mInwkwrI vwly AwkrSk iKVkIAW Aqy drvwjy sn[ieh iKVikAW drvwjy lwh ky lwhOr dy imaUzIAm iv`c A`j klHprdrSnI dy qOr qy r`Ky hoey hn[ dyS dI vMf smyN Bwv 1947 iv`cieh hvylI luiDAwxy dy mShUr hkIm h&Iz gulwm rsUl nUM rhwieSleI id`qI geI sI[

nlvy srdwr dI v`fI ikrpwn ijs aup`r suMdr mInwkwrI kIqIhoeI hY, BwrqI is`K rjmYNt sYNtr, rwmgVH ivKy suSoiBq hY[ Ssqrrwj SkqI dw icnH hn Aqy ieh Drm, dyS, kOm r`iKAw Aqy zulmdI r`iKAw Aqy zwlm dI B`iKAw leI hn[ sRI gurU goibMd isMG jI nyqW iehnW nUM pIr ikhw hY Aqy ieh vI ikhw ik iehnW dI pUjw kro[aunHW dy bcn hn:

As ikRpwn KMfo KVg qupk qbr Ar qIr[sYP sbUhI swihbI XhI hmwry pIr[

qlvwr jW ikrpwn n&rq dw icMnH nhIN, ieh mnuKI r`iKAw dIFwl hY Aqy cVHdI klw dI imswl hY[ qyg jW ikrpwn dI mhwnqw bwrygurU jI dy bol hn:

Kg KMf ibhMfM Kl dl KMfM Aiq rx mMfM brbMfM]Buj dMf AKMfM qyj pRcMfM joiq AmMfM Bwn pRBUM]suK sMqw krxM durmiq drxM iklibK hrxM As srxM]jY jY jg kwrx isRSt aubwrx mm pRiqpwrx jY qygM]

Bwv ^Vg (qyg) duStW dy dlW dy toty krn vwlI hY Aqy Xu`DBUmI iv`c mUrKW nUM nwS krn vwlI mhwn SkqI hY[ ieh mwno sUrj v`qkRWqIkwrI ho ky hnHyr grdI nUM imtw ky pRkwS krn vwlI ArQwqgulwmI dIAW zMjIrW qoV ky AwzwdI idvwaux vwlI hY[ ieh sMqW nUM suKdyx vwlI Aqy BYVI m`q vwilAW nUM hrn krn vwlI hY, iesy kr ky hIAsIN ies dI Srn leI hY[ qyg jgq AMdr jY jY kwr krwaux vwlI,isRStI nUM swjx qy bcwaux vwlI qy pwlx vwlI hY[ hy ^Vg! qyrI jYhovy[ jY hovy[

ikrpwn ie`k ssqw, hr ie`k dI phuMc vwlw Aqy lwiesMsrihq hiQAwr hY[ ijs dy v`fI sRI swihb pihnI huMdI hY CyqI kIiqAWcor, fwkU Awid aus bMdy dy nyVy nhIN AwauNdw[ jd ik ivigAwnk FMgnwl iqAwr kIqy hiQAwr bhuq mihMgy, AmIr dI phuMc vwly Aqy

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lwiesMs Sudw hiQAwr hn[ brUd mukx qy nkwrw ho jWdy hn[

hrI isMG nlvw ny ikrpwn sdkw hI zwlm A&gwnW dy mUMh BMnky aunHW nUM sdw leI ihMdusqwn AMdr hmlwvr bx ky Awaux qoN rokid`qw[ smwj iv`c jmhUrIAq nUM surjIq kr ky suqMqrqw dw rwhidKwieAw Aqy sdIAW qoN d`by-kucly lokW AMdr nvIN rUh Puk id`qI[dUjy pMjwbIAW dI qrHW 1947 dI vMf smyN hrI isMG dI bMs vwilAWnUM Bwrq Awauxw ipAw[ aunHW gujrWvwlw ivKy v`fIAW jwiedwdWpwiksqwn 'c C`fIAW ikauNik aus smyN mwr-mrweI qy ktw-v`fI v`fwihMsw dw rUp Dwrn kr geI sI[ hrI isMG dIAW mhwn XwdW pwiksqwniv`c rih geIAW[ pr aunHW XwdW nUM qwzw r`Kx leI Aqy Bwrq dI &Ojdy juAwnW iv`c aus mhwn XoDy dw auqSwh Brn leI BwrqI &Oj ny auVI(kSmIr) cOkI dw nW 'nlvw' r`iKAw[ ie`QoN dy muK d&qr dI iblifMg'nlvw blwk' dy nW qy hY[ (bI.AY~s. nlUAw, 2001) blvMq isMGnlUAw AMgryzI rwj smyN JMg ijlHy dw ifptI kimSnr sI[ ies dwpu`qr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw hoieAw[

hrI isMG dy nwm dI ikSqIMr. Wade lived in Punjab for 15 years. In a letter ad-

dressed to Mr. Maddock Secretary of the Government of In-dia in 1841, drew attention to a ferry on the river Narbadacalled Nalwah. The river Narbada flows along the Vindhyarange deep within Hindustan and long has been regarded asthe symbiolic boundary between North and South India.Narbada led to Nanded where Guru Gobind Singh Ji residedfor 14 months before departure from the mortal world.

vnIq nlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk iv`c iliKAw hY ik Ajy q`k koeIihstorIAn ieh is`D nhIN kr sikAw ik nMdyV ivKy Abcl ngr

hjUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw ny vI ih`swilAw sI[ nwl hI ieh AMikq kIqw hY ik Abcl ngr dy inhMgW ny,ijhVy hrI isMG dI kmWf ivcoN sn nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI vrqIjwx vwlI PYrI (ikSqI) dw nW nlUAw r`K id`qw hovygw[

pRoPYsr suKidAwl isMG ny AwpxI pusqk '^wlsw pMQ dy pMjq^q' iv`c vrnx kIqw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG dy Akwl clwxyauprMq aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhr isMG ny aus dy swQI isMGW koLsrdwr hrI isMG dw kmrbMd (kmrksw), jo bhuq hI kImqI hIirAWnwl jiVHAw hoieAw sI Aqy 50 hjwr rupey hzUr swihb Byjy sn[auh jgHw ij`QoN ieh kw&lw lMiGAw sI bwry imstr vyf ny AwpxIAWilKqW iv`c iliKAw hY[

ieh sMBv hY ik hzUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI smyN hrI isMGnlvw ny nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI ikSqI iqAwr krvwky id`qIhovygI[ ijs kwrn aus ikSqI dw nwm nlvw v`jdw sI[ ies sMbMDIhor Koj krn dI zrUrq hY[

hrI isMG gyt (iklHw goibMdgVH) Aqy hor iklHymhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1805 iv`c AMimRqsr Sihr dy bwhr

bixAw iklHw sr kIqw Aqy ies dw nW goibMdgVH r`iKAw[ ies iklHyiv`c mhwrwjy dw qopKwnw, d&qrI smwn Aqy Amlw sI[ qkrIbn12 hzwr ispwhI Aqy hzwrW mx Anwj vI loV pYx smyN ies iv`cmOjUd rihMdw sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr ies iklHy qoN lwhOr q`k ie`ksurMg vI sI[ ies iklHy dy do gyt hn Aqy mu`K gyt hrI isMG nlUAwdy nW qy r`iKAw igAw sI Aqy A`j klH vI hY[ Bwrq Aqy pwiksqwndIAW 1965 Aqy 1971 dIAW jMgW smyN vI ieh iklHw imltrI dImu`K CwauxI (Base camp) sI[ ieh vI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l hY ikis`KW dy ^wlsw rwj (Government of the pure) nUM 1947 iv`c

151150

lwiesMs Sudw hiQAwr hn[ brUd mukx qy nkwrw ho jWdy hn[

hrI isMG nlvw ny ikrpwn sdkw hI zwlm A&gwnW dy mUMh BMnky aunHW nUM sdw leI ihMdusqwn AMdr hmlwvr bx ky Awaux qoN rokid`qw[ smwj iv`c jmhUrIAq nUM surjIq kr ky suqMqrqw dw rwhidKwieAw Aqy sdIAW qoN d`by-kucly lokW AMdr nvIN rUh Puk id`qI[dUjy pMjwbIAW dI qrHW 1947 dI vMf smyN hrI isMG dI bMs vwilAWnUM Bwrq Awauxw ipAw[ aunHW gujrWvwlw ivKy v`fIAW jwiedwdWpwiksqwn 'c C`fIAW ikauNik aus smyN mwr-mrweI qy ktw-v`fI v`fwihMsw dw rUp Dwrn kr geI sI[ hrI isMG dIAW mhwn XwdW pwiksqwniv`c rih geIAW[ pr aunHW XwdW nUM qwzw r`Kx leI Aqy Bwrq dI &Ojdy juAwnW iv`c aus mhwn XoDy dw auqSwh Brn leI BwrqI &Oj ny auVI(kSmIr) cOkI dw nW 'nlvw' r`iKAw[ ie`QoN dy muK d&qr dI iblifMg'nlvw blwk' dy nW qy hY[ (bI.AY~s. nlUAw, 2001) blvMq isMGnlUAw AMgryzI rwj smyN JMg ijlHy dw ifptI kimSnr sI[ ies dwpu`qr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw hoieAw[

hrI isMG dy nwm dI ikSqIMr. Wade lived in Punjab for 15 years. In a letter ad-

dressed to Mr. Maddock Secretary of the Government of In-dia in 1841, drew attention to a ferry on the river Narbadacalled Nalwah. The river Narbada flows along the Vindhyarange deep within Hindustan and long has been regarded asthe symbiolic boundary between North and South India.Narbada led to Nanded where Guru Gobind Singh Ji residedfor 14 months before departure from the mortal world.

vnIq nlUAw ny AwpxI pusqk iv`c iliKAw hY ik Ajy q`k koeIihstorIAn ieh is`D nhIN kr sikAw ik nMdyV ivKy Abcl ngr

hjUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI iv`c hrI isMG nlUAw ny vI ih`swilAw sI[ nwl hI ieh AMikq kIqw hY ik Abcl ngr dy inhMgW ny,ijhVy hrI isMG dI kmWf ivcoN sn nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI vrqIjwx vwlI PYrI (ikSqI) dw nW nlUAw r`K id`qw hovygw[

pRoPYsr suKidAwl isMG ny AwpxI pusqk '^wlsw pMQ dy pMjq^q' iv`c vrnx kIqw hY ik srdwr hrI isMG dy Akwl clwxyauprMq aunHW dy byty srdwr jvwhr isMG ny aus dy swQI isMGW koLsrdwr hrI isMG dw kmrbMd (kmrksw), jo bhuq hI kImqI hIirAWnwl jiVHAw hoieAw sI Aqy 50 hjwr rupey hzUr swihb Byjy sn[auh jgHw ij`QoN ieh kw&lw lMiGAw sI bwry imstr vyf ny AwpxIAWilKqW iv`c iliKAw hY[

ieh sMBv hY ik hzUr swihb gurU Gr dI auswrI smyN hrI isMGnlvw ny nrbdw ndI pwr krn leI ikSqI iqAwr krvwky id`qIhovygI[ ijs kwrn aus ikSqI dw nwm nlvw v`jdw sI[ ies sMbMDIhor Koj krn dI zrUrq hY[

hrI isMG gyt (iklHw goibMdgVH) Aqy hor iklHymhwrwjw rxjIq isMG ny 1805 iv`c AMimRqsr Sihr dy bwhr

bixAw iklHw sr kIqw Aqy ies dw nW goibMdgVH r`iKAw[ ies iklHyiv`c mhwrwjy dw qopKwnw, d&qrI smwn Aqy Amlw sI[ qkrIbn12 hzwr ispwhI Aqy hzwrW mx Anwj vI loV pYx smyN ies iv`cmOjUd rihMdw sI[ ieiqhwskwrW Anuswr ies iklHy qoN lwhOr q`k ie`ksurMg vI sI[ ies iklHy dy do gyt hn Aqy mu`K gyt hrI isMG nlUAwdy nW qy r`iKAw igAw sI Aqy A`j klH vI hY[ Bwrq Aqy pwiksqwndIAW 1965 Aqy 1971 dIAW jMgW smyN vI ieh iklHw imltrI dImu`K CwauxI (Base camp) sI[ ieh vI ivl`Kxqw vwlI g`l hY ikis`KW dy ^wlsw rwj (Government of the pure) nUM 1947 iv`c

151150

(dyS dI vMf smyN) pwiksqwn (Land of the pure) dw nwm id`qwigAw[ iqMn hor iklHy (&iqhgVH, jmrOd, hrI isMG dw burj Aqysumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr, A&gwn) vI hrI isMG nwl sMbMDq hn[hrIpur Sihr iv`c hirikSn gVH iklHw vI hrI isMG dy nwm qy hY[

hrI isMG dIAW smwDIAW Aqy hor XwdWhrI isMG dy nW qy iqMn smwDIAW (ie`k gurjrW vwly , dUjI

ipSwvr Aqy qIjI iklHw &iqhgVH, jmrOd ivKy bxIAW hoeIAW hn[iklHw jmrOd iv`c ie`k kmrw hY ij`Qy srdwr nUM P`tV hwlq iv`cr`iKAw igAw hY[ pwiksqwn iv`c hrIpur Sihr, iSmly kol nlUAwgwauN, nvIN id`lI dy krOl bwg Aqy phwV gMj iv`c, glIAW nlvw dynwm qy mOjUd hn[ rweykot - b`sIAW cOk qy hrI isMG GoVy qy svwrvwlw Swndwr bu~q hY[ b`sIAW ipMf iv`c au~pl goq dy bhuq swryprvwr rihMdy hn[

srdwr nlUAw dI Xwd nUM qwzw r`Kx leI smyN smyN qy is`K pMQv`loN sYmInwr, kwnPrMsW Awid AwXoijq huMdIAW rihMdIAW hn[ sMn1965 iv`c luiDAwxw ivKy nlUAw kwnPrMs krweI geI[ ies iv`cis`KW dy rwjnIiqk msly Aqy hor audyS ivcwry gey[ ies kwnPrMsdI swrI kwrvweI AYnsweIklopIfIAw isKiezm 1992-98 jo pMjwbIXUnIvristI pitAwlw ny CwipAw iv`c drz hY[ iesy qrHW 1991 iv`chrI isMG dI do sO swlw jnm SqwbdI sMbMDI luiDAwxw iv`c kOmI p`Drdw sYmInwr krvwieAw igAw[ ies iv`c ivdvwnW ny nlUAw dI mhwnSKSIAq Aqy lwswnI kwrnwimAW aup`r cwnx pwieAw[ SRomxIgurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr ny 1991 dy swl dOrwn v`K v`KQwvW qy hrI isMG dy jIvn Aqy aus v`loN mwrIAW bic`qr mwrW sMbMDIkrvwey pRogRwmW iv`c pVHy gey mh`qv pUrn prcy gurmiq pRkwS dy1992 dy spYSl AyfISn iv`c Cwpy[ is`KW ny qW bhwdr jrnYl dIAW

XwdW mnwauxIAW jW r`KxIAW hI hn, pwiksqwn iv`c vI muslmwnWdy GrW iv`c aus sUrmy dIAW XwdW suSoBq hn[

1992 iv`c srdwr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw, jo hrI isMG dI CyvINpIVIH iv`coN hn[ nvIN id`lI qoN lwhOr ivKy Awpxy kwlj dy sQwpnwidn qy phuMcy[ AmrjIq isMG 1946 iv`c ieMfIAn ruAwiel nyvI iv`cnOkrI krdy sn[ iehnW ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI kwPI Xogdwn pwieAw[pwiksqwn iv`c AmrjIq isMG 45 swl ipCoN Awpxy hmjmwqIAW nUMAqy kuJ AiDAwpkW nUM vI imly[ iehnW dI m`dd nwl ijnHW dy GrAmrjIq Aqy aunHW dI pqnI Tihry hoey sI kMD qy lgy hrI isMG nlUAwdy icqR nUM dyK ky bVy Ascrz hoey[

At News Islamabad 2006 Internet dI br hY ik pwiksqwnsrkwr ny hrI isMG nlUAw dy Sihr gujrvwlW ivKy srdwr nlUAw dIXwd iv`c fwktrI dI pRmu`K cikqswlw KolHx dw AYlwn kIqw hY[

lYPtInYNt jnrl bI. AY~s. nlUAw ijhVy hrI isMG dI kul iv`coNhI hn ny d`isAw ik 1947 nUM jdoN dyS dI vMf smyN Bwrq iv`c AwauxwsI qW aus smyN AsIN gujrWvwlw dI hvylI iv`c nlUAw jI dI jMg iv`cpihnx vwlI sMjoA (lohy dIAW qwrW dw kot) ijs dw Bwr qkrIbn40 syr dy nyVy sI C`f ky Awey[

brqwnIAW srkwr ny vI hrI isMG nlUAw dI Xwd qwzw r`KxleI 1908 iv`c aunHW bMidAW nUM snmwx leI ijnHW mhwn GwlxwGwlIAW, leI Indian General Service Medal iqAwr kIqw ijsaup`r ie`k pwsy jmrOd dw iklHw idKwieAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsybrqwnIAW dy rwjy dI Poto auk`rI hoeI sI[ ieh mYfl 1935 q`k jwrIirhw[

AMgryz ilKwrIAW ny hrI isMG nlUAw dI ausqqI bhuq Fu`kvyNgihry, Tos Aqy suMdr SbdW iv`c kIqI hY[ igRPn ny srdwr nUM 'mUrq

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(dyS dI vMf smyN) pwiksqwn (Land of the pure) dw nwm id`qwigAw[ iqMn hor iklHy (&iqhgVH, jmrOd, hrI isMG dw burj Aqysumyr gVH (bwlw ihswr, A&gwn) vI hrI isMG nwl sMbMDq hn[hrIpur Sihr iv`c hirikSn gVH iklHw vI hrI isMG dy nwm qy hY[

hrI isMG dIAW smwDIAW Aqy hor XwdWhrI isMG dy nW qy iqMn smwDIAW (ie`k gurjrW vwly , dUjI

ipSwvr Aqy qIjI iklHw &iqhgVH, jmrOd ivKy bxIAW hoeIAW hn[iklHw jmrOd iv`c ie`k kmrw hY ij`Qy srdwr nUM P`tV hwlq iv`cr`iKAw igAw hY[ pwiksqwn iv`c hrIpur Sihr, iSmly kol nlUAwgwauN, nvIN id`lI dy krOl bwg Aqy phwV gMj iv`c, glIAW nlvw dynwm qy mOjUd hn[ rweykot - b`sIAW cOk qy hrI isMG GoVy qy svwrvwlw Swndwr bu~q hY[ b`sIAW ipMf iv`c au~pl goq dy bhuq swryprvwr rihMdy hn[

srdwr nlUAw dI Xwd nUM qwzw r`Kx leI smyN smyN qy is`K pMQv`loN sYmInwr, kwnPrMsW Awid AwXoijq huMdIAW rihMdIAW hn[ sMn1965 iv`c luiDAwxw ivKy nlUAw kwnPrMs krweI geI[ ies iv`cis`KW dy rwjnIiqk msly Aqy hor audyS ivcwry gey[ ies kwnPrMsdI swrI kwrvweI AYnsweIklopIfIAw isKiezm 1992-98 jo pMjwbIXUnIvristI pitAwlw ny CwipAw iv`c drz hY[ iesy qrHW 1991 iv`chrI isMG dI do sO swlw jnm SqwbdI sMbMDI luiDAwxw iv`c kOmI p`Drdw sYmInwr krvwieAw igAw[ ies iv`c ivdvwnW ny nlUAw dI mhwnSKSIAq Aqy lwswnI kwrnwimAW aup`r cwnx pwieAw[ SRomxIgurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr ny 1991 dy swl dOrwn v`K v`KQwvW qy hrI isMG dy jIvn Aqy aus v`loN mwrIAW bic`qr mwrW sMbMDIkrvwey pRogRwmW iv`c pVHy gey mh`qv pUrn prcy gurmiq pRkwS dy1992 dy spYSl AyfISn iv`c Cwpy[ is`KW ny qW bhwdr jrnYl dIAW

XwdW mnwauxIAW jW r`KxIAW hI hn, pwiksqwn iv`c vI muslmwnWdy GrW iv`c aus sUrmy dIAW XwdW suSoBq hn[

1992 iv`c srdwr AmrjIq isMG nlUAw, jo hrI isMG dI CyvINpIVIH iv`coN hn[ nvIN id`lI qoN lwhOr ivKy Awpxy kwlj dy sQwpnwidn qy phuMcy[ AmrjIq isMG 1946 iv`c ieMfIAn ruAwiel nyvI iv`cnOkrI krdy sn[ iehnW ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI kwPI Xogdwn pwieAw[pwiksqwn iv`c AmrjIq isMG 45 swl ipCoN Awpxy hmjmwqIAW nUMAqy kuJ AiDAwpkW nUM vI imly[ iehnW dI m`dd nwl ijnHW dy GrAmrjIq Aqy aunHW dI pqnI Tihry hoey sI kMD qy lgy hrI isMG nlUAwdy icqR nUM dyK ky bVy Ascrz hoey[

At News Islamabad 2006 Internet dI br hY ik pwiksqwnsrkwr ny hrI isMG nlUAw dy Sihr gujrvwlW ivKy srdwr nlUAw dIXwd iv`c fwktrI dI pRmu`K cikqswlw KolHx dw AYlwn kIqw hY[

lYPtInYNt jnrl bI. AY~s. nlUAw ijhVy hrI isMG dI kul iv`coNhI hn ny d`isAw ik 1947 nUM jdoN dyS dI vMf smyN Bwrq iv`c AwauxwsI qW aus smyN AsIN gujrWvwlw dI hvylI iv`c nlUAw jI dI jMg iv`cpihnx vwlI sMjoA (lohy dIAW qwrW dw kot) ijs dw Bwr qkrIbn40 syr dy nyVy sI C`f ky Awey[

brqwnIAW srkwr ny vI hrI isMG nlUAw dI Xwd qwzw r`KxleI 1908 iv`c aunHW bMidAW nUM snmwx leI ijnHW mhwn GwlxwGwlIAW, leI Indian General Service Medal iqAwr kIqw ijsaup`r ie`k pwsy jmrOd dw iklHw idKwieAw hoieAw sI Aqy dUjy pwsybrqwnIAW dy rwjy dI Poto auk`rI hoeI sI[ ieh mYfl 1935 q`k jwrIirhw[

AMgryz ilKwrIAW ny hrI isMG nlUAw dI ausqqI bhuq Fu`kvyNgihry, Tos Aqy suMdr SbdW iv`c kIqI hY[ igRPn ny srdwr nUM 'mUrq

153152

Aw& wlsw' iliKAw hY, kroey ny 'dI AweIfIAl isK solzr' iliKAwBwv nmUny dw ispwh-slwr[ gujrWvwlw dy 1893-94 dy gztIAriv`c 'Ney of the Punjab' Bwv pMjwb dI nINh iliKAw jd ik igRPnAqy mY~sI ny 1909 iv`c cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw iliKAw hY[

BwvyN srdwr nlUey sMbMDI CotIAW motIAW XwdW BwrqI pMjwbAMdr kuJ zrUr hn[ kvI sMsQwvW v`loN nlvw dy nwm qy Avwrf vIid`qy jWdy hn ijvyN kOmI Kyf idvs 14 AkqUbr 2011 nUM srdwrjsivMdr isMG ig`l (AQlYitks koc) nUM srdwr hrI isMG nlvwAvwrf nwl snmwinAw igAw[ pr ies idl dy dwny, XwrW dy XwrAqy srdwrW dy srdwr sMbMDI pMjwb AMdr mhwn Xwd bnwaux dI v`fIloV hY[

jrnYl hrI isMG nlUey sMbMDI vwrW qy jMg-nwmyvwr jW jMg nwmy AMdr kvI mhwn XoDy dI prm sUrbIrqw, prm

scweI Aqy prm dnweI nUM AwpxI kivqw iv`c rcdw hY[ ieh vwrWjW jMg-nwmy bIr-rs nwl BrpUr huMdy hn, swihq AMdr iehnW dIau~cI-su`cI Swn huMdI hY Aqy Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW leI jwgrqI dInuhwr bx jWdy hn[ ieh vwrW Awm bMdw jW bhuq ielm vwlw nhINrc skdw[ieh qW Dur drgwhI dwq ijs nUM pRwpq huMdI hY aus dy roSnidmwg iv`coN Awp-muhwry kivqw auqrdI hY[ purwqn simAW dy kvInwiekW dI sUrbIrqw, s`c-JUT dw insqwrw qy AslIAq dw pRgtwvwAwpxI kivqw iv`c krdy sn[ aunHW dy ihrdy lwlc qoN rihq, jIvnswdw Aqy prmwqmw dy BYA iv`c c`lx vwly sn[ is`K rwj dy AMdrjo kwrnwmy, jo virAwmqw, jo jIvn AwdrS Aqy Shwdq q`k dIbulMdI hrI isMG ny idKweI aus dw snmwn Aqy guxgwn hoxw suBwivksI[ muK qOr qy pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm ny nlUey dy bIr kwrnwimAWsMbMDI s`q rcnwvW dw vrnx kIqw hY[

1) ikRq kvI shweI isMG-shweI isMG ivdvwn kvIAW dy pRvwriv`c jnimAw[ ieh kysr isMG iC`br dw poqw sI[ ies ny hrIisMG sMbMDI kmwldI Sihr&I ilKI hY ijs dy 30 bYNq hn[nmUnw ieh hY:

mIm-mOq nw jwxdw kyhI huMdI, qygw iK`c ky Xu`D dy iv`c vVdw[hor &Oj qW bhuq srkwr dI hY, hrI isMG sUrw A`gy hoey lVdw[

&Oj jwie peI qMbU lu`txy nUM, hrI isMG srdwr sI mnHy krdw[shweI isMG iPrMgI nUM mwr ky jI, qopKwny dy iv`c brUd Brdw[ (24)

2) gurmuK isMG igAwnI- ieh ivdvqw dy mwrqMf igAwnI sMqisMG dw pu`qr sI[ srdwr nlUey ny Akwl q^q dy klS dIsunihrI syvw leI ies dI ifaUtI lgweI sI[ gurmuK isMG ny'jMg nwmw hrI isMG kw' 30 bYNqW iv`c iliKAw :

jIm-jwxky bhuq hI sUr Bwrw, krI gOr qy pws ibTwieAw eI[KuSI hoie srkwr ny lweI klgI, ijgHw FwL AxvwieAw eI[isropwau dy ky ikhw jwE BwXw, hrI isMG ny &qih bulwXw eI['gurmuK isMG' ciVHAw hrI isMG rwjw, sBo qorkI &Oj frwXw eI] (4)

3) rwm idAwl AwnMd- ieh nvW Sihr dw vsnIk sI[ ies ny 91CMdW dw jMg-nwmw srdwr hrI isMG iliKAw:

mhW isMG srdwr qqbIr kIqI, Pu`l cwie qUPwn dy iv`c pWdw[iv`c pwlkI dy srkwr bYTI, nwl GoiVAW dy Asvwr lWdw[cMbw GoVw srdwr dw bhuq cMgw, rx iv`c qlvwrIAW jwie KWdw[mhW isMG hiQAwr srkwr dy jI, cwey GoVy dy hMny dy nwl lWdw[ (74)

4) AigAwq kvI-ieh jMgnwmw is`K rYPrYNs , lwiebRyrI AMimRqsrdy KrVw nM: 5854 qy ipAw sI ijs nUM srdwr SmSyr isMGASok ny 1850 iv`c sMpwidq kIqw[ ies dy qkrIbn 100 CMdhn Aqy BwSw ibRj hY:

155154

Aw& wlsw' iliKAw hY, kroey ny 'dI AweIfIAl isK solzr' iliKAwBwv nmUny dw ispwh-slwr[ gujrWvwlw dy 1893-94 dy gztIAriv`c 'Ney of the Punjab' Bwv pMjwb dI nINh iliKAw jd ik igRPnAqy mY~sI ny 1909 iv`c cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw iliKAw hY[

BwvyN srdwr nlUey sMbMDI CotIAW motIAW XwdW BwrqI pMjwbAMdr kuJ zrUr hn[ kvI sMsQwvW v`loN nlvw dy nwm qy Avwrf vIid`qy jWdy hn ijvyN kOmI Kyf idvs 14 AkqUbr 2011 nUM srdwrjsivMdr isMG ig`l (AQlYitks koc) nUM srdwr hrI isMG nlvwAvwrf nwl snmwinAw igAw[ pr ies idl dy dwny, XwrW dy XwrAqy srdwrW dy srdwr sMbMDI pMjwb AMdr mhwn Xwd bnwaux dI v`fIloV hY[

jrnYl hrI isMG nlUey sMbMDI vwrW qy jMg-nwmyvwr jW jMg nwmy AMdr kvI mhwn XoDy dI prm sUrbIrqw, prm

scweI Aqy prm dnweI nUM AwpxI kivqw iv`c rcdw hY[ ieh vwrWjW jMg-nwmy bIr-rs nwl BrpUr huMdy hn, swihq AMdr iehnW dIau~cI-su`cI Swn huMdI hY Aqy Awaux vwlIAW pIVHIAW leI jwgrqI dInuhwr bx jWdy hn[ ieh vwrW Awm bMdw jW bhuq ielm vwlw nhINrc skdw[ieh qW Dur drgwhI dwq ijs nUM pRwpq huMdI hY aus dy roSnidmwg iv`coN Awp-muhwry kivqw auqrdI hY[ purwqn simAW dy kvInwiekW dI sUrbIrqw, s`c-JUT dw insqwrw qy AslIAq dw pRgtwvwAwpxI kivqw iv`c krdy sn[ aunHW dy ihrdy lwlc qoN rihq, jIvnswdw Aqy prmwqmw dy BYA iv`c c`lx vwly sn[ is`K rwj dy AMdrjo kwrnwmy, jo virAwmqw, jo jIvn AwdrS Aqy Shwdq q`k dIbulMdI hrI isMG ny idKweI aus dw snmwn Aqy guxgwn hoxw suBwivksI[ muK qOr qy pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm ny nlUey dy bIr kwrnwimAWsMbMDI s`q rcnwvW dw vrnx kIqw hY[

1) ikRq kvI shweI isMG-shweI isMG ivdvwn kvIAW dy pRvwriv`c jnimAw[ ieh kysr isMG iC`br dw poqw sI[ ies ny hrIisMG sMbMDI kmwldI Sihr&I ilKI hY ijs dy 30 bYNq hn[nmUnw ieh hY:

mIm-mOq nw jwxdw kyhI huMdI, qygw iK`c ky Xu`D dy iv`c vVdw[hor &Oj qW bhuq srkwr dI hY, hrI isMG sUrw A`gy hoey lVdw[

&Oj jwie peI qMbU lu`txy nUM, hrI isMG srdwr sI mnHy krdw[shweI isMG iPrMgI nUM mwr ky jI, qopKwny dy iv`c brUd Brdw[ (24)

2) gurmuK isMG igAwnI- ieh ivdvqw dy mwrqMf igAwnI sMqisMG dw pu`qr sI[ srdwr nlUey ny Akwl q^q dy klS dIsunihrI syvw leI ies dI ifaUtI lgweI sI[ gurmuK isMG ny'jMg nwmw hrI isMG kw' 30 bYNqW iv`c iliKAw :

jIm-jwxky bhuq hI sUr Bwrw, krI gOr qy pws ibTwieAw eI[KuSI hoie srkwr ny lweI klgI, ijgHw FwL AxvwieAw eI[isropwau dy ky ikhw jwE BwXw, hrI isMG ny &qih bulwXw eI['gurmuK isMG' ciVHAw hrI isMG rwjw, sBo qorkI &Oj frwXw eI] (4)

3) rwm idAwl AwnMd- ieh nvW Sihr dw vsnIk sI[ ies ny 91CMdW dw jMg-nwmw srdwr hrI isMG iliKAw:

mhW isMG srdwr qqbIr kIqI, Pu`l cwie qUPwn dy iv`c pWdw[iv`c pwlkI dy srkwr bYTI, nwl GoiVAW dy Asvwr lWdw[cMbw GoVw srdwr dw bhuq cMgw, rx iv`c qlvwrIAW jwie KWdw[mhW isMG hiQAwr srkwr dy jI, cwey GoVy dy hMny dy nwl lWdw[ (74)

4) AigAwq kvI-ieh jMgnwmw is`K rYPrYNs , lwiebRyrI AMimRqsrdy KrVw nM: 5854 qy ipAw sI ijs nUM srdwr SmSyr isMGASok ny 1850 iv`c sMpwidq kIqw[ ies dy qkrIbn 100 CMdhn Aqy BwSw ibRj hY:

155154

hrI isMG bIr ko, khXo nryS bYT ky,ipSOr dyS jwie ky, hmwrw kwm kIjIey[AwbwdwnI kIjY sB, dys ko vswie dIjY[kIqY bwq soeI ijm, koaU n duKIjIAY[

5) kwnH isMG bMgw ieh jMg nwmw srdwr hrI isMG pitAwlyvwilAW pws sI[ srdwr krm isMG ihstorIAn ny ies dInkl kIqI sI pr CpI nhIN[ ies dw AMqlw dohrw sI:

hrI isMG muK nwm kih, jo bWDy qlvwr[qIn lok jIvq iPrY, koaU nw sky hY twr[

6) imsr hrI cMd aurP kwdrXwr-pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm dIKoj drsWauNdI hY ik ieh imsr bylI rwm dy ^wndwn iv`cvIhvIN sdI iv`c hoieAw[ pRoPYsr sIqw rwm kohlI nUM lwhOrivKy imldw rihMdw sI[ ies ny kwdrXwr dI SIhrPI qoN pRBwvqho ky hrI isMG dy jMg-nwmy dw ibRqWq 6 SIhrPIAW iv`ciliKAw pr nwm Awpxy qK`lS vwlw kwdrXwr vriqAw[ iesdIAW SIhrPIAW 1924 iv`c mnohr pRYs srgoDw ny CwpIAW snAqy 1964 iv`c pMjwbI XUnIvristI ny pRkwiSq kIqw sI[nmUny leI bYNq hY:

nUn inkl cl GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[golI l`gI hY kihr klyr vwlI, Gwiel hoXw hY A`j Asvwr qyrw[myry bWikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[kwdrXwr jy lY c`ly A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw Bu`l sI ipAwr Syrw[

(qIjI sIhrPI)

7) kwdrXwr -ieh mwCI ky ijlHw gujrWvwly dw sMDU j`t sI[ iesny keI ik`sy ilKy hn[ ies dw iliKAw srdwr hrI isMG dIbhwdrI dw ik`sw 'srdwr hrI isMG' 30 bYNqW iv`c idl tuMbxvwlw hY, jYsy:

AlP-AwPrIN jMmxw kihx swry, hrI isMG dUly srdwr qweIN[jmWdwr bylI rwjy swihb koloN, k`d au~cw bulMd, srkwr qweIN[DnI qyg dw mrd nsIb vwlw, swXw aus dw ku`l sMswr qweIN[kwdrXwr phwVW nUM soiDAw sU, kwbl kyieAW KOP kMDwr qweIN[

iehnW ilKwrIAW qoN ielwvw, jsvMq isMG vqnw ny 'jMg nwmwsrdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, mnohr isMG inrmwx ny 'vwr hrI isMGnlUAw' hirMdr isMG rUp ny 'nlUey dI vwr', pRoPYsr mohx isMG ny, 'dySipAwr' Awid ilKqW ies blkwrI XoDy sMbMDI ilKIAW[ kvI AmrisMG ny hrI isMG nlUey dI jIvn gwQw 'cmkdw hIrw' gurmuKI iv`ckivqw dy rUp iv`c ilKI[

ipCokV smyN AMdr AnykW ilKwrIAW ny srdwr hrI isMG dyjIvn qy Jwq pweI hY[ pr A`j klH dy ilKwrIAW ny ies mhwn XoDynUM mwno ivswr hI id`qw hY[ ivigAwn dIAW nvIAW kwFW, Dn dy PYlwAAqy mOjUdw bhuqy ilKwrIAW dI soc vpwrk Aqy by-sbrI kwrn aunHWsUrbIr bhwdrW dw ieiqhws ilKx dI bjwey ASlIlqw Bry lyKilKx, purwqn ieiqhws qy nukqwcInI krn Aqy ie`k dUjy dIAW l`qWiKcx vwlIAW ilKqW ilKxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW hn[ A&sos dI g`lieh vI hY ik au~cI su`cI klw vwly, aud`mI Aqy nyk nIqI vwlyilKwrIAW Aqy kvIAW nUM smyN dIAW srkwrW ny vI A`KoN-proKy krid`qw hY[ cMgw swihq ilKxw ij`Qy jIvn dI mhwn ikrq huMdI hY au~Qyauh kOm dI buinAwd vjoN kMm krdw hY[ auswrU Aqy suqMqr socvwlIAW ilKqW mnu`KI idlW nUM hrw Brw kr idMdIAW hn[ iehnWlyKxIAW ilKx leI bhuq smW lgdw hY, iltrycr Polxw Aqy pVHnwpYNdw hY idmwgI qwkq lgdI hY Aqy Cpwaux leI Dn dI zrUrq pYNdIhY[

BwvyN A`j dy dOr AMdr vPw, SrDw, Adb, Aqy mnu`KI ipAwrKqm hox kwrn AwpoDwpI , byivSvwSI Aqy suAwrQpuxw zorW qy hY,

157156

hrI isMG bIr ko, khXo nryS bYT ky,ipSOr dyS jwie ky, hmwrw kwm kIjIey[AwbwdwnI kIjY sB, dys ko vswie dIjY[kIqY bwq soeI ijm, koaU n duKIjIAY[

5) kwnH isMG bMgw ieh jMg nwmw srdwr hrI isMG pitAwlyvwilAW pws sI[ srdwr krm isMG ihstorIAn ny ies dInkl kIqI sI pr CpI nhIN[ ies dw AMqlw dohrw sI:

hrI isMG muK nwm kih, jo bWDy qlvwr[qIn lok jIvq iPrY, koaU nw sky hY twr[

6) imsr hrI cMd aurP kwdrXwr-pRoPYsr ipAwrw isMG pdm dIKoj drsWauNdI hY ik ieh imsr bylI rwm dy ^wndwn iv`cvIhvIN sdI iv`c hoieAw[ pRoPYsr sIqw rwm kohlI nUM lwhOrivKy imldw rihMdw sI[ ies ny kwdrXwr dI SIhrPI qoN pRBwvqho ky hrI isMG dy jMg-nwmy dw ibRqWq 6 SIhrPIAW iv`ciliKAw pr nwm Awpxy qK`lS vwlw kwdrXwr vriqAw[ iesdIAW SIhrPIAW 1924 iv`c mnohr pRYs srgoDw ny CwpIAW snAqy 1964 iv`c pMjwbI XUnIvristI ny pRkwiSq kIqw sI[nmUny leI bYNq hY:

nUn inkl cl GoiVAw iklHy dy v`l, AsW pwvxw nhIN dUjI vwr Pyrw[golI l`gI hY kihr klyr vwlI, Gwiel hoXw hY A`j Asvwr qyrw[myry bWikAw CYl CbIilAw auey, hY qUM sYAW mYdwnW dw Xwr myrw[kwdrXwr jy lY c`ly A`j fyry, qyrw kdy nw Bu`l sI ipAwr Syrw[

(qIjI sIhrPI)

7) kwdrXwr -ieh mwCI ky ijlHw gujrWvwly dw sMDU j`t sI[ iesny keI ik`sy ilKy hn[ ies dw iliKAw srdwr hrI isMG dIbhwdrI dw ik`sw 'srdwr hrI isMG' 30 bYNqW iv`c idl tuMbxvwlw hY, jYsy:

AlP-AwPrIN jMmxw kihx swry, hrI isMG dUly srdwr qweIN[jmWdwr bylI rwjy swihb koloN, k`d au~cw bulMd, srkwr qweIN[DnI qyg dw mrd nsIb vwlw, swXw aus dw ku`l sMswr qweIN[kwdrXwr phwVW nUM soiDAw sU, kwbl kyieAW KOP kMDwr qweIN[

iehnW ilKwrIAW qoN ielwvw, jsvMq isMG vqnw ny 'jMg nwmwsrdwr hrI isMG nlUAw, mnohr isMG inrmwx ny 'vwr hrI isMGnlUAw' hirMdr isMG rUp ny 'nlUey dI vwr', pRoPYsr mohx isMG ny, 'dySipAwr' Awid ilKqW ies blkwrI XoDy sMbMDI ilKIAW[ kvI AmrisMG ny hrI isMG nlUey dI jIvn gwQw 'cmkdw hIrw' gurmuKI iv`ckivqw dy rUp iv`c ilKI[

ipCokV smyN AMdr AnykW ilKwrIAW ny srdwr hrI isMG dyjIvn qy Jwq pweI hY[ pr A`j klH dy ilKwrIAW ny ies mhwn XoDynUM mwno ivswr hI id`qw hY[ ivigAwn dIAW nvIAW kwFW, Dn dy PYlwAAqy mOjUdw bhuqy ilKwrIAW dI soc vpwrk Aqy by-sbrI kwrn aunHWsUrbIr bhwdrW dw ieiqhws ilKx dI bjwey ASlIlqw Bry lyKilKx, purwqn ieiqhws qy nukqwcInI krn Aqy ie`k dUjy dIAW l`qWiKcx vwlIAW ilKqW ilKxIAW SurU kr id`qIAW hn[ A&sos dI g`lieh vI hY ik au~cI su`cI klw vwly, aud`mI Aqy nyk nIqI vwlyilKwrIAW Aqy kvIAW nUM smyN dIAW srkwrW ny vI A`KoN-proKy krid`qw hY[ cMgw swihq ilKxw ij`Qy jIvn dI mhwn ikrq huMdI hY au~Qyauh kOm dI buinAwd vjoN kMm krdw hY[ auswrU Aqy suqMqr socvwlIAW ilKqW mnu`KI idlW nUM hrw Brw kr idMdIAW hn[ iehnWlyKxIAW ilKx leI bhuq smW lgdw hY, iltrycr Polxw Aqy pVHnwpYNdw hY idmwgI qwkq lgdI hY Aqy Cpwaux leI Dn dI zrUrq pYNdIhY[

BwvyN A`j dy dOr AMdr vPw, SrDw, Adb, Aqy mnu`KI ipAwrKqm hox kwrn AwpoDwpI , byivSvwSI Aqy suAwrQpuxw zorW qy hY,

157156

pr jIvn nUM ruSnOx leI, au~cw-su`cw bnwaux leI Aqy shI syD dyxleI hrI isMG nlUAw vrgy mhwn XoiDAW dw ieiqhws A`j dy smyNAMdr mwnisk bl qoN ielwvw, srIrk bl, scweI dw bl, sMqoK Aqyaupkwrqw dw rsqw idKwaux leI AiqAMq shwiek ho skdw hY[

suihrdqw, isAwxp Aqy suhj iesy g`l iv`c hY ik Ajy vIsMBwl jweIey[ ijs XoDy ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI Awpxy Awp nUM lyKy lwid`qw aus nUM nw Bu`lIey[ ikauNik ies sUrmy ny sony dI icVI AKvwauxvwly ihMdusqwn au~pr bwr bwr hmlw krky lutx vwilAW dy mUMh AYsyBMny sn ik sdw leI aunHW nUM dyS AMdr vVno rok id`qw[ aus nyA&gwnW qy AYsI ij`q pRwpq kIqI jo nw rUs, nw brqwnIAW nwAmrIkw vrgy SkqISwlI dyS Ajy q`k kr sky hn[ ies mnu`KIAwzwdI, mzlUmW qy gaU grIb dI riKAw, mwnvvwdI Aqy kilAwxkwrIdyS dy jMzIry, kOm dy hIry Aqy sMGrS dy qdbIry dI mihmw ieM\ hIgwauxI bxdI hY:

ijs Drq v`l koeI nhIN sI mUMh krdw,hrI isMG dUlw Syr au~Qy jw bu`ikAw[XoDw mOq dI nhIN sI prvwh krdw,jykr ruikAw qW imSn pUrw kr ruikAw[swrw jIvn lMGw id`qw sMGrS AMdr,isMG hox nwqy kdy vYrI A`gy sI nw JuikAw[Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw auh sMswr AMdr,aus kMm dI jo rUsI, AMgryz nw koeI hor kr sikAw[

pusqk prmwxpRym isMG hoqI (bwbw) (1937) jIvn ibRqWq srdwr hrI isMG

nlvw, lwhOr bu`k Swp, insbq rof, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI)

SmSyr isMG ASok (1990) vIr nwiek hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySnibaUro pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI)

AOqwr isMG sMDU (1935) jnrl hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn kinMGmihstOrIkl suswietI, lwhOr[ (AMgryzI)

bYrn crlz hugl (1970) tRYvlz ien kSmIr AYNf pMjwb[pblIkySn lYNgUeyz, fIpwrtmYNt pMjwb, pitAwlw[ (AMgryzI)

jOhr AY~s AY~s (1996) is`K vYrIAr hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySnnYSnl bu`k Swp, id`lI[ (AMgryzI)

sUrj isMG (1912) cmkdy lwl srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[ pblIkySn: cqr isMG , jIvn isMG AMimRqsr (pMjwbI)

suKidAwl isMG (2002) Kwlsw pMQ dy pMj q^q[pblIkySn :pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI)

rxjIq isMG (1973 ) jIvn-jnrl srdwr hrI isMGnlUAw[pblIkySn : SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr[(pMjwbI)

rwm ikSn (1927) srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[pblIkySn : lwhOrIgyt, lwhOr[(aurdU)

vnIq nlUAw (2009) hrI isMG nlUAw cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw jI1791-1837)[ pblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrIrof dirAw gMj nvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI)

159158

pr jIvn nUM ruSnOx leI, au~cw-su`cw bnwaux leI Aqy shI syD dyxleI hrI isMG nlUAw vrgy mhwn XoiDAW dw ieiqhws A`j dy smyNAMdr mwnisk bl qoN ielwvw, srIrk bl, scweI dw bl, sMqoK Aqyaupkwrqw dw rsqw idKwaux leI AiqAMq shwiek ho skdw hY[

suihrdqw, isAwxp Aqy suhj iesy g`l iv`c hY ik Ajy vIsMBwl jweIey[ ijs XoDy ny dyS dI AwzwdI leI Awpxy Awp nUM lyKy lwid`qw aus nUM nw Bu`lIey[ ikauNik ies sUrmy ny sony dI icVI AKvwauxvwly ihMdusqwn au~pr bwr bwr hmlw krky lutx vwilAW dy mUMh AYsyBMny sn ik sdw leI aunHW nUM dyS AMdr vVno rok id`qw[ aus nyA&gwnW qy AYsI ij`q pRwpq kIqI jo nw rUs, nw brqwnIAW nwAmrIkw vrgy SkqISwlI dyS Ajy q`k kr sky hn[ ies mnu`KIAwzwdI, mzlUmW qy gaU grIb dI riKAw, mwnvvwdI Aqy kilAwxkwrIdyS dy jMzIry, kOm dy hIry Aqy sMGrS dy qdbIry dI mihmw ieM\ hIgwauxI bxdI hY:

ijs Drq v`l koeI nhIN sI mUMh krdw,hrI isMG dUlw Syr au~Qy jw bu`ikAw[XoDw mOq dI nhIN sI prvwh krdw,jykr ruikAw qW imSn pUrw kr ruikAw[swrw jIvn lMGw id`qw sMGrS AMdr,isMG hox nwqy kdy vYrI A`gy sI nw JuikAw[Aim`t Cwp C`f igAw auh sMswr AMdr,aus kMm dI jo rUsI, AMgryz nw koeI hor kr sikAw[

pusqk prmwxpRym isMG hoqI (bwbw) (1937) jIvn ibRqWq srdwr hrI isMG

nlvw, lwhOr bu`k Swp, insbq rof, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI)

SmSyr isMG ASok (1990) vIr nwiek hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySnibaUro pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI)

AOqwr isMG sMDU (1935) jnrl hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySn kinMGmihstOrIkl suswietI, lwhOr[ (AMgryzI)

bYrn crlz hugl (1970) tRYvlz ien kSmIr AYNf pMjwb[pblIkySn lYNgUeyz, fIpwrtmYNt pMjwb, pitAwlw[ (AMgryzI)

jOhr AY~s AY~s (1996) is`K vYrIAr hrI isMG nlvw[ pblIkySnnYSnl bu`k Swp, id`lI[ (AMgryzI)

sUrj isMG (1912) cmkdy lwl srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[ pblIkySn: cqr isMG , jIvn isMG AMimRqsr (pMjwbI)

suKidAwl isMG (2002) Kwlsw pMQ dy pMj q^q[pblIkySn :pMjwbI XUnIvristI, pitAwlw[ (pMjwbI)

rxjIq isMG (1973 ) jIvn-jnrl srdwr hrI isMGnlUAw[pblIkySn : SRomxI gurduAwrw pRbMDk kmytI AMimRqsr[(pMjwbI)

rwm ikSn (1927) srdwr hrI isMG nlUAw[pblIkySn : lwhOrIgyt, lwhOr[(aurdU)

vnIq nlUAw (2009) hrI isMG nlUAw cYNpIAn Aw& dI ^wlsw jI1791-1837)[ pblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrIrof dirAw gMj nvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI)

159158

suirMdr isMG (2004) is`K kuAwienz - isMbl Aw& is`K sOvirntIpblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrI rof dirAw gMjnvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI)

Amr isMG (1903) cmkdw hIrw-jIvn ibrqWq sRI mwn srdwrhrI isMG jI nlUAw, kmWfr-ien-cI& ^wlsw &Oj , gvrnrAw& pySwvr vw ielwkw hzwrw pblIkySn : dI wlsw eyjMsIlwhOrI, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI)

brnz AlYgzYNfr (1834) trYvlz ien tU boKwr tUgYdr iv`c eynYryitv Aw& ey vovyj Awn dI ieMfs : pblIkySn : AOksPorfXUnIvristI pRY~s[ (AMgryzI) 1973

igAwnI qrlok isMG qUPwn (1949) AxKIlw jrnYl (srdwr hrIisMG nlUAw) pblIkySn : BweI myhr isMG , suirMdr isMG,AMimRqsr[ (pMjwbI)

gurmiq pRkwS (spYSl ieSU) meI 1992 [ pblIkySn Drm pRcwrkmytI 38 (2) (pMjwbI)

ipAwrw isMG pdm (2007) jrnYl hrI isMG nlvy dy jMgnwmy[gurmiq pRkwS meI 2007 pMnw 45-52[ (pMjwbI)

160

suirMdr isMG (2004) is`K kuAwienz - isMbl Aw& is`K sOvirntIpblIkySn : mnohr pbilSrz 2(6 AnswrI rof dirAw gMjnvIN id`lI[ (AMgryzI)

Amr isMG (1903) cmkdw hIrw-jIvn ibrqWq sRI mwn srdwrhrI isMG jI nlUAw, kmWfr-ien-cI& ^wlsw &Oj , gvrnrAw& pySwvr vw ielwkw hzwrw pblIkySn : dI wlsw eyjMsIlwhOrI, lwhOr[ (pMjwbI)

brnz AlYgzYNfr (1834) trYvlz ien tU boKwr tUgYdr iv`c eynYryitv Aw& ey vovyj Awn dI ieMfs : pblIkySn : AOksPorfXUnIvristI pRY~s[ (AMgryzI) 1973

igAwnI qrlok isMG qUPwn (1949) AxKIlw jrnYl (srdwr hrIisMG nlUAw) pblIkySn : BweI myhr isMG , suirMdr isMG,AMimRqsr[ (pMjwbI)

gurmiq pRkwS (spYSl ieSU) meI 1992 [ pblIkySn Drm pRcwrkmytI 38 (2) (pMjwbI)

ipAwrw isMG pdm (2007) jrnYl hrI isMG nlvy dy jMgnwmy[gurmiq pRkwS meI 2007 pMnw 45-52[ (pMjwbI)

160