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CHAPTERI

INTRODUCTION

Introduction says, Stress has become so familiar word that experts from medical, HRD,

management fields and yoga experts give much stress on defining stress and managing stress.

Indeed, stress has been woven into the fabric of life today. It starts from birth and if ignored ends

only with death. No person in this universe is free from some amount of stress. In fact, anything

hat makes us tense, angry or frustrated is stress. Dr. Hans Seyle, the noted experts on the stress

says, Stress, like relatively, is a scientific concept, which has suffered from the mixed blessing

of being too little understood.

Stress is common in all strata of society and all age groups though the intensity,

magnitude and visual symptoms differ from individual. A certain amount of stress is, however,

desirable individual; to give required stimulation to overcome obstacles that may prevent a

person in achieving his ultimate goal. At times, we even invite mild stress to avoid boredom and

development some motivation for a given activity.Dr. G. Wilkinson in his paper in the British

Medical Association Publication has defined stress through the following equation:

Levels of stress = Environmental stressor + stress Response + Significance of Event


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Chapter -II

PROFILE OF THE COMPANY

A public limited company by the promoters, Mr. Padam J .challani chairman &CEO

and Mr. Prakash chand Jain, vice chairman, who have been in the business in Tamil Nadu

for more than two and half decades. SARA V ANA GLOBAL ENERGY LIMITED

(formerly saravana insulators Limited) was established in the year 2003 by acquiring the total

assets of Mrs. Seshasayee industries Limited, a former reputed company, supplying High voltage

insulators, for transmission / distribution lines and railway electrification etc., The promoters

revamped, modernized and expanded and established the entire activities in P.N.Kuppam, to

produce High Alumina Porcelain Insulators required for power equipments, Power Grid (PGCIL)

having 1200 MT per month and the production operations were of Solid Core, Post Insulators

and Bushings for supplying up to 765kY to all Electricity Boards like, TNEB, MSEB, APSEB,

MPEB, KPTCIL, KSEB,

APTRANSCO etc. and others through insulators manufacturers.

THE PRODUCT RANGE COVERS THE FOLLOWING ITEMS.

~ Solid Core Long Rod Insulators up 765KY. Hollow Bushings, SF6 Circuit Breakers,

CTs/CYTs and lightning arrestors. 25KV Solid Core Insulators for Railway Electrification.

Solid core line post insulators

It is a well known fact that former Seshasayee Industries Limited ( SIL) had got a high

reputation with their consultancy and technical know-how from German, French& Italian

expertsfor manufacturing various Alumina Porcelain sophisticated under the guidance

ofMrs.Louis Locatelli who was a renowned European expert in the field.


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Mr.Louis Locatelli trained many of the engineers and also established the high strength

Alumina body in India for manufacture of high strength solid core insulators and high pressure

bushings and the core engineers who are now with Saravana Global Energy Limited in charge of

production, testing, specification etc,. Were all people worked with Mr. Louis Locatelli,

Mr.Mario Audi and other leading ceramic experts and have also undergone Training in European

factories for manufacture of specialty insulators required by the power industry. Besides putting

up a sophisticated Plant with all imported machines and firing kilns, Mr. Louis Locatelli helped

the company at that to have a full fledged Extra High Voltage and Mechanical testing lab which

is also now modernized with updated instrumentation, calibration of equipments etc.

So that the lab can be used for our own development and testing also for external testing

of electrical products to customers like Electricity Boards, Railways, PGCIL and others. The

Global power Research Institute (GPRI) (formerly Saravana EHV Lab)has been accredited by

National Accreditation Board for testing and calibration Laboratories(NABL)as per S/ISO17025-

requirements for Testing of Electrical and Mechanical tests up to 400K v forInsulators, Porcelain

and composite Insulators and Hardware.

It may be noted that the high voltage and extra high voltage product range is at par with

leading insulator manufacturers in India and abroad. There are about 850 employees working in

this company having requisite education, skill and experience in the manufacturing of insulators.

Lot of interest is being shown by leading switch gear manufacturers in India and abroad ikeABB,

Crompton Greaves, Areva, Siemens, L &T,BHEL and others for supply of bushings, solid core


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Post insulators etc. (have their confidence of the quality level and specification of the products

which are being produced in the factory

with background of the operating people and facilities and infrastructure created by the

Management to supply various products required-by utilities and power equipments

manufacturers).

MANUFACTURING PROCESS

The conversion of Raw Materials into a finished goods is proves as Known as manufacturing

process.

Raw Material

Ball Mill

Plunger

Filter Press

Pug Mill

PED

Shopping

Drying

Finishing

Glazing

Kiln

Cutting

Assembling

Testing

Packing


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Despatch

Raw Material:

There are different types of Raw Material

.:. HI Alumina

.:. HKC Clay

.:. TA Ball Clay

.:. Feldspar

.:. BGP Clay

.:. DM Clay

.:. NC II Clay

.:. Steatite

BALL MILL

Ball mill is a machine, which is used to grind or mix the raw material in a proper

composition. It rotates horizontally with a constant speed and it is also gear system. It takes 6

Hrs for grinding the raw material.

BLUNGER:


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It is a tank which is present below the ground surface where scrap is poured and water is

added it. It resemble like a fan like structure which consist of blade. A fan rotates for several

hours to form the slip. The segmentation is settled in the blunger and only the slip is transferred

to the filter press.

FILTER PRESS:

Filter press is a machine which is used to remove the water from the slurry by applying

pressure with help of hydraulic system, and the pressure increased and the water removed

through the nylon cloth due to increased pressure. This operation goes nearly 3-4 hrs to bring a

cake formation.

PUG MILL:

It is a fabrication machine which is used to bring the filter cake into desired shape with

the required dimension. The vacuum condition must be maintained inside the PUG mill in order

to avoid breakage; air is converted from low pressure to high pressure. The unloaded cake is

rotated to become noodles like structure. Finally we get the desired shape.

DRIER (PED): PUG ELECTRIC

It is the process in drying section where the PUG gets dried by using electric supply

approximately 500 voltages is applied. Then it is allowed to drying for 40 hrs (approximately)


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for evaporating moisture content by potential difference created in it. The time. Taken for the

process of drying varies for different shapes and sizes.

SHAPING:

There are two types of shaping system followed

A. Manual

B. CNC Program

A) Manual

It is used on individual person to can design the PUG with the help of temp plate.

B) CNC Program

It is systematic process and set to the program after work down the design on

automatically.

THERMIC FLUID HEATER:

After shaping, the PUG has to be taken to drying process and bring to required moisture

content of 0.5% (approximately) in it.

The temperature inside the drier must be increased day to day (l00 -

0210

.)orp ihTya 1p eptep Th w sec FINISHING BOOTHThis section where the surface of the PUG has to be shined.

GLAZING AREA:

A. Dipping


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B. Monogram

A.Dipping

Here, The PUG pieces are dipped in the suitable coloring agent (liquid state) which is

stored in large rectangular tray where the surface of the PUG gets required colour whichever

colour wants.

B.Monogram

It is the place where the stickers are pasted on the surface of the PUG.

The stickers giving the information about manufacturing date, company logo and serial number.

KILN:

It is a systematic process. There are two types of kiln.

Shuttle Kiln

Tunnel Kiln

In SGEL it used on shuttle Kiln. It is used to heat on 3 days the designed pieces at a very

high temperature of above 1230 c to 1250 c. After 2 days attaining the maximum temperature,

the cooling has to be done. At the end of the cooling, the temperature is maintained at room

temperature 35 c to 45 c the time taken to complete the process be varying for different

material.

SORTING:

After Kiln process it will check insulator piece come to correct shape.


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CUTTING:

Insulator unwanted top and bottom part can be cut and removed them.

ASSEMBLING:

It can assemble the metal parts are fixed with the help of cement like injection type at the top and

bottom part of the insulator.

TESTING:

It has five types of testing

Tensile testing

Bending testing

Hot water temperature testing

Cold water temperature testing

~ Curing chamber

A) Tensile testing

We can know how much length the ceramic material can able to expand.

B) Bending testing

It can withstand how much bending force acting on it.

C) Hot water temperature testing

It can with stand up to what extent of higher temperature.

D) Cold water temperature testing

It can with stand up to what extent oflow temperature.

E) Curing chamber


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It is a chamber into which the ceramics placed for particular period of Time with a continuous

spraying of cold water or stream on it on order to check whether any properties of the materials

can change.

PACKING:

After finishing the testing process. Finally the insulator is packed within the wooden box.

DISPATCH YARD:

After packing products are kept ready for dispatch.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

INTRODUCTION:

The work Stress is derived from the Latin term Stringers which means to draw tight.

Same define stress as the non. Specific response of the body to any demands made on it. when

the demands on an individuals exceed his capacity and adjustment resources stress occurs.

MEANING:

Stress is the general term applied to the pressure people feel in life. Stress on individuals

ranges from personal day to day life to their orgal activities. Stress is a costly business expense

that affects both employee health and company profit.

DEFINITION:

Hans Selyedefines stress as An adoptive response to the external situation that results

in physical, psychological and/or behavioural deviation for organizational participants.


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This stress is a mental, emotional or physical reaction resulting from an individuals

response to environmental pressure and similar stimuli. It refers to pressures people feel in life.

Hans Selye, the father of stress, believes that stress is the spice of life and absence of stress is

death. Different persons respond to stress full situations in different ways.


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STRESS

Nervousness Instability

EmotionalInstability

Excessiveuse of

Alchocol ordrugs

Feelings ofInability

Cope

Unco-operativeAttitude

Seepingproblem

absenteeism

Chronicworry

Inability ofRelax

High bloodprocessing

DigestiveProblem

SYMPTOMS OF STRESS:

The source of stress come

from are called stressors. The stressors, or the so called

antecedents of stress come from both inside our body and mind and outside of ourselves. The

stressors thus fall logically into for categories viz., environmental, organizational, group and

individual stressors. These are summarized in figure that thinking of stressors in various

categories will help us become more aware of stress in our lives. These are now discussed on by

one.

CAUSES OF STRESS:

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS


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Environmental factors do affect organization and thus have impact on stress also. The

environmental stressors to which an employees responds mainly include things such as fact

technological change, family demands and obligations, economic and financial conditions, race,

caste, class ethnic identity and transfer of late the phenomenal rate of social and technical change

has had its great impact on peoples life style which is carried over into their jobs. To mention

while medical science has increased the life span of the people by eradicating the life claiming

threats of many dreaded diseases on the one hand, the modern living style caught up in the rush,

mobile, urbanized and crowed has deteriorated the wellness and increased the potential for stress

on the job, on the other.


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ORGANISATIONAL STRESSORS

Stressors occur not only outside the organization, but within it also organizational

stressors can be categorized into policies and strategies, structure and design, processors and

working conditions organizational changes to meet challenges are usually accompanied by

stressors.

GROUP STRESS

People are usually members of various formal and informal groups. The department or

section to which are belongs, for example is formal group. Group bears tremendous influence on

individual members behavior. The group therefore can also be a potential source of stress.

The group stressors can be categorized into three types.

i) Lack of group CohesivenessFamous Hawthorne studies have made it clear that cohesiveness or togetherness

provides. Satisfaction to be employees. Lack of cohesiveness creates conflict which serves a

potential stressors for the employees.

ii) Lack of Social SupportWe all as the members of groups look for from co-members in times of both happiness

and sorrow. If we get this social support, we are much better off. If such a support is lacking

for an individual member. The same can also cause stress.


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iii) Interpersonal and Inter group Conflict

The incompatibility in term of needs and values between co-workers / colleagues

usually create interpersonal conflict. Likewise, variance in objectives and goals between

groups leads to inter group conflict.

INDIVIDUAL STRESSORS

Apart from the stressors discussed so far (environmental, organizational and group) there

are also individual factors which serve as stress. There are

i) Role of conflict and AmbiguityIndividual employees have multiple roles to play within as well as outside the

organization such as superior, subordinate, colleague, family community and so on, these

roles are a set of expectations that other members have of an employees.

ii) Personality traitsPersonality affects behavior. Personality traits vary from individual to individual.

iii) Life and carrier changesLifes changes may be slow (getting older) on sudden (the death of a spouse).

Particularly sudden changes have dramatic effect on people. The medical researchers have


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verified that more the person experiences sudden changes; the poorer will be his subsequent

health.

The same is true for career or nature of job and responsibility, underemployment

or over employment etc. can be stressing provoking besides certain situations are peculiar to the

Indian workers which add to tension and stress to them.

Experts on stress management are of the view that a lot of stress in Indian case is

due to demands placed on time and finance from family, relations, friend, community leisure

and relationship the we have in our family and social lives.

CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS

1. ON THE INDIVIDUAL

a) Physical: Headache, indigestion, insomnia, heart trouble

b) Mental: Anxiety, irritability, lack of clear thinking, inability to relax,

frustration, helplessness, loneliness, etc.

c) Behaviour: Excessine smoking or drinking, withdrawal from relationships,

speech disturbances.

2. ON THE ORGANIZATION

Low productivity, poor quality, higher costs, increased absenteeism, low job satisfaction,

accident proneness, poor interpersonal communications.


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TYPES OF STRESS

Stress can be functional, contributing to glow up, or dysfunctional, contributing to

burnout. The first has been called eustress and the second distress.

EUSTRESS

Eustress is the stress of achievement, triumph, and exhilaration

DISTRESS

Distress is the stress of disappointment, inadequacy, defeat and helplessness.

HOW TO MANAGE STRESS

INDIVIDUAL LEVEL:

a) Exercises: Physical and mental exercises helps to reduce emotional imbalance. Physicians

advise walking and other exervises in the morning, regular eating and sleeping habits and yoga

are very helpful.

b) Know yourself: A study should be made to find our ones strength and weakness,

opportunities and threats. A periodical analysis of these factors will provide better understanding

of self and the work around us which helps to reduce stress.

c) Forecasting and preparing: Advance thinking and foresight helps a manager to reduce risk

involved in decision making. Proper allocation of resources is also helpful.


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d) Organise work and time: We need to separate work from home. Break the routine in the

form of a small vacation or picnic. Share problems with spouse and friends.

e) Develop positive attitude: A positive attitude to both life and work does reduce stress. Make

positive use of stress. This helps to develop and correct perspective and to regain control over

the stress causing strategies. Accept things through which your cannot change.

f) Have Faith:Faith in ones deity can reduce stress. The reciting of GAYATRI MANTRA or

merely OM/AUM for those who follow this faith can reduce stress. This mantra is said be the

gist of vedic Philosophy.

g) Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) Technique: This is a dynamic action oriented learning

process where individuals are made to recognize the futility or irrationality of their firm beliefs

and viewpoints and develop rational beliefs and viewpoints.


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ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL:

Like an individual, an org can also help manage stress through various low proactive

interventions, some of these

1. Setting clear objectives:

Organization should set clear objectives for its members. This helps minimize roll

ambiguity which usually filters down the Organization in the form of neuoris.

2. Stress Audit

Pestonjoa has suggested stress audit as one of effective productive intervention to combat

stress, according to him, when an organization decides to have a scientific peep into mental &

physical health status of its backbone group (Executives, the exercise is called stress audit)

3. Counselling:

Counseling is yet another proactive strategy to be used by Organization to deal with

stress. Counseling to employees in the matters like career planning to provide them clarity in

their job rolls, helping them in identifying their strengths & Weakness help them better cope with

stress.

4. Spread the message:

Spreading the message about the importance of regular habits of work, leisure, proper

diet, exercise and mental peace among the organizational members helps them better cope with

stress.

5. Fit between person and work:


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Research evidence shows that striking a fit between worker and his/her works

environment serve as one the best strategy to manage stress. This congruence can be attained

linking the worker to the job characteristics, far high internal motivation, high quality

performance, high work satisfaction, and low absenteeism and turn over.

6. Clarity in rolls:

It shows that defining individual rolls through roll efficiency helps them reduce their roll

shared stresses. This is so as a result of an individuals, movement from a reactive. i.e., roll

taking behavior to a proactive i.e. roll-making behavior.

INDIAN METHODS OF MANAGING STRESS

Indian philosolhy consisting of Upanishada, Vedanta, etc. is very helpful in winning

stress. Dr. Sathish Chandra Pandey has given the following Indian model of stress management.

(i) Develop a strong philosophical base of combining different Indian values.(ii) Create awareness among organization members about these values(iii) Develop training programmes for executives and other staff members for their

total personality development based on Indian values, so that they can develop

their own strategies for coping with their organizations stressors.

(iv) There must be compulsory course on Indian philosophy in professionalmanagement course.

(v) Popularizing Indian values among organizational members will be helpful inreducing unnecessary individual and group conflict, power politics and stress in

Indian organization.


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(vi) Stress management programmers for employees must be based on sharingdifferent philosophical values and developing strategies through group learning.

(vii) Organizations must include these training programmers as integral part of theirlife. Occasionally, organizational programmers may not be helpful in the

members through such training programmers. It will work as the best preventive

strategy for stress management at organizational level.


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CHAPTERIV

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES

To know the cause for the stress experienced by the employees in their work

environment.

SECONDARY OBJECTIVES

1. To identify the cause of the stress faced by the employees.

2. To find out how the employees manage stress in their work environment.

3. To find out whether the employees stress affects their social behavior

4. To identify whether the employees stress has an impact on their job performance.


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NEED AND SCOPE OF THE STUDY

1. To evaluate the employees stress management system.

2. To attain the required satisfaction in work environment.

3. To highlight the promotional policy to enhance the employees.

4. To adopt defense mechanism for future oriented.

5. To analyses stress management program.


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CHAPTERV

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a systematically solve the research problem. It may be

understood of study, how research is done of scientifically. The method adopted in collecting

the data analysis and interpretation of data.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Research design is basic frame work which provide guidelines of whole research

methodology.

The choice of the research design depends on depth and extend of data required the cost

and benefits of the research the urgency of the work and time available for completing it.

For this study, exploratory research design is selected and used to define research

problems and to clarify concepts.


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SAMPLE SIZE

The sampling size was limited in number. So we considered 50 samples of the

employees interviewed through direct.

SAMPLING METHOD

In this study RANDOM sampling method adopted.

RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

The questionnaire was found to the most suitable type of research instrument. It is a set

of question presented to respondent for their answer.

METHOD OF DATA COLLECTIONS:

The sample were collected through questionnaires method. The data were collected

randomly. The data used in this study are both primary and secondary data where collected from

the various sources like manuals company records and relevant books.

AIDED WORK


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This survey was conducted in Cuddalore, ASIAN PAINTS LTD., for the period of 45

days.

STATISTICAL TOOLS

PERCENTAGE METHOD

The percentage of method was extensively used for analysis and interpretation of data. It

can be generally calculated as follows.

= x 100Number of respondents favourable

Total respondent


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CHAPTERVI

LIMITATIONS OF STUDY

1. There may be some bias in the answer of respondents.

2. The primary date have been collected using questionnaire, which has the know problemof respondents not giving factual information about the occurrence of occasions.

3. Some employees even suspected the objective of the study and fair to respond.

4. Through confidentially were provided workers refuse to answer some vital question.

5. The time duration allotted for this study is very short for collective adequate data.


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