main anthropogenic sources of gases –methane nitrous oxide · anthropogenic sources of methane...

15
Main Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases – Methane & Nitrous Oxide

Upload: others

Post on 27-Apr-2020

8 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Main Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases – Methane & 

Nitrous Oxide

Page 2: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Content

• Anthropogenic sources of methane (CH4)• Anthropogenic sources of nitrous oxide (N2O)

Page 3: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH4)

• Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity.• Since the Industrial Revolution humans have had a major impact on concentrations of atmospheric methane.

• As a result, humans have acquired the ability to affect concentrations of other gases in the atmosphere as well.

• For example, because methane traps heat in the atmosphere, increased methane emissions increase the temperature of the atmosphere.

• And, because warmer climates hold more water vapor, through methane emissions humans can indirectly increase the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere as well.

Page 4: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH4)

Ecological conversion• Conversion of forests and natural environments into agricultural plots increases the amount of nitrogen in the soil, which inhibits methane oxidation, weakening the ability of the methanotrophic bacteria in the soil to act as sinks.

• Additionally, by changing the level of the water table, humans can directly affect the soil’s ability to act as a source or sink.

• The relationship between water table levels and methane emission is explained in the wetlands section of natural sources.

Page 5: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH4)

Farm animals• Recent NASA research has confirmed the vital role of livestock eructation (burping) in global warming.

• Approximately 5% of the methane is released via the flatus, whereas the other 95% is released via eructation. Vaccines are under development to reduce the amount introduced through eructation.

• Also, when animals' manure is stored or managed in lagoons or holding tanks, CH4 is produced.

• Because humans raise these animals for food, the emissions are considered human‐related. 

Page 6: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH4)

Rice agriculture• Due to a continuously growing world population, rice agriculture has become one of the most powerful anthropogenic sources of methane.

• With warm weather and water‐logged soil, rice paddies act like wetlands, but are generated by humans for the purpose of food production.

• Due to the swamp‐like environment of rice fields, this crop alone is responsible for approximately 50‐100 million metric tons of methane emission each year.

• This means that rice agriculture is responsible for approximately 15 to 20 percent of anthropogenic methane emissions.

Page 7: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH4)

Landfills• Due to the large collections of organic matter and availability of anaerobic conditions, landfills are the third largest source of atmospheric methane in the United States.

• Even after a landfill is closed, the mass amount of decaying matter continues to emit methane for years.

• Although the methanotrophic bacteria in the surrounding soil does oxidize some of the methane, approximately 90 percent of the methane produced in landfills escapes through the landfill cover and into the atmosphere.

Page 8: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH4)

Waste water treatment• Waste water treatment facilities act to remove organic matter, solids, pathogens, and chemical hazards as a result of human contamination.

• Methane emission in waste treatment facilities occurs as a result of anaerobic treatments of organic compounds and anaerobic biodegradation of sludge.

Page 9: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH4)

Biomass burning• Incomplete burning of both living and dead organic matter results in the emission of methane.

• While natural wildfires can contribute to methane emissions, the bulk majority of biomass burning occurs as a result of humans‐ including everything from accidental burnings by civilians to deliberate burnings used to clear out land to biomass burnings occurring as a result of destroying waste.

Page 10: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH4)

Natural gas distribution• Methane is a primary component of natural gas, and thus during the production, processing, storage, transmission, and distribution of natural gas, a significant amount of methane is lost into the atmosphere.

Page 11: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

• Human activities such as agriculture, fossil fuel combustion, wastewater management, and industrial processes are increasing the amount of N2O in the atmosphere.

• Nitrous oxide molecules stay in the atmosphere for an average of 120 years before being removed by a sink or destroyed through chemical reactions.

• The impact of 1 pound of N2O on warming the atmosphere is over 300 times that of 1 pound of carbon dioxide.

Page 12: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

Agriculture• Nitrous oxide is emitted when people add nitrogen to the soil through the use of synthetic fertilizers.

• Nitrous oxide is also emitted during the breakdown of nitrogen in livestock manure and urine.

Page 13: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

Transportation• Nitrous oxide is emitted when transportation fuels are burned.

• Motor vehicles, including passenger cars and trucks, are the primary source of N2O emissions from transportation.

• The amount of N2O emitted from transportation depends on the type of fuel and vehicle technology, maintenance, and operating practices.

Page 14: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Anthropogenic Sources of Nitrous Oxide (N2O)

Industry• Nitrous oxide is generated as a byproduct during the production of nitric acid, which is used to make synthetic commercial fertilizer, and in the production of adipic acid, which is used to make fibers, like nylon, and other synthetic products.

Page 15: Main Anthropogenic Sources of Gases –Methane Nitrous Oxide · Anthropogenic Sources of Methane (CH 4) •Slightly over half of the total emission is due to human activity. •Since

Main Anthropogenic Sources of Greenhouse Gases – Methane & 

Nitrous Oxide