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Agreement No. CE 59/94

Main Drainage Channels for Fanling, Sheung Shui and Hinterland

MAIN DRAINAGE CHANNELS FOR FANLING, SHEUNG SHUI & HINTERLAND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY for Final Assessment Report

October 1997

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TERRITORY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

MAIN DRAINAGE CHANNELS FOR FANLING, SHEUNG SHU! & HINTERLAND

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY for Final Assessment Report

October 1997

CES (Asia) Ltd. I c~ Room 1201, Tai Yau Building 181 Johnston Road, Wanchai, Hong Kong Tel: (852) 2893 1551 Fax: (852) 2891 0305 Email: [email protected]

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Territory Development Department Main Drainage Channels for Fanling. Sheung Shui &

Hinterland, EIA, Executive Summary for Final Assessment Report

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1

The River Indus drains a catchment of over 7000 hectares and is the major river system that serves the North-East New Territories (Figure 1.1). Anthropogenic effects have drastically modified both the floodplain and the river system and over time this has led to increased occurrence and severity of flooding. This situation has inflicted hardship on the people living in the area and affected the successful functioning of infrastructure developments (such as roads, sewage treatment plants etc).

Urbanisation has further increased the degree and frequency of flooding events. Landfill has seriously lowered the ability of the floodplain to store waters; at present, significant flooding occurs at a much higher frequency as common rainfall levels outstrip the ability of the floodplain to store the waters. This situation has been exacerbated by changes to the river system; Previous studies including the River Indus Study (1989) and the Teladflocoss II Study in 1993 have demonstrated that the existing river systems cannot contain the flood water. Their inherent problems are:

• Increased siltation - Sediment load has increased in recent years due to pollution from raw livestock waste as well as soil and sub-soil runoff from development sites.

• Chemical pollution - Agricultural waste has been directly dumped into the river system and plant growth within the river has been stimulated by nutrient pollutants.

• Physical - Construction of weirs, pipelines and bridges have affected river water flow and the dumping of solid refuse has exacerbated this situation with floods pushing rubbish downstream to collect around structures such as pipes and bridge supports.

The cumulative effect of these factors has been to produce a river system that is now too narrow, too flat, too shallow and too overgrown to contain and convey the flood water.

Potential damages from floods, together with the disruption to essential services and the social upheaval caused to residents and businesses in the area have prompted the government to commission a number of studies in order to investigate the problem and to recommend solutions. Project 53CD- Main Drainage Channels for Fan1ing. Sheung Shui and Hinterland and Project 87CLRiver Training in Area 30B are the implementation stages of the recommendations of these studies for the majority of the Indus Basin. These projects follow on from a number of other smaller schemes which have already been constructed or are being constructed aimed at resolving flooding problems in critical areas.

Options for Flood Control

The solution to the above problems have been considered in both structural and non-structural terms in previous studies. In general, river training structural measures have been determined as the most cost-effective measure due in large part to:

• The very high cost of acquiring land;

• The need for flood relief to communities that are constantly at risk from levels of damage that are considered unacceptable; .

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• Implementation of non-structural methods alone would not achieve the desired flood control.

The excessive cost ofland purchase generally ruled out realistic consideration of the extensive use of non -structural measures requiring large land areas, including:

• Extensive filling of low-lying land; • Flood parks; • Large storage ponds; • Flood by-passes

Other non-structural measures (not requiring large land areas) relating to floodplain management to reduce the longer term flooding hazard are already in place or are being implemented. These include:

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Land management which ensures that permitted land use is consistent with the flooding hazard. The present pattern of land use shows that management within the basin takes into account the flooding hazard. New Town development is shown to be sited above existing flood levels, while on the frequently flooded plain, agricultural lands dominate. Where development is within the flood plain, it is normally on fill.

Introduction of comprehensive sewerage provision which will improve water quality, thus making maintenance tasks easier and reducing the growth of vegetation such as water hyacinth. Ongoing Sewage Master Plans are being implemented; the plan for the north district that is applicable for the Indus Basin states that sewage will be catered for in two stages, stage 1 beginning in 1998 and finishing in 2001 and stage 2 starting in 2000 and finishing 2004.

Afforestation - the benefits of planting, particularly in denuded areas, in terms of reducing storm water run-off and silt transportation are well known and are to be encouraged. Although not identified as a particular need for this basin, it is being carried out territory-wide where this problem occurs.

Livestock waste control - enforcement of the Livestock Wastes Control Policy reduces sediment load and makes maintenance easier as evidenced by the improVing water quality.

Flood proofing and better informing the public regarding flooding hazards - this aids but does not solve the problems. Flood measuring and warning instrumentation has been installed.

Implementation of Drainage Impact Assessments which ensure that development has no adverse impact on the existing drainage situation. Drainage Impact Assessments are now an integral part of most major infrastructure schemes.

The Solution

While the non-structural measures described above can assist in reducing the extent and effects of flooding, these effects alone would not achieve the desired flood control. This raises the second issue regarded as extremely important for justifying structural measures; the need to provide flooding relief with an assurance of success that is acceptable to both government and the communities at risk.

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Hinterland, ElA, Executive Summary for Final Assessment Report

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For these reasons, the River Indus Study and the Teladflocoss II Study as well as the Hydraulic Review for this project have adopted a proactive approach to the flooding problem by recommending structural improvement in the form of river training. This training will supplement other on-going structural improvements that have already been carried out or are being constructed. Project 53CDMain Drainage Channels for Fanling, Sheung Shui and Hinterland and Project 87CL- River Training in Area 30B are thus, river training projects to protect parts of the Indus Basin from flooding.

This report summarises the final assessment of the environment impacts from the river training proposal.

lliE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

The main drainage channel alignment plan originally designed under the River Indus Study (RIS) and the revised alignment plan under this study are shown in Figure 2.1. The Main Report (FAR) summarises material already presented in the Working Paper submitted in December 1996 which identified the key issues and general solutions, the Initial Assessment Report which presented findings in more detail and focused points of concern (as presented to ACE in July 1997), and the Key Issue Report on Ecology which was submitted to SMG members in August 1997. This latter report discussed ecological implications and mitigations (the most significant key issue) at a conceptual and strategic level and these findings are included in full detail in the main report. The report also includes the final findings of the EIA study.

The key issue of this ElA is the ecology. Initial design changes were made to minimise potential ecological impacts and, subsequent changes were made to mitigate for further impacts, both predictable and unpredictable. These changes have come about as a logical progression from the work of our multidisciplinary team that has included engineers, environmental specialists and landscape specialists.

Our integrated design strategy approach has comprised components that are commonly used in Integrated Catchment Management planning and the result provides the best mitigation possible for ecological impacts (both predictable and unpredictable). Significantly, our integrated design is synergistic in that it provides something more than impact minimisation and mitigation; it provides a unique opportunity for true ecological enhancement (Le. measurable by variables such as increase in diversity).

Other environmental impacts are also identified in this report, they are assessed and appropriate mitigation measures are recommended.

lliEWORKS

Extent of the Works

The apprOximate extent of the works under this project includes training of:

• The Indus Major (now referred to as the Lower Indus) from Shenzhen River near Tak Yuet Lau to the outlet of Area 30B drainage channel near KCR Bridge no. 36 and the WSD pumping station


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The Indus Minor including several tributaries from Gallipoli Line passing Siu Hang San Tsuen, Tin Ping Shan, Man Kam To, Sheung Shui Tsuen, splitting before Shek Wui Hui Sewage Treatment Works with the northern branch joining the drainage channel passing through KCR Bridge no. 36 and the southern branch joining the drainage channel upstream of KCR Bridge no. 35 (now referred to as the Indus Minor A)

The River Beas from beneath North Territories Circular Road, passing Ho Sheung Heung then joining with the drainage channel in Area 30B (Project 87CL)

The training and connection of tributaries where considered appropriate

Since the commencement of this project, several design changes have been considered:

• Training one bank only - This option was discarded as the DSD Stormwater Design Manual requires flood flow up to the 1 in 200 year event to be in bank. Embankment of the river system are needed to meet this requirement.

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Flow relief channels parallel and at the side of the channel to provide flood storage - This option was discarded due to practical reasons. Given the very large volumes of water discharging through the river system in flood conditions, the areas required would be very large and would need to be bunded. This then raises the question of safety, the status of the land and the maintenance of the area. Wherever practicable, this approach has been used; flood storage within village poldered schemes built to date are normally bunded by fences.

Two stage channels - This option was considered but not pursued due to high frictional resistance to flow, large land take and increased maintenance problems with the berms, especially if planted.

Design changes have, however, been made to the alignment and channel configuration. These changes have reduced potential ecological impacts, prior to the project moving into the detailed design phase. These changes have been extremely important since they have been conducted in tandem with the land resumption plans.

Channel Construction

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The channels will be constructed in short pieces and from both an environmental and logistic C,. viewpoint the works will need to be done in as dry conditions as possible. In Qrder to keep each ~ sequential works area dry, the Contractor will in most areas divert the existing river away from the current construction site. 1bis isolation of each works area has significant environmental advantages. n These are fully discussed in the main report, but in brief, the isolation means that: tJ •

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disturbed sediment will not pass downstream during construction

disturbed sediment will not leach contaminants to the river water

contaminated sediment will be removed in as dry a condition as possible and this may mean that pre-drying before landfill will not be necessary c

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" It should be noted that this will not be possible in areas (such as the Lower Indus section) where excavation will have to be done in the river. This situation is considered separately in terms of impacts and mitigation,

SUMMARY OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

The major impacts arising from this project will be that related to ecology and the disposal of contaminated material.

Ecology

Ecological impacts have been identified as the major key issue for this project.

The project area is characterised by habitats which have been converted to agricultural, residential or light industrial uses. The area supports no plant or fish life of conservation importance, but the animal life is, in many cases unusual in Hong Kong. The butterfly, reptilian, amphibian, and avian fauna of the Beas, Sutlej and Indus' floodplain are characterised by species which are rare or uncommon in Hong Kong and regionally. The most significant impact of the project will be losses of habitats, primarily river channel and riverine and agricultural wetlands. Changes in the channel alignment and design have also been used to minimise habitat loss (residual losses of fish pond area were reduced to a total of4.68 ha by this method). These losses can be mitigated in part by retention of abandoned meanders along the Beas and Indus Rivers, and subsequent management of those sites for conservation.

The recommendation that concrete lining of the channel banks and bottom should be minimised has also been incorporated into the project design, resulting in significant ecological advantages.

The floodplain ecosystem that currently exists is a highly complex result of a long human history that has continually reshaped the floodplain and altered its functioning. Further changes that will arise as a result of the river training project will create ecological impacts to the present, disturbed system that are extremely difficult to predict. Therefore, we split the ecological impacts arising from this project into those that are relatively predictable and those that are not.

Predictable impacts, appropriate mitigations and additional enhancements include:

• Impact -loss of riverine habitat; Mitigation - 'soft' channel lining where possible, grasscrete embankments, selected species planting along river corridor, retention of natural river segments within retained meanders; Enhancement - habitat mosaic along river corridor with unknown but beneficial effects for wildlife. This will become more apparent as the water quality in the systems continues to improve.

• Impact -loss of fish pond habitat; Mitigation - residual losses decreased to 4.68ha by changes in the design of the channel and the alignment. Further mitigation in the form of the creation of wet areas in the abandoned meander segments. These will impound water that is slow flowing for most of the year which will allow them to support fauna in a similar way to the fish ponds. These wet areas will cover approx. 7.1 ha, or 152% of the residual pond loss area.

• Impact - lower water levels in the new channel with resultant impacts on aquatic fauna;




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Mitigation - replacement of weirs to ensure adequate water level

Unpredictable impacts and the mitigation 'insurance' designed to defray these unknowns, as well as additional benefits include:

• Impact - loss of seasonally inundated floodplain with unknown impacts on wildlife such as waterbirds; Mitigation as a side-effect of the project - partial regain of functioning of poldered areas as functionally separate from the flooding events. In combination with the continued irrigation of bunded fields and continued presence of fishponds, this may be sufficient to maintain the local populations. Mitigation 'insurance' - meander management and marshland habitat creation. Additional Benefits - these will not only provide areas, for waterbirds, but will also result in marshland habitat being restored to the system. This will increase diversity in the area and will allow marsh-dependent species to regain a foothold in the floodplain system.

If these mitigations and recommendations are followed through, and particularly as water quality is improving in the system, we do not envisage any insurmountable residual impacts arising from this project.

The unpredictable impacts that may occur can only be practically considered within a larger study that aims to assess the cumulative impacts of wetland loss from a variety of projects of which this one is only a small part. Such an assessment on a territory-wide scale is currently being planned as part of a coming study to be commissioned by AFD.

Water Quality

Th~ existing water quality in both the River Beas and River Indus was assessed. Livestock waste and effluent discharge from local factories and households within the Catchment were the main causes of pollution in the Rivers. The water quality of both rivers can be generally classified as poor. However, since the Waste Disposal Ordinance (Livestock Waste) was enforced, there have been a large reduction in the number of livestock farms within the Indus Basin. Also with the implementation of the Sewerage Master Plan for the North District to be in place, further deterioration of the water quality in both rivers would not be anticipated.

In fact, although water quality is still poor, results from water sampling conducted for this EIA suggest that water quality in the Indus and Beas Rivers has been improving. This is in agreement with EPD's water monitoring data. Surface sediment from the river bed was found to be contaminated to Oass C, primarily by copper and zinc. Further site investigation would be required to determine the depth of contamination to estimate the amount of contaminated material for disposal. This will be included in the detailed works design stage.

Surface sediments were coarser during the wet season after flushing of finer sediments had taken place. These coarser sediments were still contaminated indicating that pollutant release during construction is possible. Elutriate tests showed that heavy metals were released into solution after disturbance suggesting that these pollutants could be released by construction activities. However, the primary construction method will counter this potential in the Upper Indus and Beas rivers, since areas will be isolated in sections with water diverted away from the construction site. Movement of contaminants downstream is not predicted to occur.

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Where this primary construction method is not used, for example in the lower Indus, excavation will be conducted without water diversion. This means that excavation works along the original river may cause potential environmental impact. Therefore we strongly recommend the use of silt curtains in the construction area to retain as much suspended sediment as possible. The removal of contaminated sediment should only be carried out in the dry season. This mitigation measure should ensure that the levels of heavy metals released into the river will meet the most stringent standard for effluent discharged into inland waters as specified in the TM. As a precautionary measure, the above mitigation proposals will be reviewed after the results of the geotechnical analysis is available. In addition, intensive monitoring of water quality should be conducted upstream and downstream of the works as part of the Environmental Monitoring and Audit (EM &A) programme to detect any deterioration of water quality. Water quality monitoring parameters and requirements will be specified in the EM&A manual.

During the operational phase, there is potential for an increased sediment load to be moved towards the Deep Bay area as the river channel will convey water at higher velocities than occur at present. However, the increased load will only be a small fraction of the total sediment load as estimated during the Teladflocoss III Sedimentation Study. In addition, the installation of weirs and sediment traps will trap silt destined for downstream waters.

Disposal of Contaminated material

The project will require the disposal of a large amount of material. Dredging operations and excavations to be undertaken throughout the construction of the main drainage channels for Fanting, Sheung Shui and hinterland are likely to generate amounts of spoil in the region of 1,377,814 m3 over 4 years. The section referred to as Area 30B will generate an additional estimated 250,850 m3

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It is estimated that approx. 22 % of the uncontaminated material can be reused on site as general fill; the amount that can be further used for embankment construction will require further geotechnical investigation which will be conducted at the detailed design stage.

Present estimates suggest that of the maximum amount of material requiring disposal, 226,330 m3

may be contaminated material. Irrespective of the split between contaminated and uncontaminated material the same environmental issues need to be addressed. These are issues of:

• likelihood of resuspension of contaminants during construction and the method of construction to counter this

• the transport of material from the site • the environmental acceptability of various destinations of disposal for contaminated

and uncontaminated spoil.

We recommend that public dump or marine disposal be used for uncontaminated sediment, while contaminated sediment may be disposed of at contained marine mud pit sites or landfill dependent upon quantities. The exact quantities of contaminated material as well as the full nature of the contamination will not be available until after the Site Investigation has been conducted, however, due to shortage of space at landfill sites and our preliminary estimate of quantities involved, marine disposal is seen at this stage as the most likely option.

If landfill is used, we do not anticipate the need for pre-drying since both wet and dry season

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Territory Development Department Main Drainage Channels for Fanling; Sheung Shui &


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sampling showed no values above the 70% threshold values. The primary construction method will isolate and divert flows away from the construction site which will mean sediments will be as dry as . possible before they are excavated. P AH and PCB contamination levels do not appear to be high and the elutriate tests showed that the leachates will be within the levels already operational at the landfill sites.

Trucks transporting spoil will use access points close to public roads and not in enviionmentally sensitive areas. Vehicles will be lined to prevent spillage from material with high moisture content and care will be taken in transferring spoil from the trucks to barges or landfill sites to ensure spillage is minimised.

Air Quality

The major potential air quality impact during the construction phase of the project will be dust arising from various construction activities. As shown by the dust dispersion modelling results, different degrees of dust reduction will be implemented at different parts of the construction area to reduce the dust impact at sensitive receivers to below the I-hour average guideline level and 24-hoUr average AQO for TSP. For the general construction area, twice daily watering with complete coverage will be necessary. For construction areas close to sensitive receivers an increased watering frequency will be necessary to fUrther reduce the dust emissions.

It is expected that the air quality related to the odorous gas emissions from the existing rivers and streams will be improved since their sources will be removed. Nevertheless, a temporary increase in odorous gas release may be experienced due to disturbance of the sediments. The odour impacts will be temporary and confined to an area close to the construction activities. With proper controls and mitigation measures the odour impacts at the sensitive receivers should be minimum.

Construction Noise Assessment

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o Findings of the construction noise assessment have indicated that noise levels have been predicted 0 to exceed the non-statutory day time limit of 75 dB(A) at seven of the 23 selected representative NSRs J

as a result of main channel construction. None of these exceedances will be greater than 5 dB(A). However, the use of quieter equipment will ensure compliance with non-statutory daytime limits at 0 all NSRs. In the event that this course of action is not possible, mitigation in the form of natural and man-made acoustic shielding has been recommended, and this would reduce noise levels at all NSRs to acceptable levels. Further reductions of noise impacts at NSRs could be achieved through the 0 adoption of a sensitive plant/task scheduling and sensitive construction practices. I

There will be no operational phase noise problems from the proposed infrastructure.

LandscapeNisual Issues

The major impacts to the landscape and visual amenity of the area can be summarised as:

• Loss of tree planting and other vegetation within the works area; • Loss of meandering character of the river particularly the Indus and Beas, • Loss of cultivated land

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Recommended mitigations for these impacts include retention of some meanders (with landscaping), replanting along the top, slope and toe of the embankment, and the reprovisioning of weirs to keep water in the channels at a reasonable level.

Additional benefits of the project include the improvement of some views due to the screening of the KCRlines.

CONCLUSION

The key environmental issues related to the river training projects to alleviate the chronic flooding problems in the Beas and Indus catchment have been identified and assessed. Based on our assessment, we cannot predict any insurmountable problems arising from the project. Our recommendations and mitigations are capable of providing 'insurance' against unpredictable impacts that may occur as well as providing some unique opportunities for additional benefits and enhancements.

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main drainage channels for fanling, sheung shui and hinterland · 2017-07-27 · the river beas...

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