main research topic urbanization and the structure of regional differentiation (lower yangtz basin...
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Main research topic
• Urbanization and the structure of regional differentiation
(Lower Yangtz Basin Area)• Mapping socio-economic inequality in metropolitan Shanghai.
Empirical background ---- The distribution of population and cities in China
Empirical background---- The differentiation of regions by GDP per capita in China
1980, 1990, 2000
An emerging new mega city:
Lower Yangtz Basin Area with a population of about 80
million, and an area of 110,000 square kilometers, including 15 cities
Empirical background ---- Social dimension in China
Complied according to the data from Qiang Li, About the Investigation of Social Structure, Sociology Studies, 1996, Beijing.
Gini index of income in 1986: 0.23
Gini index of income in 1996: 0.40
(Source: Human Development Report, United Nations, 1998)
Lorenz Curve of Income Distribution in China in 1996
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Population (percent)
Inco
me
(per
cent
)
Income distribution among different groups
0 10 20 30 40
1
3
5
7
9
Dif
fere
nt
inco
me
gro
up
s
Percentage of total income
Different incomegroups (from lowest10 percent to thehighest 10 percent)
The very understanding of the study on socio-spatial stratification
Social justice
Distribution of urban scarce resources
Social relations
Substance languageTime-space
language
Geographical distribution of social groups
Real income in the city
Symbolic meaning
stratification
Social justice
Substance language & time-space language
Conceptual Frame work
Residential stratification----As a process of spatial reconfiguration reflecting the institutional and political transformation.
Ideology Political and institutional transformation Mode of production Residential Pattern
-- Social groups -- Spatial structure
Residential stratification----As a urban form / urban residential pattern in several specific time spots
-- Social groups are defined as three key variables Occupation Education Age -- Real income in the city is defined as the accessibility to urban facilities and housing qualities Educational facilities Cultural and entertainment facilities Health care facilities Housing types and qualities
Conceptual Frame work
Residential stratification----As a urban form / urban residential pattern in several specific time spots
-- The geographical distribution of social groups
in 1982
in 1990
in 2000
-- The geographical differentiation of urban physical attributes
Accessibilities to urban resources
Housing types and qualities
-- The relationship between the above two aspects
Major method :
Agglomerative cluster analysis of districts of Shanghai combined with GIS
Demographic variablesStep 1-a: Demographic variables of different districts in 1982, 1990, 2000
Categories of variables
Express way
High way
Major road
Seconday road
Road
High way
Major road in Z3
Yanan elevated way
S-N elevated way
Inner ring
Sec. road in Z1
Sec. road in Z2
Sec. road in Z3
59.36
Road
Light railway
Subway
Professionals
Leaders & Managers
Clerks
Commercial workers
Occupation
High way
Major road in Z3
Yanan elevated way
S-N elevated way
Inner ring
Age 5-9
Age 10-14
Age 15-19
59.36
Road
Age 20-24
Age
Age 25-29
Note: all the original data w ere selected from the published census data - Tabulation on the 1982 Census Data of Shanghai Municipality; Tablulation on the 1990 Census Data of Shanghai Municipality; Tabulation on the 2000 Census Data of Shanghai Municipality.
Service sector labors
Production sector labors
Agricultural labors
Others
Express way
High way
Major road in Z2
Technology school
S-N elevated way
Major road in Z1
Inner ring
Sec. road in Z2
Education
27.80
Road
Universities
Junior college
Illiterate
High school
Primary school
Secondary school
Age 0-4 Age
Education
Age 30-34
Age 35-39
Age 40-44
Age 45-49
*** *** ***
Age 80+
Occupation Demographic matrix
Processing the original data: Percentage * 100,000
Standardize the variable columns by Euclidean Distance.
Accessibility analysisStep 1-d: Create urban facilities maps
Categories of facilities Shape files
ParksRecreation
Parks
Cinemas
Health care
Cinemas
Univers.
Schools
Health
Hospitals
Education
Park.shp
Cinema.shp
Universities
Schools
Universities.shp
Keyschool.shp
Sanatoriums
Hospitials
Sanatorium.shp
Districthospital.shp
District-comhospital.shp
Note: The maps are created according to the original map - Atlas of Shanghai, Editorial Committee of Atlas of Shanghai, Shanghai Scientif ic and Technical Publishers, Shanghai, 1998.
Step 2-b: Cost Distance Map of Urban AreaCategories of accessibility maps Cost distance grid of urban area
ParksRecreation
Parks
Cinemas
Cinemas
Univers.
Schools
Health
Education
Universities
Schools
Health care
Sanatoriums
Hospitals
Agglomerative cluster analysis of districts by accessibility in 1998
Ba
osh
an
Ch
an
gn
ing
Fe
ng
xia
n
Ho
ng
kou
Hu
an
gp
u
Jia
din
g
Jin
ga
n
Jin
sha
n
Lu
wa
n
Min
ha
ng
Na
nh
ui
Na
nsh
i
Pu
do
ng
Pu
tuo
Qin
gp
u
So
ng
jian
g
Xu
hu
i
Ya
ng
pu
Zh
ab
ei
02
46
8
He
igh
t
Cluster Analysis of Districts by Accessibility to Urban Facilities in 1998
Agglomerative cluster analysis of districts by accessibility in 1998
Sale price of newly built housing estate in 2000 (CNY/SM)
• Further Questions:– What are the social and spatial implications of city in a rapidly
transformed society, with the third-world nature, and in contemporary world?
– Compared to the traditional model of competition over material urban resources, whether or not the new urban elites shift their interest to more invisible cultural resources as they relieved from the time and spatial limitation? Is the urban spatial structure becoming more unstable and more fluid? What are the roles of the emerging urban middle class and their life styles upon the urban form?
– In the state still with relatively powerful governmental control over private domain, what’s the appropriate public intervention upon the negative geographical differentiation?